What is wealth? Lexical meaning. Examples of the use of the word wealth in literature

Introduction_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3

1. Man as an element of the environment_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _6

2. The concept of habitat_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7

3.Human environment_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _8

Conclusion_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14

List of used literature_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _16

Introduction.

Man is born with the inalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. He exercises his rights to life, rest, health protection, a favorable environment, and work in conditions that meet safety and hygiene requirements in the process of life. They are guaranteed by the Constitution Russian Federation.

It is known that “life is a form of existence of matter.” This allows us to assert that a person exists in the process of life, consisting of his continuous interaction with the environment in order to satisfy his needs. The concept of “life activity” is broader than the concept of “activity”, since it includes into consideration not only the labor process of a person, but also the conditions of his rest, life and migration in the environment.

The basic principle of the existence and development of all living things is the principle of mandatory external influence: “A living body develops and exists only if there is external influences on him". Self-development of a living body is impossible.

The implementation of this principle in nature is achieved by the interaction of a living body with its surrounding natural environment, and in other conditions by the interaction of all living things with its surrounding habitat.

Ecology, the science of home, studies the state of the habitat and the processes of interaction of creatures with their environment. According to B.A. Nemirovsky, ecology is a biological science that deals with “the study of the collective coexistence of living organisms in one communal apartment called "environment".

WITH late XIX century, significant changes began to occur in the human environment. The biosphere gradually lost its dominant significance and in regions inhabited by people began to turn into the technosphere. By invading nature, the laws of which are still far from being understood, and creating new technologies, people form an artificial habitat - the technosphere. If we take into account that the moral and general cultural development of civilization lags behind the pace scientific and technological progress, an increased risk to health and life becomes apparent modern man. In the new technospheric conditions, biological interaction is increasingly being replaced by processes of physical and chemical interaction, and the levels of physical and chemical factors of influence in the last century have continuously increased, often affecting Negative influence on man and nature. Then the need arose in society to protect nature and people from the negative influence of the technosphere.

Anthropogenic, that is, caused by human activity, changes in the environment acquired such proportions in the second half of the 20th century that people directly or indirectly became their victims. Anthropogenic activities that failed to create the technosphere required quality both in relation to man and in relation to nature, it was the root cause of many negative processes in nature and society.

Thus, the technosphere must be considered as a former region of the biosphere, transformed by people through the direct or indirect influence of technical means in order to best meet their material and socio-economic needs.

As academician A.L. Yanshin (b. 1911) notes, even the second World War with her colossal negative consequences did not upset the existing balance in nature. However, then the situation changed radically. Rapid population growth began, and the number of urban residents increased. This caused an increase in urban areas, including landfills, roads, country roads, and so on, which led to the degradation of nature and sharply reduced the distribution areas of many plants and animals due to deforestation, increased livestock numbers, and the use of herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers. The problem of nuclear waste disposal and many other problems arose.

The human impact on the environment, according to the laws of physics, causes response from all its components. The human body tolerates certain influences painlessly as long as they do not exceed the limits of adaptation. An integral indicator of life safety is life expectancy. On early stages anthropogenesis (for primitive man) she was approximately 25 years old.

The development of civilization, which refers to the progress of science, technology, economics, Agriculture, the use of various types of energy, including nuclear energy, the creation of machines, mechanisms, the use of various types of fertilizers and pest control agents, significantly increase the number of harmful factors that negatively affect humans. By creating the technosphere, man sought to improve the comfort of the living environment, to increase communication skills, to provide protection from natural negative impacts.

But by developing the economy, the human population also created a socio-economic security system. As a result, despite the increase in the number of harmful effects, the level of human safety increased. All this had a beneficial effect on living conditions and, together with other factors (improved medical care and the like), affected people’s life expectancy. Currently average duration life at its most developed countries is about 77 years old.

Thus, the technosphere created by the hands and mind of man, designed to maximally satisfy his needs for comfort and safety, has not lived up to people’s hopes in many ways. The emerging industrial and urban habitats turned out to be far from acceptable safety requirements.

1. Man as an element of the environment.

Most common system(the highest hierarchical level) is the “Man-Environment” (H-SO) system.

The most important subsystem that BJD considers is “Human-Environment” (H-E).

- “Man-Machine-Production Environment”, etc.

The central element of all life safety systems is the person, so the person plays a threefold role:

1. object of protection,

2. security object,

3. source of danger.

The high cost of operator error - up to 60% of accidents occur due to human fault.

2.The concept of habitat.

The human environment is divided into production and non-production (household).

The main element production environment is labor, which in turn consists of interconnected and interconnecting elements (Fig. 2) that make up the structure of labor: C - subjects of labor, M - “machines” - means and objects of labor; PT - labor processes, consisting of the actions of both subjects and machines, PrT - labor products, both target and by-products in the form of harmful and dangerous impurities formed in air environment etc., software of industrial relations (organizational, economic, socio-psychological, labor legal: relations related to work culture, professional culture, aesthetic, etc.). Elements of the non-production environment: natural environment in the form of geographic-landscape (G-L), geophysical (G), climatic (C) elements, natural disasters (ND), including fires from lightning and other natural sources, natural processes (PP ) in the form of gas emissions from rocks, etc. can manifest itself both in non-production form (sphere) and production, especially in such sectors of the national economy as construction, mining, geology, geodesy and others.

Man is in close connection with all elements of his environment in the process of his activities.

Interest in the environment of one's habitat has always been characteristic of man. And this is understandable, since not only the well-being of the family, clan, tribe, but also its very existence depended on the quality of this environment.

In the Middle Ages, the dominance of scholasticism and theology weakened interest in the study of nature. However, during the Renaissance, the Renaissance great geographical discoveries again revived the biological research of naturalists.

3. Human habitat.

The environment surrounding modern humans includes the natural environment, the built environment, the human-made environment, and the social environment.

Every day, living in the city, walking, working, studying, a person satisfies a wide range of needs. In the system of human needs (biological, psychological, ethnic, social, labor, economic), we can highlight needs related to the ecology of the living environment. Among them are the comfort and safety of the natural environment, environmentally friendly housing, the provision of sources of information (works of art, attractive landscapes) and others.

Natural or biological needs are a group of needs that provide the possibility of a person’s physical existence in a comfortable environment - this is the need for space, good air, water, etc., the presence of a suitable, familiar environment for a person. Greening biological needs is associated with the need to create an environmentally friendly, clean urban environment and maintain good condition natural and artificial nature in the city. But in modern big cities it is hardly possible to talk about the presence of a sufficient volume and quality of the environment that every person needs.

As industrial production grew, more and more diverse products and goods were produced, and at the same time, environmental pollution increased sharply. The urban environment surrounding people did not correspond the right person historical sensory influences: cities without any signs of beauty, slums, dirt, standard gray houses, polluted air, harsh noise, etc.

But still, we can confidently state that as a result of industrialization and spontaneous urbanization surrounding a person the environment gradually became “aggressive” for the senses, which had been evolutionarily adapted over many millions of years to the natural environment. In essence, man has relatively recently found himself in an urban environment. Naturally, during this time, the basic mechanisms of perception were unable to adapt to the changed visual environment and changes in air, water, and soil. This has not passed without a trace: it is known that people living in polluted areas of the city are more prone to various diseases. The most common are cardiovascular and endocrine disorders, but there is a whole complex of various diseases, the cause of which is a general decrease in immunity.

In connection with drastic changes in the natural environment, many studies have arisen aimed at studying the state of the environment and the health of residents in a particular country, city, or region. But, as a rule, it is forgotten that a city dweller most spends time indoors (up to 90% of the time) and the quality of the environment inside various buildings and structures turns out to be more important for human health and well-being. The concentration of pollutants indoors is often significantly higher than in outdoor air.

Inhabitant modern city Most of all he sees flat surfaces - building facades, squares, streets and right angles - the intersections of these planes. In nature, planes connected by right angles are very rare. In apartments and offices there is a continuation of such landscapes, which cannot but affect the mood and well-being of the people who are constantly there.

The habitat is inextricably linked with the concept of “biosphere”. This term was introduced by the Australian geologist Suess in 175. Biosphere – natural area the distribution of life on Earth, including the lower layer of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the upper layer of the lithosphere. The name of the Russian scientist V.I. Vernadsky is associated with the creation of the doctrine of the biosphere and its transition to the noosphere. The main thing in the doctrine of the noosphere is the unity of the biosphere and humanity. According to Vernadsky, in the era of the noosphere, a person can and should “think and act in a new aspect, not only in the aspect of an individual, family, state, but also in a planetary aspect.”

IN life cycle man and his environment constantly form current system“man is the environment.”

Habitat – the environment surrounding a person, determined in this moment a set of factors (physical, chemical, biological, social) that can have a direct or indirect, immediate or remote impact on human activity, his health and offspring.

Acting in this system, a person continuously solves at least two main tasks:

Provides its needs for food, water and air;

Creates and uses protection from negative influences, both from the environment and from its own kind.

Habitat is the part of nature that surrounds a living organism and with which it directly interacts. The components and properties of the environment are diverse and changeable. Any Living being lives in a complex and changing world, constantly adapting to it and regulating its life activities in accordance with its changes.

Adaptations of organisms to the environment are called adaptations. The ability to adapt is one of the main properties of life in general, as it provides the very possibility of existence, the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. Adaptations appear on different levels: from the biochemistry of cells and the behavior of individual organisms to the structure and functioning of communities and ecological systems. Adaptations arise and change during the evolution of species.

Individual properties or elements of the environment are called environmental factors. Environmental factors are diverse. They can be necessary or, conversely, harmful to living beings, promote or hinder survival and reproduction. Environmental factors have different nature and the specifics of the action. Environmental factors are divided into abiotic (all properties of inanimate nature that directly or indirectly affect living organisms) and biotic (these are forms of influence of living beings on each other).

Negative impacts inherent in the environment have existed as long as the World has existed. Sources of natural negative impacts are natural phenomena in the biosphere: climate change, thunderstorms, earthquakes, and the like.

The constant struggle for one's existence forced man to find and improve means of protection against the natural negative influences of the environment. Unfortunately, the emergence of housing, fire and other means of protection, improvement of methods of obtaining food - all this not only protected people from natural negative influences, but also influenced the living environment.

Over the course of many centuries, the human environment has slowly changed its appearance and, as a result, the types and levels of negative impacts have changed little. So, it continued until mid-19th century - the beginning of the active growth of human impact on the environment. In the 20th century, zones of increased biosphere pollution arose on Earth, which led to partial, and in some cases, complete regional degradation. These changes were largely facilitated by:

High rates of population growth on Earth (demographic explosion) and its urbanization;

Increased consumption and concentration of energy resources;

Intensive development of industrial and agricultural production;

Massive use of means of transport;

Increased costs for military purposes and a number of other processes.

Man and his environment (natural, industrial, urban, household and others) constantly interact with each other in the process of life. At the same time, life can only exist in the process of movement of flows of matter, energy and information through a living body. Man and his environment interact harmoniously and develop only in conditions where the flows of energy, matter and information are within limits that are favorably perceived by man and the natural environment. Any excess of the usual flow levels is accompanied by negative impacts on humans and/or the natural environment. Under natural conditions, such impacts are observed during climate change and natural phenomena.

In the technosphere, negative impacts are caused by its elements (machines, structures, etc.) and human actions. By changing the value of any flow from the minimum significant to the maximum possible, it is possible to go through a number of characteristic states of interaction in the “person – environment” system: comfortable (optimal), acceptable (leading to discomfort without a negative impact on human health), dangerous (causing with prolonged exposure degradation of the natural environment) and extremely dangerous (lethal outcome and destruction of the natural environment).

Of the four characteristic states of human interaction with the environment, only the first two (comfortable and acceptable) correspond to the positive conditions of everyday life, while the other two (dangerous and extremely dangerous) are unacceptable for human life processes, conservation and development of the natural environment.

Conclusion.

There is no doubt that the technosphere has a detrimental effect on nature, and therefore on the human environment. Consequently, a person must solve the problem of protecting nature by improving the technosphere, reducing its negative impact to acceptable levels and ensuring safety in this environment.

A wasteful lifestyle takes a huge toll on the environment. One of the main reasons for the ongoing degradation of the natural environment around the world is unsustainable consumption and production patterns, especially in industrialized countries. In this case, sustainable development means managed, consistent with the evolutionary laws of nature and society, that is, development in which the vital needs of people of the current generation are satisfied without depriving future generations of such an opportunity.

Man is the most gifted and powerful representative of all life on Earth. In the 19th century, he began a broad transformation of the appearance of our planet. He decided not to wait for favors from nature, but simply to take from her everything he needed, without giving her anything in return.

Using more and more new technology and technology, people tried to create a living environment for themselves that was as independent as possible from the laws of nature. But man is an integral part of nature and therefore cannot tear himself away from it, cannot completely escape into the mechanical world he has created. Destroying nature, he went “backwards”, thereby destroying his entire existence. The modern period of development of society is characterized by a great increase in the conflict between man and the environment. Nature began to take revenge on man for his thoughtless consumer attitudes towards her. They polluted nature with toxic substances, using their technical achievements, people infect themselves with this.

Bibliography:

1. Akimov V. A., Lesnykh V. V., Radaev N. N. Risks in nature, technosphere, society and economy. - M.: Business Express, 2004. - 352 p.

2. Life safety: Textbook. for universities./Ed. S. V. Belova; 5th ed., rev. and additional – M.: Higher. school, 2005.- 606 p.

3. Life safety: Proc. for intermediate professionals educational institutions / Under. ed.S.V. Belova; 5th ed., Spanish and additional – M.: Higher. school, 2006.- 424 p.

4. Kiryushkin A.A. Introduction to life safety. – SPb.: State. univ., 2001.- 204 p.

6. Reimers N. F. Hopes for the survival of humanity. Conceptual ecology. M., IC “Young Russia”, 1992.

7. Hwang T. A., Hwang P. A. Life safety. Rostov. 2000.

Introduction_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3

1. Man as an element of the environment_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _6

2. The concept of habitat_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7

3.Human environment_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _8

Conclusion_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14

List of used literature_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _16

Introduction.

The basic principle of the existence and development of all living things is the principle of mandatory external influence: “A living body develops and exists only in the presence of external influences on it.” Self-development of a living body is impossible.

Since the end of the 19th century, significant changes began to occur in the human environment. The biosphere gradually lost its dominant significance and in regions inhabited by people began to turn into the technosphere. By invading nature, the laws of which are still far from being understood, and creating new technologies, people form an artificial habitat - the technosphere. If we take into account that the moral and general cultural development of civilization lags behind the pace of scientific and technological progress, the increased risk to the health and life of modern man becomes obvious. In new technospheric conditions, biological interaction is increasingly being replaced by processes of physical and chemical interaction, and the levels of physical and chemical factors of influence have continuously increased in the last century, often having a negative impact on humans and nature. Then the need arose in society to protect nature and people from the negative influence of the technosphere.

Anthropogenic, that is, caused by human activity, changes in the environment acquired such proportions in the second half of the 20th century that people directly or indirectly became their victims. Anthropogenic activity, which failed to create a technosphere of the required quality both in relation to humans and in relation to nature, was the root cause of many negative processes in nature and society.

As academician A.L. Yanshin (b. 1911) notes, even the Second World War with its colossal negative consequences did not upset the balance that had developed in nature. However, then the situation changed radically. Rapid population growth began, and the number of urban residents increased. This caused an increase in urban areas, including landfills, roads, country roads, and so on, which led to the degradation of nature and sharply reduced the distribution areas of many plants and animals due to deforestation, increased livestock numbers, and the use of herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers. The problem of nuclear waste disposal and many other problems arose.

The human impact on the environment, according to the laws of physics, causes response from all its components. The human body tolerates certain influences painlessly as long as they do not exceed the limits of adaptation. An integral indicator of life safety is life expectancy. In the early stages of anthropogenesis (for primitive man) it was approximately 25 years.

The development of civilization, which refers to the progress of science, technology, economics, agriculture, the use of various types of energy, including nuclear energy, the creation of machines, mechanisms, the use of various types of fertilizers and pest control agents, significantly increase the number of harmful factors that negatively affect person. By creating the technosphere, man sought to improve the comfort of the living environment, to increase communication skills, and to provide protection from natural negative influences.

But by developing the economy, the human population also created a socio-economic security system. As a result, despite the increase in the number of harmful effects, the level of human safety increased. All this had a beneficial effect on living conditions and, together with other factors (improved medical care and the like), affected people’s life expectancy. Currently, the average life expectancy in the most developed countries is about 77 years.

1. Man as an element of the environment.

The most general system (of the highest hierarchical level) is the “Man-Environment” (H-HA) system.

The most important subsystem that BJD considers is “Human-Environment” (H-E).

- “Man-Machine-Production Environment”, etc.

The central element of all life safety systems is the person, so the person plays a threefold role:

1. object of protection,

2. security object,

3. source of danger.

The high cost of operator error - up to 60% of accidents occur due to human fault.

2.The concept of habitat.

The human environment is divided into production and non-production (household).

The main element of the production environment is labor, which in turn consists of interrelated and interconnecting elements (Fig. 2) that make up the structure of labor: C - subjects of labor, M - “machines” - means and objects of labor; PT - labor processes, consisting of the actions of both subjects and machines, PT - labor products, both target and by-products in the form of harmful and dangerous impurities in the air, etc., PO production relations (organizational, economic, social -psychological, legal at work: relations related to work culture, professional culture, aesthetic, etc.). Elements of the non-production environment: natural environment in the form of geographic-landscape (G-L), geophysical (G), climatic (C) elements, natural disasters (ND), including fires from lightning and other natural sources, natural processes (PP ) in the form of gas emissions from rocks, etc. can manifest itself both in non-production form (sphere) and production, especially in such sectors of the national economy as construction, mining, geology, geodesy and others.

Man is in close connection with all elements of his environment in the process of his activities.

In the Middle Ages, the dominance of scholasticism and theology weakened interest in the study of nature. However, during the Renaissance, great geographical discoveries again revived the biological research of naturalists.

3. Human habitat.

The environment surrounding modern humans includes the natural environment, the built environment, the human-made environment, and the social environment.

Natural or biological needs are a group of needs that provide the possibility of a person’s physical existence in a comfortable environment - this is the need for space, good air, water, etc., the presence of a suitable, familiar environment for a person. The greening of biological needs is associated with the need to create an eco-friendly, clean urban environment and maintain the good condition of natural and artificial nature in the city. But in modern big cities it is hardly possible to talk about the presence of a sufficient volume and quality of the environment that every person needs.

As industrial production grew, more and more diverse products and goods were produced, and at the same time, environmental pollution increased sharply. The urban environment surrounding a person did not correspond to the historically developed sensory influences that people needed: cities without any signs of beauty, slums, dirt, standard gray houses, polluted air, harsh noise, etc.

But still, we can confidently state that as a result of industrialization and spontaneous urbanization, the human environment has gradually become “aggressive” for the senses, which have been evolutionarily adapted over many millions of years to the natural environment. In essence, man has relatively recently found himself in an urban environment. Naturally, during this time, the basic mechanisms of perception were unable to adapt to the changed visual environment and changes in air, water, and soil. This has not passed without a trace: it is known that people living in polluted areas of the city are more prone to various diseases. The most common are cardiovascular and endocrine disorders, but there is a whole complex of various diseases, the cause of which is a general decrease in immunity.

In connection with drastic changes in the natural environment, many studies have arisen aimed at studying the state of the environment and the health of residents in a particular country, city, or region. But, as a rule, it is forgotten that a city dweller spends most of his time indoors (up to 90% of the time) and the quality of the environment inside various buildings and structures turns out to be more important for human health and well-being. The concentration of pollutants indoors is often significantly higher than in outdoor air.

A resident of a modern city sees most of all flat surfaces - building facades, squares, streets and right angles - the intersections of these planes. In nature, planes connected by right angles are very rare. In apartments and offices there is a continuation of such landscapes, which cannot but affect the mood and well-being of the people who are constantly there.

The habitat is inextricably linked with the concept of “biosphere”. This term was introduced by the Australian geologist Suess in 175. The biosphere is the natural area of distribution of life on Earth, including the lower layer of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the upper layer of the lithosphere. The name of the Russian scientist V.I. Vernadsky is associated with the creation of the doctrine of the biosphere and its transition to the noosphere. The main thing in the doctrine of the noosphere is the unity of the biosphere and humanity. According to Vernadsky, in the era of the noosphere, a person can and should “think and act in a new aspect, not only in the aspect of an individual, family, state, but also in a planetary aspect.”

In the life cycle, a person and the environment surrounding him form a constantly operating system “man - environment”.

Habitat is the environment surrounding a person, currently determined by a combination of factors (physical, chemical, biological, social) that can have a direct or indirect, immediate or remote impact on human activity, his health and offspring.

Acting in this system, a person continuously solves at least two main tasks:

Provides its needs for food, water and air;

Creates and uses protection from negative influences, both from the environment and from its own kind.

Habitat is the part of nature that surrounds a living organism and with which it directly interacts. The components and properties of the environment are diverse and changeable. Any living creature lives in a complex and changing world, constantly adapting to it and regulating its life activity in accordance with its changes.

Adaptations of organisms to the environment are called adaptations. The ability to adapt is one of the main properties of life in general, as it provides the very possibility of existence, the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. Adaptations manifest themselves at different levels: from the biochemistry of cells and the behavior of individual organisms to the structure and functioning of communities and ecological systems. Adaptations arise and change during the evolution of species.

Individual properties or elements of the environment are called environmental factors. Environmental factors are diverse. They can be necessary or, conversely, harmful to living beings, promote or hinder survival and reproduction. Environmental factors have different natures and specific actions. Environmental factors are divided into abiotic (all properties of inanimate nature that directly or indirectly affect living organisms) and biotic (these are forms of influence of living beings on each other).

Over the course of many centuries, the human environment has slowly changed its appearance and, as a result, the types and levels of negative impacts have changed little. This continued until the middle of the 19th century – the beginning of the active growth of human impact on the environment. In the 20th century, zones of increased biosphere pollution arose on Earth, which led to partial, and in some cases, complete regional degradation. These changes were largely facilitated by:

High rates of population growth on Earth (demographic explosion) and its urbanization;

Increased consumption and concentration of energy resources;

Intensive development of industrial and agricultural production;

Massive use of means of transport;

Increased costs for military purposes and a number of other processes.

Conclusion.

Using ever newer techniques and technology, people tried to create for themselves a living environment that was as independent as possible from the laws of nature. But man is an integral part of nature and therefore cannot tear himself away from it, cannot completely escape into the mechanical world he has created. Destroying nature, he went “backwards”, thereby destroying his entire existence. The modern period of development of society is characterized by a great increase in the conflict between man and the environment. Nature began to take revenge on man for his thoughtless consumer attitudes towards her. They polluted nature with toxic substances, using their technical achievements, people infect themselves with this.

Bibliography:

1. Akimov V. A., Lesnykh V. V., Radaev N. N. Risks in nature, technosphere, society and economy. - M.: Business Express, 2004. - 352 p.

2. Life safety: Textbook. for universities./Ed. S. V. Belova; 5th ed., rev. and additional – M.: Higher. school, 2005.- 606 p.

3. Life safety: Proc. for intermediate professionals educational institutions / Under. ed.S.V. Belova; 5th ed., Spanish and additional – M.: Higher. school, 2006.- 424 p.

4. Kiryushkin A.A. Introduction to life safety. – SPb.: State. univ., 2001.- 204 p.

6. Reimers N. F. Hopes for the survival of humanity. Conceptual ecology. M., IC “Young Russia”, 1992.

7. Hwang T. A., Hwang P. A. Life safety. Rostov. 2000.

And agricultural production; – mass use means of transport; – increased costs for military purposes and a number of other processes. 2. Factors affecting a person in the process of his life The result of human interaction with the environment can vary within very wide limits: from positive to catastrophic, accompanied by loss of life and destruction...

Decorative flora, aesthetic organization of agricultural areas to chamber forms of garden art - the principle of spatial unity is manifested as an important condition for preserving the natural human habitat. The implementation of this principle is carried out in the nature-creating activity of society, which is receiving more and more specific design as an independent form of art. ...

On which we cook food; fireplaces and stoves near which we warm ourselves. We poison the air with fumes from the polymers we use to decorate the walls of our houses and the varnishes that cover our floors; the colors with which our doors are painted. We poison our environment with deodorants and artificial air fresheners. In addition, no matter what we do, we diligently burn oxygen, and instead release it...

Reaches 3000...3500 μSv/year (the average radiation dose on Earth is 2400 μSv/year). Conclusion Currently, there is an active growth of cities. This negatively affects the ecology of the human environment. Regions of the technosphere and natural areas, adjacent to the hotbeds of the technosphere, are constantly exposed to active pollution by various substances and their compounds. Main...

2. Environmental problems: regional and global.

3. Causes of global environmental problems.

1. Applied ecology and its main directions

Applied ecology (PE) is a discipline that studies the mechanisms of human destruction of the biosphere, ways to prevent this destruction, and develops principles of rational environmental management without environmental degradation.

Applied ecology is based on a system of principles, rules and laws of environmental management and ecology. Depending on the methods of study, the following areas are distinguished:

Industrial ecology - studies the impact of industrial enterprises on the environment and ways to reduce this impact by improving technologies and treatment facilities;

Agricultural ecology - develops ways to obtain agricultural products without depleting land resources and ways to obtain environmentally friendly products;

Medical ecology - studies human diseases associated with environmental pollution and methods of treating them;

Urban ecology - studies ways to improve the human environment in the city;

Chemical ecology - develops methods for determining pollutant substances, methods of chemical purification, new production technologies;

Mathematical ecology - models ecological processes, i.e. deviations in nature that will occur as a result of changes in environmental parameters;

Economic ecology - develops economic mechanisms for rational environmental management;

Legal ecology - develops a system of laws aimed at protecting nature;

Engineering ecology;

2. Environmental problems: regional and global

Global problems represent a set of problems of humanity, on the solution of which social progress and the preservation of civilization depend. Criteria for identifying global problems

Their widespread distribution affects humanity as a whole;

Failure to resolve these problems can lead to the death of all humanity;

They can only be resolved through the joint efforts of humanity.

Environmental, social and economic global problems are highlighted. Common problems include health care, education, and social protection.

Environmental changes under human influence have also come to be called global. The most relevant among them are:

Earth's climate change;

Depletion of the ozone layer;

Transboundary transfer of harmful impurities and air pollution;

Depletion of stocks fresh water and pollution of the oceans;

Depletion of biological diversity;

Land pollution, soil destruction, etc.

Main problems:

1. The possibility of destroying humanity in a world thermonuclear war;

2. Possibility of worldwide environmental disaster;

3. The spiritual and moral crisis of humanity.

Terrorism in modern times is also gaining in character global problem. The food problem is also considered a global one. AIDS, drug addiction and bad habits more and more widespread in society.

Regional ecological problems states of the post-Soviet space are in many ways similar and are a legacy of the USSR. The command-administrative system and the existing economic mechanism did not stimulate careful, rational use of natural resources. The development and deployment of productive forces continued without proper consideration and consideration of environmental factors. All components of the environment and all corners of the huge state were subject to pollution.

In scientific terminology and practice government controlled a new concept is introduced - environmental disaster zones. Ecological disaster zones are areas of the country's territory where, as a result of economic or other activities, deep irreversible changes in the environment have occurred, which lead to a significant deterioration in public health, disruption of natural balance, destruction of natural ecological systems, degradation of soil, flora and fauna.

The most large-scale and complex in terms of radiation-ecological consequences is the zone of influence of the accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Catastrophic changes in the nature of the Aral Sea region are associated with drying out Aral Sea. The Arctic zone is characterized by a high level of pollution, low potential for environmental self-healing and a slow process of self-purification, and the predominance of resource-extracting industries. Heavy ecological situation developed in the Urals, especially in the old mining centers. This is air pollution, depletion water resources, irrational use of mineral resources, radiation contamination of the territory. Specific environmental problems include conservation natural complex basin of Lake Baikal. The general environmental situation in the Caspian Sea basin is assessed as a crisis. The degradation of the ecosystems of the Volga tributaries continues. An acute environmental situation has developed in the Northern Caspian region, which is characterized by land disturbance by oil and gas development, depletion and pollution of surface and groundwater.

3. Causes of global environmental problems

Scientists cite two interrelated circumstances as the cause of global environmental problems: rapid growth scientific and technological progress and an increase in the world's population. Let's look at these factors more closely.

Population explosion.

At the beginning of the 20th century, about 1.5 billion people lived on our planet, in the middle of the century - 2.5 billion, and in beginning of XXI century - already 6 billion. In 2011, the figure approached 7 billion and by the end of this century will exceed 10 billion. The leaders are the countries of Africa, Latin America, Asia and China. This increase in population is accompanied by an increase in the use natural resources. People need water, food, houses, roads, airports, fields, and they are actively expanding the boundaries of cities, destroying forests and reversing river beds.

Scientific and technical breakthrough.

Over the past two centuries, humanity has done more scientific discoveries than in its entire previous history. Space was explored, electronic technology was created, synthetic materials were invented, and nuclear energy was discovered. The enormous pace of industrial development has led to environmental pollution and a rapid deterioration in the health of the population.

Emerging global environmental problems.

The population explosion and the scientific and technological revolution have significantly increased the consumption of natural resources, which has led to the rapid and irreversible depletion of the Earth's reserves.

If until recently environmental policy focused on the problem of environmental pollution that arises during industrial production, today the problem of increasing waste is very acute. The planet is literally drowning in garbage and cannot cope with the neutralization of harmful substances, the number of which is constantly increasing.

On the background latest events Somehow other equally pressing global environmental problems were forgotten: depletion of the Earth’s ozone layer, massive deforestation, desertification of vast territories, pollution of the World Ocean, a sharp decrease in the number of different species of animals and flora. A very sensitive issue is the depletion of soils, which are characterized by low fertility. Humanity is overexploiting the remaining reserve lands.

There is also a radical change in the natural environment and climate around the world due to global warming. IN different countries Anomalous phenomena are observed that cause various consequences. Floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, hurricanes and tornadoes have become more frequent. Abnormally hot weather throughout the northern hemisphere in summer caused forest fires, and abnormally high level Snowfall in winter led to transport collapse, where power lines and roads were drenched in freezing rain. A jump in global warming will lead to even greater melting of glaciers and flooding of vast areas.

SECTION 2. HUMAN ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGICAL SAFETY

Lecture No. 5 Human environment.

1. The human environment and its components.

2. Natural and artificial human habitats.

3. Social environment.

1. Human environment and its components

There are four components in the environment that surrounds a person.

1. The natural environment itself (“first nature”, N.F. Reimers), either slightly modified by man, or modified to such an extent that it has not yet lost its basic properties - self-healing, self-regulation). The natural environment itself is very close to what is called “ecological space”. Now such space is approximately 1/3 of the land. However, these are mainly territories with harsh conditions unsuitable for human life (northern wetlands, high mountain areas, glaciers, etc.), which are located in Antarctica, North America(Canada), Russia, Australia and Oceania and some other areas.

2. The natural environment transformed by people (“second nature”), otherwise the environment is quasi-natural (from the Latin quasi - “as if”). She is incapable of self-sustainment for long periods of time. This various types“cultural landscapes” (pastures, gardens, arable land, vineyards, parks, etc.).

3. Human-created environment (“third nature”), artificial environment (from the Latin arte - “artificial”). It includes residential premises, industrial complexes, urban developments, etc. This environment can only exist if it is constantly maintained by humans. Otherwise, it is inevitably doomed to destruction. Within its boundaries, the circulation of substances is sharply disrupted. Such an environment is characterized by accumulation of waste and pollution.

4. Social environment. She is providing big influence per person. This environment includes relationships between people, the degree of material security, psychological climate, healthcare, general cultural values, etc. “Pollution” of the social environment with which a person is in continuous contact is also dangerous for people, even more than environmental pollution natural. The social environment can act as a limiting factor, preventing others from emerging. However, it should be taken into account that social environment mediated by other media, and vice versa.

As civilization develops, man increasingly isolates himself from the natural environment. Large costs are required to preserve the natural environment itself, as well as to maintain second and third environments that are not capable of self-regulation. Low-waste production, closed cycles, wastewater treatment plants, etc. will not be able to solve the problem of optimizing the relationship between man and the environment if a set of issues that relate to the protection of primary nature and improvement of the social environment are not resolved.

2. Natural and artificial human habitats

Natural nature covers the geo- and biosphere, that is, its material systems that arose and exist outside and independently of man, but at the same time can, over time, become objects of his activity. In connection with the development of space technology, such objects should also include a certain part solar system. Therefore, it is an evolving system and cannot be reduced to its geographic environment. The latter covers only the surface of the Earth (the earth's crust, atmosphere, water, soil cover, flora and fauna), constituting an important, but not the only subsystem of the natural human environment.

The artificial habitat is the result of human activity. It includes not only inanimate objects, created by man and not existing in nature, but also living organisms: plants, animals, bred or created by man thanks to artificial selection or genetic engineering. However, the artificial habitat cannot be reduced to a substrate, material basis. It includes and a certain system social relations, which also form the artificial human environment.

3. Social environment.

The social environment in which a person lives, his cultural and psychological environment, society and that part of the information environment, which in its origin is associated with culture and not with nature. The social environment grows out of the biological environment (community, ethnicity, family, etc.), but cannot be reduced to it.

Thus, the social environment of human life is the next level of organization of living matter. From the perspective of the person himself, the quality of life and the quality of the environment are determined by his basic needs. However, from the standpoint of nature, the quality of life of humanity, including the possibility of its survival, is, among other things, determined by the capabilities of nature (i.e., the biosphere), including self-regulation under the influence anthropogenic factors, which include overpopulation (population explosion), anthropogenic pollution of the biosphere, as well as the depletion of its resources.

A person exists in the process of life, continuous interaction with the environment in order to satisfy their needs.

Life activity— ϶ᴛᴏ daily activities and rest time of a person. It is worth noting that it occurs under conditions that pose a threat to human life and health. Life activity is characterized by quality of life and safety.

Activity— ϶ᴛᴏ active conscious interaction of a person with the environment.

The forms of activity are varied. The result of any activity should be its usefulness for human existence. But at the same time, any activity is potentially dangerous. It is worth noting that it can be a source of negative impacts or harm, leads to illness, injury and usually ends in disability or death.

A person carries out activities in the technosphere or the surrounding natural environment, that is, in the living environment.

Habitat— ϶ᴛᴏ the environment surrounding a person, which through a combination of factors (physical, biological, chemical and social) has a direct or indirect impact on a person’s life, his health, ability to work and offspring.

In the life cycle, a person and the surrounding environment continuously interact and form a constantly operating system “person - environment”, in which a person realizes both physiological and social needs.

The environment includes natural, man-made, industrial and domestic environments. Please note that every environment can pose a danger to humans.

The environment includes:

Natural environment (Biosphere)- the area of distribution of life on Earth that has not experienced technogenic impact (atmosphere, hydrosphere, top part lithosphere) It is worth noting that it has both protective properties (protecting humans from negative factors- temperature difference, precipitation), and a number of negative factors. Therefore, to protect against them, man was forced to create the technosphere.
Note that the technogenic environment (Note that the technosphere)- a habitat created through the influence of people and technical means on the natural environment in order to best meet the environment’s social and economic needs.

On modern stage During human development, society continuously interacted with the environment. Below is a diagram of human interaction with the environment.

In the 20th century, zones of increased anthropogenic and technogenic influence on the natural environment emerged on Earth. This led to partial and complete degradation. These changes were facilitated by the following evolutionary processes:

Population growth and urbanization
Increased energy consumption
Massive use of transport
Rising military spending

Classification of conditions for humans in the “person - environment” system:

Comfortable(optimal) conditions for activity and rest. Man is adapted to these conditions to a greater extent. The highest performance will remain, the health and integrity of the components of the living environment are guaranteed.
Acceptable. They are characterized by a deviation of the levels of flows of substances, energy and information from nominal values within acceptable limits. These working conditions do not have a negative impact on health, but lead to discomfort and decreased performance and productivity.
Irreversible processes in humans and the environment are not caused. Acceptable standards impacts are fixed in sanitary standards.
Dangerous. Flows of substances, energy and information exceed permissible exposure levels. Have a negative impact on human health. Long-term exposure causes diseases and leads to degradation of the natural environment.
Extremely dangerous. Streams for short term may cause injury or death, causing irreversible damage to the natural environment.

Human interaction with the environment can be positive (in a comfortable and acceptable state) and negative (in a dangerous and extremely dangerous state). Many factors that constantly influence a person will be unfavorable for his health and active work. The material was published on http://site

Security can be ensured in two ways:

eliminating sources of danger;
increasing protection from dangers and the ability to reliably withstand them.

Life safety- a science that studies dangers, means and methods of protection against them.

Danger— ϶ᴛᴏ threat of natural, man-made, environmental, military and other nature, the implementation of which can lead to deterioration of human health and death, as well as damage to the natural environment.

Main purpose of life safety teaching— protecting people in the technosphere from negative impacts of anthropogenic and natural origin, achieving comfortable living conditions. The material was published on http://site

The solution to the problem of life safety is to provide comfortable conditions for people’s activities, their lives, and protect people and their environment from the effects of harmful factors.
For any harm, a person pays with his health and life, which can be considered as system-forming factors in the “person - environment” system, final result its functioning and environmental quality criterion.

The object of study of life safety is a complex of negatively impacting phenomena and processes in the “person - environment” system.

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

The environment surrounding modern humans includes the natural environment, the built environment, the human-made environment, and the social environment.

Natural or biological needs are a group of needs that provide the possibility of a person’s physical existence in a comfortable environment - this is the need for space, good air, water, etc., the presence of a suitable, familiar environment for a person. The greening of biological needs is associated with the need to create an eco-friendly, clean urban environment and maintain the good condition of natural and artificial nature in the city. But in modern big cities it is hardly possible to talk about the presence of a sufficient volume and quality of the environment that every person needs.

As industrial production grew, more and more diverse products and goods were produced, and at the same time, environmental pollution increased sharply. The urban environment surrounding a person did not correspond to the historically developed sensory influences that people needed: cities without any signs of beauty, slums, dirt, standard gray houses, polluted air, harsh noise, etc.

In connection with drastic changes in the natural environment, many studies have arisen aimed at studying the state of the environment and the health of residents in a particular country, city, or region. But, as a rule, it is forgotten that a city dweller spends most of his time indoors (up to 90% of the time) and the quality of the environment inside various buildings and structures turns out to be more important for human health and well-being. The concentration of pollutants indoors is often significantly higher than in outdoor air.