The biological essence of a person determines his need for what? Factors and reasons for the formation of human needs. The biological essence of man: what determines the formation of human needs. Biological Examples of needs, their classes

In the 80s of the last century, the average level of unemployment in the United States was approximately 10%. At the same time, among workers it was equal to 14%, “white-collar workers” - 5%, and in the age group 16-19 years old - 23%. What is the text of this data? Relying on society-scientific knowledge, other social-ci-al-in-formation, indicate one of the reasons for such you are from a level without work among young people.

Unemployment

If a person is given the freedom to choose his type of activity and place of work, at any given moment some workers find themselves in a position “between jobs.” Some leave on their own in search of more interesting or better paid work. There are those who are fired. There are also those who enter the labor market for the first time (this applies primarily to young people). All these varieties are united by the concept of “frictional unemployment.”

It also happens that the demand for certain types of professions decreases sharply. Most often this occurs due to changes in the demand for goods and services and, as a result, the demand for labor. As a result, many people who are unable to quickly master other skills find themselves among the unemployed. For example, many years ago, highly skilled glassblowers were left out of work due to the invention of machines used to make bottles. This type of unemployment is called structural. The number of unemployed also grows in a certain phase of the economic cycle, in conditions of a production crisis. This kind of unemployment is called cyclical. At the same time, unemployment is distributed unevenly among different categories of the working population.

Full employment does not mean absolutely no unemployment. The unemployment rate at full employment is called the natural unemployment rate. It occurs when the number of job seekers equals the number of available places. If the number of job seekers exceeds the available vacancies, there is a shortage of demand and, as a result, unemployment. On the other hand, when there is excess demand, there is a shortage of labor. In such a situation, the unemployment rate is below the natural rate.

Thus, some level of unemployment is inevitable. Some economists and sociologists even view this phenomenon as positive, health-improving and stimulating for the development of the economy as a whole.

(According to the book by K. McConnell, S. Brew “Economics”. M., 1995. P. 158-159)

Make a plan for the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

Explanation.

In the correct answer, the points of the plan must correspond to the main semantic fragments of the text and reflect the main idea of each of them.

The following semantic fragments can be highlighted and titled:

1) frictional unemployment;

2) cyclical and structural unemployment;

3) natural rate of unemployment;

4) the role of unemployment in the economy.

It is possible to formulate other points of the plan without distorting the essence of the main idea of the fragment, and to highlight additional semantic blocks.

Explanation.

The correct answer should name three types:

1) friction;

2) structural;

3) cyclical.

Types can be given in other formulations that are similar in meaning.

What, according to the authors, characterizes the natural rate of unemployment? Based on social science and historical knowledge, give two specific examples of situations in which unemployment in a particular country was significantly higher than the natural level.

Explanation.

The answer should indicate: the natural level of unemployment is characterized by the relationship between the demand for work and the availability of available jobs.

The following examples can be given:

1) in the United States during the Great Depression, the demand for work was tens of times greater than the number of available jobs;

2) in Russia in the early 90s. XX century a structural crisis erupted. when highly qualified specialists from military-industrial complex enterprises were no longer needed due to the closure of their enterprises.

Other examples may be given.

The text notes that some researchers view unemployment as a positive phenomenon. Do you agree with this point of view? Give two arguments to support your point of view.

Explanation.

The following arguments may be given as a sign of agreement:

1) unemployment forces people to improve their professional level of those who have lost their jobs in the hope of finding a new job;

2) unemployment forces those who have it to be more conscientious about their responsibilities for fear of losing it.

Arguments in case of disagreement: 2) dismissed from work;

3) those entering the labor market for the first time.

Clarification.

The response must indicate the following sentence: “At the same time, the race is without work.” "Ti-tsa is not-equal-measured among the different ka-te-go-rii of work."

The following reasons may be indicated for you being at a level without work among young people:

1) lack of experience among young people;

2) not the same youth, in a greater degree than people of an older age, because of their low pay for my work (they want “everything at once”).

There may be other reasons as well.

Human life is a changing series of events, a collection of various actions. Any organism feels the need for food, water and air in order to maintain normal functioning, and a person is characterized by a whole hierarchy of such needs, which we will consider.

Biological Examples of needs, their classification

All the requirements that a person has throughout life can be divided into three large groups: primary basic, social and emotional needs.

Man belongs to the animal kingdom in the same way as primates, insects, fish, etc. It is not surprising that the primary needs of all these organisms for food and water are the same. It is also possible to draw an analogy between the social needs of humans and some colonial animals, but we must be careful here: after all, the human brain is very different from the brains of ants or bees.

So, the biological essence of a person is determined by his need for food and water, social status and acceptance in society, and the instability of his emotional background. These three pillars are the basis of the needs of homo sapiens, and you can feel some of them on a daily basis, without suspecting the existence of other equally important needs of a higher level.

Primary basic human needs

The biological essence of man is determined by his need for basic needs, which we inherited from our closest relatives of the animal world, primates, with only some changes and additions. Here is a list of the primary needs of any person:

Food, environmentally friendly, suitable for taste.
Regular drinking water, pleasant to the taste.
No threat to life.
Sleep and proper rest.
Favorable air composition.
Sexual needs, procreation.
Elimination of diseases and other discomfort associated with health conditions.
Spatial comfort (personal space in the literal sense).
Natural comfort (ecological state of the environment).
Labor activity and mobility.

The human need to change the emotional background

The biological essence of a person determines his need to express emotions. Each individual wants not only to exist, but also to live in his own society. Any manifestations of emotions that arise in a person are one common need, and this is inherent in nature. This includes moments of joy, disappointment, love, envy, hatred, and empathy.

In general, any change in the emotional background (both positive and negative) is part of our life, without which it is impossible for a normal, average person to exist. Of course, there are more or less sensitive people, but sooner or later they begin to feel the need for emotions.

Social needs

Man is a social being. Our society is built through a complex hierarchical system in which the individual wants to be accepted and understood.

The biological essence of man determines his need for general recognition. And you don’t necessarily have to be the center of the earth, the center of everyone’s attention and the standard. It is important to be accepted in the society in which you are: work, school, university, group of friends, relatives, etc.

Also, the satisfaction of biological needs is closely related to human activities in society. He must occupy a certain niche in society, be capable and useful. Of course, the work of the 21st century is often associated with a sedentary lifestyle, but a person still strives to work, and this is not because of conscience, but because of banal social needs.

Tasks 2. Biological and social in man; personality; human activity and its main forms

1. What distinguishes man from animal...

1) instinct of self-preservation

2) use of natural objects

3) the desire to understand the world around us

4) the ability to adapt to environmental conditions

Explanation.

What distinguishes a person from an animal is the desire to understand the world around him, since a person is the only living creature with reason.

All other qualities are present in both humans and animals.Answer: 3

2. What human need does the modern philosopher talk about: “... the main passion of a person is to be, to be fulfilled, to take place”?

1) in self-control 2) in self-realization

3) in self-knowledge 4) in power

Explanation.

Maslow distributed needs as they increase, explaining this construction by the fact that a person cannot experience high-level needs while he needs more primitive things. The basis is physiology (quenching hunger, thirst, sexual need, etc.). A step higher is the need for security, above it is the need for affection and love, as well as to belong to a social group. The next stage is the need for respect and approval, above which Maslow placed cognitive needs (thirst for knowledge, desire to perceive as much information as possible). Next comes the need for aesthetics (the desire to harmonize life, fill it with beauty and art). And finally, the last step of the pyramid, the highest, is the desire to reveal inner potential (this is SELF-REALIZATION). It is important to note that each of the needs does not have to be satisfied completely - partial saturation is enough to move to the next stage.

Correct answer: 2.

3. The social essence of man is determined by his need for...

1) self-realization and 2) self-preservation

3) breathing 4) nutrition

Explanation.

Maslow distributed needs as they increase, explaining this construction by the fact that a person cannot experience high-level needs while he needs more primitive things. The basis is physiology (quenching hunger, thirst, sexual need, etc.). A step higher is the need for security, above it is the need for affection and love, as well as to belong to a social group. The next stage is the need for respect and approval, above which Maslow placed cognitive needs (thirst for knowledge, desire to perceive as much information as possible). Next comes the need for aesthetics (the desire to harmonize life, fill it with beauty and art). And finally, the last step of the pyramid, the highest, is the desire to reveal inner potential (this is self-realization). It is important to note that each of the needs does not have to be satisfied completely - partial saturation is enough to move to the next stage.

Correct answer: 1.

4. Both man and animal

1) pass on cultural experience to subsequent generations

2) reflect the surrounding world in the mind

3) take care of their offspring

4) evaluate themselves and their actions

Explanation.

What both humans and animals have in common is caring for their offspring.

All other qualities are inherent only to man.

Correct answer: 3.

5. What concept is traditionally used to denote the totality of socially significant human qualities acquired throughout life?

1) personality 2) temperament

3) individual 4) talent

Explanation.

Temperament (from the Latin temperamentum - proper ratio of parts), a characteristic of an individual from the dynamic features of his mental activity, that is, tempo, rhythm, intensity of individual mental processes and states.

Correct answer: 1.

6. Julia naturally has an ear for music, but she did not study music in order to develop this quality. What concept characterizes Yulia’s abilities?

1) skill 2) inclinations 3) genius 4) talent

Explanation.

Inclinations are anatomical and physiological features of the nervous system that serve as the basis for the formation of certain abilities.

Craftsmanship is an art; master; perfection of pictorial form; creation; art technique; artistic creativity.

Genius (from Latin genius - spirit) - unusually high intellectual abilities. For example, to making inventions and discoveries, original thinking, productive creative activity

Talent is certain abilities that are revealed with the acquisition of skill and experience.

Answer: 2

7. Inna found out that Zoya invited all her work colleagues to the picnic except her. She did not find out the reason for this act, she simply stopped talking to Zoya. What type of behavior in interpersonal conflict does this example illustrate?

1) avoiding a conflict situation

2) mediation 3) compromise4) cooperation

Explanation.

In modern conflictology, five strategies of behavior in a conflict situation are identified:

1. Adaptation - one side agrees with the other on everything, but has its own opinion, which it is afraid to express.

2. Avoidance - avoiding a conflict situation.

3. Compromise - a joint decision that satisfies both parties.

4. Rivalry is active opposition to the other side.

5. Cooperation - an attempt to come to a joint decision.

Answer: 1

8. To denote the totality of socially significant qualities of a person, the concept is traditionally used...

1) individual 2) talent 3) abilities 4) personality

Explanation.

Personality is a common everyday and scientific term that denotes: 1) a human individual as a subject of relationships and conscious activity (person, in the broad sense of the word) or 2) a stable system of socially significant traits.

Abilities, individual characteristics of a person, which are subjective conditions for the successful implementation of a certain type of activity.

An individual is a separate person as a social being, which is something more than a combination of innate qualities.

Talent is a high level of development of abilities, manifested in creative achievements that are important in the context of cultural development.Answer: 4

9. Obtaining new information about the world around us is the main goal of the activity...

1) practical 2) artistic

3) labor 4) cognitive

Explanation.

There are three main types of activity: labor, cognitive, play. Obtaining new information is the main task of the cognition process.

Correct answer: 4.

10. The interaction of two or more subjects, consisting in the exchange of information, thoughts, feelings between them, scientists designate the concept...

1) creativity 2) social role

3) communication 4) development

Explanation.

Communication is “the transfer of information from person to person,” a complex multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people (interpersonal communication) and groups (intergroup communication).Answer: 3

11.

1) mathematics 2) physics 3) biology 4) history

Explanation.

Usually the exact sciences are opposed to the humanitiesAnswer: 1

12.

Explanation.

Morality - generally accepted traditions, unspoken rules) - ideas accepted in society about good and bad, right and wrong, good and evil, as well as a set of norms of behavior arising from these ideas. Sometimes the term is used not to refer to the whole society, but to a part of it, for example: Christian morality, bourgeois morality, etc.Answer: 1

13.

1) history 2) mathematics 3) art history

4) physics

Explanation.

Answer: 4

14. What is the hallmark of science?

1) appeal to supernatural forces

2) the desire to achieve objective truth

3) impact on people's emotions

4) figurative reflection of the author’s ideas

Explanation.

Answer: 2

15. Which cultural institution is comprehensively involved in the restoration, storage and display of cultural property?

1) museum 2) theater 3) archive 4) cultural fund

Explanation.

Theater (Greek θέατρον - the main meaning is a place for spectacles, then - spectacle, from θεάομαι - I look, I see) is a spectacular form of art, which is a synthesis of various arts - literature, music, choreography, vocals.Answer: 1

16. What distinguishes religion from other areas of spiritual culture?

1) use of artistic images

2) appeal to supernatural forces

3) reliance on ideas about good and evil

4) the desire to explain the surrounding realityExplanation.

Science is a sphere of human activity aimed at developing and theoretically systematizing objective knowledge about reality.

Religion is a special form of awareness of the world, conditioned by belief in the supernatural, which includes a set of moral norms and types of behavior, rituals, religious activities and the unification of people in organizations (church, religious community).

Art is a figurative understanding of reality; the process or result of expressing internal or external (in relation to the creator).

Answer: 2

17. Storing documents, video and photographic materials of personal and public value is an immediate task

1) library 2) museum3) archive4) gallery

Explanation.

Museum (from Greek - House of Muses) is an institution engaged in collecting, studying, storing and exhibiting objects - monuments of natural history, material and spiritual culture.

Archive (Greek άρχεϊον) is an institution or structural unit of an organization that carries out storage, acquisition, accounting and use of archival documents.Answer: 3

18. The categories of morality include the concepts...

1) honor and dignity 2) comfort and convenience

3) nature and culture 4) health and success

Explanation.

Morality is an internal attitude of a person - in contrast to morality, which (along with the law) is only an external requirement for the behavior of an individual.

In a narrower sense, morality is the internal attitude of an individual to act in accordance with his conscience and free will - in contrast to morality, which, along with the law, is an external requirement for the behavior of an individual.

Answer: 1

19. What are the humanities?

1) history 2) physics 3) chemistry 4) mathematics

Explanation.

Humanitarian - about what is directly related to man and created by him.

Answer: 1

20. What are the types of art?

1) painting 2) literary criticism

3) history 4) art history

Explanation.

Types of art include:

Fine painting, graphics (drawing, printmaking), decorative and applied arts, sculpture, photography, graffiti, comics, silent films, theater, opera, pop, circus, cinema, architecture, literature, music, choreography, ballet, radio art.

Answer: 1

21.

1) spiritual needs

2) social needs

Explanation.

A person’s spiritual needs are the need to know the world around him and himself, the desire for self-improvement and self-realization, to know the meaning of one’s existence. answer: 4.

22. The main goal of this type of activity is the development and theoretical systematization of objective knowledge about reality. This

1) art 2) religion 3) education 4) science

Explanation. Science is a sphere of human activity aimed at developing and theoretically systematizing objective knowledge about reality. Religion is a special form of awareness of the world, conditioned by belief in the supernatural, which includes a set of moral norms and types of behavior, rituals, religious activities and the unification of people in organizations (church , religious community).

Art is a figurative understanding of reality; the process or result of expressing internal or external (in relation to the creator).Answer: 4

23.

1) physical movement 2) food3) rest4) communication

Explanation. Classification by level of complexity divides needs into biological, social and spiritual. Biological includes a person’s desire to maintain his existence (the need for food, clothing, sleep, safety, sexual satisfaction, saving energy, etc.).

Social needs include a person’s need for communication, for popularity, for dominance over other people, for belonging to a certain group, for leadership and recognition.

Answer: 4

24.

1) natural abilities

2) own beliefs

3) social environment

4) natural environment

Explanation.

Personality is a concept developed to reflect the social nature of a person, consider him as a subject of sociocultural life, define him as a bearer of an individual principle, self-revealing in the contexts of social relationsAnswer: 3

25. Human social needs include the need for

1) friendship2) food3) rest4) reproduction

Explanation.

Classification by level of complexity divides needs into biological, social and spiritual.

Biological ones include a person’s desire to maintain his existence (the need for food, clothing, sleep, safety, sexual satisfaction, saving energy, etc.).

Social needs include a person’s need for communication, for popularity, for dominance over other people, for belonging to a certain group, for leadership and recognition.

A person’s spiritual needs are the need to know the world around him and himself, the desire for self-improvement and self-realization, to know the meaning of one’s existence.Answer: 1

26. Personality formation occurs under the influence

1) natural abilities

2) own beliefs

3) social environment

4) natural environment

Explanation.

Personality is a relatively stable system of individual behavior, built primarily on the basis of inclusion in the social context. The core formation of personality is self-esteem.

Answer: 3

27. What are the natural sciences?

1) history 2) mathematics3) art history

4) physics

Explanation.

Natural sciences are sections of science responsible for the study of natural (natural - from “nature”, nature) phenomena external to humans.Answer: 4

28. What are the exact sciences?

1) mathematics2) physics3) biology4) history

Explanation.

Exact sciences are fields of science that study quantitatively precise patterns and use rigorous methods for testing hypotheses based on reproducible experiments and rigorous logical reasoning.

Usually the exact sciences are opposed to the humanities.Answer: 1

29. What is the hallmark of morality?

1) reflects ideas about good and evil

2) has an emotional impact on a person

3) explains natural and social phenomena

4) appeals to supernatural forces

Explanation.

30. These human needs are expressed in the desire to preserve and protect one’s life, one’s family and home from invasion, natural disasters, and discomfort. This

1) spiritual needs

2) social needs

3) physiological needs

4) security needs

Explanation.

Classification by level of complexity divides needs into biological, social and spiritual. Biological includes a person’s desire to maintain his existence (the need for food, clothing, sleep, safety, sexual satisfaction, saving energy, etc.).

Social needs include a person’s need for communication, for popularity, for dominance over other people, for belonging to a certain group, for leadership and recognition.

A person’s spiritual needs are the need to know the world around him and himself, the desire for self-improvement and self-realization, to know the meaning of one’s existence.Answer: 4

31.

Explanation.

Interpersonal relationships occur only with close acquaintance.Answer: 3

32. A ninth grade graduate, Sergei, preparing for the state final certification in mathematics, repeats methods for solving equations. This type of activity relates to

1) communication2) study3) work4) play

Explanation.

Here we observe the process of acquiring new knowledge and skills; this primarily characterizes such a type of human activity as study.Answer: 2

33. Anna shares with Yulia her impressions of the book she read. This is an example of an activity such as

1) work2) study3) play4) communication

Explanation.

The exchange of information relates primarily to the sphere of communication.Answer: 4

34. What is common to both humans and animals?

1) social needs

2) instinct of self-preservation

3) desire for knowledge

4) standards of behavior

Explanation.

Only the instinct of self-preservation from these examples is inherent in both man and animal; all other examples are characteristic only of man, as they reflect his social nature.

Correct answer: 2

35. In country Z, the economy is dominated by the agricultural sector, the main unit of society is the clan community. What type of society does country Z belong to?

1) traditional 2) industrial

3) informational4) post-industrial

Explanation.

A traditional or agrarian society is characterized by the dominance of agriculture.Answer: 1

36. For which type of human activity is it necessary to have a partner?

1) creativity2) games3) labor4) communication

Explanation.

Of all the examples mentioned, only communication requires a partner.Answer: 4

37. Which example demonstrates a person’s personal qualities?

1) Masha is preparing to enter medical school.

2) Peter is the tallest in the class.

3) Nafisa was late for work due to a big traffic jam.

4) Kolya is always worried before exams.

Explanation.

Of all the examples given, only in example 1 we see the manifestation of a person’s personal qualities, the ability to set a goal and overcome difficulties. benefit others. In other cases, it is simply a manifestation of a person’s individual qualities.

Answer: 1

38. The social essence of man is determined by his need

1) in food2) in warmth3) in procreation

4) in self-realization

Explanation.

Answer: 4

39. Which of the following terms are used to characterize the social sphere of society?

1) classes, strata

2) political parties, movements

3) business, entrepreneurship

4) knowledge, cognition

Explanation.

classes, strata - social sphere;

political parties, movements - political;

business, entrepreneurship - economic;

knowledge, cognition - spiritual.Answer: 1

40. The social essence of man is determined by his need for

1) food2) warmth3) procreation4) self-realization

Explanation.

The needs for food, warmth and procreation are biological, the need for self-realization is social.Answer: 4

41. The biological essence of man determines his need for

1) self-realization2) food3) creativity4) communication

Explanation.

Self-realization, creativity and communication are determined by the social essence. The need for food is biological.Answer: 2

42. Which example illustrates interpersonal conflict?

1) The government of the country announced an increase in customs duties.

2) Classmates quarreled over the duty schedule.

3) The traffic police officer issued a fine for speeding.

4) The employee filed a claim with the employer regarding late payment of wages.

Explanation.

Interpersonal conflict necessarily presupposes personal acquaintance. This means that the only correct one is 2.Answer: 2

43. One of the differences between work and study activities is

1) acquiring knowledge about nature and society

2) obtaining a practically useful result

3) satisfaction of spiritual needs

4) moral development of the individual

Explanation.

In work activities there is always a practically useful result, but not always in educational activities.

Correct answer: 2

44. Which of the following examples illustrates interpersonal communication?

1) The head of state addresses citizens in the media.

2) Doctors listen to the report of the Minister of Health.

3) Friends met after a quarrel, found out its reasons and made peace.

4) Representatives of trade unions discuss the organization of the meeting.

Explanation.

Interpersonal relationships are possible only through personal acquaintanceAnswer: 3

45. Scientists refer to the exchange of information, thoughts, and feelings through various means as

1) teaching2) cognition3) communication4) creativity

Explanation.

COMMUNICATION - A complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the needs for joint activities; includes the exchange of information and the development of a unified interaction strategy.Answer: 3

46. What distinguishes a person from an animal is the ability

1) take care of the offspring

2) use objects given by nature

3) perceive and transmit information

4) create conditions and means of life in joint activities

Explanation.

Activity presupposes a goal, goal setting, only humans are capable of goal setting, animals act under the pressure of instinct, animals perform actions to satisfy their instinctively determined needs, but are not capable of activity based on GOALS SETTING.Answer: 4

47. The social essence of man is determined by his needs for

1) understanding2) rest3) nutrition4) self-preservation

Explanation. 2.3.4 are also typical for animals. Only humans have an inherent need for understanding.

Correct answer: 1

48. Scientists define the exchange of information, thoughts, and feelings with the concept

1) knowledge2) freedom3) creativity4) communication

Explanation Scientists refer to the exchange of information, thoughts, and feelings as communication.

Correct answer: 4

49. Man, unlike representatives of the animal world,

1) shelter from the cold

2) takes care of his offspring

3) needs public recognition

4) builds houses from natural materials

Explanation.

Man, unlike representatives of the animal world, needs public recognition. Animals don't need this.Answer: 3

50. Play, unlike other types of activity, involves

1) transformation of the natural environment

2) the presence of an imaginary environment

3) transfer of certain information

4) communication with other people

Explanation.

The game, unlike other types of activities, presupposes the presence of an imaginary setting (Cossacks-robbers).Answer: 2

51. Man differs from animals in that he

1) has verbal speech

2) has the most perfect hearing

3) can teach offspring

4) does not depend on natural conditions

Explanation. 3 and 4 are also characteristic of animals, the hearing of some animals is more perfect than the hearing of humans, but not a single animal has verbal speech.Answer: 1

52. An example of work activity is

1) cooking lunch

2) communication with friends

3) inspection of the exhibition of paintings

4) playing on a computer

Explanation.

Labor is a purposeful, conscious human activity aimed at meeting the needs of the individual and society. Here is the preparation of lunch.

Correct answer: 1

Answer: 1

1) economic and spiritual
3) social and spiritual
4) political and spiritual
1) breathing
2) nutrition
3) self-preservation
4) self-realization
1) cooperation
2) confrontation
3) care
4) concession
1) creativity
2) education
3) socialization
4) science

1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect

2) economic benefits
3) direct taxes
factors of production

1) entrepreneurship
2) financing
3) production
4) economics

1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
1) social institution
2) social mobility
3) social structure
4) social inequality
1) professional growth
2) unity of views
3) common hobbies
4) commonality of life

A1. Social scientists determine the general

A1. Social scientists define society as
1) the whole world in the diversity of its forms
2) a combination of natural and social forces
3) a part of the world isolated from nature
4) natural conditions of human existence
A2. The country's government has limited the import of foreign-made household appliances. The interconnection of which spheres of social life does this fact illustrate?
1) economic and spiritual
2) political and economic
3) social and spiritual
4) political and spiritual
A3. The social essence of man is determined by his need for
1) breathing
2) nutrition
3) self-preservation
4) self-realization
A4. Marina offered her help to Lena in preparing for the exam, but was forced to go to her sick grandmother. Lena was offended and did not answer Marina’s phone calls. After Marina returned, the girls calmly sorted out the situation, and the conflict was settled. What method of conflict resolution does this example illustrate?
1) cooperation
2) confrontation
3) care
4) concession
A5 Purposeful cognitive activity of a person to acquire knowledge and skills is called
1) creativity
2) education
3) socialization
4) science
A6 Are the following judgments about the relationship between society and nature correct?
A. Climatic conditions influence the development of society.
B. The interaction between nature and society is contradictory.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
A7 The main resources used in the process of producing material goods are called
1) material needs
2) economic benefits
3) direct taxes
factors of production
A8 Initiative independent economic
human activity carried out at one's own risk within the framework of the law, aimed at making a profit, is called
1) entrepreneurship
2) financing
3) production
4) economics
A9. In countries with market economies
1) the manufacturer independently determines what and how much to produce
2) the state sets the amount of wages for employees
3) the Ministry of Finance decides how to use the profits received
4) the state committee sets prices for cement and other building materials
A10 Are the following judgments about property true?
A. The owner has the right to dispose of the thing belonging to him at his own discretion.
B. In the Russian Federation, land and other natural resources may be located
only in state or municipal ownership.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
A11 The connection between the elements of society is called
1) social institution
2) social mobility
3) social structure
4) social inequality
12. The family, unlike other small groups, is characterized
1) professional growth
2) unity of views
3) common hobbies
4) commonality of life

A1. Social scientists determine the general