Turgenev short stories for children. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev
Tergenev published actively during his lifetime. And although not every work of his delighted critics, it did not leave anyone indifferent. Disputes flared up constantly not only because of literary differences. Everyone knows that at the time when Ivan Sergeevich lived and worked, censorship was especially strict, and the writer could not openly talk about many things that would affect politics, criticize the government or serfdom.
Selected works and the complete works of Tergenev are published with enviable regularity. The most voluminous and full meeting works are considered to be published by the Nauka publishing house in thirty volumes, which combined all the works of the classic into twelve volumes, and published his letters in eighteen volumes.
Artistic features of I.S. Turgenev’s creativity
Most of the writer's novels have the same artistic features. Often the center of attention is a girl who is beautiful, but not beautiful, developed, but this does not mean at all that she is very smart or educated. According to the plot, this girl is always courted by several suitors, but she chooses one, the one whom the author wants to highlight from the crowd, to show him off inner world, desires and aspirations.
According to the plot of each novel by the writer, these people fall in love with each other, but there is always something present in their love that does not make it possible to be together right away. It’s probably worth listing all the novels of Ivan Turgenev:
★ "Rudin".
★ « Noble Nest».
★ “Fathers and Sons.”
★ “The day before.”
★ “Smoke.”
★ “New.”
To better understand the works of Turgenev, its features writing work, several of his novels should be examined in more detail. After all most of novels were written even before the peasant reform was carried out in Russia and all this was reflected in the works.
Roman "Rudin"
This is Turgenev's first novel, which was first defined by the author himself as a story. And although the main work on the work was completed in 1855, the author made adjustments and improvements to his text several times. This was due to criticism from comrades who received the manuscript. And in 1860, after the first publications, the author added an epilogue.
The following characters act in Turgenev's novel:
⇒ Lasunskaya.
⇒ Pigasov.
⇒ Pandnlevsky.
⇒ Lipina.
⇒ Volyntsev.
⇒ Bassists.
Lasunskaya is the widow of a privy councilor who was very rich. The writer rewards Daria Mikhailovna not only with beauty, but also with freedom in communication. She participated in all conversations, trying to show her importance, which in reality she did not have at all. She finds Pigasov funny, who shows some kind of anger towards all people, but especially does not like women. Afrikan Semenovich lives alone because he is very ambitious.
Turgenev's hero from the novel is interesting - Konstantin Pandelevsky, since it was impossible to determine his nationality. But the most remarkable thing in his image is his unusual ability to court ladies in such a way that they then constantly patronized him. But he had no business with Lipina Alexandra, since the woman, despite her young age, was already a widow, although without children. She inherited a large inheritance from her husband, but so that she would not waste it, she lived with her brother. Sergei Volyntsev was a headquarters captain, but already retired. He is decent, and many knew that he was in love with Natalya. The young teacher Basistov hates Pandelevsky, but respects the main character - Dmitry Rudin.
Main character a poor man, although he is a nobleman by birth. He received a good education in the University. And although he grew up in the village, he is quite smart. He knew how to speak beautifully and for a long time, which surprised those around him. Unfortunately, his words and actions differ. His philosophical views Natalya Lasunskaya liked him and fell in love with him. He constantly said that he was also in love with the girl, but this turned out to be a lie. And when she denounces him, Dmitry Nikolaevich immediately leaves, and soon dies in France on the barricades.
According to composition, Turgenev's entire novel is divided into four parts. The first part tells how Rudin comes to Natalya’s house and sees her for the first time. In the second part, the author shows how much the girl is in love with Nikolai. The third part is the departure of the main character. The fourth part is an epilogue.
Novel "The Noble Nest"
This is Ivan Sergeevich’s second novel, work on which lasted two years. Like the first novel, “The Noble Nest” was published in the Sovremennik magazine. This work caused a storm in literary circles, from disagreements in the interpretation of the plot, to outright accusations of plagiarism. But the work had big success among the readership, and the name “Noble Nest” became a real catchphrase and has firmly entered into everyday life to this day.
There are a large number of heroes in the novel, who will always be interesting in their character and Turgenev’s description to readers. The female images of the work are presented by Kalitina, who is already fifty years old. Marya Dmitrievna was not only rich, but also a very capricious noblewoman. She was so spoiled that she could cry at any moment because her wishes were not fulfilled. Her aunt, Marya Timofeevna, caused her particular trouble. Pestova was already seventy years old, but she easily and always told everyone the truth. Marya Dmitrievna had children. Lisa, eldest daughter, has already turned 19 years old. She is friendly and very pious. This was due to the influence of the nanny. The second female image in Turgenev's novel is Lavretskaya, who is not only beautiful, but also married. Although after her betrayal her husband left her abroad, this still did not stop Varvara Pavlovna.
There are many heroes in the novel. There are those who play important role in the plot, but there are episodic ones. For example, several times in Turgenev’s novel a certain Sergei Petrovich appears, who is a gossip from secular society. The handsome Pashin, who is very young and has a position in society, comes to the city for his work. He is obsequious, but easily liked by the people around him. It is worth noting that he is very talented: he composes music and poetry himself, and then performs them. But his soul is cold. He likes Lisa.
A music teacher comes to the Kalitins' house, who was a hereditary musician, but fate was against him. He is poor, although he is German. He does not like to communicate with people, but he perfectly understands everything that happens around him. The main characters include Lavretsky, who is thirty-five years old. He is a relative of the Kalitins. But he could not boast of his education, although he was a kind person in himself. Fyodor Ivanovich has a noble dream - to plow the land, because he has failed to do anything else. He is counting on his friend, the poet Mikhalevich, who will help him realize all his plans.
According to the plot, Fyodor Ivanovich comes to the province to realize his dream, where he meets Lisa and falls in love with her. The girl reciprocates his feelings. But then Lavretsky’s unfaithful wife arrives. He is forced to leave, and Lisa goes to a monastery.
The composition of Turgenev's novel is divided into six parts. The first part tells the story of how Fyodor Ivanovich arrives in the province. And therefore, the second part talks about the main character himself. In the third part, Lavretsky, Kalitin, and other heroes go to Vasilyevskoye. Here the rapprochement between Lisa and Fyodor Ivanovich begins, but this is already described in the fourth part. But the fifth part is very sad, since Lavretsky’s wife arrives. The sixth part is an epilogue.
Novel "On the Eve"
This novel was created by Ivan Turgenev in anticipation of a revolution in Russia. The main character of his work is a Bulgarian. It is known that the novel was written by a famous writer in 1859, and already next year it was published in one of the magazines.
The plot is based on the Stakhov family. Nikolai Artemyevich Stakhov, who not only spoke French well, but was also a great debater. In addition, he was also known as a philosopher who was always bored at home. He met a German widow and now spent all his time with her. This state of affairs greatly upset his wife, Anna Vasilievna, a calm and sad woman who complained to everyone in the house about her husband’s infidelity. She loved her daughter, but in her own way. By the way, Elena was already twenty years old at that time, although at the age of 16 she left parental care, and then lived as if she were on her own. She had a need to constantly take care of the poor, the unfortunate, and it didn’t matter whether they were people or animals. But for those around her, she seemed a little strange.
Elena was simply created to share her life with Dmitry Insarov. This one has young man, who was barely 30 years old, an amazing and unusual fate. His purpose was to liberate his land. Therefore, Elena follows him and begins to believe in his ideas. After the death of her spouse, she decides to devote herself to a noble mission - she becomes a sister of mercy.
The meaning of Turgenev's novels
In all novels famous writer Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev reflects the history of Russian society. He doesn't just portray his characters and tell them life stories. The writer walks the path together with his characters and guides the reader along this path, forcing them to philosophize together about what the meaning of life is, what goodness and love are. Landscapes, which reflect the mood, also play a huge role in Turgenev’s novels. acting characters.
M. Katkov wrote about Turgenev’s novels:
“Clarity of ideas, skill in depicting types, simplicity in design and course of action.”
Turgenev's novels have not only educational, but also historical meaning, since the writer reveals moral problems the whole society. In the fates of his heroes, the fates of thousands of Russians who lived more than one hundred and fifty years ago are guessed. This is a real excursion into the history of how high society, and the common people.
Turgenev's stories
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There lived a lady in Moscow. Many servants worked in her yard, the most noticeable of whom was the janitor Gersim from the village. He was deaf and dumb from birth, but very strong physically. At first Gerasim missed his village, but soon got used to the city. He coped with the work quickly, after rural work, his current duties seemed to him a joke.
Gerasim was given a closet on which he hung a lock; he did not like guests. Among the lady’s other workers was the laundress Tatyana, who Gerasim liked and began to court her. But the lady decided to marry Tatyana to Kapiton, a drunkard shoemaker. Knowing enormous power Gerasima, Tatyana and Kapiton were afraid of the lady’s decision. But they decided on a trick - Gerasim couldn’t stand drunks, Tatyana was persuaded to pretend to be a drunk girl and the trick was a success. When Gerasim saw Tatyana staggering, he himself dragged her to Kapiton, thereby telling her who her match was.
So Tatyana married Kapiton, but Gerasim lamented this for a long time. A year later, Kapiton finally drank himself to death and he and his wife were sent to the village. Gerasim sat in his closet for a long time that day and only in the evening he came out and went for a walk.
While walking along the river, Gerasim saw a small puppy who could not get out of the mud. Gerasim took it, put it in his bosom and carried it home. At home, he laid straw for the puppy, poured milk into a saucer and taught the dog to drink milk. He named her Mumu. Gerasim fussed with Mumu all night and only fell asleep in a contented sleep in the morning.
Eight months later, Mumu grew up and became an adult Spanish breed dog. Mumu became very attached to Gerasim, and he to her. Mumu guarded his closet and brooms, walked near him, but never entered the manor's house.
One day the lady saw Mumu from the window and she really liked the dog. The lady ordered to bring her to her. The servant rushed to catch Mumu, but she did not fall into the hands of strangers and ran away to Gerasim. The servant explained to Gerasim that the lady wanted to see Mumu and Gerasim handed the dog to the servant. When Mumu was brought into the mansion, she got scared and pressed herself against the wall. A saucer of milk was placed in front of her, but she did not drink. The lady called Mumu to her, but she did not come. And when the lady leaned over to stroke her, Mumu bared her teeth.
The lady did not like this very much. And she ordered Mumu to be taken out of the house. The next day, the lady gave the task of getting rid of the dog to her butler Gavrila. Gavrila handed over the task to Stepan and he caught Mumu secretly from Gerasim. Then Stepan took Mumu to Okhotny Ryad, where he sold it for fifty dollars.
Gerasim searched for Mumu all day and walked around half of Moscow in search of her. But he returned home empty-handed and sad. However, at night he felt someone pushing him lightly. It was Mumu with a piece of rope around her neck. Gerasim and Mumu were very happy with each other. The next day, Gerasim locked Mumu in his closet so that no one would see her. However, he was deaf and dumb and did not know that those passing by his closet could hear Mumu barking. That's what happened. But those who heard were in no hurry to inform the lady that Gerasim was hiding Mumu in his closet.
At night, Gerasim took Mumu out for a walk. Suddenly she smelled a drunk and barked loudly. This woke up the lady and she immediately ordered the butler to get rid of the dog. The butler and the crowd ran to Gerasim's closet, but the castle held them back. In the morning they finally reached Gerasim and he went out onto the porch with Mumu. Gavrila conveyed to him the lady’s demands and Gerasim made it clear with signs that he himself would get rid of Mumu. The young boy was assigned to keep an eye on Gerasim so that he would not deceive.
An hour later, Gerasim came out of the closet in a festive caftan. He led Mumu on a rope. They went to a tavern, where Gerasim bought Mumu the last plate of cabbage soup in her life and crumbled some bread into it. Gerasim watched Mumu eat for a long time and tears welled up in his eyes. When Mumu had eaten, they left the inn and went to the river. On the way, Gerasim took 2 bricks and they came to the boats. Having put Mumu in the boat, they set sail from the shore and sailed away from Moscow. There Gerasim tied a rope to the bricks, made a loop at the other end and threw it around Mumu’s neck. IN last time he hugged her to him and said goodbye to her. Then he lifted the bricks and Mumu above the water, turned away and unclenched his hands. He did not hear Mumu's squeal or splash, he only saw circles scattering across the water. Then Gerasim returned to the shore.
He reached his closet, gathered his things into a bundle, tied it on a stick and went to his village. The next day the lady became worried about his absence, but soon received news from his village that Gerasim had returned. He quickly got back to work and began mowing hay again. And since then he lived alone. He didn’t get involved with women and didn’t have dogs either.
Turgenev's story "Mumu" is included in.
Turgenev's stories
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An interesting story about a hunter who walked through the forest, shot game, but when darkness fell, he got lost and went out into the Bezhin meadow to a fire, near which sat 5 children driving cattle to the morning pasture. The author lay down by the fire, told who he was and where he was from, then pretended to be asleep. And the children started talking about evil spirits: brownies, mermen, mermaids, spirits and ghosts. The story contains detailed description picturesque nature at different times of the day, as well as a description of the children’s clothing. In the morning the author wakes up and leaves the Bezha meadow. And one of these 5 boys, named Pavel, dies within a year after falling from a horse.
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Turgenev is famous for his instructive stories about love, family and friendship, but few people know that the writer also wrote fairy tales. The author got along well with children, and they, in turn, responded in kind, constantly sitting on his lap, pulling his hair, but most of all they loved listening to his stories. Usually the writer told them while lying on a large sofa. Ivan Sergeevich also planned to publish his collection of children's fairy tales, but, unfortunately, he failed to implement his plan.
- "A Drop of Life" This tale It is quite small in size, but quite interesting and pleasant. In it, Ivan Sergeevich talks about little boy, whose parents were seriously ill, but he was lucky to learn about a drop of life that will not only heal everyone around him, but will also reveal to him the secrets of life. The hero was not afraid of terrible monsters and was still able to drink this drop to help his family. The child’s courage is amazing; not everyone would dare to do this. And in the end, his courage will pay off for him. In the future he will become rich and famous. Moral: it’s worth taking a risk to help your family. Read the work itself...
- "Silver Bird and Yellow Frog." This tale cannot fail to touch your heart with its sincerity. In this story, the story is about one special frog, which was different from others in its color. She was yellow. The green frogs refused to befriend her because she was different from them, but in the end she found a friend in the heron. The moral of the story is that the difference between people is not bad, but in the order of things, and one should not despise a person for being different from others. That there will always be someone who will accept you for who you are, someone will appear who will love your features. Read the work itself...
- "Self-Knowing". This story is about a boy who lied a lot and always told everyone that he was the smartest in the world. He knows everything. One day he was told that the river was very deep - don’t go there, to which the arrogant man said that he already knew that, fell into the water and drowned. At the end of the story, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev brings us to the conclusion that it is better to say that you don’t know something than to boast unfoundedly. Read the work itself...
- "Stepovik". The work is written in French, unfinished. It is very sad that this story is not finished, because it is very interesting to find out what happened next. The fairy tale tells about a man who once met in the steppe little man, which was all made of twigs and grass. The narrative ends at the moment the traveler meets this creature. Read the work itself...
Turgenev wrote only four fairy tales, but he also translated fairy tales by Charles Perrault. Ivan Sergeevich also created several operettas, which were staged in the writer’s private villa. Each of them has a fairy tale motif.
- "The Last Sorcerer" The premiere took place in early August 1867. Unfortunately, very few copies of this operetta have survived. But those who had the opportunity to hear it said that it was beautifully written, and the desire to see it on the big stage increased as the number of invitations diminished. It is quite difficult to find anything specific about the plot of the operetta. The only thing that is known for sure is that it was written about elves and fairy-tale creatures.
- "Ogre." Published in May 1968. The plot is similar to “The Last Sorcerer”. A certain wizard uses magic to hold a young girl captive. But later the prince takes the magic staff from him and saves the lady and other captives, taking the ogre hostage. The plot was refined from performance to performance.
Isn't it true that this sounds a little unusual: Turgenev and fairy tales? We know Ivan Sergeevich as the author of wonderful novels, many novels and stories, including his famous hunting stories, included in the collection with the subtitle “Notes of a Hunter.” Turgenev is a poet, dramatist, author of 83 works of the rarest genre in Russian literature - prose poems. Turgenev is known as a talented contributor to many Russian and foreign newspapers and magazines of the mid-nineteenth century. And many of the admirers of his great talent, trying to understand Turgenev more deeply, carefully study the multi-volume, almost six thousand collection of the writer’s letters to family, friends, and like-minded people; letters of business - and small notes, to friends - and to people in whom he was mistaken. It is almost impossible to list all aspects of the activities of I. S. Turgenev - writer, citizen, person. And that’s why the title of this article really sounds a little unusual.
But in issue No. 157 of the Orlovsky Vestnik newspaper dated September 6/18, 1881, the following message appeared: “They say that Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is preparing a new essay and fairy tales for children for publication.”
On what basis did the author of this message base his assumptions? After all, he was an official, i.e., a representative of a large and undoubtedly talented, as follows from familiarity with the contents of this newspaper of that time, team, and it is unlikely that the editor of the Orlovsky Vestnik would have taken such boldness as placing on the newspaper page of the message that is being “talked about.” Of course, there had to be quite good reasons behind it.
Turgenev - and fairy tales? Even those of us who know the work of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev well enough do not remember that fairy tales by this author were published anywhere.
However, documents indicate that Ivan Sergeevich had such intentions.
In the summer of 1881, on the writer’s last visit to his homeland, Spassky was crowded. His guests this summer, as indeed always when he was here, were many of the writer’s friends, whose names were already universally known. This summer, his friends the Polonskys, whose family had three children, came to Ivan Sergeevich.
In his memoirs, Yakov Petrovich Polonsky very interestingly said that “children generally loved Turgenev and sometimes treated him without any ceremony, they were ready to pull his nose and beard, and he always did something for them.” told”, often lying on a large comfortable sofa, nicknamed “Samoson”. The children did not allow him to rest, but he was so patient, treated them with such great understanding that he never reprimanded them, did not drive them away, but courageously endured all these inconveniences. When he saw that he would not be able to rest, he began to tell them the stories he had just invented. The children stopped playing pranks and listened attentively to Ivan Sergeevich, since all his fairy tales were really very good.
Ya. P. Polonsky, in the text of his memoirs, cites in abbreviation two fairy tales he personally heard from I. S. Turgenev: “A Drop of Life” and “Know-It-Yourself.” The last Turgenev composed and told in several stages to both children and adults. Even Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy listened to this fairy tale and crumpled with all his heart along with everyone else.
Why are Turgenev's fairy tales interesting? What was the writer thinking about when introducing his fairy-tale characters to the audience?
To answer these questions, it seems to us, it is necessary to briefly reproduce their content.
The fairy tale “A Drop of Life,” along with being interesting, is also very instructive. She introduces us to a boy who, trying to save his sick mother, goes into a terrible cave, where he must find a drop of miraculous living water that can heal the sick woman. But the cave is inhabited by many reptiles of the most diverse species, with with evil eyes, scary and disgusting. A brave baby who selflessly loves his mother overcomes mortal fear, passes by reptiles, finds and swallows a miraculous drop, becoming the owner of everything that is available. human understanding. Thanks to his sense of philanthropy and courage, he penetrated into the secrets of the human body and became powerful, rich, and his fame spread far around the world.
After two or three days, as Polonsky testifies, “a new fairy tale began. which once again proved the extent to which Turgenev’s imagination was still fresh and inexhaustible.”
This is the second fairy tale, told in several stages. “Once upon a time there were two boys - two brothers,” one of whom, named Samoznayka, was self-confident, boastful, and therefore often deceitful. The second, named Prudent, was thoughtful, judicious, and sometimes suspicious. Self-awareness didn’t think about anything. As soon as a new difficult situation was brewing, he shouted out: “Oh, I know, I can do it, I will find it,” etc. And naturally, nothing worked out for him, since he never thought about anything, and that’s all his actions took on the character of frivolous boasting. They made fun of him out loud, they shamed him, they tried to reassure him, but in vain: Self-Knowing was incorrigible. It got to the point that, not wanting to be caught not knowing the answer to the question, what is this sixth part of the world that he is talking about, the boy, without hesitation, answered: “Geography.”
It was at this ending that Ivan Sergeevich’s listeners, among whom was Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, laughed.
And with Brother Self-Knowing, Reasonable, everything went well, he succeeded in everything, because he was honest and thoughtful.
Isn’t it true, even in the fairy tales he composed, Turgenev remained true to his principles: his heroes - honest, principled - are always much higher than those who oppose them.
In January 1881, Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya turned to Turgenev with a request to write something for the magazine “Children's Rest,” published by her brother P. A. Bers. Soon, i.e. in October of the next year, Turgenev sent Tolstoy a story for children “Quail” with an accompanying letter: “Here is for you, dear Lev Nikolaevich, the short story that I promised the countess for the children’s magazine published by her brother."
A little earlier, Ivan Sergeevich informed Lev Nikolaevich that he had once witnessed heroic feat mother, a small quail bird, who sacrificed her life for the life of her chicks.
And even earlier, in 1849, Turgenev described a similar episode in a letter from France to Pauline Viardot: “Do you know,” he wrote to her, “that partridges are great at performing shows? They are very good at pretending that they are injured, as if they are flying forcibly, they scream, they squeak, and all this in order to lure the dog and distract it from the place where the chicks are. Mother's love On the third day, it almost cost one of them very dearly: she played her role so excellently that the Sultan grabbed her. I gave back freedom to this brave mother and too good an actress.”
“Quail” was published along with the stories of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy “Caucasian Prisoner”, “How People Live” and others with illustrations by Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov, Vladimir Egorovich Makovsky, I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov in December 1882, when Turgenev was already mortally ill.
Thus, the Orlovsky Vestnik had sufficient grounds for its message of September 1881. It was preceded by a written request from S.A. Tolstoy, probably born not without stories about the plot of L.N. Tolstoy himself, and the written consent of Ivan Sergeevich to write a story for children. And besides, the newspaper’s report could have been facilitated by news from Spassky-Lutovinov himself, where in the summer of 1881 Turgenev actually composed impromptu and told his fairy tales to both children and adults.
To confirm all that has been said, it makes sense to provide one more interesting piece of evidence. Let us turn to the collection of memoirs of contemporaries about Turgenev, where in the comments to the memoirs of Ya. P. Polonsky we read: “In the Paris archive of I. S. Turgenev there is a handwritten title page children's book, compiled by Turgenev himself, with the following content: “Stories and fairy tales for children Iv. Turgenev. 1 Quail. Bougival, 1882."
In all likelihood, I. S. Turgenev intended to publish a special collection for children's reading. However, this plan did not come true.
The life of the great Russian writer I. S. Turgenev ended early, at the age of 65. Undoubtedly, as his years lasted, he would certainly have written down his own, composed and told by him in different time fairy tales for children, I would write new children's fairy tales, short stories, stories - and children all over the world would have a new, interesting, unforgettable storyteller - Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.
His stories and short stories also occupy a special place in Turgenev’s work. They seemed to accompany his novels, surrounded them. If the novel was based on a broad coverage of life, artistic reflection of one or another historical moment with a central “hero of his time”, then the basis of the story or story was a private life incident that revealed the intimate world of complex emotional experiences: “Calm”, “Correspondence”, “Faust”, “Asya”, “First Love”, “Spring Waters” - best samples Turgenev's story, full of philosophical thoughts and sadness, against the rich background of a lyrical landscape. Turgenev the Great public importance. Turgenev took the failure of the novel seriously.
He wrote to his friends: “I have never been subjected to such unanimous censure in magazines... I have firmly decided not to write anymore and to put down the pen that has served me for more than 30 years, it’s time to retire...” “This is already mine.” last work. Enough! “But even now he hasn’t put down his pen.”
He wrote “mysterious stories”: “Song of Triumphant Love”, “After Death” (“ Clara Milic"), memoir stories ("Old Portraits", "Desperate") and a series artistic miniatures, which were published in the “Bulletin of Europe” (1882) under the general title “Poems in Prose”. Giving feedback about early works Turgenev, determined characteristics his creativity Belinsky. “A deep sense of reality”, “true observation”, “cordiality, sympathy for all living things”, “the ability to grasp the essence, and therefore the peculiarity of each object”, “the fragrant freshness of poetry” and, finally, that especially valuable virtue young writer, which revealed in him “the son of our time, carrying in his chest all his sorrows and questions” - this is what Belinsky noted from the young Turgenev. After reading the story “Khor and Kalinich,” Belinsky with amazing insight realized that in this small essay Turgenev’s talent “was fully evident.”
Belinsky saw the “main characteristic feature” of Turgenev’s talent in the fact that his fiction Turgenev creates from the “real material” he has seen and studied in life, that Turgenev’s strength lies in the ability to “correctly and quickly understand and evaluate every phenomenon,” unravel its causes and consequences and, without leaving the “soil of reality,” process the “content” taken from life V poetic image”, creatively transform “material” into “a picture more living, speaking and full of thought than the actual incident that gave him the reason to paint this picture.” All further creativity Turgenev was a manifestation of this talent of a realist artist, deeply and correctly characterized by Belinsky. In the novel, story and short story Turgenev gave artistic chronicle several decades of Russian public life, “sorrows and questions” of his century and gallery true images and paintings drawn with the skill of a first-class artist. “The work of Turgenev,” said M.I. Kalinin.
It had not only artistic, but also socio-political significance, which... really gave artistic brilliance to his works. If we remove the socio-political content from Turgenev’s works, then they would not occupy such an honorable place in the history of Russian literature.”
His heroes and heroines entered the ranks of classical Russians literary images, became artistic generalizations of great cognitive power - a reflection of the stages of one of the most remarkable eras of Russian life (idealists of the 30-40s, commoners of the 60s, populists of the 70s). About Turgenev’s responsiveness to the demands of life, Dobrolyubov wrote: “ Lively attitude to modern times, it has established Turgenev’s continued success with the reading public. We can safely say that if Turgenev touched on any issue in his story, if he depicted some new side of social relations, this serves as a guarantee that this issue is being raised or will soon be raised in consciousness educated society“that this new side of life is beginning to emerge and will soon appear before the eyes of everyone.”
Turgenev was not a revolutionary, but his works, full of thoughts about the fate of his homeland, warmed by love for the people and deep faith in their great future, helped educate Russian revolutionaries. That is why Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote: “ Literary activity Turgenev had a guiding significance for our society, on a par with the activities of Nekrasov, Belinsky and Dobrolyubov.” Great is the social and literary merit of Turgenev, who created wonderful female images, full of thirst for activity, dedication and readiness for heroism. Such Turgenev heroines as Elena from the novel “On the Eve”, the girl from the prose poem “The Threshold”, inspired struggle, called to the path of serving the people, and were an example for many of the writer’s contemporaries. “Turgenev,” said L.
N. Tolstoy did a great job by painting amazing portraits of women.
Perhaps there were none, as he wrote, but when he wrote them, they appeared. It's right; I myself later observed Turgenev’s women in life.” Belinsky also noted Turgenev’s “extraordinary skill in depicting pictures of Russian nature.”
The singer of Russian nature, Turgenev with such poetic power and spontaneity showed the captivating beauty and charm of the Russian landscape, like no other prose writer before him. Turgenev's works were a true revelation about Russia for European society, as they provided an excellent artistic commentary on the events of Russian life and history. Turgenev was the first to acquaint foreign readers with the Russian peasant (“Notes of a Hunter”), with Russian commoners and revolutionaries (“Fathers and Sons”, “Nove”), with the Russian intelligentsia (in most novels), with the Russian woman (Natalia Lasunskaya, Liza Kalitina , Elena Stakhova, Marianna, etc.) Cultural world from the works of Turgenev I recognized Russia as a country where the center and revolutionary movement And ideological quest era. To this day, Turgenev remains one of our favorite writers. Living truth life, long gone, does not die in his images. IN.
I. Belinsky repeatedly quoted Turgenev and especially highly appreciated his “great and powerful” language. In an era of decisive and sharp class clashes, defending his “old-style liberalism,” Turgenev more than once found himself between two fires. This is the source of his ideological fluctuations, but one cannot underestimate the courage of his mind, the depth of his thoughts, the breadth of his views, which freed him from the chains of class egoism. Pet landowner's estate, heir noble culture, Turgenev was one of the best progressive representatives of his turbulent and complex “transitional” time. His writings always contain open, sincere thought, truth (as he understood it, fearing the “damned idealization of reality”) and genuine, intelligent love for man, homeland, nature, beauty, art.
