How to define Russian folk genres. Examples of folklore
Oral folk art- represents traditional verbal creativity people. It can be both ancient and new - created in our days. Its main feature is that this art words are passed down from generation to generation by word of mouth.
There are a lot of genres in verbal folk art. These are myths and legends, epics, epics, proverbs and sayings, riddles, ditties, fairy tales, songs... The list of them can be endless. The creator is not individual, and the people. That is why not a single work has its own specific, single author.
Over the centuries, the creations of people have evolved into whole verbal forms, subsequently forming rhymes (“verses”). Thanks to this technique, the works were easier to transmit and remember. Thus, ritual, round dance, dance, and lullaby songs appeared.
The subject of folklore creativity completely depended and continues to depend on the culture, beliefs, history and region of residence of the people. But main feature Such creations were and remain a combination of a direct reflection of life and a conditional one. Simply put, in folklore there is not, and was not, a mandatory reflection of life in the form of life itself; convention is always allowed in it.
Genres of folklore
To better understand what oral folk art is, it is necessary to become more familiar with its genres, and in this form verbal art, a great many.
Proverbs and sayings
Let's start with those that we know well and sometimes use in everyday life - with proverbs and sayings. These types of oral art are one of the most interesting genres that have survived to this day.
No one knows for sure when these genres appeared. oral creativity. The undoubted fact remains how accurately and concisely, figuratively, logically complete, the saying expresses the people's mind and experience accumulated over many centuries.
Meanwhile, many of us have long been accustomed to thinking that proverbs and sayings are one and the same thing. Actually this is not true. A proverb is a complete sentence containing folk wisdom. It is written in simple, often rhyming language.
Example of Russian proverbs:
"God saves man, who save himself"
"Small spool but precious"
“A penny saves the ruble”
Then, as a saying, it is an established phrase or phrase. It is intended for decoration.
Example of Russian sayings:
“Stay with your nose” (be deceived)
“Disservice” (help that turns into harm)
“When the cancer whistles on the mountain” (never)
Signs
Signs are another folklore genre that has undergone quite a few changes, but still has not lost its wisdom and has reached modern people.
It appeared in ancient times, when our ancestors were very close to nature, when people observed it, the phenomena occurring around them, and found connections between events. Over time, people put their observations into words. This is how signs appeared, which through the centuries carry the collected knowledge of their ancestors.
Some examples of weather signs:
The larks fly to the warmth, the chaffinch to the cold.
A lot of sap flows from a birch tree - for a rainy summer.
Sparrows bathe in the sand - predicting rain.
Also, many old signs related to home and everyday life have survived to this day. The most common is: “Spilling salt means shedding tears.” It is believed that this sign appeared in the middle of the 17th century, during the times of riots and uprisings in Rus'. Back then, salt was literally worth its weight in gold. This is where the meaning came from - spilling such an expensive “seasoning” like salt will inevitably lead to a quarrel in the house.
A few more examples of everyday signs that are undoubtedly familiar to us:
“If you whistle at home, you’ll miss the money”
“Clothes inside out means hassle”
“If you sew on yourself, you will sew up a memory”
Fairy tales
Since ancient times, certain elements of children's folklore - fairy tales - have also been preserved. Later, this genre of oral art changed greatly. this happened under the influence of aesthetic and pedagogical functions, but still it continues to exist.
However, some genres of verbal art “die out” over time, and humanity gradually forgets about them. This process is a natural phenomenon, it does not indicate decline folk art. On the contrary, the process of “dying away” is a sign that due to changes in the conditions of human existence, the development of artistic collective creativity people, as a result of which new genres appear and old ones disappear.
Epics
These genres include epics (or as they were also called - antiquities - Russian heroic-patriotic songs-legends, the main plot of which was important historical events or heroic deeds of heroes and warrior maidens). This genre originated in Ancient Rus', existed until the Middle Ages and gradually began to be forgotten by the 19th century.
In addition, ritual folklore can also be classified as almost forgotten genres. Let's look at its components a little closer.
Calendar folklore and annual song cycle
These small genres appeared in connection with the need to monitor the agricultural cycle, as well as changes occurring in nature and religious holidays.
Many proverbs, signs, advice and prohibitions have developed in calendar folklore. Here are some of which have survived to this day:
“If it melts early, it won’t melt for a long time”
“March sows with snow and warms with sun”
Quite a few songs were composed by the people for the annual song cycle. So on Maslenitsa it was customary to bake pancakes, perform rituals of farewell to winter and sing ritual songs. This and some other old traditions have been preserved to this day.
Family folklore
It included such small genres as: family stories, lullabies, nurseries, nursery rhymes, wedding songs, funeral laments.
Name " Family stories“speaks for itself, and this genre of verbal art has existed since time immemorial - perhaps as long as a person has lived in this world. It is noteworthy in that it is formed quite separately, as a rule, within the framework of the family and close circle.
In addition, this genre has its own peculiarity, it can form “certain expressions” that are understandable only to family members or people present during the event that led to the appearance of this phrase. For example, in the Tolstoy family there was such an expression as “the architect is to blame.”
The birth of this expression was preceded by an event: when Ilya Tolstoy was five years old, New Year he was given the promised cup. Happy child ran to show everyone his gift. While running across the threshold, he tripped and fell. The cup broke. Little Ilya, justifying himself, said that he was not to blame, but the architect who made this threshold was to blame. Since then, the family of Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy has had its own expression equivalent to the winged one - “the switchman is to blame.”
Lullabies
Another equally interesting genre in family folklore were lullabies. In the old days, the ability to sing lullabies was considered special art. During the game, mothers taught their daughters how to “cradle” correctly. This ability was necessary so that older girls, already at the age of six or seven, could look after the younger ones. That is why special attention was paid to this skill.
The purpose of lullabies was not only to calm, but also to protect the child. Many songs were “conspiracies.” They were called upon to protect small child from the dangers that could await him in the future. Often lullabies were addressed to spirits and mythological creatures, carriers of sleep - Drema, Sleep. They were called to lull the baby to sleep. Currently, this genre of folk art is almost forgotten.
Pestushki and nursery rhymes
Pestushki and nursery rhymes were short melodies. They helped the child in development and knowledge of the world around him. Perhaps someone remembers from childhood - “Magpie-Crow...”. Such small songs and sayings encouraged the baby to take action, instilled hygiene skills, and developed fine motor skills, reflexes, helped to understand the world.
Wedding songs
Wedding songs were strikingly different from all other small genres of family folklore. Notable was the fact that outside wedding ceremony these songs were not played. Moreover, from a functional point of view, they were extremely important, since they played a kind of “legal role” in this event. Along with wedding songs, lamentations played an important role in the ritual. They were an integral part of the holiday; they were lyrical narratives that described the experiences of the bride, parents and girlfriends.
Glorification also played a significant role. Guests used them in songs to praise the bride and groom and wish the newlyweds well-being and happiness. On top of that, not a single wedding could be complete without reproachful songs. This small component of the wedding ceremony consisted of comic songs. As a rule, they were addressed to matchmakers, because of whom the bride “left” family of origin, girlfriends and lost her girlish will.
Funeral lamentations or laments are another ancient folklore genre, the time and appearance of which no one knows for certain. It has survived only in “scraps” to this day, but from the title you can easily understand what it’s about. we're talking about and what this genre served for.
The main feature of this oral creativity was that it had its own “formula”, or better yet, a strict sequence, which each mourner “decorated” with his own creative element - a story about the life, love or death of the deceased. Now, for example, part of the ritual, as well as crying, can be seen and heard in the film “Viy” (1967).
Occasional folklore
Folklore that does not correspond to generally accepted use. It had an individual character, determined by a specific situation and occasion. It included such small genres as chants, counting rhymes, and conspiracies.
Calls
Russian folklore is incredibly rich. They were small songs, often not devoid of humor and accompanied by game actions. The plots of this small genre were very different: they could be chants about the weather and weather phenomena, about nature and the seasons, about animals and fairy-tale creatures...
Rain, rain! Rain, rain!
On me and on people!
A spoonful for me.
For people it’s okay.
And for the devil in the forest -
Lei a whole bucket!
Counting books
Counting tables are another small genre of verbal folk art. It arose a long time ago, but has now almost disappeared from modern folklore. Meanwhile, no matter how surprising it may sound, in ancient times, counting rhymes were widely used by adults. Their main function was the distribution of work.
Yes Yes. After all, then many types of work were not only very difficult, but sometimes life-threatening. Therefore, few people at will I wanted to take on something like this. And the counting rhymes made it possible to distribute the work between the participants so that no one would be “offended.” Nowadays this " important role"counting rhymes have been lost, but they still exist and still perform their function in children's games.
CONSPIRACY
And finally, the most amazing, but far from the last, quite complex in its structure ancient genre oral folk art, which, oddly enough, continues to live in our time - a conspiracy. Function, since its inception of this genre, has not changed. He still continues to play the role of a “magic weapon” designed to fulfill the wish of the speaker. As mentioned above, this genre is quite original in its execution and is often complex in its design - this is its peculiarity.
We can talk about the genres of oral folk art for an infinitely long time, because all directions are interesting and unique in their own way. This article is intended only to acquaint the reader with the immense, multifaceted wealth human culture and wisdom, clearly reflecting the experience of previous generations.
Small genres of folklore- These are small works. Some researchers define them children's folklore, since such works enter a person’s life very early, long before mastering speech.
Read more about each of them.
Pestushki
Pestushka- comes from the Russian word “to nurture”, that is, to nurse, groom, cherish. This is a very short chant of nannies and mothers in poetic form, as they accompany the child’s actions that he performs at the very beginning of life.
For example, when a child learns to walk, he is told:
Big feet
Walked along the road:
Top, Top, Top,
Top, Top, Top.
Little feet
Running along the path:
Top, Top, Top,
Top, Top, Top.
Nursery rhyme
The next genre is nursery rhyme.
Nursery rhyme- this is an element of pedagogy, a song-sentence that necessarily accompanies playing with the child’s fingers, arms and legs. Nursery rhymes, like pesters, are designed to develop the child. Such genres of folklore are presented in their own game form: They are designed to awaken the child to action. On the one hand, this is a massage, on the other - physical exercise. This genre of children's folklore provides incentives to play out the plot using fingers, palms, hands and facial expressions. Nursery rhymes help a child instill hygiene and order skills, develop fine motor skills and the emotional sphere. The most famous of them: Ladushki, Soroka.
“Ladushki” (clapping hands on stressed syllables)
Okay, okay, where have you been? By Grandma!
What did you eat? Porridge!
What did you drink? Mash!
Butter porridge!
Sweet mash!
(Grandma is kind!)
We drank, ate, wow...
Shuuu!!! (Home) Let's fly!
They sat on their heads! ("Ladushki" sang)
Magpie!
Magpie-crow (running finger over palm)
Magpie Crow,
I gave it to the kids.
(curls fingers)
Gave this one
Gave this one
Gave this one
Gave this one
But she didn’t give it to this:
Why didn't you cut wood?
Why didn't you carry water?
joke
joke(from the word bayat - that is, to tell) - a poetic, short, funny story that a mother tells her child,
For example
Owl, owl, owl,
She was sitting on a stake,
I looked to the side,
He turned his head.
Proverbs
Proverbs- small forms of folk poetic creativity, dressed in short sayings, carrying a generalized thought, conclusion, allegory with a didactic bias.
Bread is the head of everything.
You can’t even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.
Seven do not wait for one.
A well-fed man is no friend to a hungry man.
Games
There were special songs for the games.
Games could be:
Kissing
As a rule, these games were played at parties and get-togethers (usually ending with a kiss between a young guy and a girl).
Ritual
Such songs were characteristic of some ritual or holiday. An example could be Maslenitsa festivities(typical fun: removing a prize from the top of a pole, tug of war, competition for dexterity and strength).
Seasonal
Such games are especially common among children, especially in winter time. For example, the game “Warmers”. The leader shows the movements, and the rest repeat. There were the same games as “trickle” or “collar”.
An example of a kissing game:
Drake
The drake chased the duck,
The young man was driving sulfur,
Go home, Ducky,
Go home, Gray,
You have seven children,
And the eighth Drake,
And the ninth itself,
Kiss me once!
Calls
The next type of small genre of folklore is nicknames. One of the types of invocation songs. Such songs are of pagan origin. They reflect peasant way of life. For example, the spell of a rich harvest runs through all the songs. For themselves, children and adults asked for health, happiness and wealth. It is also an appeal to the rainbow, sun and rain, and other natural phenomena. They often turned to animals and birds. Birds were considered harbingers of spring. The forces of nature were revered as living. Usually they made requests for spring, wishing for its speedy arrival, warmth and sun, and complaining about winter.
Larks, larks!
Come and visit us
Bring us a warm summer,
Take the cold winter away from us.
Us Cold winter got bored
My hands and feet were frozen.
Counting books
As a child, before starting any game, you and I would settle accounts. Counting rhymes helped us with this. Counting tables are one of the forms of drawing lots, a small rhyme with the help of which the leader is determined. Counting book is very important element which helps children avoid quarrels and establish agreement and respect for accepted rules. Rhythm is very important in organizing counting rhymes.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Atty-batty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
How much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles
Aty-baty, what is he like?
Aty-baty, golden.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Atty-batty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
How much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles.
Aty-baty, who's coming out?
Aty-baty, it's me!
Tongue Twisters
A phrase built on a combination of sounds that makes words difficult to pronounce. Tongue twisters are also called pure twisters. Very often they are used to develop diction and speech. Tongue twisters can be rhymed or non-rhymed.
From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.
Puzzles
The role of riddles cannot be overestimated. Riddles make children think and look for associations. As a rule, in a riddle one object is described through another based on the similarity of features:
“The pear is hanging - you can’t eat it.”
A riddle can also be a simple description of an object, for example, “Two ends, two rings, and in the middle there are carnations.” The riddle combines features of folk fun, a test of ingenuity, and quick wits.
Oral folk art also existed in the pre-literate era. Works of folklore were transmitted orally. They were usually remembered by ear. Small genres of folklore accompany us from birth; they contribute to the development of the child.
The theme of oral folk art in Russian literature is extremely diverse; there are numerous genres and types of folklore. All of them were formed gradually, as a result of life and creative activity people, manifested over several hundred years. Currently there are specific types folklore in literature. Oral folk art is that unique layer of knowledge on the basis of which thousands of classical works were built.
Interpretation of the term
Folklore is oral folk art, endowed with ideological depth and highly artistic qualities; it includes all poetic, prose genres, customs and traditions, accompanied by verbal artistic creativity. Folklore genres are classified in different ways, but basically there are several genre groups:
- Labor songs - formed in the process of work, for example, sowing, plowing, haymaking. They represent a variety of shouts, signals, chants, parting words, and songs.
- Calendar folklore - conspiracies, signs.
- Wedding folklore.
- Funeral lamentations, recruiting lamentations.
- Non-ritual folklore is small folklore genres, proverbs, fables, signs and sayings.
- Oral prose - traditions, legends, tales and incidents.
- Children's folklore - pestushki, nursery rhymes, lullabies.
- Song epic (heroic) - epics, poems, songs (historical, military, spiritual).
- Artistic creativity - magical, everyday tales and tales about animals, ballads, romances, ditties.
- Folklore theater - raek, nativity scene, mummers, performances with dolls.
Let's look at the most common types folklore in more detail.
Labor songs
This is a song genre distinguishing feature of which is mandatory support of the labor process. Labor songs are a way of organizing collective, social work, which sets the rhythm with a simple melody and lyrics. For example: “Wow, let’s get a little more friendly to make it more fun.” Such songs helped to start and finish work, united the working squad and were spiritual helpers in the hard physical labor of the people.
Calendar folklore
This type of oral folk art belongs to ritual traditions calendar cycle. The life of a peasant working on the land is inextricably linked with weather conditions. That's why it appeared great amount rituals that were performed to attract good luck, prosperity, large offspring of livestock, successful agriculture, etc. The most revered holidays of the calendar were considered Christmas, Maslenitsa, Easter, Epiphany and Trinity. Each celebration was accompanied by songs, chants, incantations and ritual actions. Let us remember the famous custom of singing songs to Kolyada on the night before Christmas: “Cold is not a problem, Kolyada is knocking on the house. Christmas is coming to the house, bringing a lot of joy.”
Wedding folklore
Each place had its own types of folklore, but mostly they were lamentations, sentences and songs. Wedding folklore includes song genres that accompanied three main rituals: matchmaking, farewell of parents to the bride and wedding celebration. For example: “Your product, our merchant, is simply a miracle!” The ritual of handing over the bride to the groom was very colorful and was always accompanied by both drawn-out and short cheerful songs. At the wedding itself, the songs did not stop; they mourned their single life, wished for love and family well-being.
Non-ritual folklore (small genres)
This group of oral folk art includes all types of small genres of folklore. However, this classification is ambiguous. For example, many of the types relate to children's folklore, such as pesters, lullabies, riddles, nursery rhymes, teasers, etc. At the same time, some researchers divide all folklore genres into two groups: calendar-ritual and non-ritual.
Let's consider the most popular types small genres of folklore.
A proverb is a rhythmic expression, a wise saying that carries a generalized thought and has a conclusion.
Signs - a short verse or expression telling about those signs that will help predict natural phenomena, weather.
A proverb is a phrase, often with a humorous slant, illuminating a life phenomenon or situation.
A saying is a short verse addressing natural phenomena, living beings, and surrounding objects.
A tongue twister is a small phrase, often rhymed, with words that are difficult to pronounce, designed to improve diction.
Oral prose
The following types of Russian folklore belong to oral prose.
Legends - a story about historical events V folk retelling. The heroes of legends are warriors, kings, princes, etc.
Legends - myths, epic stories about heroic deeds, people covered with honors and glory, as a rule, this genre is endowed with pathos.
Bylichki - short stories, which tell about the hero’s meeting with some “evil spirits”, real cases from the life of the narrator or his friends.
Happened - summary something that really happened once and with someone, while the narrator is not a witness
Children's folklore
This genre is represented by the most in different forms- poetic, song. Types of children's folklore are what accompanied the child from birth until he grew up.
Pestushki -short poems or songs accompanying the very first days of a newborn. With the help of them they nursed and nurtured children, for example: “The nightingale sings, sings, pretty, and pretty.”
Nursery rhymes are small melodious poems intended for playing with children.
Stretch, stretch,
Rotok - talker,
Handles - grips,
Walking legs.
Calls - poetic and song appeals to nature and animals. For example: “Red summer, come, bring warm days.”
A joke is a short fairy tale poem sung to a child, a short story about the world around him.
Lullabies are short songs that parents sing to their child at night to lull him to sleep.
Riddle - poetic or prose sentences that require solving.
Other types of children's folklore are counting rhymes, teasers and fables. They are extremely popular in our time.
Song epic
The heroic epic demonstrates oldest species folklore, he talks about events that once happened in song form.
An epic is an old song told in a solemn but leisurely style. Glorifies the heroes and tells about their heroic deeds for the benefit of the state, the Russian fatherland. about Dobrynya Nikitich, Volga Buslaivaich and others.
Historical songs - a kind of transformation epic genre, where the style of presentation is less eloquent, but the poetic form of the narrative is preserved. For example, “The Song of the Prophetic Oleg.”
Artistic creativity
IN this group included epic and song genres created in the spirit of folk, artistic creativity.
A fairy tale is a short or long epic narrative, one of the most common genres of oral folk art about fictional events and heroes. All this is folklore, the types of fairy tales in it are as follows: magical, everyday and reflect those ideas about the world, good, evil, life, death, nature that existed among the people. For example, good always defeats evil, and there are wonderful mythical creatures in the world.
Ballads are poetic songs, a genre of song and musical creativity.
Jokes - special kind epic tale of comic situations from people's lives. Initially they did not exist in the form in which we know them. These were stories that were complete in meaning.
Fables - a short narrative about impossible, incredible events, something that was fiction from beginning to end.
A chastushka is a small song, usually a quatrain with humorous content, telling about events and incidental situations.
Folklore theater
Street performances were very common among the people; the subjects for them were various genres, but most often of a dramatic nature.
A nativity scene is a type of dramatic work intended for street puppet theater.
Rayok is a type of picture theater, a device in the form of a box with changing drawings, the stories told reflect oral species folklore
The presented classification is the most common among researchers. However, it is worth understanding that the types of Russian folklore complement each other, and sometimes do not fit into the generally accepted classification. Therefore, when studying the issue, a simplified version is most often used, where only 2 groups of genres are distinguished - ritual and non-ritual folklore.
Types of small genres of folklore
Lullaby
Lullaby- one of the oldest genres of folklore, as evidenced by the fact that it retains elements of a talismanic conspiracy. People believed that a person is surrounded by mysterious hostile forces, and if a child sees something bad and scary in a dream, then in reality it will not happen again. That's why in a lullaby you can find " little gray top"and other scary characters. Later, lullabies lost their magical elements and acquired meaning good wishes for the future. So, a lullaby is a song used to lull a child to sleep. Since the song was accompanied by the measured swaying of the child, rhythm is very important in it.
Pestushka
Pestushka(from the word nurture, that is, to nurse, groom) - a short poetic chant of nannies and mothers, with which they accompany the actions of a child that he performs at the very beginning of his life. For example, when the child wakes up, the mother strokes and caresses him, saying:
Stretchers, stretchers,
Across the fat girl
And in the hands of the veil,
And in the mouth there is a talk,
And in the head there is reason.
When a child begins to learn to walk, they say:
Big feet
Walked along the road:
Top, top, top,
Top, top, top.
Little feet
Running along the path:
Top, top, top, top,
Top, top, top, top!
Nursery rhyme
Nursery rhyme- an element of pedagogy, a song-sentence that accompanies playing with a child’s fingers, arms and legs. Nursery rhymes, like pesters, accompany the development of children. Small rhymes and songs allow you to encourage the child to take action in a playful way, while simultaneously performing massage, physical exercises, and stimulating motor reflexes. This genre of children's folklore provides incentives to play out the plot with the fingers ( finger games or Ladushki), hands, facial expressions. Nursery rhymes help instill in a child the skills of hygiene, order, and develop fine motor skills and the emotional sphere.
Examples
"Magpie"
Option 1
Magpie Crow, (running finger over palm)
Magpie Crow,
I gave it to the kids.
(curls fingers)
Gave this one
Gave this one
Gave this one
Gave this one
But she didn’t give it to this:
- Why didn’t you cut wood?
- Why didn’t you carry water?
Option 2(features in the cartoon “The Little Mouse Song”):
Magpie Crow
Cooked porridge
She fed the babies:
Gave this one
Gave this one
Gave this one
But she didn’t give it to this.
"Okay" (clap hands on stressed syllables)
Okay, okay, where have you been? By Grandma!
What did you eat? Porridge!
What did you drink? Mash!
Butter porridge!
Sweet mash!
(Grandma is kind!)
We drank, ate, wow...
Shuuu!!! (Home) Let's fly!
They sat on their heads! ("Ladushki" sang)
We sat down and sat down,
Then we flew home!!!
joke
joke(from bayat, that is, to tell) - poetic, short, a funny story which a mother tells her child, for example:
Owl, owl, owl,
Big head,
She was sitting on a stake,
I looked to the side,
He turned his head.
Proverbs
They teach something.
The road is a spoon for dinner.
Don't go into the forest to be afraid of the wolf.
Birds of a feather flock together.
You can't pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.
Fear has big eyes.
The eyes are afraid, but the hands are doing.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
There is no need for treasure if there is harmony in the family.
Don't have 100 rubles, but have 100 friends.
An old friend is better than two new ones.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
If I had known where you would fall, I would have laid out straws.
You make a soft bed, but sleep hard.
The Motherland is your mother, know how to stand up for her.
Seven do not wait for one.
If you chase two hares, you won't catch either.
The bee is small, but it also works.
Bread is the head of everything.
Being a guest is good, but being at home is better.
Games
There were special songs for the games. Games could be:
- kissing. As a rule, these games were played at parties and get-togethers (usually ending with a kiss between a young guy and a girl);
- ritual. Such games were characteristic of some kind of ritual, holiday. For example, Maslenitsa festivities (typical fun: removing a prize from the top of a pole, tug of war, competitions for dexterity, strength);
- seasonal. Particularly common among children, especially in winter. We played the so-called “Warmers”: the leader shows some movements, and everyone else repeats. Or the traditional “collar” and “stream”.
An example of a kissing game:
Drake
The drake chased the duck,
The young man was driving sulfur,
Go home, Ducky,
Go home, Gray,
Duck has seven children,
And the eighth Drake,
And the ninth itself,
Kiss me once!
In this game, the "Duck" stood in the center of the circle, and the "Drake" outside, and played like a game of "cat and mouse". At the same time, those standing in the round dance tried not to let the “drake” into the circle.
Calls
Calls- one of the types of invocation songs of pagan origin. They reflect the interests and ideas of peasants about the economy and family. For example, the spell of a rich harvest runs through all the calendar songs; For themselves, children and adults asked for health, happiness, and wealth.
Calls are an appeal to the sun, rainbow, rain and other natural phenomena, as well as to animals and especially often to birds, which were considered the harbingers of spring. Moreover, the forces of nature were revered as living: they make requests for spring, wish for its speedy arrival, and complain about winter.
Larks, larks!
Come and visit us
Bring us a warm summer,
Take the cold winter away from us.
We're tired of the cold winter,
My hands and feet were frozen.
Counting book
Counting book- a short rhyme, a form of drawing lots to determine who leads the game. A counting table is an element of the game that helps establish agreement and respect for the accepted rules. Rhythm is very important in organizing a counting rhyme.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Atty-batty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
How much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles
Aty-baty, what is he like?
Aty-baty, golden.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Atty-batty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
How much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles.
Aty-baty, who's coming out?
Aty-baty, it's me!
Patter
Patter- a phrase built on a combination of sounds that makes it difficult to quickly pronounce words. Tongue twisters are also called “pure twisters” because they contribute and can be used to develop diction. Tongue twisters can be both rhymed and non-rhymed.
Greek rode across the river.
He sees a Greek: there is a cancer in the river,
He stuck the Greek's hand into the river -
Cancer for the hand of a Greek - DAC!
The bull was blunt-lipped, the bull was blunt-lipped, the bull's white lip was dull.
From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.
Mystery
Mystery, like a proverb, is a short figurative definition of an object or phenomenon, but unlike a proverb, it gives this definition in an allegorical, deliberately obscure form. As a rule, in a riddle one object is described through another based on similar features: “The pear is hanging - you can’t eat it” (lamp). A riddle can also be a simple description of an object, for example: “Two ends, two rings, and a nail in the middle” (scissors). This and folk pastime, and a test of ingenuity and ingenuity.
The role of riddles and jokes was also played by inverted fables, which for adults appear as absurdities, but for children - funny stories about something that does not happen, for example:
From behind the forest, from behind the mountains, Grandfather Egor is coming. He is on a gray cart, on a creaking horse, belted with an axe, a belt tucked into his belt, boots wide open, a zipun on his bare feet.
General history
Oral folk art (folklore) existed even in the pre-literate era. Works of folklore (riddles, tongue twisters, fables, etc.) were transmitted orally. They memorized them by ear. This contributed to the emergence different options the same folklore work.
Oral folk art is a reflection of the life, way of life, and beliefs of ancient people. Works of folk art accompany a person from birth. They contribute to the formation and development of the child.
Links
- Irina Gurina. Useful poems and fairy tales for all cases of disobedience
see also
Notes
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
- Uranium(VI)-diuranium(V) oxide
- Inclination (rotation)
See what “Small genres of folklore” are in other dictionaries:
Genres of Lermontov's poetry- GENRES of Lermontov's poetry. Lit. L.'s activity took place in an era of destruction and diffusion genre system 18th century, and his creative work. heritage does not always lend itself to genre classification, at the same time reflecting the search for new forms. Student lyrics L.... ... Lermontov Encyclopedia
Meletinsky, Eleazar Moiseevich- This article or section needs to be revised. Please improve the article in accordance with the rules for writing articles. Eleazar Mo ... Wikipedia
Eleazar Moiseevich Meletinsky- (October 22, 1918, Kharkov December 16, 2005, Moscow) Russian scientist philologist, cultural historian, doctor philological sciences, Professor. Founder research school theoretical folkloristics. Contents 1 Biography 2 Essays ... Wikipedia
Eleazar Meletinsky
Meletinsky- Meletinsky, Eleazar Moiseevich Eleazar Moiseevich Meletinsky (October 22, 1918, Kharkov December 16, 2005, Moscow) Russian scientist philologist, cultural historian, Doctor of Philology, professor. Founder of the research school of theoretical... ... Wikipedia
Meletinsky, Eleazar- Eleazar Moiseevich Meletinsky (October 22, 1918, Kharkov December 16, 2005, Moscow) Russian scientist philologist, cultural historian, Doctor of Philology, professor. Founder of the research school of theoretical folkloristics. Contents 1... ...Wikipedia
Meletinsky E.- Eleazar Moiseevich Meletinsky (October 22, 1918, Kharkov December 16, 2005, Moscow) Russian scientist philologist, cultural historian, Doctor of Philology, professor. Founder of the research school of theoretical folkloristics. Contents 1... ...Wikipedia
Meletinsky E. M.- Eleazar Moiseevich Meletinsky (October 22, 1918, Kharkov December 16, 2005, Moscow) Russian scientist philologist, cultural historian, Doctor of Philology, professor. Founder of the research school of theoretical folkloristics. Contents 1... ...Wikipedia
Meletinsky Eleazar Moiseevich- Eleazar Moiseevich Meletinsky (October 22, 1918, Kharkov December 16, 2005, Moscow) Russian scientist philologist, cultural historian, Doctor of Philology, professor. Founder of the research school of theoretical folkloristics. Contents 1... ...Wikipedia
Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Modern literature has its origin and one of its predecessors was the folklore genre.
Even before the invention of printing, works of folk art were passed on by word of mouth.
Let's take a look today at what folklore is in modern understanding, what functions it performs, who studies it and how, by what features can folklore works be distinguished and, of course, let’s look at examples of such works in Russian creativity.
Folklore is our genetics
The term "folklore" (from the English folk-lore " folk wisdom") appeared in Europe at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. In Russia it began to be actively used in the 30s of the 19th century.
He generalized ideas about literary and musical works(songs, dances) created by the team unknown authors from the people for several tens (or hundreds) of years in the distant historical past.
Until the twentieth century, folklore also called works of decorative, applied and architectural creativity.
Simply put, folklore is oral folk art. Currently, the concept is actively used in the musical and literary sense.
We are interested in the latter, and it is important to note that it is the first source of the emergence of fiction. Its second source is spiritual literature created in such cultural centers, like monasteries, influenced the people’s worldview with a cementing moral principle.
Folklore opened the floodgates of everyday colloquial speech, sources of verbal imagery and fairy-tale fantasy.
Genres of folklore
Works of oral folk art are usually divided into three varieties:
- Lyrical;
- Epic;
- Dramatic.
As in fiction, epic, and are represented by traditional genres for each of the genera. Lyrical songs reveal hidden themes of folk life.
The following types are distinguished:
- historical;
- love;
- wedding;
- funeral;
- labor;
- road (drivers);
- robbers;
- comic.
Epic genres- , fairy tale, fairy tale, true story, fable, bylichka, byvalshchina.
Small genres folklore - proverb, saying, tongue twister, riddle, joke - also elements of the epic.
To present folklore dramatic works, you need to see the folk fair theater "rajek". The texts for him were written in a special verse - raeshnik. Christmas mysteries, farcical comedies, cartoons, everyday sketches - all this is folk drama.
Features of folklore works
Having carefully read the definition, we can highlight several important signs folklore:
it's our genetics. If a people disappears from the face of the Earth, their culture can be “pieced together” with the help of fairy tales, legends, proverbs, and songs.
Russian folklore
Works of Russian literary folklore are studied from the first stages schools. These are Russians folk tales, proverbs, riddles. Older children get acquainted with epics about Russian heroes.
In high school schools study folklore sources of works classical literature: stories and poems by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol. Not knowing folk stories and characters, which in some sense have become the alphabet of national imagery, cannot be fully understood the diverse world of national culture.
Many people think that apart from “Chicken Ryaba”, “Kolobok” and “Turnip” the Russian people have nothing to tell. This is wrong. Open the collection fairy tales- exciting reading is guaranteed!
In a moment of lyrical melancholy, leaf through the collection folk songs, or better yet, listen to them with musical accompaniment. What is sung in them concerns everyone, touches the most secret strings, causes both smiles and tears. This is ours sounding life, ours, who knows that everything in the world is repeatable.
What is the meaning of folklore works
Folk art is always functional, it does not appear out of nowhere and always has a clear goal. Scientists suggest share works of folklore for the following types:
- Ritual;
- Non-ritual.
The first type describes the repetition of ritual actions and life events that are significant for many generations. Ritual folklore is divided into family and calendar. The first concerns milestones. family life: matchmaking and weddings, birth of children, death of relatives. It is widely represented by wedding and funeral songs, lamentations, and incantations.
Worth it separately children's folklore with his lullabies, nursery rhymes, petes.
Non-ritual folklore is associated with the calendar circle peasant life: changing seasons and economic activity hard worker-farmer. Each event of the cycle is accompanied by special songs: carols, chants, smells, etc.
Non-ritual genres include epics, fairy tales, ditties, riddles, proverbs, and sayings.
Studying folklore
You see how important folklore is! That is why it was necessary to create a separate scientific discipline to study it. It's called folkloristics. Along with ethnography, this science explores the life of ordinary people.
Ethnographers are engaged in describing dwellings, clothing, dishes, food, rituals, discovering objects material culture, A folklorists do the same when studying artistic expression.
Their goal is to trace how types and genres of artistic creativity changed, how new subjects and motifs appeared, what social and psychological phenomena reflected in certain works.
Outstanding domestic scientists I. M. Snegirev, I. P. Sakharov, F. I. Buslavev, A. N. Veselovsky, P. N. Rybnikov, V. Ya. Propp and many others became the first collectors of folklore works.
Under their editorship, collections of proverbs and tales were published, recorded by them on expeditions around the country. By obtaining ancient examples of folk art, folklorists give readers a rich world of our sounding past.
Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site
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