Fedoseev R.V. Main trends in the economic development of the Penza province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries

1. Factors and conditions for entrepreneurial activity of the nobility

Penza province of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

1.1. Natural-geographical position and economic state of the Penza province in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

1.2 Quantitative composition, social structure and internal corporate activities of the nobility of the Penza province of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

2. Noble credit institutions and land ownership in the Penza province in the post-reform period.

2.1. Labor prices, land rent and mobilization of land ownership in the Penza province of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

2.2. Noble credit institutions of the Penza province in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

3. Noble entrepreneurship of the Penza province of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

3.1. The development of field farming and livestock farming in the noble households of the Penza province in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

3.2. Noble commercial and industrial entrepreneurship in the Penza province of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

Introduction of the dissertation (part of the abstract) on the topic "Noble economy of the Penza province in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries: from estates to economy"

Conclusion of the dissertation on the topic "National History", Fedoseev, Roman Vasilievich

List of references for dissertation research Candidate of Historical Sciences Fedoseev, Roman Vasilievich, 2007

Please note that the scientific texts presented above are posted for informational purposes only and were obtained through original dissertation text recognition (OCR). Therefore, they may contain errors associated with imperfect recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in the PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.

The industrial foundation of Penza was laid by small artisans. At the end of the 17th century, leather production became widespread in Penza, when the first leather craftsmen appeared in the city to make bags, bridles, saddles, and belts. These products were necessary for mounted and foot Cossacks, riders, and gunners who served the sovereign on the southeastern borders of the Russian state.

An 18th-century document, noting the sectoral limitations of industrial and handicraft production in Penza, emphasizes: “The main trades and crafts consist of maintaining soap and tanneries... Soap and leather made in these establishments... are sent when the rivers open with spring water. ...These factories receive lard from the city of Orenburg through the purchase of Kyrgyz sheep, and everything else - ash and everything needed - is bought in the local and Saratov provinces from ordinary people; They take it to St. Petersburg, Moscow, Tula and other cities.”

A prominent Penza manufacturer was the merchant of the 1st guild M.P. Ochkin, who built a linen factory with 25 machines at the end of the 18th century. It employed over 80 civilian workers, including 7 shearers, 26 spinners, and 2 slingers. The factory produced up to 800 pieces of linen per year, which were sold in St. Petersburg.

In 1785, merchant D.V. Kazitsyn created a soap factory, which was equipped with 3 boilers for making soap, 1 boiler for burning lard, and 8 vats. The plant employed 15 people, producing up to 4 thousand pounds of soap annually.

Kupets I.A. Rodionov, awarded the honorary title of “eminent citizen,” in 1797 built a tile factory in Penza for the production of wall tiles with and without irrigation.

Tanneries also belonged to merchants. In 1795 A.F. Ochkin founded a tannery that produced products worth 922 rubles. Plant D.V. Kazitsyna was opened in 1798 and equipped with 12 vats for processing leather, of which up to 2 thousand units were produced per year.

The largest tannery in the 18th century belonged to E.F. Shulgin - his annual production exceeded 5 thousand leathers. 10 vats of the Shulginovsky plant were served by 15 workers.

In the 17th century, due to the intensive construction of brick buildings and structures, brick establishments were created in Penza, although the residents of Pedestrian Street Berezovka were engaged in manual molding of bricks. In the first quarter of the 19th century, the main suppliers of bricks were the merchant factories of I.I. Kalashnikov in the Prolomny ravine area and P.A. Pokholkova behind the Bogolyubskaya Church.

In the first half of the 19th century, the industry of Penza received further development in the creation of new industries and in increasing production volumes. On Starodragunskaya Street, merchant I.I. In 1824, Kalashnikov opened a tannery, which produced up to 5 thousand leathers.

Second tannery of merchant D.S. Kuznetsov was opened near the Red (now Bakuninsky) Bridge.

Plant M.Ya. and I.Ya. Neudachnykh was located in stone buildings.

At the tannery P.P. Kadomtsev had 6 vats and 2 boilers; in 1827, 1 thousand 525 leathers were produced.

In the upper part of the city there was a tannery of the tradesman P.I. Kasatkina.

At the beginning of the 19th century, soap production was maintained and developed in Penza. In 1800, merchant A.I. Sergeev built a factory with an annual productivity of up to 1 thousand poods of soap and a net profit of up to 14 thousand rubles.

At the soap factory I.E. Chembarov in 1838 had only one boiler for making soap; later he installed a second boiler and mastered the production of tallow candles.

Kupets I.I. The Reich, on the banks of the Penza River, on pasture land, had a soap factory, which in 1827 produced 970 pounds of the best soap, in 1831 - 2 thousand pounds. Later this plant became the property of the Kulakhmetovs.

At the N.D. plant Kazitsyn there were 6 vats in operation, in 1829 2 thousand 490 pounds of soap were produced; plant E.F. Chernyshov produced 2.1 thousand pounds.

At the salotopne I.T. Babynin employed two workers, who in 1829 produced 500 pounds of lard. Salotope establishment L.P. Potekhin produced 1 thousand pounds in 1829, and E.A. Kleshchova - 400 poods. Salotope plant M.A. Tyurina annually produced up to 1.5 thousand pounds of raw materials for soap factories. Thanks to the presence of salotopic enterprises in Penza, candle factories were also created. Plant V.P. Kazitsyn in 1813 issued 1 thousand pounds of candles to consumers, M.A. factories. Kshindin and N.A. Kalashnikov - 550 each, P.A. Pokholkova - 500 poods.

There was brewing and vodka production in Penza. Brewery A.I. Sergeev was located in two wooden buildings near the Erik River.

At the brewery of the merchant of the 1st guild V.I. Serebrennikov installed 10 vats, 4 kvass, 4 boilers; in 1815, 8.4 thousand buckets of beer were brewed on it, in 1817 - 8 thousand 350.

At the factory of merchant V.A. Kadomtsev in 1826 received 1 thousand 512 buckets.

Vodka factory V.I. Serebrennikov in 1827 passed to the chamber cadet L.O. Poniatovsky, merchant of the 1st guild M.A. Kramarev and commercial advisor I.Yu. Hazelnuts. In 1815, this plant produced 4 thousand 150 buckets of alcohol, in 1827 - 226 buckets.

In Penza there was a tobacco factory K.O. Shill, on which 8 workers serviced two machines.

In the first half of the 19th century, P.V. entered the business arena. Sergeev. He started his business with a flour mill, which by the 1860s employed 120 people, operated 50 units (34 grain mills and 16 grinders), and up to 400 thousand pounds of grain were ground per year.

Pilnya P.V. Sergeeva sawed up to 1 thousand logs per year into 2 frames and 12 workplaces. In 1850 P.V. Sergeev organized a stationery factory, which in the second half of the 19th century took a leading position in the industrial production of Penza. By 1870, it employed 1 thousand people. Production at the factory increased from 113 thousand pounds in 1887 to 280 thousand pounds in 1913. Sergeevskaya paper was awarded gold medals at the All-Russian exhibitions in 1882 and 1886; it received the same honorary awards at the international exhibitions of 1885 in Antwerp and in Paris in 1900 and 1908.

In the first half of the 19th century, there were metalworking enterprises in Penza. The first iron smelting plant of bourgeois A.N. Otrakova was already operating in 1830; later it became the property of A.P. Lamberga. The plant produced threshing machines and other equipment.

In the pre-reform period in Penza, the merchant F.A. Privalov created a bell factory, housed in two wooden buildings. Copper, tin, and iron were used to make bells. Annual production was 2 thousand poods. Owned by F.A. Privalov there was also an iron smelting plant that produced self-propelled guns and threshing machines.

In the second half of the 19th century, larger enterprises appeared in Penza, especially for wool processing and cloth production. In 1856, merchant of the 1st guild P.G. Beloyartsev created a cloth factory with 60 mills, which annually processed from 4 to 5 thousand pounds of raw materials.

The factory produced army and yellow cloth, in 1865 its production amounted to 18.3 thousand rubles, in 1866 - 5.1 thousand rubles, in 1867 - 72 thousand rubles.

In 1857, hereditary honorary citizen I.V. Bryushkov founded a cloth factory for the production of Slön cloth, drapes, and cloth from Russian wool for the army. The factories of Beloyartsev and Bryushkov produced up to 160 thousand arshins of coarse cloth and drape.

Cloth factory of the merchant of the 1st guild F.I. Finogeeva had 4 Belgian units that served 260 workers. In 1868, the Finogeevsk factory produced 55 thousand arshins of army cloth and 25 thousand of camel cloth.

The merchant of the 2nd guild I.F. owned a cloth factory with 19 machines. Kakushkin, in 1869 it produced 2.6 thousand arshins of army cloth and 12 thousand of camel cloth.

In the second half of the 19th century, quantitative changes occurred in the leather industry. At merchant factories I.P. Makarova, I.N. Meshcheryakova, D.I. Meshcheryakova, I.I. Pentyukova, N.F. Kartashov employed from 7 to 12 workers. Annual production at the D.I. Meshcheryakov amounted to 1.5 thousand products, I.I. Pentyukova - 2 thousand products, I.N. Meshcheryakov - 1 thousand 150 products.

Soap production was in the hands of I.E. Chembarova, V.M. Pavlova, I.E. Kleshchova.

In the 1880s, Tatar entrepreneurs A.Kh. and M.H. The Kulakhmetovs created a chemical laboratory (perfume factory), which produced perfume, cologne, eau de toilette and toilet soap, and lipstick. Raw materials for their production were brought from France, Moscow, and St. Petersburg.

Wax production was concentrated in the hands of merchants of the 2nd guild I.T. and K.T. Yuganovs, whose annual production at their factories exceeded 1 thousand pounds.

To replace the tobacco factory K.O. Shill has received a new production from A.P. Ochkin, the Z.K. phosphor match plant appeared. Bogdanov, producing more than 2 thousand boxes.

During these same years, there was a further rise in brewing and vodka production. Breweries P.V. Kazitsyna. I.A. Kononova, N.K. Kleshchov produced beer and honey.

In the second half of the 19th century in Penza there were 7 vodka factories I.P. Ocheva, O.A. Rakovskaya, I.F. Ulanova, A.T. Rusanova, S.P. Popova, V.I. Serebrennikova, A.S. Marshevoy, E.F. Meyergold, I.A. Kononova.

In 1863, the factory of the merchant of the 2nd guild E.F. was founded. Meyergold, which in 1864 produced 10 thousand buckets of liqueurs, liqueurs, and rum. At the factory I.P. Ochev in 1868 produced 5 thousand buckets of liqueurs, sweet vodka, balms, rowan, cherry, robin; at the I.A. plant Kononov - 2 thousand 495 buckets of vodka, balms, liqueurs, rums.

In Penza there was a large flour milling business. The mills of V.V. were engaged in grinding grain. Kadomtseva - up to 3 thousand poods, M.I. Toluzakova - up to 44 thousand poods, N.N. Kornepolova - 180 thousand poods, P.S. Sidelnikov - 14 thousand poods.

In the post-reform period, a sugar industry developed in Penza.

In 1865, engineers F.I. and E.I. Gerke founded a sugar refinery, which was housed in a four-story brick building. In 1872, 50 thousand pounds of sugar were produced worth 400 thousand rubles. At the end of the 1870s, the plant became the property of the commercial and industrial partnership P.V. Sergeev and Count I.A. Apraksina. In 1879, there was a fire at the plant, which brought huge losses to entrepreneurs and increased sugar prices. Within 6 months the plant was restored and on December 11, 1879 it was put back into operation. Two new high-performance machines were installed at the plant; annual sugar production reached 340 thousand rubles.

During these years, the metalworking industry developed. In 1858, merchant N.R. Sokolov built an iron smelting plant, which was transferred to A.N.’s daughter in 1866. Sokolova, and then to the merchant of the 1st guild I.M. Lobanov. The plant produced seeders, horse-drawn threshers with permanent and portable drives, gratings, balconies, and stairs. At the international exhibition in Rome in 1903, the products of this plant were awarded a bronze medal, at the All-Russian Exhibition in 1908 - gold and bronze.

At the iron smelting plant of merchant D.I. Davydov, housed in a two-story wooden building, cast production parts and mechanisms for distilleries, cloth factories, and stationery factories: wheels, gears, water pipes.

German subject V.I. In 1868, Kruger founded an iron foundry, the equipment of which included 1 steam engine with a capacity of 15 horsepower, 2 cupola furnaces, 6 forges, and 23 various machines. The plant's products were used in the distillery industry and sawmills.

In the same year, engineer V.A. Krakk put into operation a mechanical plant equipped with a 30 horsepower steam engine. In 1913, the plant employed 156 workers, and annual production was estimated at 88 thousand rubles.

In 1898, Serdob tradesman D.V. Vorontsov founded a new mechanical plant, equipped with an oil engine with a capacity of 17 horsepower. In 1913, over 100 workers worked here. During the First World War, the Krakka and Vorontsov factories produced machine tools for the Penza Pipe Plant and hand grenades 9; in 1916, 56 thousand of them were produced.

On Popovka in 1895, mechanical engineer N.N. Meshcheryakov opened a blacksmith's workshop, which served as a training ground for students of the railway school.

Large-scale construction in Penza created a need for bricks. Therefore, in the early 1870s, merchant N.I. Trunov creates a large brick factory on Ovrazhnaya Street.

By 1912, N.N. had significant brick factories. Meshcheryakov (founded in 1883 on Popovka), D.E. Ivanovsky (founded in 1894 on Popovka).

In 1914, engineer K.K. Tsege founded a steam plant for the production of sand-lime bricks at Sands. In 1914, merchant I.A. Groshev, who had a wholesale warehouse of building materials and brick sheds, together with I.G. Zhuravlev established the commercial and industrial joint-stock company “Brick production and trade in building materials” with an annual production of up to 4 million bricks, which in 1915-1916 were supplied for the construction of a pipe factory in Penza.

In the western part of Penza there was a municipal brick factory, transferred in 1916 to the Black Sea Construction Society.

In 1901, Penza entrepreneurs N.L. Rabinovich, I.M. Mikhailov and hereditary honorary citizen I.A. Baryshev founded the factory of bent Viennese furniture "Ramiba", named after the first syllables of the surnames of its owners. Later, this factory mastered the production of stylish furniture from expensive wood species. In 1916, the factory was sold to aviator V.A. Lebedev, as a result of which she received an aviation orientation. Aviation production here remained until 1923 and resumed in 1935.

By the beginning of the 20th century, 16 large factories and factories operated in Penza, employing 1,792 people. Penza's industrial enterprises included 4 iron foundries (370 workers), 1 paper mill (952 workers), 1 match factory (70 workers), 2 flour mills (57 workers). The Ramiba factory employed 485 people, the Krakka mechanical plant - 156 people, the Vorontsov mechanical plant - 102 people, the Faidsh match factory - 150 people, and the Groshev brick factory - 197 people.

There were also small enterprises whose products had a high level of competitiveness, for example, the products of D.A. Volosov at the international exhibition in Paris in 1909 were awarded the Grand Prix gold medal.

The industry of the provincial Penza over many decades of its development has gone from small semi-handicraft establishments to large enterprises that served as the basis for the further industrial development of our city.

The publication was prepared based on information from open sources and materials from the publication “Penza Encyclopedia”: / Ch. ed. K.D. Vishnevsky. - Penza: Ministry of Culture of the Penza Region, M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2001.

Various aspects of the history of the Sursky region are of interest to young researchers whose “roots” are connected with the Penza region. In the newsletter of the Penza State Museum of Local Lore - "Museum Bulletin" No. 1 (66) of this year, an article was published "Women's entrepreneurship in the Penza province in the 18th - 19th centuries" by a 3rd year student of the Faculty of History of St. Petersburg State University Elena Vladimirovna Voskresenskaya, with whom we We invite our subscribers to meet you.

Women's entrepreneurship in the Penza province inXVIII - XIXcenturies

Penza, built in the 17th century as a defensive fortress, by the following centuries turned into a developed economic center in central Russia and was actively involved in the trade relations of the country's cities. Industry and trade developed in the region, involving ever wider social strata of society in this sphere. Thus, an important subject of entrepreneurship in the Penza region was the phenomenon of women’s entrepreneurship, widespread in Russia since the 17th century.

In the era under review, Russian women, unlike the fairer sex of most European countries, had equal rights with men to own property and engage in commercial activities. This right is legally secured by the statute on direct taxes of the Russian Code of Laws. Women were allowed to freely receive merchant and trade certificates. A woman's inheritance rights also contributed to her participation in entrepreneurial activity, since it was often the death of a spouse or father that encouraged women to do so.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, women made up half of the population of the Penza province. They took part in social life city: in organized balls, gubernatorial receptions, performances, exhibitions and other events in the cultural life of the city, following the latest fashion trends in the capital. Prince I.M. Dolgorukov in his memoirs described the women's society of Penza as follows: “The society of the ladies was quite pleasant, some were sharp, kind and very dexterous. The girls all knew how to dance, dress up, and showed off with taste.”

Entrepreneurial activities in the region were carried out by women of different classes - from noble noblewomen to bourgeois women.

Penza noblewomen sometimes owned and managed not one, but several large enterprises, most often in light industry. Under women's leadership, the cloth industry developed widely: most of the large cloth factories, which annually produced large quantities of cloth, were owned by noble women of Penza in the 18th and 19th centuries. Particularly noteworthy is the activity of the secret adviser Alexandra Yakovlevna Lubyanskaya, whose factory in Golitsyn, Narovchatsky district, according to the report of the Penza Provincial Gazette in 1836, produced 145,000 arshins of processed material.

Glass and beet production confidently developed under female leadership. In 1795, the wife of Penza prosecutor A.M. Beketova built a glass factory in the village of Bogolyubovka, Gorodishchensky district, which produced up to 14,000 units of tableware (damasks, half-damasks, bottles).

In the 19th century, an example of noble entrepreneurship was the diversified, highly profitable Zemetchinsky estate, whose owner O.P. Dolgorukova, using new technologies, managed to achieve the largest indicators in the production of sugar beets. The estate also operated a bone grinding and glue plant, two large mills, a mechanical workshop, a meteorological station, its own railway line, a hospital and a school for the children of workers.

The Nikolsky glass factory, famous throughout Russia, was owned by the widow A.N. until 1884. Bakhmetyev, Countess Anna Petrovna, née Tolstoy (1804-1884).

However, in addition to noblewomen, the bulk of the Penza entrepreneurial class were merchant women and bourgeois women. Women of the merchant class were engaged in entrepreneurship on an equal basis with men. This is told to us by statistical data on the number of merchants in the Penza province and the size of merchant capital, published in the newspaper “Penza Provincial Gazette” for 1838 and 1854. Most of the women merchants in our region belonged to the 2nd and 3rd guilds.

The most common industries among the female half of the Penza merchants and philistines were: light industry, food industry, flour-grinding and foundry. Women of these social classes owned breweries, tanneries, iron smelters, and sawmills.

In the 19th century, most of these not very large enterprises operated for a short time. Among them are: the brewery of the bourgeois Maria Nikolaevna Tatarinova (mentioned from 1813 to 1826), the vodka factory of the merchant Lyubov Sergeevna Marsheva (1870-1875), the tannery of the bourgeois Daria Sukhanova (mentioned from 1816), the tannery of the 3rd merchant's wife guild of Fedosya Denisyevna Kadomtseva (mentioned since 1845), since 1856 we find mention of the tannery of merchant Alexandra Grigorievna Kalashnikova and Saratov merchant of the 1st guild Pelageya Gutkova.

In the Penza province there were also iron smelting factories owned by women. In 1835, an iron smelting plant was founded by bourgeois Alexandra Nikolaevna Otrakovskaya, but in 1848 it was leased by a foreigner. The plant produced threshing machines, equipment for factories, factories, and utensils.

Women of Penza were engaged not only in industrial production. They also engaged in trade, mainly in the second half of the 19th century. So, during this period, merchant Anfisa Ilyinichna Lycheva opened a crockery store, haberdashery goods were sold in N.N.’s stores. Maslova, A.S. Bartemeva.

Women also owned hotels and inns. For example, in the late 1870s, bourgeois Olga Mikheeva Bobyleva opened a hotel in her house, Vera Vasilievna Lisova set up furnished rooms and an inn, not far from which A.I.’s “Commercial Rooms” were also located. Belyaeva.

Some women also took part in the development of banking in Penza. Maria Egorovna Bazderova, the sister of the merchant of the 1st guild and owner of the banking office Fyodor Egorovich Shvetsov, after the death of her brother, continued stock exchange transactions with securities. Bazderova herself was a merchant who traded in colonial goods.

Thus, in the XVIII-XIX centuries. women of the Penza region contributed to the development and establishment of entrepreneurship and the economy of the province.

List of sources and literature used

Sources:

1. Address - calendar and memorial book of the Penza province. Penza, 1884.

2. Dolgorukov I.A. The story of my birth, origin and whole life. St. Petersburg, 2004, T.1

3. Memorial book of the Penza province. Penza region of the 17th century. - 1917: Documents and materials. Saratov, 1980.

4. Penza Provincial Gazette (No. 1 of January 7, 1838. No. of February 25, 1838, No. 4 of February 1, 1854.

In the 19th century, the country's business world changed significantly. The reforms became the reason for the success of representatives of classes that were previously limited in the right to conduct business. This is the time of the rise of the Vtorov, Morozov, Vogau, Ryabushinsky dynasties, the formation of the business of talented engineers N.I. Putilov and N.S. Avdakov, the heyday of other famous families. When implementing their projects, they did not ignore the interests of the state or the needs of the people.

The 19th century occupies a special place in the history of Russian entrepreneurship. The state carries out legislative activities, trying to create favorable conditions for economic development. By the end of the century, the system of guilds established in the time of Peter the Great to systematize and regulate business activities, protect the rights of merchants and create class privileges had exhausted itself.

The trade taxation reform in 1898 established the enterprise as the object of taxation, and not the individual entrepreneur, as was previously the case. Increased competition in trade has caused business people to turn to industrial production. Transformations in the field of joint stock business established a limitation of liability and provided the opportunity for representatives of different classes to participate in commercial enterprises.

The changes led to the fact that the business community was replenished with people from peasants, townspeople, nobles, foreigners and employees. Due to large-scale entrepreneurship, by the beginning of the 20th century, about 1.5 million people lived in the country.

The names of famous Russian entrepreneurs of the 19th century are still heard today: representatives of the families are famous for the introduction of progressive technologies, charity, and participation in political life.

Morozovs

Savva Vasilyevich Morozov (1770 - 1860) - the founder of the dynasty - comes from serf peasants in the village of Zuevo, Bogorodsky district, Moscow province. He achieved his success thanks to his personal qualities: hard work and business acumen. Having started working as a weaver in a factory, after getting married, he organized a small production with the help of his dowry, where he himself worked with his wife and sons. Savva sold silk fabrics and openwork ribbons created in the workshop in Moscow. The income allowed the entrepreneur and his family to buy out the landowner in 1820. Savva’s family had five sons: Elisha, Zakhar, Abram, Ivan and Timofey. An entrepreneurial spirit is characteristic of many of Savva’s descendants: the family is considered to consist of several branches, whose representatives became famous in textiles and other fields. In 1842, the Morozovs received hereditary honorary citizenship, which eliminated the restrictions imposed on peasants and urban inhabitants.

Over time, the Morozovs bought land, built new factories for the production of silk, wool and cotton fabrics, introducing modern technologies and mechanisms into production.

The first of Savva Vasilyevich's enterprises grew into the Partnership of the Nikolskaya Manufactory "Savva Morozov's Son and Co.", which was run by the Timofeevich branch - the descendants of his youngest son, and included factories providing paper spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing, finishing, bleaching, pleat cutting production.

The name of the manufactory is associated with the “Morozov strike” of 1885 in the village. Nikolsky. Workers protested against low wages and high fines for violations. The protest was suppressed and some of the participants were arrested by the authorities, but the event had positive consequences for the workers. Under the leadership of Savva Timofeevich, new English equipment was installed, working conditions and living conditions of workers were improved.

The Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya manufactory company was founded in 1830 and transferred by Savva Vasilyevich to his son Zakhar, who gave birth to the Zakharovich branch. The enterprise became the first enterprise in the form of a partnership in the central region of the country. It included spinning, weaving, dyeing, bleaching, thread production and peat mining.

The eldest son of Savva Morozov, Elisha, stood out and organized his own manufactory, which later acquired the name “Partnership of Morozov Vikula Manufactories with Sons.” Vikula Eliseevich played an important role in the formation of the enterprise and took over the reins from his retired father. This branch of the Morozov family - “Vikulovichi” - is named after him.

Under the management of the “Tver” Morozovs - descendants of Abram - there was an enterprise created by Timofey at the request of his father. The Tver manufactory produced about thirty types of cotton fabrics, which were in constant demand at Russian fairs and were also exported. The production was led by Abram and David Abramovich.

Social infrastructure grew around Morozov's enterprises: shops, baths, hospitals, schools, almshouses, stadiums. The legacy of the dynasty of factory owners can still be seen today on the streets of Orekhov-Zuev, Noginsk, Zheleznodorozhny and others settlements near the capital.

Researchers have noted various reasons for the success of dynasty enterprises, including:

• active entrepreneurial position;
• desire for mechanization of labor, emphasis on a high technical level of production;
• continuous modernization of production facilities;
• refusal of foreign specialists and support of domestic education and attraction of graduates of Russian educational institutions to work;
• creation of laboratories to connect theoretical and experimental science with production;
• a two-stage management model that eliminated the exclusive authoritarian influence of owners through the attraction of qualified hired management personnel;
• gradual awareness of social responsibility to enterprise personnel.

In addition to textile production, the family participated in the activities of other institutions. Timofey Morozov was one of the founders of the Volga-Kama Bank, created in 1870 and occupying a leading position in the country until the end of the century. In the period 1868-76, he also served as chairman of the Moscow Exchange Committee, which collaborated with the state in matters of legislative activity in the field of trade and industry, regulated exchange trading, and issued certificates and opinions on trade matters. David Ivanovich built a railway line away from the main line Moscow - Vladimir, ending at the Zakharovo station, named after his grandfather and still existing.

Representatives of the family did a lot of charity work and supported the culture of the country. With the financing of the Morozovs, the Alekseevskaya Psychiatric Hospital, Morozovskaya Children's Hospital, Cancer Institute and other medical institutions were built. With the participation of the Moscow Merchant Society of Mutual Credit, whose founders included T.S. Morozov, the newspapers “Moskvich” and “Shareholder”, and the magazine “Bulletin of Industry” were financed. Varvara Alekseevna, the wife of Abram Abramovich, donated funds for the establishment of a free “Turgenev Library-Reading Room” in 1895, supported the newspaper “Russian Vedomosti”, took part in the creation of the technical base of many educational institutions, for example, the Imperial Technical School. Sergei Timofeevich provided assistance to the artist Levitan, Savva Timofeevich did not leave the Moscow Art Theater without support. In short, in pre-revolutionary Moscow it was difficult to find a charitable event or social institution that remained outside the attention and support of the Morozovs.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the fortune of the Morozov family, according to Forbes magazine, amounted in modern equivalent to over 500 million dollars, which puts them in fourth place in the list of the richest Russian entrepreneurs of their time.

On the eve of the October Revolution, according to historians, about 60 families of Savva Vasilyevich’s descendants lived in Moscow. After October 1917, the life of the Morozovs developed differently: some immigrated (Nikolai Davidovich, Sergei Timofeevich, Pyotr Arsenievich and others), but the majority remained in their homeland, where a time of trials and losses awaited them.

Ryabushinsky

The founder of the dynasty is the peasant Mikhail Yakovlev, who in 1802 arrived in Moscow from the Kaluga province, purchased a shop and became one of the merchants of the third guild. Subsequently, the family surname was changed to the name of the native settlement of the founder. The entrepreneur's interests lay in the textile industry: in 1846 he acquired the first weaving factory. The Ryabushinsky family business was brought onto the broad road by the middle son, Pavel Mikhailovich, who sold his father’s old manufactories and purchased a factory, equipping it with the latest technology.

In 1887, the family business was transformed into the P. M. Ryabushinsky Manufactory Partnership, the fixed capital of which was 2 million rubles. The company owned paper spinning, weaving, dyeing, finishing, and finishing factories in the Tver province. By the beginning of the 20th century, the enterprise’s capital had grown to 5 million rubles; in general, the family’s fortune was estimated at over 20 million rubles.

After the death of Pavel and his wife, the business was headed by their eldest son, Pavel Pavlovich, whose name is more often associated with social and political activities, however, it was under his leadership that the Ryabushinsky business continued to flourish at the turn of the century. Pavel, like his brothers, was educated at the Moscow Practical Academy of Commercial Sciences, a secondary education institution for training businessmen, administered by the Ministry of Finance. Four of the eight brothers worked together with Pavel: Sergei, Vladimir, Stepan and Mikhail. Entrepreneurs established themselves in the flax industry, invested in sawmills, and were engaged in paper production.

The family owned the Ryabushinsky Brothers Banking House, which was later transformed into the Moscow Bank with the support of entrepreneurs involved in the textile industry. The Ryabushinskys recruited graduates of the academy where Pavel studied; Village children who, in addition to school, were trained at the expense of entrepreneurs in trade evening classes, were trained for junior staff positions.

The well-known plans of the Ryabushinskys characterize the brothers as far-sighted entrepreneurs who relied on investments in promising technologies.

Thus, during the First World War, Sergei and Stepan founded the Moscow Automobile Plant Partnership - an enterprise that was transformed into ZIL in Soviet times. A year after its foundation, the plant was supposed to produce the first batch of trucks under license from the Italian company FIAT. The equipment was created, albeit behind schedule, but the plant was not fully completed due to the events of 1917. Projects for oil exploration in the Ukhta fields and for the creation of machine-building enterprises in the Urals remained unrealized.

In the financial sphere, the brothers’ plan to create a bank of “world scale” is known through the merger of the Moscow Bank with other large institutions: the Volzhsko-Kama and Russian Commercial and Industrial Banks.

In addition to managing family affairs, Pavel Pavlovich was passionate about socio-political processes, took an active part in the life of the country, consistently defending his position:

• collaborated with the “Union of October 17th”, with which he subsequently broke off due to disagreement with the policies of P. Stolypin;
• published the newspapers “Morning”, “Narodnaya Gazeta”, “Morning of Russia”, where he outlined his vision of the prospects for the development of the state.

The entrepreneur saw the path of development of the country in combining the Old Believer traditions of pre-Petrine Rus' with the institutions of Western capitalism, and warned the intelligentsia against being carried away by socialist ideas. Ryabushinsky fully supported the events of February 1917, because he believed that they opened up the opportunity for businessmen and industrialists to influence political life countries.

After the revolution, the brothers emigrated; the descendants of Pavel Mikhailovich’s daughters live in Russia.

Vtorovs

Alexander Fedorovich Vtorov came from the Kostroma townspeople, lived in Irkutsk and, being a merchant, conducted a wholesale trade in manufactured goods, furs, gold, and financial transactions. Success in business allowed him to move to the 1st guild in 1876, and in 1897 to move with his family to Moscow and receive hereditary honorary citizenship. Alexander Alexandrovich remained to conduct business in Irkutsk, without stopping interaction with his father and brother. The elder Vtorov’s brother, Pyotr Mazhukov, worked in Chita. Alexander Fedorovich successfully married off his daughters, becoming related to wealthy Moscow families.

Together with his son Nikolai, Alexander Fedorovich founded an enterprise that later became known as the A.F. Partnership. Vtorov and Sons”, which:

• traded in textiles and tea;
• supplied the treasury with raw materials for the production of smokeless gunpowder;
• owned commercial real estate in the cities of Siberia and the Urals;
• carried out manufacturing production;
• conducted foreign trade operations in Mongolia.

Nikolai Alexandrovich was distinguished by his extraordinary thinking and chose promising industries and enterprises for investments, the effectiveness of which allowed him to increase his father’s fortune.

At the end of the century, Nikolai Alexandrovich focused his interests on gold mining, but did not ignore other areas of activity: he expanded the list of textile enterprises, his factories produced military uniforms and ammunition, created the Moscow Industrial Bank, was engaged in the production of dyes, and worked in other industrial industries. The Electrostal Share Partnership founded by Vtorov became the first such plant in Russia and gave birth to the city of the same name.

Nikolai Alexandrovich was helped in the management of some enterprises by his son, Boris. The result of his fruitful work was the largest fortune in the country, which surpassed the wealth of other famous families and was estimated at over 700 million modern dollars.

Nikolai Alexandrovich was killed in 1918, his family moved to France. Alexander Vtorov left Irkutsk in 1917.

Wogau

The founder of the business, Philipp-Max von Vogau, arrived in 1827 from Germany. Despite his noble origins, he was poor and was initially forced to serve “on errands.” Having no prospects in his homeland, he takes Russian citizenship and seeks a better life in Russia. The reputation earned here in 1839 gave Maxim Maksimovich the opportunity to marry the daughter of the textile manufacturer F. Rabenek. The Vogau dynasty of Russian entrepreneurs dates back to this time.

With the participation of the brothers Friedrich and Karl, Maxim Maksimovich opens an office that first sells tea, household and household chemicals, and then moves on to import sugar, yarn and cotton. The company grew into the trading house "Wogau and Co", which was under the control of the family until the October coup. In addition to the brothers, their sons-in-law Erwin Schumacher and Konrad Banza, nephew Moritz Mark, and Max’s sons Otto and Hugo took part in the family business. The enterprise reached its peak of development during the period of management of Hugo Maksimovich, the son of the founder of the dynasty.

In addition to conducting large-scale foreign trade operations, the family invested in the financial sector and industry:

• with the participation of Vogau, the Moscow Accounting Bank, the Russian Foreign Trade Bank, the Riga Commercial Bank and the Anchor Insurance Company were created;
• the family controlled enterprises in various industries; its interests included ore mining, metal smelting, cement production, chemical and textile production;
• together with Knop, searches were conducted for deposits of platinum and oil in the Urals and copper in the Caucasus.

The family's way of life was common for the German bourgeoisie: they professed Lutheranism, lived in the neighborhood, and preserved the traditions of their people. In 1900, five of the eight members of the company's board of directors remained German citizens, so when the war began, the Wogau found themselves in difficult situation. Some enterprises suffered from pogroms, and government supervision was established over the company's activities. The family was forced to sell leading enterprises.

Hugo took part in financing the founded P.P. Ryabushinsky of the newspaper “Morning of Russia”, which criticized government policy in the economic sphere and was closed by the authorities “due to its harmful direction”.

The fortune of the Wogau family, acquired over 90 years in Russia, was comparable to the wealth of the Morozovs and, according to Forbes, amounted to about 500 million dollars in modern terms.

After 1917, most of the Wogau emigrated from Russia. Today, the descendants of Hugo’s son, Maxim, who remained here, who has been a member of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) since 1919, live in the country.

Engineer-entrepreneur N.S. Avdakov

Nikolai Stepanovich was born in 1847 into the family of a military doctor assigned to the Kura Regiment stationed in the Caucasus. The Avdakovs' ancestors lived in the Vladimir province and, for the most part, were clergy. Nikolai was educated at the St. Petersburg Mining Institute, from which he graduated in 1873. The Main Mining Directorate sent Avdakov to work as a mine engineer at the Rutchenko Coal Company, located in the Yekaterinoslav province and created with Belgian capital.

Cultural life of Penza at the beginning of the 19th century. Gladkov Theater

First half of the 19th century made few changes to the lifestyle of townspeople and settlements. The nobles were still the wealthiest class. Balls, theater, cards and other idleness filled all their leisure time.
At this time, there was an extremely active development of theatrical and musical life, which proclaimed Penza one of the largest cultural centers in the country.
Thus, the first theater in the city, which existed in 1792 - 1797, was directed by famous poet and amateur actor, memoirist, Penza vice-governor Prince I.M. Dolgorukov. In the 1st quarter of the 19th century, three theaters operated simultaneously in Penza: the troupe of the rich man Gorikhvostov, which staged Italian operas; troupe G.V. Gladkova, who staged tragedies, dramas and comedies; Governor's troupe V.I. Kozhina.
At the beginning of the 19th century in Penza there was a street called “Teatralnaya”, it was located in the area of ​​​​the fortress rampart. It was called that because at the end of the 18th century there was the Dolgoruky Theater here, and then the theater of the landowner G.V. Gladkova. Penza theater expert, E.M. Marin believes that “in terms of the number of theaters in Russia, the Penza province was in third place, after Moscow and St. Petersburg.”
The founder of the first professional theater in Penza was Grigory Vasilyevich Gladkov. His theater was considered a commercial enterprise that brought income to the owners. Judging by archival data and the memoirs of contemporaries, the theater building was not of architectural interest. It represented a wooden extension to Gladkov’s brick house. The owner was more concerned with spaciousness than with architectural decoration. There were 10 actors and 6 actresses working in the theater, not counting the theatrical
servants. After his death, the theater passed into the hands of his son Vasily, who continued the traditions of his father. An enterprising man, he managed to manage carpet and linen establishments, a distillery and a brick factory. Under the leadership of V.G. The Gladkov Theater was located until 1829. Many contemporaries left testimonies about the unbearable life of Gladkov’s actors and actresses.

Answer Delete

1. Industry of Penza in the first half of the 19th century.
   Industry, compared to the second half of the 18th century, did not take even half a step forward. If in 1790 there were 5 soap factories in Penza, then in 1850 there were 3, tanneries were 5 and 4, respectively, and 3 iron smelting factories were added, producing 2.7 thousand rubles worth of products per year. While, for example, a cloth factory in the village. Golitsyno, Nizhnelomovsky district - by 105.7 thousand rubles. All enterprises in the city of Penza produced products worth 70.2 thousand rubles in 1850, all 90 factories and factories in the Penza province (excluding 43 distilleries) - worth 972.2 thousand rubles. (Our calculation was made according to the table published in the book “Penza Region”. 1989, pp. 53–55). Thus, the share of industrial production in Penza was only 7.2% of the total provincial volume. If we take into account the distillery, which was located in the districts and brought the greatest income, then the share of the city of Penza in the economy of the province will generally be negligible. Most of the workers in the city worked at brick factories - 353, followed by shoemakers and shoemakers - 199, butchers - 127, carpenters - 124, tailors - 121, cab drivers - 116, Kalashniks - 101. And only 7 mechanics, 10 gunsmiths, 11 watchmakers , 22 silversmiths, 19 gilders, 30 coppersmiths and 88 blacksmiths. For 28 thousand inhabitants, there were not even two hundred people who knew how to work with metal products. Therefore, when several decades ago they talked about the centuries-long backwardness of Tsarist Russia from the industrialized countries of the West, this was not an exaggeration.
   

   Answer Delete

2. 
   Part of the literary Penza of the first quarter of the 19th century was the famous Russian novelist Mikhail Nikolaevich Zagoskin. The writer, who during his lifetime earned the fame of the “Russian Walter Scott,” is a Penza landowner.
   Mikhail Nikolaevich was born on July 14, 1789 in the village of Ramzai, Penza Uyezd (now Mokshansky district, Penza region).
   His family came from the oldest indigenous noble family of the Penza Province. Mikhail was educated at home. The future writer loved to read; living in the village, he rarely shared the fun of his peers and devoted almost all his time to reading books. Close people were even afraid that the boy would lose his eyesight, which was weak, so they took away his literature, but Mikhail found various ways to read another book.
   With the rank of second lieutenant in the St. Petersburg militia, he took part in the Patriotic War of 1812, and at the end of hostilities in 1814 he returned to his family estate Ramsay, from where he traveled to Penza. He was one of the few Penza inhabitants of that time who saw the meaning of his life in literary work. On Penza soil he created the first dramatic work comedy plan “The Prankster”, which thus added another page to the chronicle of the literary life of Penza. The novel “The Tempter” was created by Zagoskin 23 years after leaving Penza for St. Petersburg, but this is a purely Penza work, as it is a mirror reflection of the life of local society.
   Zagoskin became the founder of Russian historical novel. Fame came to the writer after the publication of his novel “Yuri Miloslavsky, or the Russians in 1612.” In 1834, the magazine “Library for Reading” published a series of fantastic stories “Evening on Khoper”.
   Zagoskin M.N. died in Moscow on June 23, 1852 as a result of improper treatment of hereditary gout.
   A street in Penza was named in his honor, and a memorial plaque and monument were erected to him in the village of Ramzai.

   Answer Delete

3. M.Yu. Lermontov.
   A considerable number of famous people have visited Penza. One of them was Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov. He was born on October 3, 1814 in Moscow, but since 1815 he lived on the family estate of Tarkhany, Penza province, where he spent half his life. Lermontov lost his mother early, so his grandmother E.A. raised him. Arsenyev. Received a good home education. From childhood, he looked at the life of Tarkhan peasants and rural nature. Joined folk art: listened to songs and legends. My childhood companions were ordinary peasant children. He was interested in military history; his grandmother A.A.’s siblings had a great influence on him. and D.A. Stolypins, who took part in the Patriotic War of 1812. In 1828, Mikhail Yuryevich entered the Moscow University Noble Boarding School, and in 1830 - Moscow University. A year later, he resigned and entered the school of guards ensigns and cavalry cadets in St. Petersburg. In 1834, his poem “Hadji Abrek” was published. On December 31, he comes on vacation to Tarkhany, where he works on several works: the drama “Two Brothers”, the poem “Demon”, “Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov”, the poem “Tambov Treasurer”, the poem “The Dying Gladiator” and others. This visit to Penza was the last. He was sent into exile in the Caucasus for the poem “The Death of a Poet,” written in 1837. He spends 1838-40 in St. Petersburg, where he publishes a number of poems and the novel “A Hero of Our Time.” For a duel with E. de Barant he was sent to the Caucasus for the second time.
   Having settled in Pyatigorsk for treatment, he met with fellow countryman N.S. Martynov. As a result of a quarrel with him, a duel took place in which Lermontov was killed. He was buried in the Pyatigorsk cemetery, then on April 23, 1842 he was reburied in the chapel of the Tarkhan estate.
   

   Answer Delete

4. Famous people of Penza at the beginning of the 19th century.

   Istomin Vladimir Ivanovich Born in December 1809 in the village of Lomovka, Mokshansky district, Penza province (now Luninsky district, Penza region). He came from a noble family in the Pskov province and spent his childhood in the Estland province.

   In 1823 he entered the Naval Cadet Corps, and in 1827 he was released with the rank of midshipman.
   After graduating from the Naval Corps, he was assigned to the battleship Azov, on which, as part of the squadron of Vice Admiral Heyden, he made a trip from Kronstadt to Portsmouth, and then to the shores of Greece, where he participated in the Battle of Navarino on October 8, 1827, and was awarded for distinction Insignia of the Military Order of St. George and promoted to midshipman.
   In 1827-1832, V.I. Istomin served on the same ship, sailing in the Mediterranean Sea, improving his naval education in a serious military situation created by long cruising in the Archipelago and participation in the blockade of the Dardanelles and landing on the Bosphorus. In 1830 he was presented to the Order of St. Anne, 3rd degree.
   In 1832, Istomin was transferred to the Baltic Fleet on the frigate "Maria".
   Since 1835, he served in the Black Sea on various ships: the lugger "Glubokiy", the yacht "Rezvaya", the battleships "Pamyat Evstafiya" and "Warsaw".
   In 1837, he was promoted to lieutenant and appointed commander of the steamship Severnaya Zvezda, on which Emperor Nicholas I and the Empress sailed through the Black Sea ports that same year. Awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree, and a diamond ring.
   In 1843, V.I. Istomin was presented with the Order of St. Stanislav, 2nd degree.
   From 1845 to 1850 he was at the disposal of the governor in the Caucasus, Prince Vorontsov, taking an active part in joint operations of the army and navy aimed at the conquest of the Caucasus. In 1846 he was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree, and in 1847, for actions against the highlanders, he was promoted to captain of the 2nd rank.
   In 1849, V.I. Istomin was promoted to captain 1st rank, and in 1850 he was appointed commander of the battleship Paris. In 1852 he was presented with the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree.

   Answer Delete

5. Cultural life of Penza at the beginning of the 19th century.

   For many decades, the only public entertainment for Penzyaks were fair booths, but by the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, buffoon performances gave way to a new type of spectacle - performances by amateur, serf and state theaters.
   One of the most famous in Russia at that time was the home theater of Alexei Emelyanovich Stolypin, the richest landowner, owner of houses in Moscow and estates in the Volga region, Penza provincial leader of the nobility. As “a brave warrior on the battlefield, a wise and honest administrator in the field of civil service” Alexander Mikhailovich Turgenev recalled, “every week a home-grown and organized troupe of serf actors performed tragedy, opera, comedy, and, to tell the truth, for the sake of Alexei Emelyanovich and the entire venerable assembly , without caresses, they played the comedy perfectly.” In 1806, A.E. Stolypin sold it for 32 thousand rubles. all its actors (70 people) to the Petrovsky Theater, where they actually formed the basis of the troupe. According to the fair assertion of theater expert V.A. Dyakonov, Stolypin’s actors were destined to become the pioneers of the domestic state theater».
   
   <...> <...>I had a huge ball. Up to two hundred people were admitted into the theater with tickets, and some of them came to me; Horn music in the garden, and instrumental music in the hall delighted my guests. The governor also visited me that day...” These enthusiastic lines belong to Vice-Governor Ivan Mikhailovich Dolgorukov. Note that nobles and officials played on stage, and there were people of the same class in the hall. But already in 1796 the theater troupe included professional actors. This is how a significant event happened in Penza - the birth of the theater. And already at the beginning of the 19th century the theater became very popular among the residents of our city.
   Talented inspirers and organizers I.M. Dolgorukov and D.E. Polchaninov, the first Penza comedians laid the foundation for public theatrical performances that demonstrated high professional skills and contributed to establishing the glory of the first theater in Penza close to a professional format. By the beginning of the 19th century, theatrical entertainment had ceased to be just a lordly home entertainment; both the local nobility and ordinary people were drawn to it.
   
   

   Answer Delete

8. Famous people of Penza at the beginning of the 19th century.

   On August 30, 1816, Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky was appointed governor of Penza; he arrived in Penza on October 20. The nobility of Penza greeted him, as a former reformer, with restraint and some hostility. The governor did not wait for people to come to him; he himself decided to visit the houses of influential people in Penza. This turned out to be the right step and gave a positive result for him. Speransky as a person and as an official was attentive and kind to his subordinates. The period of his governorship in Penza was the most fruitful in terms of awards for those who worked with him. Before and after him, officials did not receive as many awards as under him. He was available to any visitor who came to see him. On Sundays and holidays, he often visited institutions of public charity and even prisoners in prison. Speransky could lodge protests against the decisions of the Penza court if he saw them as an unfair verdict.
   In Penza he continued to study science. Studied German and Jewish languages. Thanks to the intervention of Speransky, on April 4, 1818, the emperor issued a decree on the transformation of the Penza Theological Seminary. On March 31, 1819, a decree dated March 22 was received in Penza on the appointment of M.M. Speransky Governor-General of Siberia. He left Penza on May 7, 1819 and worked in Tobolsk until February 8, 1821. On the way back to St. Petersburg, Speransky again visited Penza, where on February 25 he was solemnly welcomed. He stayed in Penza for 9 days. All the days of his stay in the city were spent at dinner parties and balls.
   He arrived in St. Petersburg on March 23, and 4 months later, on July 17, 1821, there was a decree appointing him a member of the State Council.
   05.08.1821 he was granted 3486 acres of land in the Penza province. On January 1, 1839, Speransky was elevated to the rank of count. On February 11, 1839, Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky died as a result of a cold.
   

   Answer Delete

   Literary celebrity of Penza at the beginning of the 19th century.

   The history of the literary life of Penza is also woven from the works of P.A. Vyazemsky and D.V. Davydova. One of V.G.’s friends Belinsky wrote to him in July 1829 from Penza to Chembar: “Two remarkable persons made our Penza happy with their arrival, this is Denis Vasilyevich Davydov - major general, partisan hero, poet, and poet - Prince Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky.”

   P.A. Vyazemsky was married to Vera Fedorovna Gagarina, whose mother P.Yu. Kologrivova lived not far from Penza - in the village of Meshcherskoye. At the end of the 1820s, the poet was a frequent visitor to Meshchersky and Penza. On Penza soil he did not stop his work, creating a noticeable literary background in the provincial Sursky region. Here Pyotr Andreevich translated the novel “Adolphe” by the French writer Benjamin Constant and created the poetic cycle “Winter Caricatures”. A.S. Pushkin appreciated the Penza works of P.A. Vyazemsky with the following words: “Your poems are lovely.” V.G. Belinsky used Pyotr Andreevich's poem "For the New Year 1828" to complete his article on Russian literature of 1843. The poem “Russian God”, written on Penza soil, was first published by A.I. Herzen abroad.

   In the late 1820s - mid-1830s, a notable figure in Penza was Denis Vasilyevich Davydov (1784 - 1839), who called Penza “my inspiration”. In the city on Sura, the poet fell in love with the local beauty E.D. Zolotarev. To whom he dedicated the poems “I love you, I love you madly”, “River”, “Waltz”. Love motives are felt in the poems “And My Little Star”, “After Separation”, “Romance” and others, written in Penza. Unnamed D.V. Davydov, it is impossible to imagine the literary life of Penza in the first half of the 19th century, significantly enriched by his work.
   

   Answer Delete

9. ECONOMIC GROWTH OF PENZA

   Penza was traditionally located at the intersection of important trade routes, and by the end of the 19th century. received railway access in all directions: on October 11, 1874, traffic began on the Morshansk-Syzran section. This circumstance created good preconditions for economic and cultural development.

   Penza had a well-deserved reputation as one of the largest nests of the Russian nobility, personifying the power and glory of the state. Here it was represented by the names of the Sheremetevs, Shuvalovs, Golitsyns, Kurakins, Tatishchevs, Trubetskoys, Dolgorukys, Suvorovs, Vorontsovs, Razumovskys and others.

   At the same time, the epithet of a “merchant” city was firmly assigned to Penza. The leading position in the commercial world was occupied by the Karpovs, Finogeevs, Sergeevs, Barsukovs, Kuzmins, Kuznetsovs, Tyurins, Evstifeevs, Ochkins, Pankovs and others, who entered the all-Russian and even world market.

   In the 19th – early 20th centuries, the leading role in the economy of Penza continued to belong to the trade in bread and alcohol and the food industry, especially flour-grinding and vodka.

   Since the middle of the 19th century, new industries have appeared in the city. The largest of them in pre-revolutionary Penza was a paper mill, established in 1850 by one of the richest merchants in the province, grain merchant P.V. Sergeev (now the Mayak factory).

   Firstborn defense industry The city is a plant created during the First World War for the production of remote tubes for explosive devices (now the ZIF production association).

   Answer Delete

   Literary celebrities of Penza of the early 19th century.
   A notable figure in the literary life of Penza in the second half of the 19th century was Nikolai Vasilyevich Prozin (1836 - 1898), who received a medical education at Kazan University, from which he graduated in 1859. In 1865-1867, he edited the unofficial part of the Penza Provincial Gazette, and since 1889 he was a permanent contributor to this newspaper. Nikolai Vasilyevich had a talent for literary journalism; his travel essays always increased the rating of Vedomosti. In particular, his essays on travel to Tarkhany and Chembar are of great educational value.
   The Georgian poet Solomon Gavievich Ramadze (1798 - 1862), who was exiled here for administrative residence, also took part in the literary life of Penza. In Penza, he wrote the poems “Elbrus”, “Loneliness”, “For the Fatherland”, “Why are you bored” and others. Proximity S.G. Ramadze's connection to the literary atmosphere of Penza is also due to his service in the provincial public library.
   In 1818-1821, the writer Nikolai Aleksandrovich Radishchev (1779 - 1829), the second son of A.N., lived in Penza. Radishcheva. Already in the first works of N.A. Radishchev showed interest in the ancient Russian epic. Since 1803, Nikolai Alexandrovich was a member of the Free Society of Literature Lovers and wrote many poems and reviews. In Penza he communicated with P.A. Vyazemsky and gave him the manuscript of the biography of his father A.N. Radishcheva.
   

   Answer Delete

   Cultural life of the city of Penza in the 19th century.

   The cultural life of Penza has always had certain features that positively distinguished it from Russian provincial cities. In particular, during the years of the last reign, in terms of the number of educational institutions, Penza, inferior to the few university cities at that time, was ahead of most other provincial centers. This feature is a characteristic feature of the city both in the Soviet era and today. Thanks to the large number of cultural and educational institutions, Penza at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. had the proud title of “New Athens”.
   The first theater in the city, which existed in 1792 - 1797, was led by the once famous poet and amateur actor, memoirist, Penza vice-governor Prince I.M. Dolgorukov. In the 1st quarter of the 19th century, three theaters operated simultaneously in Penza: the troupe of the rich man Gorikhvostov, which staged Italian operas; troupe G.V. Gladkova, who staged tragedies, dramas and comedies; Governor's troupe V.I. Kozhina.
   
   
   
   
   
   In 1891, the first local history museum in the province was opened (under the statistical committee), in 1901 - a scientific archival commission, in 1905 - the Penza Society of Natural History Lovers, and in 1911 - its natural history museum (now the regional local history museum). The most important role in the study of natural conditions, economics and labor resources of the province belonged to the Penza zemstvo (1865 - 1918).
   The first public library in the city of Penza was opened in 1837, the library named after. M.Yu. Lermontov - in 1892, a people's library-reading room, which later became the Central City Library named after. V.G. Belinsky - in 1895.

   Answer Delete

   Famous people of Penza at the beginning of the 19th century.
   Klyuchevsky Vasily Osipovich (1841 – 1911)
   Outstanding Russian historian, honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1908). From the family of a rural priest in the Penza province. In 1850, Vasily Klyuchevsky lost his father. Left without funds, the family moved to Penza, where Klyuchevsky studied at the parish and district theological schools, and from 1856 to 1860 - at the Penza Theological Seminary.
   In 1861, Klyuchevsky, having changed his mind about becoming a priest, left the seminary and entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1865 with a candidate's degree and was left at the department to prepare for a professorship. For six years he worked on his dissertation “The Lives of Saints as a Historical Source.” In 1871, Klyuchevsky’s work was published, and in 1872 it was successfully defended.
   Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky gave 36 years (1871-1906) to Moscow University, first as a private lecturer, and from 1882 as a professor. At the same time, he lectured on Russian civil history at the Moscow Theological Academy (in Sergiev Posad), as well as at the Moscow Women's Courses (Klyuchevsky's lectures on the courses lasted 15 years).
   In 1872 he began work on his doctoral dissertation "The Boyar Duma Ancient Rus'", which took him ten years. This was Klyuchevsky’s major research work, which he defended in 1882. In 1887-1889, Vasily Osipovich was elected dean and vice-rector of the university. In 1893, he was invited to teach a course in Russian history to the son of Alexander III - George. In 1899 he published a "Brief Guide to Russian History", which actually became a textbook for gymnasiums. Klyuchevsky is widely known for his lecture "Course of Russian History", published by him for the first time in 1902 (subsequently reprinted several times and translated into many European languages ).
   Klyuchevsky Vasily Osipovich is rightfully considered an unsurpassed lecturer. The auditorium of Moscow University, where he taught his course, was always crowded. In 1905, Klyuchevsky V.O. received an official instruction to participate in the work of the Commission for the revision of laws on the press and in meetings (in Peterhof, chaired by Nicholas II) on the project for the establishment of the State Duma and its powers.
   After retiring, Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky continued to lecture at Moscow University, but his main attention was focused on preparing for the republication of the “Course of Russian History”: in addition to the previously published four volumes, he was preparing the final one, the fifth (finished in 1910). On October 29, 1910, Klyuchevsky gave his last lecture at the School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Klyuchevsky died on May 12, 1911, and was buried in the Donskoy Monastery cemetery.

   Answer Delete

10. Famous doctors of Penza of the first half of the 19th century.
    Neil Fedorovich Filatov is a Russian doctor, founder of the Russian pediatric school. Uncle of the famous ophthalmologist V.P. Filatov.
    Born on June 2, 1847 in the village of Mikhailovka, Saransk district, Penza province, into a family of nobles. In 1859, Nil Filatov entered the second class of the Penza Noble Institute, where three more of his brothers were studying at the same time. Filatov received his special medical education from 1864 at the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow University. After graduating from the university in 1869, N. F. Filatov first worked as a zemstvo doctor in his native Saransk district, and then, in 1872-1874, he specially studied childhood diseases in clinics and hospitals in Vienna, Prague, and Heidelberg. He received his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1876 for his dissertation “On the relationship of bronchitis to acute catarrhal pneumonia,” and a year later he received the title of Privatdozent of Childhood Diseases.
    Working at a children's hospital in Moscow, he attracted many listeners, students and doctors. During this period, he identified scarlet fever and infectious mononucleosis as separate nosological forms, and described one of the early signs of measles - Filatov-Koplik spots. The result of the systematization of Filatov’s observations and conclusions were several textbooks that went through many editions in a short period of time; His most brilliant works are “Semiotics and diagnosis of childhood diseases”, “Lectures on open infectious diseases in children”, “Clinical lectures”. These manuals are all translated into German, and some of them into French, Italian, Czech and Hungarian. Together with G.N. Gabrichevsky, he introduced serum treatment for diphtheria.
    The Penza Regional Children's Clinical Hospital (Penza, Bekeskaya St., 43) is named after N.F. Filatov. In 1989, a monument to the scientist was erected in the courtyard of this hospital (sculptor - V. G. Kurdov).
    Grigory Antonovich Zakharyin is an outstanding Russian general practitioner, founder of the Moscow clinical school, honorary member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
    G. A. Zakharyin was born on February 8, 1829 in Penza into the family of a poor landowner. From 1839 to 1847 he studied at the Saratov Men's Gymnasium.
    At the age of 23 he graduated from the medical faculty of Moscow University. Defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine: “The doctrine of postpartum diseases. In 1856-1859 he studied abroad in the clinics of R. Virchow and other prominent European scientists. Most of Zakharyin’s scientific works date back to his youth: “Is sugar prepared in the liver” (“Moscow Medical Journal”, 1855), “On some questions about blood” (“Medical Bulletin”, 1861), “On recurrent fever "(Moscow Medical Newspaper, 1865), etc. Zakharyin was one of the most outstanding clinical practitioners of his time and made a huge contribution to the creation of an anamnestic method for studying patients. He outlined his diagnostic techniques and views on treatment in “Clinical Lectures”, which became widely known. These lectures have gone through many editions, including in English, French, and German. The research methodology according to Zakharyin consisted of a multi-stage questioning by the doctor of the patient, which made it possible to get an idea of ​​the course of the disease and risk factors. In contrast to S.P. Botkin, Zakharyin paid little attention to objective research and did not recognize laboratory data.
    Zakharyin was known for his difficult character and lack of restraint in dealing even with the sick. Zakharyin's conflict with his listeners prompted him to resign in 1896. A year after that, he died of a stroke.
    On February 26, 1982, by a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, the name of G. A. Zakharyin was assigned to the Penza Central City Hospital No. 6 (now the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution “City Clinical Hospital of Emergency Medical Care named after G. A. Zakharyin”).
    In 1988, a bust of G. A. Zakharyin was unveiled in the hospital courtyard.
    

    Answer Delete

11. Famous scientists of Penza of the 19th century.
    Ulyanov Ilya Nikolaevich (14.7.1831, Astrakhan - 12.1.1886, Simbirsk), teacher, educator, actual state councilor. Father V.I. Lenin. In 1855-63, senior teacher of physics and mathematics at the Penza Noble Institute. Conducted according to the instructions of N.I. Lobachevsky meteorological observation, headed the fundamental library, taught lessons at Sunday school. Wrote the following works: “On thunderstorms and lightning rods”, “On the benefits of meteorological observations and some conclusions from them for Penza”. In November 1861 he met M.A. Blanc, who became his wife. After Penza he served in Nizhny Novgorod, Simbirsk, was an inspector, director of public schools, participated in the organization of schools not only in Russian, but also in Mordovian and Chuvash villages. “For excellent and diligent service” he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav 1st degree, St. Anna 2nd degree, St. Vladimir 3rd degree, and received hereditary nobility. In Penza, in front of the building of the former noble institute, a monument to I.N. was erected in 1970. and M.A. Ulyanov (sculptor A.A. Fomin).
    Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich (14.9.1847, village of Zhadovka, Serdobsky district, Saratov province, now the village of Yablochkovo, Serdobsky district, Penza region - 19.3.1894, Saratov), ​​scientific electrical engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. During his childhood years spent on his parents' Serdob estate, he showed a penchant for invention. In 1858-1866 he studied at the Saratov gymnasium, then continued his education at the Main Engineering School in St. Petersburg, from where he was graduated as an engineer-second lieutenant in 1866. In the 1870s he left military service and, having opened a workshop of physical instruments in Moscow, conducted experiments on the use of electric current for lighting. Financial failures forced him to leave for Paris, where in 1875 he realized his invention - an arc lamp without a regulator. “Electric candle”, “Yablochkov candle”, patented on March 23, 1876, made fundamental changes in electrical engineering. The triumphant demonstration of the “Yablochkov candle” at the Paris World Exhibition of 1878 and the creation of a syndicate for the exploitation of Yablochkov’s patents led to the widespread use of electric lighting throughout the world. In 1878-80, having returned to Russia, he did a lot to disseminate his invention and promote electrical engineering, but did not achieve financial success. Living in France in 1880-93, he focused on working on electric current generators. Upon returning home in 1893, he settled on a Serdob estate, where he intended to continue experiments on a light engine for an aircraft. Streets in Penza, Saratov and Serdobsk, where a monument to the inventor is erected, are named after Yablochkov.
    Stankevich Apollinariy Osipovich (1834-15.9.1892, Gorodishche), forester of the Gorodishche district of the Penza province. From brief newspaper reports we know about his work since the summer of 1881 on the creation of an aircraft. In 1883 his model was completed and an attempt was made to test it in action. However, technical problems in the design delayed the launch time, and sharply deteriorating weather damaged the apparatus itself. On March 2, 1885, there was a publication about the results of his labors in the Petersburg Newspaper, which said: “Stankevich, serving in the Penza province, invented a method of free floating in the air,” demonstrated his apparatus - “A bird of enormous size with paper wings. The project was reviewed by the military department and received positive feedback.” Subsequently, the project drowned in bureaucratic archives, and the name of the author himself remained in oblivion.

    Answer Delete

12. DECEMBRISTS of the Penza region

    DECEMBRISTS - Russian. noble revolutionaries who raised in December. 1825 uprising against autocracy and serfdom. Among them were people associated with Penz. edge. Some were born here, lived, were in service, others had estates. All of them were in the military. service, some of them were participants in the Fatherland. the war of 1812 and the Russian campaign abroad. army one of them was Novikov Mikhail Nikolaevich. Retired court adviser, former ruler of the office of the Little Russian Governor-General, Prince. N.G. Repnina. Member of the pre-Decembrist secret organization “Order of Russian Knights”, member of the Union of Salvation (1816), freemason, member of the “Elect Michael” lodge, founder and managing master of the “Love of Truth” lodge in Poltava (1818-1819), which he tried to turn into one of management of the Union of Welfare.
    Father - Nikolai Vasilyevich Novikov (d. 1786), cousin of the famous educator N.I. Novikova; mother - Daria Mikhailovna Martynova (in 1797 she entered the Penza Trinity Convent), enrolled in service in the Life Guards. Izmailovsky Regiment - 02/16/1782, entered service as a second lieutenant in the Kiev Grenadier Regiment - 01/14/1793, transferred as a lieutenant to the Narva Infantry Regiment, adjutant to the regiment chief O.V. Rotgof (chief adjutant) - 10.10.1798, retired as a staff captain - 1802, renamed titular advisers and appointed Penza mayor - November 1803, Penza police chief and collegiate adviser - 1804, dismissed from service - 20.6.1807, Moksha district leader nobility 1807-1810, hundredth (squadron) chief of the Penza cavalry regiment (militia) - 1.9.1812, for participation in the suppression of unrest of the Penza militia, presented to the Order of Anna 2 tbsp. - 06/03/1813, assigned to the headquarters of the head of the 3rd district of the militia P.A. Tolstoy - 01/15/1813, participant in foreign campaigns (Dresden, Hamburg), sent to Alexander I with a report on the capture of Dresden, entered service in the department of the Ministry of Justice - 07/13/1815, transferred to the number of officials under the General Provision Master - 06/26/1816, transferred as head of the department to the office of the Little Russian Governor-General, Prince. N.G. Repnina - 08/22/1816, arrived in Poltava - 12/8/1816, court councilor - 12/31/1816, ruler of the chancellery - March 1817, retired - 05/15/1820. After retiring, he acquired it from S.M. Kochubey has several villages with 346 peasant souls. Corresponding member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature - 9/30/1818.
    

    Answer Delete

    Famous people of Penza at the beginning of the 19th century.

    Konstantin Apollonovich Savitsky (May 25, 1844, Taganrog, Taganrog City Government, Land of the Don Army, Russian Empire - January 31, 1905, Penza, Russian Empire) - Russian genre painter, academician, full member of the Imperial Academy of Arts, member of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions, teacher, first director of the Penza Art School name day. D. Siliverstova.
    Father of the Soviet painter, academician of the USSR Academy of Arts G. K. Savitsky.
    Born in Taganrog into the family of a military doctor (the village of Krasny Kholm, later Baronovka). Having lost his parents early, he was sent by relatives to be raised in a private boarding school at the Livonia Noble Gymnasium in the town of Birkenruhe, Wenden County, Livonia Province, after which in 1862, K. A. Savitsky entered the Imperial Academy of Arts in the class of historical painting. He studied with professors F.A. Bruni, A.T. Markov and P.P. Chistyakov.
    During his studies at the Academy he was awarded seven medals: in 1868, three small silver medals for the painting “Organ Grinder”, in 1869 a large silver medal for the sketch “Crucifixion of Christ”, in 1870 a large silver medal and a large encouragement medal for the paintings “Visiting a Sick Son” and “Sentry” at the powder magazine." In 1871, for the program “Cain and Abel” he was awarded a small gold medal, after which he was sent abroad by the Academy, where until 1874 he received a scholarship from Emperor Alexander II. After visiting the art academies of Dresden and Dusseldorf, he lived and worked in Paris, and became interested in metal engraving.
    Since 1872 an exhibitor, since 1878 a member of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions. In 1878 he exhibited at the World Exhibition in Paris, in 1882 at the All-Russian Art and Industrial Exhibition in Moscow.
    After tragic death wife in February 1875, returned to Russia, settling in Dinaburg, where the artist created several of his most significant works: “Meeting the Icon” (1878), “To War” (1880).
    From 1883 to 1889, K. A. Savitsky lived in St. Petersburg and taught at the Central School of Technical Drawing of Baron A. L. Stieglitz. In 1891 he moved to Moscow as a teacher at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Since 1894 he led the full-scale class at the School. Since 1895, he has been a full member of the Imperial Academy of Arts; in 1897, “for fame in the artistic field,” K. A. Savitsky was awarded the title of academician of painting.
    According to the will of Lieutenant General N.D. Seliverstov, who was shot dead in Paris in 1890 by the Polish socialist Sigismund Padlevsky, 300 thousand rubles and a collection of books and paintings collected by the general were transferred to the ownership of the city treasury of the city of Penza with the condition of organizing an art school in Penza, which should was named after the testator.
    The first director of the newly built Penza Art Gallery and the Penza Art School named after N. D. Seliverstov, which came under the jurisdiction of the Imperial Academy of Arts and the Ministry of the Imperial Court in 1898, was appointed academician of painting K. A. Savitsky. The artist developed his own training program, made changes to the layout of the building, and the best graduates of the School were admitted to the Imperial Academy of Arts without exams. Thanks to Savitsky, XXVI traveling art exhibitions were sent to Penza in 1898 and XXIX in 1901.
    K. A. Savitsky headed the School until his death on January 31 (February 13), 1905. He was buried at the Mitrofanievsky cemetery in Penza.
    

    Answer Delete

13. This is from Olya Gavrilova!!! At noon on December 14, 1825, officers brought regiments to Senate Square in St. Petersburg to overthrow the Tsar through regicide and the establishment of constitutional government. Officers associated with the Penza region took part in the uprising against the autocracy.
    Ivan Aleksandrovich Annenkov (1802-1878), son of a wealthy Penza landowner. The handsome young man, lieutenant of the Cavalry Regiment, was a member of the Southern and Northern societies. Sentenced to 20 years of hard labor. Shortly before the uprising, he met a Frenchwoman, Polina Gebl, who followed him to Siberia, where they got married. P. Annenkov's faithful friend and wife greatly eased the difficult years of hard labor and exile for I. Annenkov, whom all relatives abandoned. After his release, he lived for some time in Penza and the village. Horse racing in Mokshansky district, mother’s estate.
    Pyotr Fedorovich Gromnitsky (1801-1851), son of a small-scale Kerensky landowner. His childhood years passed in Kerensk. After graduating from the cadet corps, he joined the Southern Society, a supporter of regicide. Sentenced to 20 years of hard labor, died of consumption. I sent several letters to my homeland in Kerensk through third parties.
    Ivan Nikolaevich Gorstkin (1798-1876), son of a landowner from the village. Golodyaevki, Chembar district. He served in the office of the Moscow Governor-General, a member of the Northern Society. Deported to Vyatka, then to Chembarsky district. Under police surveillance, he lived in Penza, where he was buried.
    Alexey Alekseevich Tuchkov (I800-1879), nephew of the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812. Member of the Northern Society, released due to lack of evidence. He lived under police surveillance on his estate in the village. Dolgorukovo. His daughter Natalya became the wife of N.P. Ogarev.

    Answer Delete

14. This is from Nikita Chernov!!! The first theater in the city, which existed in 1792 - 1797, was led by the once famous poet and amateur actor, memoirist, Penza vice-governor Prince I.M. Dolgorukov. In the 1st quarter of the 19th century, three theaters operated simultaneously in Penza: the troupe of the rich man Gorikhvostov, which staged Italian operas; troupe G.V. Gladkova, who staged tragedies, dramas and comedies; Governor's troupe V.I. Kozhina.

    The current largest theater in the city is the Penza Drama Theater. A.V. Lunacharsky - traces its history back to the Penza Drama Club named after. V.G. Belinsky.

    The best symphony orchestra in provincial Russia in the 2nd third of the 19th century was the orchestra of the Penza governor A.A. Panchulidzeva. Of outstanding importance for the culture of the region is the Penza School of Music, one of the oldest in the country, which arose in 1882 as classes of the Penza branch of the Imperial Russian Musical Society, opened a year earlier.

    Penza is the birthplace of the Russian circus: in 1873, the city hosted the first performance of a circus owned by Russian entrepreneurs, the Nikitin brothers.

    The first art educational institution of Penza and the province - the Makarov school (third quarter of the 19th century); I.K. taught there. Makarov, later academician of painting, author of portraits N.N. Pushkina-Lanskaya and the children of the great poet.

    Penza Governor N.D. played a major role in the development of the city’s educational and museum affairs. Seliverstov. He bequeathed 500 thousand rubles to the city. and a collection of books and paintings for the establishment of a school and museum. The art gallery, which opened in 1892, after the creation in 1898 of the Penza Art School named after. N.D. Seliverstova received the status of an art and industrial museum at the school (now it is the regional art gallery named after K.A. Savitsky).

    Thanks to the personal assistance of N.D. Seliverstov in 1869 the opening of the Penza girls' gymnasium took place.

    Answer Delete

15. Penza militia at the beginning of the 19th century.
    The population of the province collected and sent 4,800 pounds of crackers, 4,250 pounds of cereal, and 10 thousand pounds of oats for the needs of the army. The total amount of voluntary donations amounted to 2 million 476 thousand rubles.
    Penza province formed 5 militia regiments: 4 infantry and 1 cavalry Cossack. In total, about 14 thousand people were recruited. In some regiments there were riots before being sent to the front.
    On January 3, 1813, the militia marched to the site of hostilities, covering more than 3 thousand km. They took part in battles with the French near Leipzig, Dresden, Magdeburg and Hamburg. Many received awards. About 2 thousand militias died in battle.
    Nikolai Fedorovich Kishensky (1775-1831), major general, commander of the Penza militia.

    Answer Delete

16. What did Penza look like at the beginning of the 19th century? Historical street of the city.
    Volodarsky Street is a street in Penza, which is located in the historical, administrative and commercial center of the city. It runs from Karl Marx Street to Oktyabrskaya Street.
    The street, which now bears the name of Volodarsky, is one of oldest streets Penza, it appeared almost simultaneously with the emergence of the city in the second half of the 17th century. The street started from the northwestern tower of the city fortress and passed through the upper part of the settlement, where the townspeople lived who were engaged in trade and craft, which is why it was initially called Verkhne-Posadskaya. In 1795 there was already Verkhne-Posadskaya Street, which in 1815 was known as Lekarskaya.
    Penza memoirist F.F. Vigel explained the origin of the name Lekarskaya in this way. During the reign of Catherine II, the Swede G.P. Peterson arrived in Penza and was appointed staff physician. On this street he built houses for each of his three daughters. By marrying them off to doctors, Peterson gave them housework as a dowry. That's why local residents began to call the street Lekarskaya. The exact origin of the street name has not been established.
    On February 18, 1919, Lekarskaya Street was renamed Volodarsky Street. At the corner of Volodarsky and K. Marx streets there is a building (Volodarsky Street, house No. 2), built at the beginning of the 19th century, which belonged to G. D. Stolypin, a relative of E. A. Arsenyeva. Little Misha Lermontov stayed in Stolypin’s house with his grandmother in 1817-1818, as the text says memorial plaque, opened in 1966. Later, a hotel was located in this house. During the Civil War, the political department of the Ural Military District and the editorial office of the newspaper “To the Krasny Ural” were located here. Later there was a dormitory for the party school, and now there is a vocational school.

    Answer Delete

17. Famous people of Penza. V.G. Belinsky
    Born in the Sveaborg fortress in the family of a naval doctor Grigory Nikiforovich Belinsky (1784-1835).
    In 1816, the family moved to Chembar, a district town in the Penza province. In 1822-1824, V. G. Belinsky studied at the Chembarsky district school, in 1825-1828 - at the Penza gymnasium, from which he did not graduate.
    In 1829, V. G. Belinsky entered the literature department of Moscow University. Participated in the student literary “Society of Number 11”. In 1832, he was expelled from the university with the wording “due to poor health” and “limited abilities.”
    In 1831, in the magazine “Listok,” V. G. Belinsky published the poem “Russian True Story” and a review of “Boris Godunov” by A. S. Pushkin. In 1833, his translations from French magazines appeared in the Telescope magazine. In the fall of 1833, V. G. Belinsky began to attend N. V. Stankevich’s circle and studied the philosophical systems of I. Kant, I. G. Fichte, and F. V. Schelling. In 1834, the first large article by V. G. Belinsky was published in the newspaper “Molva” Literary dreams" Belinsky became the main critic of Telescope and Rumor.
    In the article “On the Russian story and the stories of Mr. Gogol,” V. G. Belinsky characterized the realism of N. V. Gogol. In the fall of 1836, A. S. Pushkin intended to attract V. G. Belinsky to collaborate in Sovremennik, but did not have time to do this.
    In 1837, V. G. Belinsky was treated for tuberculosis in Pyatigorsk. According to some evidence, it was then that his first meeting with M. Yu. Lermontov took place.
    In 1838-1839, V. G. Belinsky edited the Moscow Observer magazine, which he reorganized. The magazine was not successful.
    In the fall of 1839, V. G. Belinsky moved to St. Petersburg and was invited by the publisher A. A. Kraevsky to the journal “Domestic Notes”. He published annual reviews of Russian literature (from 1840 to 1845), a cycle of eleven articles “The Works of Alexander Pushkin”, articles about the works of M. Yu. Lermontov, theater reviews.
    Disagreements with A. A. Kraevsky led to V. G. Belinsky’s departure from Otechestvennye zapiski in 1846.
    In January 1847 - May 1848, V. G. Belinsky headed the critical department of the Sovremennik magazine.
    From May to October 1847, V. G. Belinsky was treated abroad. He was accompanied by I. S. Turgenev and P. V. Annenkov. In July 1847, V. G. Belinsky wrote a “Letter to Gogol” regarding “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends” (1846), which, in fact, became his literary and political testament.
    V. G. Belinsky died in St. Petersburg on May 26, 1848.

    Answer Delete

18. The history of the creation of the first public library in the city of Penza.
    December 20, 1837 provincial town Penza opened the first public library on the territory of the Penza province. I would like to note that back in the early 30s of the 19th century, central government authorities repeatedly made attempts to create an institution of this kind. But, unfortunately, all of them were received with indifference by the local nobility. The decision to create the library, in particular, was made by the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire, Arseniy Andreevich Zakrevsky, and the President of the Imperial Free Economic Society, Admiral Mordvinov. It was intended to reduce the cultural distance between the capital and the provinces, to bring closer the spiritual world of the Penza and St. Petersburg intelligentsia, to revive the public spirit, and most importantly “to provide everyone with easy means of reading and enriching themselves with very useful information and discoveries in science, art, agriculture, manufacturing.” and commercial industry."
    The library was financed through donations from the local nobility. He had no particular desire to provide voluntary financial assistance for the maintenance of the library. Despite the governor’s repeated appeal to the district nobles with a request for voluntary donations, the leaders of only three districts (Gorodishchensky, Narovchatsky, Saransky) contributed a total of only 150 rubles. In order to find funds for the maintenance of the library, under the chairmanship of the governor, a committee was organized from the provincial leader of the nobility, the honorary trustee of the gymnasium and the trustee of the library. The library trustee was elected at a meeting of the nobility. For many years he was State Councilor Alexander Grigorievich Kiselev, “known for his distinctive qualities and behavior. The position of librarian was also elective. He was the senior teacher of the gymnasium, Nikolai Dmitrievsky. “The librarian was obliged to maintain the books in good order, have a register, and be responsible for the integrity of the books and their safety.” The library was open to the public every day for four hours except Sundays and working days. Anyone was allowed to enter the library, excluding persons in indecent appearance and attire, without difficulty and without the prior issuance of tickets. The main contingent of readers were nobles, officers of military units located in Penza, and officials (up to 120 people). Those who wished were allowed to take books home, but with “ensuring their integrity with a pledge.” No later than February 15 of each year, detailed information about the state of the library was to be provided to the Emperor himself.
    The peak of activity occurred in 1837 - 1840. and was noted for high readership activity. The composition of the fund was quite diverse (fiction, agriculture, law, philosophy, etc.) and, according to the 1857 report, included 747 titles of books and periodicals (2288 volumes). The decline of the public library began in the 1840s and was caused by a number of objective reasons: 1) There were no state and public mechanisms that could provide the library with uninterrupted funding. 2) The reading world of the province was just beginning to take shape. 3) During the period of government reaction, the public library actually left the control of the authorities and was left to the mercy of fate as a project that did not bring the expected results. The public library in Penza did not “take root”, since it was created and supported artificially from the center, without taking into account local conditions.
    

    Answer Delete

    From Nikita Baranov.
    City authorities and governors at the beginning of the 19th century.
    As it turned out, the Penza province was formed 2 times. The first time was in 1796, but it existed in this form for only a few months.

    Later, five years later, in 1801, the province was restored by Alexander I. The province included 10 districts. The province remained in this composition until 1928.
    On September 9, 1801, by decree of the Senate, Penza was declared a provincial city, being at the same time the center of the Penza district. The governor's residence was located in Penza. The most famous in the field of the Penza governor were: F.L. Wigel (1801 – 1809), G.S. Golitsyn (1811 – 1815), M.M. Speransky (1816 – 1819), A.A. Panchulidzev (1831 – 1859).

    Answer Delete

19. Many military leaders came from Penza. But I would like to talk about Alexander Ivanovich Yushkov. Alexander Ivanovich Born in 1780 in the family of the chairman of the Kazan Upper Zemstvo Court, Ivan Iosifovich Yushkov and Natalya Ipatievna Polyanskaya. He entered service as a lieutenant officer on January 23, 1792 in the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment and, having served in the regiment as a lower rank, on December 22, 1798 he was promoted to ensign and in 1800 to lieutenant. He took part in a foreign campaign in Prussia in 1807, where in May he fought near Heilsberg, after which he returned through Tilsit to Russia.

    Promoted to colonel on February 12, 1810 and appointed battalion commander of the Pereobrazhensky Regiment on October 7 of the same year, Yushkov took part in the Patriotic War in 1812 and fought with the French at Borodino in August. In 1813, having crossed the border of Russia, he fought in April and May at Lützen and Bautzen, then, after troops advanced through Bohemia to Saxony, he was in the battles of Pirna and in the bloody battle of Kulm, where the twice-strong enemy was completely defeated by the Russians, Moreover, the French lost 80 guns, two convoys and 10 thousand prisoners, among whom was Vandam. On September 15, 1813 he was promoted to major general for distinction at Kulm, on September 28 he was appointed chief of the Yakut regiment and then was brigade commander of the 9th Infantry Division. In October, Yushkov fought under the walls of Leipzig, and in December he took part in the blockade of the Mainz fortress from the Rhine. In mid-January 1814, Yushkov crossed the Rhine and entered French possessions, where he took part in the battles of Brienne, La Rotière, Etoges and Champaubert. Retreating to Chalons in February, he pursued the enemy through Sedan beyond the Seine, after which he fought at Nelly, Soissons and Laon. In March, Yushkov was in the battles near the village of Vertio, in the Montmartre suburb of Paris, during the occupation of it by the Russians and the conquest of the city and fortress of Sendelia. In 1815, after the capture of Paris by Russian troops, he was appointed commandant of Paris.

    During the Turkish campaign of 1828-1829, Yushkov, commanding the 7th Infantry Division, was in August at the blockade of Silistria, after which, leaving an observation corps at the fortress, he retreated through Kaurga and Yenibazar to a position to the Shumle fortress, where, under the main command of General Dibich defeated the Turks on May 30, 1829 in the battle near the village of Kulevchi.
    From here the Russians decided to cross the Balkans. With this in mind, they left the camp at Shumla and, heading through Devno, approached the Kamchik River in early July, where they fought a battle, during which Yushkov was shell-shocked in the left side. Having crossed the river and defeated a fortified camp near the village of Dzhevany, Yushkov, following in the vanguard through the Balkan Mountains, arrived on July 10 at the fortress of Mesemvria, where the two-bunchu Pasha Osman was defending. After the surrender of the fortress, Yushkov set out with a division through Aidos and took part in the case near the village of Slivia, after which, following through Yambol, he approached Adrianople on August 4, which was taken by the Russians on August 8. After the fall of the city, Yushkov left Adrianople and headed to Burgas, where he remained until the end of hostilities with Turkey.

    On October 23, 1835, Yushkov was dismissed and awarded a uniform and a full salary pension.

    He settled in Penza, where he died. He was buried in the cemetery of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery in Penza.

    Answer Delete

20. Entrepreneurship in Penza.
    Entrepreneurship originated in the 9th century, but it was the 19th century that is considered the most active and fruitful. However, in agriculture entrepreneurial activity was limited to the community. S.Yu. Witte wrote: “Woe to that country that... imposed various kinds of collective ownership.” The sphere of entrepreneurship included officials, military personnel, and engineers.
    In the period 1860-1890, a foundry and mechanical plant and a mechanical plant B.I. were opened in Penza. Kruger, mechanical plant D.V. Vorontsova, stationery factory P.V. Sergeeva and that’s not all.
    In 1865, in the south-eastern Zasurye of Penza, process engineers P.Eduard Ivanovich and Friedrich Ivanovich Gerkev founded a refined sugar factory, which employed 90 workers and 2 foremen. Already in 1872, 50,000 pounds of “head” sugar were produced. The enterprise occupied a four-story stone building. In 1875, the plant was bought by hereditary honorary citizen Alexey Petrovich Sergeev. Four years later, there was a fire at the company. As a result, hundreds of workers lost their jobs and sugar prices in Penza increased significantly. It took 6 months to repair the plant, and already in November 1879 the plant continued to operate at full capacity. The annual output of the revived plant exceeded 340,000 rubles. http://penzahroniki.ru.62-152-34-98.ppa.listkom.ru/images/003-tyustin-19-2kap-predpri/74-gerke-sahar-rafinad-zavod-w.jpg
    Glass entrepreneurship. The founder of glass entrepreneurship in the Penza region was Second Major Alexey Ivanovich Bakhmetev. Permission to build a crystal and glass factory was received back in 1763. However, it was at the beginning of the 19th century that the enterprises achieved enormous success. In 1806, lieutenant, son of the founder of the glass business, Nikolai Alekseevich Bakhmetev, received an imperial order for the production of glass items for 70 couverts, which were sent to St. Petersburg. In 1810, the highest decree was issued on awarding N. A. Bakhmetev with the Order of St. Vladimir 4th Art. “For the improvement of such a generally useful institution.”
    Bakhmetev Alexey Ivanovich http://kraeved.dyub.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/bahmetiev_an.jpg
    Bakhmetev Nikolai Alekseevich http://file.podgourski.net/opopova/bahmetev-nikolai-alekseevich-w.jpg?size=300
    Penza entrepreneurs and artisans tried themselves in various fields of activity, such as carriage production, jewelry, bakery, etc.

    Answer Delete

21. Anton M. The religious life of Penza received its greatest development in the 19th century. October 16, 1799 Penza received the status of a diocesan center, and the first bishop of the Orthodox Church was appointed. Although, of course, there were churches of the Orthodox Church before. In 1663, the Cathedral Church of the All-Merciful Savior was consecrated, and a little earlier, even before the construction of the city fortress in Circassia, the first temple of our city, the Church of the Resurrection, was opened. And yet, church affairs began to reach full speed in the 19th century. Apparently this gave impetus to non-Orthodox believers to pay attention to social activities. Moreover, Protestants showed the most active position. If the Alexander Church was consecrated in 1838, then the Catholic Church only in 1906, the synagogue in 1897.

    In the 20s of the 19th century, there were up to 150 people in the Protestant community of Penza. It was decided to acquire its own religious building. In 1822, the community council received permission to purchase a building on Dvoryanskaya Street (now Krasnaya Street). But the reconstruction of the building was delayed and in 1827 the community council petitioned for money to complete the interior decoration, but Nicholas I did not give the money.

    The reconstruction lasted another 10 years, and in 1837 a pastor was appointed to the Penza Lutheran Church, who received the title of Penza Evangelical Division Preacher, since the bulk of the community members were soldiers of the Penza garrison. In March 1838, the Alexander Church was consecrated.

    Answer Delete

22. Famous people of Penza at the beginning of the 19th century.
    Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin (real name Saltykov, pseudonym Nikolai Shchedrin - Russian writer, Ryazan and Tver vice-governor. From January 14, 1865 to December 2, 1866, he lived in Penza, where he was appointed chairman of the Penza Treasury Chamber by order of the Minister of Finance.
    On duty, Mikhail Evgrafovich controlled the state of trade and trade, tried to organize the smooth work of the provincial and district treasuries, dealt harshly with landowners who did not pay arrears, defended the interests of the ruined “temporarily obliged”, spoke out against embezzlement and extortion. Saltykov-Shchedrin often visited Chembar, Mokshan, Nizhny-Lomov, Kerensk, Narovchat, Insar, Gorodishche and other districts of the province, which he mentioned quite often in his works. During his stay in Penza, Mikhail Evgrafovich created a library for employees at the state chamber, as well as a mutual aid fund - “an unheard of thing for that time.” It was in Penza that Saltykov-Shchedrin’s “Essays on the City of Bryukhov”, “Letters from the Province”, “Signs of the Times” began to take shape; here he is working on completing the story “A Quiet Refuge”. Frequent travel around the province helped the writer to better understand the life of the post-reform Penza village. The morals of the Penzyaks more than once became the object of his satire, for example, in “Poshekhonsky Stories”. And we can safely say that Penza impressions were reflected in many of the writer’s works.
    But about the Penza ladies:
    Penza ladies are lovely! They are a little full, but so full that this fullness never turns into vagueness. They are flirtatious, but in such a way that they never completely deprive a person of hope. They love to lie, but so much so that they never lose their self-esteem. One could not wish for softer, more pleasant morals.
    By the way, the wife of Mikhail Evgrafovich E.A. Boltina was from the Penza province. The writer's son, K.M. Saltykov (1871–1932) in 1907–1929. lived in Penza, wrote in provincial newspapers, and in 1923 published his memoirs “Intimate Shchedrin.” In Penza, a street and city library No. 2 are named after the writer. A memorial plaque was installed at house No. 8 on Belinsky Street, where the state chamber was located.
    

    Answer Delete

23. GORSTKIN IVAN NIKOLAEVICH

    Ivan Nikolaevich was noble origin, his father was Nikolai Petrovich Gorstkin, a Tula landowner who had 650 serf souls in the Tula and Penza provinces. Mother - Elizaveta Ivanovna Ozerova, sister - Sofya Nikolaevna Gorstkina.

    Ivan Gorstkin was brought up in a Moscow university boarding school. In June 1814, a sixteen-year-old young man entered the Life Guards Jaeger Regiment as a cadet, in January 1818 he became an ensign, in October 1819 he received the rank of second lieutenant, and in January 1821 he retired from military service with the rank of lieutenant. In July 1824, Ivan Gorstkin was enrolled in the civil chancellery of the Moscow Military Governor-General, and in May 1825 he became a titular adviser to the Moscow provincial government.
    Member of the Welfare Union (1818), the Moscow council of the Northern Society (1825) and the secret Decembrist organization “Practical Union” (1825). After the Decembrist uprising in January 1826, he was arrested in Moscow, taken to St. Petersburg and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, from where exiled under watchful control to Vyatka. In July 1827, he was allowed to live permanently under secret police surveillance on a family estate in the village of Golodiaevka, Chembar district, Penza province. He was married to Evgenia Grigorievna Lomonosova.

    Living in the provincial city, Ivan Nikolaevich did a lot for the development of performing arts in Penza. In 1846, he bought the old building of the Gladkov Theater and organized amateur charity performances, the proceeds from which went to the needs of orphanages, a women's parish school, and the organization of a school at the prison castle. The capital's press noted the success of Gorstkin's staging of scenes from A. Griboedov's "Woe from Wit", which were prohibited by censorship from being staged in the provinces. In the 1840s, the theater premises were also rented out to entrepreneurs, whom Gorstkin helped in organizing performances.
    In March 1848, Gorstkin received the right to enter the service in Moscow and free entry into St. Petersburg, but remained to live in the Penza province. Taking an active part in public life.

    He died in Penza in 1876. Unfortunately, his grave has not survived to this day.

    Answer Delete

    Penza in the first half of the 19th century.

    The first half of the 19th century, compared to the second half of the 18th century, made few changes in the lifestyle of townspeople and settlements. As before, the wealthiest class were the nobles, who lived in winter with their families in city estates. Balls, theater, cards and other idleness filled all their leisure time. We do not know a single fact when at least one of the adult representatives of the “noble” class who lived in Penza in the first half of the 19th century was engaged in useful work. The facts speak for themselves: in 1838, the city library issued only 400 books to “officials and other persons.” The nobles had little interest in books and science. Writer P.I. Sumarokov wrote about the life of the Penza nobility in 1838 that his “new generation spends money on St. Petersburg carriages, on furniture... and spends time in solitude, without pleasure for themselves or others. The reason for this is insane luxury; it is impossible to give a dinner without truffles, champagne not on silver or porcelain. To send a few feasts and balls, you need to mortgage the village; to get married, you have to go half broke.”

    Makeev N.V.

    Answer Delete

24. Continuation...

    Industry in Penza. First half of the 19th century.

    Industry, compared to the second half of the 18th century, did not take even half a step forward. If in 1790 there were 5 soap factories in Penza, then in 1850 there were 3, tanneries were 5 and 4, respectively, and 3 iron smelting factories were added, producing 2.7 thousand rubles worth of products per year. While, for example, a cloth factory in the village. Golitsyno, Nizhnelomovsky district - by 105.7 thousand rubles. All enterprises in the city of Penza produced products worth 70.2 thousand rubles in 1850, all 90 factories and factories in the Penza province (excluding 43 distilleries) - worth 972.2 thousand rubles. Thus, the share of industrial production in Penza was only 7.2% of the total provincial volume. If we take into account the distillery, which was located in the districts and brought the greatest income, then the share of the city of Penza in the economy of the province will generally be negligible. Most of the workers in the city worked at brick factories - 353, followed by shoemakers and shoemakers - 199, butchers - 127, carpenters - 124, tailors - 121, cab drivers - 116, Kalashniks - 101. And only 7 mechanics, 10 gunsmiths, 11 watchmakers , 22 silversmiths, 19 gilders, 30 coppersmiths and 88 blacksmiths. For 28 thousand inhabitants, there were not even two hundred people who knew how to work with metal products. Therefore, when several decades ago they talked about the centuries-long backwardness of Tsarist Russia from the industrialized countries of the West, this was not an exaggeration.

    Answer Delete

25. The lack of locally produced products was compensated for by fair trade and other types of trade. Contemporaries noted the rich selection of goods in Penza shops. Trade in horses developed. For some reason, the brilliant description of the Penza horse fair in the story by N.S. escaped the attention of local historians. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer". According to all the signs, names and names of villages mentioned (Selixa, Mordovian Ishim), the fair took place in Akhuny. The main character of the story, Ivan Severyanovich Flyagin, having drunk tea in a Penza tavern, went out “beyond the Sura River to the steppe, where there are schools of horses, and with them there are Tatars in wagons.” Among the important people of the fair, Leskov’s hero saw “Khan Dzhangar,” who “in the steppe is like a king.” The mention of this name in the story allows us to date the events described by Leskov. In 1823, Dzhanger (and not Dzhangar) was appointed by the tsarist government as khan of the Bukeev “Kyrgyz” horde, which roamed the Astrakhan province (died in 1845). Since 1826, the main occupation of the horde was the sale of bred horses, including purebreds. Khan went to fairs personally for fun. The sale, which began as an auction, ended in fierce competition for the right to buy the handsome horse. Apparently, it is no coincidence that Akhuny became known as the “Tatar” part of Penza, and by the end of the 19th century. became a Muslim cultural center: apparently, it was here, on the Kazan road, that Tatar horse fairs were held in the old days.

    Answer Delete

26. Famous people of Penza in the first half of the 19th century.

    Alexey Nikolaevich Bakhmetev.

    Bakhmetev Alexey Nikolaevich, hero of the war of 1812, was born in 1774 in the village of Rozhdestvenskoye, Insarsky district, Penza province, Kazan province. He came from the nobility of the Penza province. Graduated from the noble boarding school at Moscow University. According to the custom of that time. was enlisted at the age of four, on September 10, 1777, as a sergeant in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment. He entered active service on January 1, 1790: as an ensign in the Izmailovsky Life Guards Regiment, he took part in the war with Sweden. In 1800
    Bakhmetev was promoted to major general and appointed chief of the Siberian Grenadier Regiment, with which in 1807 he distinguished himself in battles with the Turks at Zhurzha and Obilesti. In 1809, Bakhmetev was entrusted with a detachment and given the task of disturbing the Turks in the vicinity of Brailov. In the battle of Rassevat, B. commanded the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regiments and was awarded the Highest Rescript for his courageous actions. Oct 10 in the battle of Tataritsa, he commanded a square in the center of the combat position, with which he attacked the central Turkish battery, drove the Turkish Janissaries from it with bayonets, took possession of it and, placing his artillery on it, assisted with its fire and the bayonets of his infantry in repelling Turkish counter-attacks. Wounded at the end of the battle, Bakhmetev. was awarded the order. saint George 3rd class. In 1810, B. fought under the walls of Silistria and Shumla, defeated the Turks near the village. Chigrikioy and was seriously wounded during the assault on Rushchuk. Appointed commander of the 23rd Infantry Division, Bakhmetev in 1812 joined it in the 1st Army and staunchly defended the city of Ostrovna for a whole day, and then took an active part in the Battle of Borodino, where the core, tearing off his leg, put an end to his combat activities. Awarded for Borodino the rank of lieutenant general.
    Appointed March 27, 1814 as military governor of Kamenets-Podolsk. Since May 1816, he was also the plenipotentiary governor of the Bessarabia region. On December 12, 1823, he was promoted to infantry general, and five years later he was appointed governor-general of Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Simbirsk and Penza. In 1828 he became a member of the State Council with release from the post of Governor General. Died 1841
    

    Answer Delete

27. Pyotr Fedorovich Gromnitsky is an active participant in the Decembrist movement, lieutenant of the Penza Infantry Regiment. Born into the family of a small-scale Kerensky landowner in the Penza province. His childhood years passed in Kerensk. He was educated in the 2nd Cadet Corps, where he entered in 1814. In February 1819, he was released as an ensign and assigned to the Penza Infantry Regiment, second lieutenant - from April 1820, lieutenant - from May 1823. In 1824 he was a member of the Society of United Slavs. After the suppression of the Decembrists' speech, he was arrested, taken from Zhitomir to St. Petersburg, put in the main guardhouse, and on the same day transferred to the Peter and Paul Fortress in bastion No. 8 (Trubetskoy Bastion Prison). Was under investigation. The commission charged Gromnitsky, among other things, with participation in the intent to commit regicide, in the intent of rebellion, and knowledge of the preparations for the conspirators in December 1825.
    He was recognized as a state criminal, and by the verdict of the Supreme Criminal Court he was sentenced in the second category to political death, deprivation of ranks and nobility and to 20 years of hard labor. While imprisoned, he changed a number of fortresses, and in 1828 he was sent to Siberia. Initially placed in the Chita prison, then transferred to the Petrovsky plant, in December 1835 he was released from hard labor and sent to settle in the village. Belsk, Irkutsk province. Since 1836 he lived in this small Siberian village. Since childhood, having a talent for drawing, at the Petrovsky plant, communicating with N. A. Bestuzhev, he improved his abilities. He painted icons for the local church, thus earning his living. In 1842 he was placed under special supervision of the local police for reading and rewriting the works of the Decembrist M. S. Lunin. He died of consumption in the hospital of the Irkutsk salt plant in the village. Usolye, where he was buried (the grave has not survived).

    Answer Delete

28. Famous people of Penza in the first half of the 19th century.

    Ivan Vasilievich Saburov

    Ivan Vasilyevich Saburov (1788-1873) - agronomist and public figure. Born in Penza. In 1806 he entered military service and served in Kyiv. In 1809, he retired, married M. M. Kheraskov’s niece, Vera Petrovna Kheraskova, and settled with his father in the village of Derteve, Penza province, and began farming.
    In 1812, with the rank of major, he was elected commander of a battalion of the Penza militia; participated in the campaign of 1813; was appointed Dresden parade major; then he was commandant in Dresden and carried out a diplomatic mission in Vienna. He had the Order of St. Vladimir, IV degree, with a bow. Returning to his homeland, he seriously studied agriculture, political economy and statistics, and after the death of his father he began farming independently. In 1822 he was elected a member of the Imperial Moscow Society of Farmers eastern Russia.
    He owns: “A short guide to breeding and keeping fine-wool sheep in Central Russia”, M., 1826; “Notes of a Penza landowner. On the theory and practice of agriculture” (“Domestic Notes”, 1842 and 1843, parts XX-XXVI); "Notes on the economy of the southern part of the Penza province in 1854." (“Proceedings of I.V.E.O.”, 1854, No. 9); “Economic and statistical program for describing the composition, productivity, strength and various accessories of Russian noble estates” (Appendix to rural improvement, M., 1858); "The progress of agriculture in England. Preliminary considerations and comparisons"; “Opinions on measures to improve peasant agriculture,” M., 1876; “Map of Russia with division into stripes in relation to agricultural productivity”; “Tables for collecting statistical information”, etc. In the last years of his life he was chairman of the Penza statistical committee. He died in Penza in 1873.

    Answer Delete

29. VARENTSOV, merchants.
    Egor Ivanovich (1781-1843), in 1825 he was assigned to the Penza merchant society from the economic peasants of the Yaroslavl province. He had a stone house on Moskovskaya Street in Penza and sold wines and vegetables. In August 1836, he supplied food to Emperor Nicholas I, who was in Chembar (now Belinsky).
    Grigory Egorovich, his son, was born in 1819, was a member of the 1st merchant guild, sold colonial and vegetable goods in his own store (now the corner of K. Marx and Moskovskaya streets), and was awarded the title of hereditary honorary citizen and a gold medal. He was repeatedly elected as a 1st class member of the Penza City Duma.

    OCCHINS, Penza merchants, public figures.
    Mikhail Petrovich (1743-1821), merchant of the 1st guild, had a stone house in Penza, 4 shops at the Nizhny Market, grain barns, ran a drinking establishment, and sold small goods and drinks. In 1797 he built the Peter and Paul Church in Penza. In 1795 he was elected burgomaster, in 1799–1801. city ​​mayor.
    Nikolai Fedorovich (1772-?) carried out the grain trade. Since 1792, the vowel of Penza. City Duma. He donated to the organization of the Penza militia in the Patriotic War of 1812.
    Alexey Fedorovich (1782–1819), merchant of the 1st guild, owner of a grain barn at Nizhny Torg. Brother of Nikolai Fedorovich. In 1811–1817 city ​​mayor. In 1817, at his own expense, he built the All Saints Church in Penza, on the territory of which the family necropolis was located.

    BABYNINS, Penza merchants
    Pyotr Andreevich Babynin (1778 - after 1827), firmly followed his father’s path, maintaining the vegetable trade. He invested the accumulated money in real estate, building two stone houses on Moskovskaya Street and one wooden house on Troitskaya. Evidence of his high public recognition was his election as market leader, ratman and burgomaster.
    In 1827, Pyotr Andreevich’s merchant career was cut short - he moved into the philistine class. Lost in the sea of ​​tax-paying inhabitants of Penza. However, one of his daughters-in-law, Nadezhda Andreevna Babynina (1831 - 1896), died while remaining a merchant. Penza lived in the 19th century peaceful life provincial town. The noble families of the Arsenyevs, Sheremetevs, Shuvalovs, Golitsyns, Kurakins, Tatishchevs, Dolgorukys, Suvorovs, Vorontsovs, Razumovskys, Beketovs, Zagoskins are associated with the Penza province. The Penza governor in 1816-1819 was Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky - his governorship was perceived by everyone as an “honorable exile” after the failed reform. Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev and Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov visited Penza several times; the hero of the war of 1812, Denis Vasilyevich Davydov, and the poet Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky visited Penza. The critic Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky graduated from the Penza gymnasium, and the future historian Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky graduated from theological school and studied at the seminary. Lenin's father Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov and surgeon Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko, writers Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin (head of the Treasury Chamber) and Nikolai Semenovich Leskov, artist Konstantin Apollonovich Savitsky worked in Penza. Penza was considered an enlightened city, since the oldest theater in our country (1793), the first national stationary circus of the Nikitin brothers in Russia (since January 1874), cultural societies and libraries named after Belinsky and Lermontov, and a large number of secular and religious educational institutions operated in the city.

    Answer Delete

30. Officialdom of the Penza province in the first half of the 19th century.
    In the first half of the 19th century. bureaucracy of the Penza province social background and financial situation were divided into two categories. The first category included representatives of the highest authorities of the province, mostly from the nobility. The second category of provincial officials consisted of the so-called “officials of clerical origin.” In 1826, 36.6% of officials belonged to hereditary nobles by origin. By 1855 the ratio had changed. The number of officials of noble origin increased. For many nobles in the 19th century. The career of an official began after retirement from military service. The positions of mayor and judge with a salary of 300 rubles per year were considered the top rung of the county bureaucratic ladder.
    In an effort to provide institutions with literate and qualified workers, the government prohibited the children of clerks from entering any service other than the civil service. One of the leading factors in career advancement was education. At the beginning of the 19th century. The level of education of officials in the Penza province was extremely low. The main type of education was home. According to the memoirs of State Councilor G.I. Meshkov, who served in Penza, in the early 1820s. a seminarian was hired to train him for 5 rubles. banknotes per month, since his father, a titular councilor, did not have the opportunity to give his son another education. The decree of August 6, 1809, developed by M. M. Speransky, should have become a serious incentive for obtaining education. According to the decree, in order to obtain the rank of collegiate assessor, which gave the rights of hereditary nobility, and state councilor, it was necessary to present a certificate of graduation from the university or pass the appropriate exams. These measures had certain results. In 1834, in the Penza province, 3.2% of officials had higher education, 11.3% had secondary education; persons who graduated from lower educational institutions or were educated at home accounted for 85.5%.
    In the upper part of the city there was a tannery of the tradesman P.I. Kasatkina.

    At the beginning of the 19th century, soap production was maintained and developed in Penza. In 1800, merchant A.I. Sergeev built a factory with an annual productivity of up to 1 thousand poods of soap and a net profit of up to 14 thousand rubles.

    At the soap factory I.E. Chembarov in 1838 had only one boiler for making soap; later he installed a second boiler and mastered the production of tallow candles.

    Kupets I.I. The Reich, on the banks of the Penza River, on pasture land, had a soap factory, which in 1827 produced 970 pounds of the best soap, in 1831 - 2 thousand pounds. Later this plant became the property of the Kulakhmetovs.

    At the N.D. plant Kazitsyn there were 6 vats in operation, in 1829 2 thousand 490 pounds of soap were produced; plant E.F. Chernyshov produced 2.1 thousand pounds.

    At the salotopne I.T. Babynin employed two workers, who in 1829 produced 500 pounds of lard. Salotope establishment L.P. Potekhin produced 1 thousand pounds in 1829, and E.A. Kleshchova - 400 poods. Salotope plant M.A. Tyurina annually produced up to 1.5 thousand pounds of raw materials for soap factories. Thanks to the presence of salotopic enterprises in Penza, candle factories were also created. Plant V.P. Kazitsyn in 1813 issued 1 thousand pounds of candles to consumers, M.A. factories. Kshindin and N.A. Kalashnikov - 550 each, P.A. Pokholkova - 500 poods.

    There was brewing and vodka production in Penza. Brewery A.I. Sergeev was located in two wooden buildings near the Erik River.

    At the brewery of the merchant of the 1st guild V.I. Serebrennikov installed 10 vats, 4 kvass, 4 boilers; in 1815, 8.4 thousand buckets of beer were brewed on it, in 1817 - 8 thousand 350.

    At the factory of merchant V.A. Kadomtsev in 1826 received 1 thousand 512 buckets.

    Vodka factory V.I. Serebrennikov in 1827 passed to the chamber cadet L.O. Poniatovsky, merchant of the 1st guild M.A. Kramarev and commercial advisor I.Yu. Hazelnuts. In 1815, this plant produced 4 thousand 150 buckets of alcohol, in 1827 - 226 buckets.

    In Penza there was a tobacco factory K.O. Shill, on which 8 workers serviced two machines.

    In the first half of the 19th century, P.V. entered the business arena. Sergeev. He started his business with a flour mill, which by the 1860s employed 120 people, operated 50 units (34 grain mills and 16 grinders), and up to 400 thousand pounds of grain were ground per year.

    Pilnya P.V. Sergeeva sawed up to 1 thousand logs per year into 2 frames and 12 workplaces. In 1850 P.V. Sergeev organized a stationery factory, which in the second half of the 19th century took a leading position in the industrial production of Penza. By 1870, it employed 1 thousand people. Production at the factory increased from 113 thousand pounds in 1887 to 280 thousand pounds in 1913. Sergeevskaya paper was awarded gold medals at the All-Russian exhibitions in 1882 and 1886; it received the same honorary awards at the international exhibitions of 1885 in Antwerp and in Paris in 1900 and 1908.

    Answer Delete

31. continuation...
    In the first half of the 19th century, there were metalworking enterprises in Penza. The first iron smelting plant of bourgeois A.N. Otrakova was already operating in 1830; later it became the property of A.P. Lamberga. The plant produced threshing machines and other equipment.

    In the pre-reform period in Penza, the merchant F.A. Privalov created a bell factory, housed in two wooden buildings. Copper, tin, and iron were used to make bells. Annual production was 2 thousand poods. Owned by F.A. Privalov there was also an iron smelting plant that produced self-propelled guns and threshing machines.

    Answer Delete

32. Theaters at the beginning of the 19th century in Penza.
    The theatrical atmosphere of Penza and the province was created by the serf theaters of princes A.B. Kurakin and S.F. Golitsyn, landowners N.E. Struisky, G.V. Gladkov, P.A. Gorikhvostov, V.I. Kozhina, E.P. Chemesov, O.V. Matsneva, A.M. Beketov, L.V. Akimov, N.F. Kishensky, A.N. Arapov, Bakhmetevs, Panchulidzevs.
    And so, by the end of 1793, on Troitskaya Street in Penza, on the estate of the court councilor Dmitry Egorovich Polchaninov, a theater building was erected, which was not similar to the usual “home” architecture of traditional houses. “On November 24, on the name day of Great Catherine, we decided to update it with a public performance, intending to publish about it in the newspapers; We chose a comedy composed by the Empress herself, called “The Deceiver.”<...>So, we played on the greatest holiday. After the comedy that all the noble hunters enjoyed,<...>I had a huge ball. Up to two hundred people were admitted into the theater with tickets, and some of them came to me; Horn music in the garden, and instrumental music in the hall delighted my guests. The governor also visited me that day...” These enthusiastic lines belong to Vice-Governor Ivan Mikhailovich Dolgorukov. Note that nobles and officials played on stage, and there were people of the same class in the hall. But already in 1796, professional actors joined the theater troupe. This is how a significant event happened in Penza - the birth of the theater.
    Talented inspirers and organizers I.M. Dolgorukov and D.E. Polchaninov, the first Penza comedians laid the foundation for public theatrical performances that demonstrated high professional skills and contributed to establishing the glory of the first theater in Penza close to a professional format. Theatrical entertainment ceased to be just home lordly entertainment; both the local nobility and ordinary people were drawn to it.
    The birth of a professional theater and the active work of amateur theaters in Penza also had an all-Russian significance: the city on Sura was approaching its honorary title of the theater capital of the Russian province. In the first half of the 19th century, the province ranked third in the number of theaters after Moscow and St. Petersburg.
    In the middle of the 19th century, the baton of amateur and semi-professional theaters was picked up by various entrepreneurs who spread theatrical and commercial entrepreneurship in the Russian provinces. The first such entrepreneur was I.F. Boleslavsky. Official Mikhail Pavlovich Zhdanov called this period the decline of Penza’s theatrical glory, when “a gang of traveling buffoons under the command of a certain Boleslavsky” ruled the roost. Penza owes its overcoming of theatrical stagnation to the former Decembrist Ivan Nikolaevich Gorstkin, who bought the empty building of the Gladkov Theater in 1846. Soon amateur performances and professional troupes performed here again.

    Answer Delete

33. Philip Philipovich Vigel (November 12, 1786, Simbukhovo estate (now the village of Kalinino, Penza district, Penza region) - March 20, 1856, Moscow) - one of the most famous Russian memoirists, an acquaintance of Pushkin, a member of the Arzamas circle, an author widely known and popular in the 19th century " Notes" (complete edition in seven parts, 1892), which provide rich material for the history of Russian life and customs of the first half of the 19th century, characteristics of various figures of that time.

    His father was a Swedish Estonian, and his mother’s was from the noble family of the Lebedevs. Grandfather Lavrenty Wigel (1689-1764) in his youth served as a Drabant captain in the army of Charles XII. Father, Philip Lavrentievich Vigel (1740-1812), a privy councilor, was the first civilian governor of the Penza province from 1801, and before that he was in charge of the delimitation of land for new settlers of the Penza and Saratov regions. The mother came from the family of the first Penza governor, Ivan Lebedev. The sister was the wife of General I. I. Alekseev, an exaggerated description of whose exploits Wigel left to posterity. On his father's side his closest relative was General F. I. Sanders.

    He was brought up in Moscow and in Zubrilovka (the Tambov estate of Prince S. Golitsyn and his wife Varvara, née Engelhardt), where he was in contact with Krylov, the tutor of the prince’s sons. He served in the Moscow archive of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, where he met his future patron D.N. Bludov. In 1805 he participated in Golovkin's embassy to China. During his stay in Paris in the 1810s, Wigel got into a dark story when a hairdresser's apprentice, who spent the night with him, stole his gold watch; The famous detective Vidocq helped him find the loss. At meetings of the Arzamas circle he bore the nickname “Ivikov the Crane.” At the age of 39, under the patronage of M. S. Vorontsov, he was appointed vice-governor of Bessarabia. Later he was the mayor of Kerch and director of the department of foreign religions. He was fond of collecting engravings and lithographs. After retiring, he began writing memoirs.

    Wigel owes his fame to his memoirs about the first third of the 19th century (up to 1830), which, despite the bile and bias of assessments, as well as numerous inaccuracies, serve as a primary source for researchers of that time. The author himself read passages both at home and in crowded living rooms. Memoirs, for a long time circulated in the lists, were published with significant censorship omissions in the Russian Messenger after the death of the author (1864) and enjoyed wide popularity. Many rushed to justify themselves from Wigel's harsh sentences and to acquit their relatives or friends.
    In its first edition, F. F. Vigel’s memoirs were called “Memoirs of Philip Philipovich Vigel,” and when republished in 1928, which restored censorship passes, they began to be called simply “Notes.” The most complete publication was carried out in 1891-93. Throughout the 20th century, the Notes were not published in their entirety and became a bibliographic rarity.

    Answer Delete

34. What did Penza look like at the beginning of the 19th century?
    Lermontov Street (until 1964 - Sadovaya) is a street in Penza, located in the historical center of the city. It runs from Kirov Street to Leningradskaya Street on Western Polyana. On the north side the street is adjacent to the Central Park of Culture and Leisure named after. V. G. Belinsky and the square named after M. Yu. Lermontov.
    The street, which now bears the name of Lermontov, is one of the oldest streets in Penza; it appeared in the first half of the 19th century.
    Since the 20s of 1820, the street was called Sadovaya, since it was planned as a road to the gardening school located five miles west of Penza (now the Penza Agrarian College), opened on August 15, 1820. The Penza School at that time was the first school of this profile in Russia. An alley was cut through the forest to the school, which was marked out as building sites within the city limits. In 1838, the house of the Decembrist I.N. was built. Gorstkin on Sadovaya Street, which later housed the Penza branch of the State Bank. And in 1846, a hospital was opened at the very top of Sadovaya Street, which became the Provincial Zemstvo Hospital in 1865.
    In connection with the 150th anniversary of the birth of the great poet in the fall of 1964, the street was named after M. Yu. Lermontov (1814-1841). In 1817-1818, as a child, M. Yu. Lermontov visited Penza with his grandmother E. A. Arsenyeva.
    On this street there is a square (1839), where in 1892 a monument to M. Yu. Lermontov was erected by the sculptor I. Ya. Ginzburg (1859-1939), and the square was given the name of the poet.
    

    Answer Delete

35. 19th century architecture.
    The beginning of the 19th century quite clearly divided the period of predominance of baroque and the period of complete dominance of classicism in the territory of the province. As is known, the period of formation and then the flourishing of classicism in Moscow and the Moscow region occurred in the 1760-1780s. Consequently, the overall delay in style in the Penza province was 30-40 years. But in the classic period, which lasted in the province until the 1860s, it is difficult to talk about a delay; rather, we are talking about local selection, since at this time local architectural practice constantly interacts with the architecture of the capital regions.

    As in other regions of Russia, with the advent of classicism, significant changes occurred in the architecture of the Penza province. The analysis showed that centric types of temples became widespread, and primacy in the end was given to a single type: a wide rotunda under a hemisphere.

    Despite the presence in the Penza province of all centric types (compact-, cross-, linear-centric), known both in the architecture of the capital and other regions of Russia, the predominant type is still uniaxial buildings, in which the tendency towards centricity is only emerging, then there is still a tendency towards the traditional axial structure. In second place in terms of prevalence were temples of the linear-centric type. Probably because they were the most acceptable compromise between traditional axial and centric designs. Planning types, the centricity of which was more clearly expressed than the “barrier of understanding” of the new style defined by local traditions, appeared here very rarely.