Life in Korolenko. Writer Vladimir Korolenko: biography, creativity and interesting facts

Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko was born in 1853 in Ukraine into the family of a court official. His parents highly respected him and cultivated a sense of duty and honor in their children. The father was invariably accompanied by the glory of “the righteous judge.” Subsequently, Korolenko himself will encounter the law in the role of a defendant and will understand that observing the law requires great courage and perseverance.

Korolenko's student years were in the early 70s. First he studied at the St. Petersburg Technological Institute, and then at the Moscow Petrovsky Agricultural Academy. A call to merge with the people and spread there socialist ideas attracted Korolenko.

His Analytical mind, which was ideally combined with his active and impulsive character, encouraged him to tirelessly search for the truth, and as it seemed to him, this truth was among the people.

Korolenko first became close to the people during the years of his first exile to the Volgorod province, where he ended up for organizing and holding illegal meetings at the Petrovsky Academy.

The first link was short-lived. As a result of the efforts of many friends, he was allowed to move to Kronstadt, where his family lived, and soon he moved to St. Petersburg, where he was preparing, so to speak, to become a member of the people, for which he began to study shoemaking. But his ideas to educate peasants in the countryside were not crowned with success, since in 1879 repressions and acts of populists in the form of terror intensified. Korolenko was arrested again and from now on became “irrevocably suspicious.

Labeled “politically unreliable,” Korolenko was sent to the city of Glazov, Vyatka Province. During his exile, Vladimir Galaktionovich gets rid of the naive bookish-romantic idea of ​​a peasant fighting for his life every day, without stopping. He understands that the peasant does not need what the aristocratic intelligentsia dreams of for him.

At the same time, Korolenko’s personality arouses interest among his neighbors: they come to him for advice, trust him with their problems, and simply love him. As a result of this, the restless exile was sent even further to the north of the Vyatka province to the Berezovsky repairs (as he later learned - for attempting to escape)

Then Korolenko ends up in Siberia for refusing to swear allegiance Alexander III and comes into close contact with the Yakuts. He becomes convinced that their way of life, their way of thinking and needs are far from what the populists are looking for in peasant souls.

Korolenko considered terrorism a disgusting phenomenon human nature. It is no wonder that one of his friends, while Korolenko was tormented: to swear or not to swear, joked that if he had taken the oath, he would definitely become a terrorist, which contradicted himself, his nature, his train of thought and conscience.

While he was waiting to be arrested after refusing to swear allegiance, the opportunity to escape was presented to him, but he did not take advantage of it, just as before in Glazov, when he had the same opportunity to escape from all this.

However, Korolenko’s self-fidelity did not turn into frenzy, strict submission to some principles, etc.

It seems to me that in his story “Wonderful” (1880), he seems to imagine himself in the role of the woman who is being taken into exile. What did its principles lead to? what did they give her? Korolenko writes about her beliefs and her integrity: “You can break her... but you can bend her - I saw it myself: people like that can’t bend.”

Murder and bloodshed are topics that concern many writers of the XIX century and considered by them in different aspects. Korolenko thinks about “harmonious order in the world,” but the idea of ​​interconnectedness, interdependence of nature, man, and society was vague, but permeated all of Korolenko’s work.

Struggle and dissatisfaction, constant movement, even if the goal is not fully realized - this is what Korolenko values ​​in people. Stopping is tantamount to death.

Almost all of Korolenko’s stories are created on the basis of what he himself experienced or saw, and at their center is an unconquered person.

With the words “Man is created for happiness, like a bird for flight, in the story paradox Vladimir Galaktionovich expresses the idea that man is part huge world and contains its infinity.

After the defeat of the 1905 revolution, which entailed mass arrests and executions, Korolenko tried with all his might to intensify the civil temperament of society, mass resistance to murder and torture.

Korolenko’s social activities distracted him from literature, and in last years he took up life with great difficulty“The History of My Contemporary”, where, in general, he analyzed his spiritual quests.

Korolenko died in 1921. Throughout his life, his incessant nature demanded justice. The concepts of “literature” and “struggle” for Korolenko were united, like the concepts of “man” and “citizen”. They were an organic and natural embodiment of himself.

Korolenko writer journalism work

(1853-1922) - prose writer, publicist.
Korolenko was born in the family of a district judge, began studying at a Polish boarding school, then at the Zhitomir gymnasium, and graduated from the Rivne real gymnasium.
In 1871 he graduated with a silver medal and entered the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology. But need forced Korolenko to leave his studies and move to the position of an “intelligent proletarian.” In 1874 he moved to
Moscow and enters the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry (now Timiryazevsky) Academy. In 1876, he was expelled from the gymnasium for a year and sent into exile, which was then replaced by supervised “residence” in Kronstadt. Korolenko's reinstatement at the Petrovsky Academy was denied, and in 1877 he became a student for the third time - at the St. Petersburg Mining Institute.
In 1879, following a denunciation from an agent of the tsarist gendarmerie, Korolenko was arrested. Over the next six years, he was in prison, in prison, and in exile. In the same year, Korolenko’s story “Episodes from the Life of a Seeker” appeared in a St. Petersburg magazine. While in the Vyshnevolotsk political prison, he writes the story “Wonderful” (the manuscript was distributed in lists; without the author’s knowledge, the story was published in 1893 in London, in Russia - only in 1905 under the title “Business Trip”).
Since 1885, Korolenko was allowed to settle in Nizhny Novgorod. The next eleven years were the heyday of his creativity, active social activities. Since 1885, the capital's magazines have regularly published stories and essays created or published in exile: "Makar's Dream", "In bad society", "The Forest is Noisy", "Sokolinets" and others. Collected together in 1886, they compiled the book "Essays and Stories". In the same year, Korolenko worked on the story "The Blind Musician", which went through fifteen editions during the author's lifetime.
The stories consisted of two groups related to the sources of themes and images: Ukrainian and Siberian. Another source of impressions reflected in a number of Korolenko’s works is the Volga and the Volga region. The Volga for him is “the cradle of Russian romanticism”, its banks still remember the campaigns of Razin and Pugachev, the “Volga” stories and travel essays: "Behind the Icon", "On an Eclipse" (both - 1887), "On a Cloudy Day" (1890), "The River Plays" (1891), "The Artist Alymov" (1896), etc. In 1889, the second book " Essays and stories."
In 1883, Korolenko went on a trip to America, the result of which was a story, and in fact a whole novel about the life of a Ukrainian emigrant in America, “Without a Language” (1895).
Korolenko considered himself a fiction writer “only half”; the other half of his work was journalism, closely related to his multifaceted social activities. By the mid-80s, Korolenko published dozens of correspondence and articles. A book was compiled from his publications in the newspaper "Russian Vedomosti".
“In a Hungry Year” (1893), it connects a stunning picture of national disaster with poverty and serfdom, in which the Russian village continued to remain.
For health reasons, Korolenko moved to Poltava (after the Russian Academy of Sciences elected him an honorary member in 1900). Here he completes the cycle of Siberian stories ("The Sovereign's Coachmen", "Frost", "Feudal Lords", "The Last Ray"), writes the story "Not Terrible".
In 1903, the third book of “Essays and Stories” was published. In 1905, work began on the multi-volume “History of My Contemporary,” which continued until Korolenko’s death.
After the defeat of the first Russian revolution of 1905, he opposed the “wild orgy” of capital punishment and punitive expeditions (essays “An Everyday Phenomenon” (1910), “Features of Military Justice” (1910), “In a Calm Village” (1911), against chauvinistic persecution and slander (“The Beilis Case” (1913).
Having gone abroad on the eve of the First World War for treatment, Korolenko was able to return to Russia only in 1915. After February Revolution he publishes a brochure "The Fall of Tsarist Power."
Struggling with progressive heart disease, Korolenko continues to work on “The History of My Contemporary”, essays “Earth! Earth!”, organizes food collections for the children of Moscow and Petrograd, establishes colonies for orphans and street children, is elected honorary chairman of the League for the Rescue of Children, the All-Russian Relief Committee starving. The writer's death occurred from a relapse of brain inflammation.
One of the main topics artistic creativity Korolenko is the path to the “real people”. Thoughts about the people, the search for an answer to the riddle of the Russian people, which determined so much in Korolenko’s human and literary fate, are closely related to the question that runs through many of his works. “What, in essence, was man created for?” - this is how the question is posed in the story “Paradox”. “Man is born for happiness, like a bird for flight,” answers the creature, distorted by fate, in this story.
No matter how hostile life may be, “there are still lights ahead!” - Korolenko wrote in the prose poem “Ogonki” (1900). But Korolenko’s optimism is not thoughtless, not blind to reality. “Man is created for happiness, but happiness is not always created for him.” This is how Korolenko asserts his understanding of happiness.
Korolenko is a realist who has always been attracted to romanticism in life, reflecting on the fate of the romantic, the lofty in the harsh, not at all romantic reality. He has many heroes whose spiritual intensity and self-burning selflessness lift them above dull, sleepy reality and serve as a reminder of the “highest beauty of the human spirit.”
“... To discover the meaning of personality on the basis of knowledge of the masses,” this is how Korolenko formulated the task of literature back in 1887. This requirement, realized in the work of Korolenko himself, connects him with the literature of the subsequent era, which reflected the awakening and activity of the masses.

Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko- Russian writer, public figure, publicist and journalist.

Was born July 15 (27), 1853 in Zhitomir. The writer's father was a stern district judge and collegiate assessor. His mother was from Poland, which is why the writer knew perfectly well from childhood Polish language. Elementary education Korolenko received his education at the Zhitomir gymnasium, then the family moved to Rivne, where he entered the local school.

After the death of his father, Korolenko entered the Technological Institute in St. Petersburg, which he could not complete due to financial difficulties. In 1874, he transferred to the landowner academy in Moscow, where he studied on a scholarship. Due to the fact that the writer participated in populist movements in his youth, he was expelled and exiled to Kronstadt. In 1877 he returned to St. Petersburg and entered the Mining Institute. Around this time, his literary career began.

The first short story by V. G. Korolenko, “Episodes from the life of a “seeker”” appeared in 1879. In the spring of the same year, on suspicion of revolutionary activities, he was again expelled from educational institution and sent to Glazov. And when in 1881 he refused the oath to Alexander III, he was exiled to Siberia for several years. The years 1885-1895 were the most fruitful for the writer. Korolenko’s real triumph was his exit best works- “Makar’s Dream” (1885), “In Bad Society” (1885) and “The Blind Musician” (1886). .

In the 1890s, Korolenko traveled a lot. He visits various lands Russian Empire(Crimea, Caucasus). In 1893, the writer attended the World Exhibition in Chicago (USA). The result of this trip was the story “Without Language” (1895). Korolenko receives recognition not only in Russia, but also abroad. His works are published in foreign languages.

) is very typical of what was considered "artistic" in the 1880s and 1890s. It is full of emotional poetry and “Turgenev” pictures of nature. The lyrical element today seems a bit dated and uninteresting, and we would probably prefer it for the most part last book, in which he almost completely freed himself from “poetry.” But it was precisely this poetry that appealed to the Russian reading public of his era, which revived the cult of Turgenev. Although everyone knew that Korolenko was a radical and revolutionary, all parties accepted him with equal enthusiasm. The party-independent reception given to writers in the 1980s was a sign of the times. Garshin and Korolenko were recognized as classics (lesser, but classics!) before Leskov (who is much larger than them, but was born at a less fortunate time) received even remote recognition.

Portrait of Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko. Artist I. Repin, 1912

Although Korolenko’s poetry has faded over the years, his first works still retain some of their charm. For even this poetry of his rises above the level of “cuteness” in descriptions of the majestic northern nature. The northeast of Siberia, with its vast uninhabited spaces, short polar days and dazzling snowy deserts, lives in its early stories in all its impressive enormity. He masterfully writes atmosphere. Everyone who read it remembers the romantic island with a ruined castle and the tall poplars rustling in the wind in the story In bad company(see the full text of this story on our website).

But Korolenko’s uniqueness lies in the combination of poetry with subtle humor and undying faith in human soul. Sympathy for people and faith in human kindness are characteristic of the Russian populist; Korolenko's world is a world based on optimism, for man is good by nature, and only the bad living conditions created by despotism and crude selfish capitalism made him what he is - a poor, helpless, absurd, pitiful and irritating creature. In Korolenko's first story - Makar's Dream- there is true poetry, not only in the way the Yakut landscape is written, but, most importantly, in the author’s deepest and ineradicable sympathy for the dark, unenlightened savage, naively selfish and yet carrying within himself a ray of divine light.

Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko. Video

Korolenkov's humor is especially charming. There is absolutely no satirical tricks in it. He is relaxed, natural, and has that lightness in him that is rarely found in Russian authors. Korolenko’s humor is often intertwined with poetry, as in a charming story At night, where children at night, in the bedroom, discuss the fascinating question of where children come from. Yom Kippur, with its amusing Hebrew devil, represents that mixture of humor and fantasy that is so charming in the early stories of Gogol, but Korolenko’s colors are softer, calmer, and, although he does not have an ounce of the creative wealth of his great countryman, he surpasses him in warmth and humanity . The most purely humorous of his stories is Without tongue(1895) - tells the story of three Ukrainian peasants who emigrated to America without knowing a word of any language other than their own. Russian criticism called this story Dickensian, and this is true in the sense that Korolenko, like Dickens, the absurdity of the characters does not prevent the reader from loving them.

Korolenko's last work is his autobiography, a story about own life, unusually accurate and truthful, but which he, out of some kind of over-scrupulousness, called the history not of his own, but of his contemporary. It is less poetic than his first works, it is not embellished in any way, but the two main qualities of Korolenkov’s prose are very strong - humor and humanity. We meet there charming pictures of life in semi-Polish Volyn; we see his father, scrupulously honest, but wayward. He recalls his first impressions - the village, the school, the great events he witnessed - the liberation of the peasants and the Polish uprising. He shows us unusually lively figures of eccentrics and originals - perhaps his portraits were better than all others. It is certainly not a sensational book, but it is a delightfully quiet story told by an old man (he was only fifty-five years old when he began it, but something of the “grandfather” in Korolenko’s character was always present) with a lot of time, and he talks with pleasure, reviving the memory of what happened fifty years ago.

Vladimir Korolenko

Ukrainian and Russian writer, journalist, publicist, public figure

short biography

Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko(July 15, 1853, Zhitomir - December 25, 1921, Poltava) - Ukrainian and Russian writer, journalist, publicist, public figure, who earned recognition for his human rights activities both during the years of tsarist power and during the Civil War and Soviet power. For his critical views, Korolenko was subjected to repression by the tsarist government. A significant part of the writer’s literary works are inspired by impressions of his childhood spent in Ukraine and his exile in Siberia.

Honorary Academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences by category belles lettres(1900-1902, since 1918).

Childhood and youth

Korolenko was born in Zhitomir in the family of a district judge. According to family legend, the writer’s grandfather Afanasy Yakovlevich (1781-1860) came from a Cossack family that went back to the Mirgorod Cossack colonel Ivan Korol; Grandfather's sister Ekaterina Korolenko is the grandmother of Academician Vernadsky.

Zhitomir house, where children's and early childhood took place teenage years V. Korolenko, since 1972 - museum

The writer’s father, stern and reserved and at the same time incorruptible and fair, Galaktion Afanasyevich Korolenko (1810-1868), who in 1858 had the rank of collegiate assessor and served as a Zhytomyr district judge, had a huge influence on the formation of his son’s worldview. Subsequently, the image of his father was captured by the writer in his famous story « In bad company" The writer’s mother, Evelina Iosifovna, was Polish, and Polish was Vladimir’s native language in childhood.

The grave of the father and younger sister of the writer V. G. Korolenko. Rivne, Ukraine

Korolenko had an older brother, Yulian, a younger brother, Illarion, and two younger sisters- Maria and Evelina. The third sister, Alexandra Galaktionovna Korolenko, died on May 7, 1867 at the age of 1 year and 10 months. She was buried in Rivne.

Vladimir Korolenko began his studies at the Polish boarding school of Rykhlinsky, then studied at the Zhitomir gymnasium, and after his father was transferred for service to Rivne, he continued his secondary education at the Rivne real school, graduating after his father’s death. In 1871 he entered the St. Petersburg Technological Institute, but due to financial difficulties he was forced to leave it and in 1874 go on a scholarship to the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy in Moscow.

Revolutionary activity and exile

WITH early years Korolenko joined the revolutionary populist movement. In 1876, for participating in populist student circles, he was expelled from the academy and exiled to Kronstadt under police supervision. In Kronstadt, a young man earned his living by drawing.

At the end of his exile, Korolenko returned to St. Petersburg and in 1877 entered the Mining Institute. This period dates back to the beginning literary activity Korolenko. In July 1879, the St. Petersburg magazine “Slovo” published the writer’s first short story, “Episodes from the Life of a ‘Seeker’.” Korolenko originally intended this story for the magazine " Domestic notes“, however, the first attempt at writing was unsuccessful - the editor of the magazine M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin returned the manuscript to the young author with the words: “It wouldn’t be anything... but it’s green... very green.” But in the spring of 1879, on suspicion of revolutionary activity, Korolenko was again expelled from the institute and exiled to Glazov, Vyatka province.

Literary debut in the magazine “Slovo”, 1879, No. 7

On June 3, 1879, together with his brother Illarion, the writer, accompanied by gendarmes, was taken to this county town. The writer remained in Glazov until October, until, as a result of two complaints from Korolenko about the actions of the Vyatka administration, his punishment was tightened. On October 25, 1879, Korolenko was sent to the Biserovskaya volost with the appointment of residence in Berezovsky Pochinki, where he stayed until the end of January 1880. From there, for unauthorized absence from the village of Afanasyevskoye, the writer was sent first to the Vyatka prison, and then to the Vyshnevolotsk transit prison.

From Vyshny Volochok sent to Siberia, but returned from the road. On August 9, 1880, together with another batch of exiles, he arrived in Tomsk for further travel to the east. Was located on what is now the street. Pushkina, 48.

“In Tomsk we were placed in a transit prison, a large stone one-story building,” Korolenko later recalled. “But the next day a governor’s official came to prison with the message that the Loris-Melikov High Commission, having examined our cases, decided to release several people and announce to six that they were returning to the borders.” European Russia under police supervision. I was among them...”

From September 1880 to August 1881 he lived in Perm as a political exile, served as a timekeeper and clerk at railway. He gave private lessons to Perm students, including the daughter of a local photographer, Maria Moritsovna Geinrich, who later became the wife of D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak.

In March 1881, Korolenko refused an individual oath to the new Tsar Alexander III and on August 11, 1881 he was expelled from Perm to Siberia. He arrived in Tomsk for the second time, accompanied by two gendarmes, on September 4, 1881 and was taken to the so-called prison castle, or, as the prisoners called it, the “Containing” prison (now the rebuilt 9th building of the TPU on Arkady Ivanov Street, 4).

He served his term of exile in Siberia in Yakutia in the Amginskaya Sloboda. Harsh living conditions did not break the writer’s will. The difficult six years of exile became the time of formation of a mature writer and provided rich material for his future works.

Literary career

In 1885, Korolenko was allowed to settle in Nizhny Novgorod. Nizhny Novgorod decade (1885-1895) - the period of the most fruitful work Korolenko the writer, a surge of his talent, after which the reading public throughout the Russian Empire started talking about him.

In January 1886, in Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir Galaktionovich married Evdokia Semyonovna Ivanovskaya, whom he had known for a long time; he will live with her for the rest of his life.

V. G. Korolenko. Nizhny Novgorod, 1890s.

In 1886 his first book “ Essays and stories”, which included the writer’s Siberian short stories. During these same years, Korolenko published his “Pavlovsk Sketches”, which were the result of repeated visits to the village of Pavlova in Gorbatovsky district Nizhny Novgorod province. The work describes difficult situation artisanal metalworkers of the village, crushed by poverty.

Korolenko’s real triumph was the release of his best works - “ Makar's Dream"(1885), " In bad company" (1885) and " Blind musician"(1886). In them, Korolenko, with a deep knowledge of human psychology, takes a philosophical approach to solving the problem of the relationship between man and society. The material for the writer was the memories of his childhood spent in Ukraine, enriched with observations, philosophical and social conclusions of a mature master who went through difficult years of exile and repression. According to the writer, the fullness and harmony of life, happiness can only be felt by overcoming one’s own egoism and taking the path of serving the people.

In the 1890s, Korolenko traveled a lot. He visits various regions of the Russian Empire (Crimea, Caucasus). In 1893, the writer attended the World Exhibition in Chicago (USA). The result of this trip was the story “ Without tongue"(1895). Korolenko receives recognition not only in Russia, but also abroad. His works are published in foreign languages.

In 1895-1900, Korolenko lived in St. Petersburg. He edits the magazine Russian wealth» ( Chief Editor since 1904). During this period, short stories were published " Marusina Zaimka"(1899), " Instant"(1900).

In 1900, the writer settled in Poltava, where he lived until his death.

In 1905 he built a dacha on the Khatki farm, and until 1919 he spent every summer here with his family.

In the last years of his life (1906-1921) Korolenko worked on a large autobiographical work « The story of my contemporary", which was supposed to summarize everything that he experienced, systematize philosophical views writer. The work remained unfinished. The writer died while working on his fourth volume from pneumonia.

He was buried in Poltava at the Old Cemetery. In connection with the closure of this necropolis on August 29, 1936, the grave of V. G. Korolenko was moved to the territory of the Poltava City Garden (now it is Victory Park). Tombstone completed Soviet sculptor Nadezhda Krandievskaya.

Journalism and social activities

Korolenko's popularity was enormous, and the tsarist government was forced to take his journalistic statements into account. The writer attracted public attention to the most pressing, pressing issues of our time. He exposed the famine of 1891-1892 (series of essays “ In a hungry year"), drew attention to the "Multan case", denounced the tsarist punitive forces who brutally dealt with Little Russian peasants fighting for their rights (" Sorochinskaya tragedy", 1906), the reactionary policy of the tsarist government after the suppression of the 1905 revolution (" Everyday phenomenon", 1910).

Vladimir Korolenko. Portrait of I. E. Repin.

In his literary social activities, he drew attention to the oppressed position of Jews in Russia and was their consistent and active defender.

In 1911-1913, Korolenko spoke out against the reactionaries and chauvinists who were inflating the falsified “Beilis case”; he published more than ten articles in which he exposed the lies and falsifications of the Black Hundreds. It was V.G. Korolenko who was the author of the appeal “To Russian Society. Regarding the blood libel against the Jews", which was published on November 30, 1911 in the newspaper Rech, and reprinted by other publications and published separate publication in 1912

In 1900, Korolenko, along with Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Vladimir Solovyov and Pyotr Boborykin, was elected an honorary academician St. Petersburg Academy sciences in the category of fine literature, but in 1902 he resigned his title of academician in protest against the exclusion of Maxim Gorky from the ranks of academicians. After the overthrow of the monarchy Russian Academy Sciences in 1918 elected Korolenko an honorary academician again.

Attitude to revolution and civil war

In 1917, A.V. Lunacharsky said that Korolenko was suitable for the post of first president of the Russian Republic. After October revolution Korolenko openly condemned the methods by which the Bolsheviks carried out the construction of socialism. The position of Korolenko, a humanist who condemned the atrocities of the civil war, who stood up to protect the individual from Bolshevik tyranny, is reflected in his “ Letters to Lunacharsky" (1920) and " Letters from Poltava"(1921).

Korolenko and Lenin

V.I. Lenin first mentioned Korolenko in his work “The Development of Capitalism in Russia” (1899). Lenin wrote: “the preservation of the mass of small establishments and small proprietors, the preservation of connections with the land and the extremely widespread development of work at home - all this leads to the fact that very many “handicraftsmen” in manufacturing are also gravitating towards the peasantry, towards becoming small proprietors, to the past, and not to the future, they also seduce themselves with all sorts of illusions about the possibility (through extreme effort of work, through frugality and resourcefulness) to turn into an independent owner”; “for individual heroes of amateur performances (like Duzhkin in Korolenko’s “Pavlovsk Sketches”) such a transformation into the manufacturing period is still possible, but, of course, not for the mass of poor detailed workers.” Lenin, thus, recognized the vital truthfulness of one of artistic images Korolenko.

Lenin mentioned Korolenko a second time in 1907. Since 1906, articles and notes by Korolenko began to appear in the press about the torture of Little Russian peasants in Sorochintsy by the actual state councilor Filonov. Soon after publication in the Poltava region newspaper open letter Korolenko with Filonov’s revelations, Filonov was killed. The persecution of Korolenko began for “incitement to murder.” On March 12, 1907, in the State Duma, monarchist V. Shulgin called Korolenko a “murderer writer.” In April of the same year, the representative of the Social Democrats, Aleksinsky, was supposed to speak in the Duma. For this speech, Lenin wrote a “Draft Speech on the Agrarian Question in the Second State Duma.” Having mentioned in it a collection of statistical materials from the Department of Agriculture, processed by a certain S.A. Korolenko, Lenin warned against confusing this person with the famous namesake, whose name was recently mentioned at a meeting of the Duma. Lenin noted: “This information was processed by Mr. S. A. Korolenko - not to be confused with V. G. Korolenko; not a progressive writer, but a reactionary official, that’s who this Mr. S. A. Korolenko is.”

There is an opinion that the pseudonym “Lenin” itself was chosen under the impression of the Siberian stories of V. G. Korolenko. Researcher P. I. Negretov writes about this with reference to the memoirs of D. I. Ulyanov.

In 1919, Lenin, in a letter to Maxim Gorky, sharply criticized Korolenko's journalistic work on the war. Lenin wrote:

It is wrong to confuse the “intellectual forces” of the people with the “forces” of bourgeois intellectuals. I’ll take Korolenko as an example: I recently read his pamphlet “War, Fatherland and Humanity,” written in August 1917. Korolenko is the best of the “near-cadets”, almost a Menshevik. And what a vile, vile, vile defense of the imperialist war, covered up with sugary phrases! A pathetic bourgeois, captivated by bourgeois prejudices! For such gentlemen, 10,000,000 killed in an imperialist war is a cause worthy of support (deeds, with sugary phrases “against” war), and the death of hundreds of thousands in a just civil war against landowners and capitalists causes gasps, groans, sighs, hysterics. No. It’s not a sin for such “talents” to spend a week in prison if this needs to be done to prevent conspiracies (like Krasnaya Gorka) and the death of tens of thousands...

In 1920, Korolenko wrote six letters to Lunacharsky, in which he criticized the extrajudicial powers of the Cheka to impose death sentences, and also called for abandoning the idealistic policy of war communism, which was destroying the national economy, and restoring natural economic relations. According to available data, the initiative for Lunacharsky’s contact with Korolenko came from Lenin. According to the memoirs of V.D. Bonch-Bruevich, Lenin hoped that Lunacharsky would be able to change Korolenko’s negative attitude towards the Soviet system. Having met Korolenko in Poltava, Lunacharsky suggested that he write letters to him outlining his views on what was happening; at the same time, Lunacharsky inadvertently promised to publish these letters along with his answers. However, Lunacharsky did not respond to the letters. Korolenko sent copies of the letters abroad, and in 1922 they were published in Paris. This publication soon appeared in Lenin's possession. The fact that Lenin was reading Korolenko’s letters to Lunacharsky was reported in Pravda on September 24, 1922.

Nicknames

• Archivist;
• VC.;
• Vl. TO.;
• Hm-hm;
• Journalist;
• Viewer;
• Zyryanov, Parfen;
• I.S.;
• K-enko, V.;
• K-ko, Vl.;
• Cor., V.;
• Cor., Vl.;
• Cor-o;
• Kor-o, Vl.;
• King, Vl.;
• Kor-sky, V. N.;
• King, Vl.;
• Chronicler;
• Small man;
• ON THE.;
• BUT.;
• Uninvited, Andrey;
• Non-statistician;
• Nizhny Novgorod;
• Nizhny Novgorod employee of the Volzhsky Vestnik;
• O. B. A. (with N. F. Annensky);
• Common man;
• Passenger;
• Poltavets;
• Provincial observer;
• Provincial Observer;
• Simple-minded reader;
• Passerby;
• Old timer;
• Old reader;
• Tentetnikov;
• P.L.;

Family

• He was married to Evdokia Semyonovna Ivanovskaya, a revolutionary populist.
• Two children: Natalya and Sophia. Two more died in infancy.
• The wife's sisters P.S. Ivanovskaya, A.S. Ivanovskaya and the wife's brother V.S. Ivanovsky were populist revolutionaries.

V. G. Korolenko with his family. From left to right: Evdokia Semyonovna - the wife of V. G. Korolenko, Vladimir Galaktionovich and his daughters - Natalya and Sofia.

Ratings

Contemporaries highly valued Korolenko not only as a writer, but also as a person and as a public figure. The usually reserved I. Bunin said about him: “You rejoice that he lives and thrives among us, like some kind of titanium, who cannot be touched by all those negative phenomena with which our current literature and life are so rich. When L.N. Tolstoy lived, I personally was not afraid of everything that was happening in Russian literature. Now I, too, am not afraid of anyone or anything: after all, the wonderful, immaculate Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko is alive.” A. Lunacharsky, after the February Revolution, expressed the opinion that it was Korolenko who should become the president of the Russian republic. In M. Gorky, Korolenko evoked a feeling of “unshakable trust.” Gorky wrote: “I was friendly with many writers, but none of them could instill in me the feeling of respect that V[ladimir] G[alaktionovich] instilled from my first meeting with him. He was my teacher for a short time, but he was him, and he is my pride to this day.” A. Chekhov spoke about Korolenko like this: “I’m ready to swear that Korolenko is very good man. Walking not only next to, but even behind this guy is fun.”

Bibliography

Publication of works

• Collected works in 6 bindings. - St. Petersburg, 1907-1912.
• Complete works in 9 volumes. - Pg.: Ed. t-va A.F. Marx, 1914.
• Complete works, vols. 1-5, 7-8, 13, 15-22, 24, 50-51; Posthumous edition, State Historical Institute of Ukraine, Kharkov - Poltava, 1922-1928.
• Siberian essays and stories, parts 1-2. M., Goslitizdat, 1946.
• Collected works in 10 volumes. - M., 1953-1956.
• V. G. Korolenko about literature. M., Goslitizdat, 1957.
• Collected works in 5 volumes. - M., 1960-1961.
• Collected works in 6 volumes. - M., 1971.
• Collected works in 5 volumes. - L., Fiction, 1989-1991.
• The history of my contemporary in 4 volumes. - L., 1976.
• Vladimir Korolenko. Diary. Letters. 1917-1921. - M., Soviet writer, 2001.
• Russia would be alive. Unknown journalism 1917-1921. - M., 2002.
• Unpublished by V. G. Korolenko. Journalism. 1914-1916. - 2011. - 352 p. - 1000 copies. ;
• Unpublished by V. G. Korolenko. Journalism. T. 2. 1917-1918. - 2012. - 448 p. - 1000 copies. ;
• Unpublished by V. G. Korolenko. Journalism. T. 3. 1919-1921. - 2013. - 464 p. - 1000 copies. ;
• Unpublished V. G. Korolenko (1914-1921): diaries and notebooks. - M.: Pashkov House, 2013. - T. 1. 1914-1918. - 352 s.
• Unpublished V. G. Korolenko (1914-1921): diaries and notebooks. - M.: Pashkov House, 2013. - T. 2. 1919-1921. - 400 s.

Film adaptations of works

• A Long Way (USSR, 1956, director Leonid Gaidai).
• Polesie Legend (USSR, 1957, directors: Pyotr Vasilevsky, Nikolai Figurovsky).
• The Blind Musician (USSR, 1960, director Tatyana Lukashevich).
• Among gray stones(USSR, 1983, director Kira Muratova).

Museums

View of the dacha from the entrance to the museum.
Dzhanhot village (Krasnodar region)

• The house-museum “Dacha Korolenko” is located in the village of Dzhankhot, 20 kilometers southeast of Gelendzhik. The main building was built in 1902 according to the writer’s drawings, and utility rooms and buildings were completed over several years. The writer lived in this residence in 1904, 1908, 1912 and 1915.
• In Nizhny Novgorod, on the basis of school No. 14, there is a museum that contains materials on the Nizhny Novgorod period of the writer’s life.
• Museum in the city of Rivne on the site of the Rivne Men's Gymnasium.
• In the writer’s homeland, in the city of Zhitomir, the writer’s house-museum was opened in 1973.
• In Poltava there is the V. G. Korolenko Museum-Estate - the house in which the writer lived for the last 18 years of his life.
• Landscape reserve of national significance "Dacha Korolenko". Poltava region, Shishaksky district, Maly Perevoz village (former Khatki farm). Here the writer rested and worked in the summer since 1905.
• Virtual Museum of V. G. Korolenko

Memory

Libraries named after V. G. Korolenko

• Kharkov State science Library named after V. G. Korolenko
• Chernigov Regional Universal Scientific Library named after V. G. Korolenko
• Glazov Public Scientific Library named after V. G. Korolenko
• Library No. 44 named after V. G. Korolenko in Moscow
• Library in Izhevsk
• Voronezh regional library for the blind named after V. G. Korolenko
• Kurgan Regional Special Library named after V. G. Korolenko
• District library No. 13 in Perm
• Central Library in Gelendzhik
• Children's Library No. 6 in St. Petersburg
• Library No. 26 in Yekaterinburg
• Library-branch No. 11, Zaporozhye
• Children's library in Novosibirsk
• Central Library in Mariupol
• Central District Library named after. V. G. Korolenko, Nizhny Novgorod district in Nizhny Novgorod
• Pavlovskaya central Library them. V. G. Korolenko. Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod region
• Poltava Pedagogical University named after. V. G. Korolenko.
• Poltava school No. 10 1-3 levels named after. V. G. Korolenko

Korolenko Street

Other institutions

• In 1961, the State Russian drama theater Udmurtia in Izhevsk was named after V. G. Korolenko, who acted as a defender of the Udmurt peasants in the Multan case. The play “Russian Friend” was staged about the events of the case.
• In 1973, a monument was erected in the writer’s homeland in Zhitomir (sculptor V. Vinaykin, architect N. Ivanchuk).
• The name of Korolenko was given to the Poltava State Pedagogical Institute, schools in Poltava and Zhitomir, and the Glazov State Pedagogical Institute.
• Average secondary school No. 14 in Nizhny Novgorod
• Educational complex named after. V. G. Korolenko in Kharkov
• School No. 3 in Kerch
• School No. 2 in Noginsk (Moscow region)
• The name was assigned to the USSR passenger ship.
• In 1977, minor planet 3835 was named Korolenko.
• In 1978, for the 125th anniversary of the writer, a monument was erected near the dacha in the village of Khatki, Shishaksky district, Poltava region.
• In 1990, the Union of Writers of Ukraine established literary prize named after Korolenko for the best Russian-speaking literary work Ukraine.

In philately

USSR postage stamp, 1953

Postage stamp of Ukraine, 2003

Scholarship named after. V. G. Korolenko

The scholarship was established in Glazovsky pedagogical institute named after V. G. Korolenko. Not currently awarded.

Literature

• Byaly G. A. V. G. Korolenko. - M., 1949.
• V. G. Korolenko in the memoirs of his contemporaries. - M., 1962.
• Glazov in the life and work of V. G. Korolenko / Glazov. state ped. Institute; comp. and scientific ed. A. G. Tatarintsev. - Izhevsk, 1988.
• Life and literary creativity V. G. Korolenko. Collection of articles and speeches for the 65th anniversary. Petrograd. "Culture and Freedom". Educational Society in memory of February 27, 1917. - 1919.
• Korolenko S. V. A book about a father. - M., 1968.
• Mironov G. Korolenko. - M., 1962.
• Negretov P.I. V. G. Korolenko: Chronicle of life and creativity. 1917-1921. - M.: Book, 1990. - 288 p. - 50,000 copies.
• Shakhovskaya N. D. V. G. Korolenko: Experience biographical characteristics. - M.: K. F. Nekrasov’s publishing house, 1912.
• Shakhovskaya N. D. The early years of Korolenko. M., 1931.
• “Korolenko V. G. “... What is written is irrefutable” - “... What is written is not without reason” / Volodymyr Korolenko. - K.: DP "Vidavnichy House "Personnel", 2010. 468 p. (Library of Ukrainian Studies; issue 18). - Russian, Ukrainian
• V. G. Korolenko in Udmurtia / Bunya Mikhail Ivanovich. - Izhevsk: Udmurtia, 1995.
• Zakirova N. N. V. G. Korolenko and Russian literature: seminaries. - Glazov, 2010. - 183 p.
• Gushchina-Zakirova N. N., Trukhanenko A. V. Sketches about the life and work of V. G. Korolenko. - Lvov. 2009. - 268 p.
• Mikhailova M. V. The poetics of V. G. Korolenko’s story “Not scary”
• Balagurov Ya. A. V. G. Korolenko in Karelia // “North”. - 1969. - No. 7. - P. 102-104.
• Bachinskaya A. A. Nizhny Novgorod legend about V. G. Korolenko: polyphony of myth and context // Nutrition of literary studies. - 2013. - No. 87. - P. 361-373.
• Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko // Illustrated supplement to No. 151 of the newspaper “ Siberian life" July 13, 1903. Tomsk