The territory occupied by the Turkic group of peoples. Chuvash Encyclopedia

Official story suggests that the Turkic language arose in the first millennium when the first tribes belonging to this group appeared. But, as modern research shows, the language itself arose much earlier. There is even an opinion that the Turkic language came from a certain proto-language, which was spoken by all the inhabitants of Eurasia, as in the legend of the Tower of Babel. The main phenomenon of Turkic vocabulary is that it has practically not changed over the five thousand years of its existence. The ancient writings of the Sumerians will still be as understandable to the Kazakhs as modern books.

Spreading

The Turkic language group is very numerous. If you look territorially, peoples who speak similar languages ​​live like this: in the west the border begins with Turkey, in the east with the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China, in the north with the East Siberian Sea and in the south with Khorasan.

Currently, the approximate number of people who speak Turkic is 164 million, this number is almost equal to the entire population of Russia. On this moment There are different opinions on how the group of Turkic languages ​​is classified. We will consider further which languages ​​stand out in this group. Main: Turkish, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Uzbek, Karakalpak, Uyghur, Tatar, Bashkir, Chuvash, Balkar, Karachay, Kumyk, Nogai, Tuvan, Khakass, Yakut, etc.

Ancient Turkic-speaking peoples

We know that the Turkic group of languages ​​has spread very widely across Eurasia. In ancient times, peoples who spoke this way were simply called Turks. Their main activities were cattle breeding and agriculture. But don't take everything modern peoples Turkic language group as descendants of an ancient ethnos. After thousands of years, their blood mixed with the blood of other ethnic groups of Eurasia, and now there are simply no indigenous Turks.

The ancient peoples of this group include:

• Turkuts - tribes that settled in the Altai Mountains in the 5th century AD;
• Pechenegs - arose at the end of the 9th century and inhabited the region between Kievan Rus, Hungary, Alania and Mordovia;
• Polovtsians - with their appearance they ousted the Pechenegs, they were very freedom-loving and aggressive;
• Huns - arose in the 2nd-4th centuries and managed to create a huge state from the Volga to the Rhine, from them came the Avars and Hungarians;
• Bulgars - from these ancient tribes came such peoples as the Chuvash, Tatars, Bulgarians, Karachais, Balkars.
• Khazars - huge tribes that managed to create their own state and oust the Huns;
• Oghuz Turks - the ancestors of the Turkmens, Azerbaijanis, lived in Seljukia;
• Karluks - lived in the 8th-15th centuries.

Classification

The Turkic group of languages ​​has a very complex classification. Or rather, each historian offers his own version, which will differ from the other minor changes. We offer you the most common option:

1. Bulgarian group. The only currently existing representative is the Chuvash language.
2. The Yakut group is the easternmost of the peoples of the Turkic linguistic group. Residents speak Yakut and Dolgan dialects.
3. South Siberian - this group represents the languages ​​of peoples living mainly within the borders Russian Federation in the south of Siberia.
4. Southeastern, or Karluk. Examples are Uzbek and Uyghur languages.
5. The northwestern, or Kipchak group is represented by a large number of nationalities, many of which live on their own independent territory, for example Tatars, Kazakhs, and Kyrgyz.
6. Southwestern, or Oghuz. The languages ​​included in the group are Turkmen, Salar, Turkish.

Yakuts

On their territory, the local population simply calls themselves Sakha. Hence the name of the region - the Republic of Sakha. Some representatives also settled in other neighboring areas. The Yakuts are the easternmost of the peoples of the Turkic linguistic group. Culture and traditions were borrowed in ancient times from tribes living in the central steppe part of Asia.

Khakassians

A region has been designated for this people - the Republic of Khakassia. The largest contingent of Khakass is located here - about 52 thousand people. Several thousand more moved to live in Tula and the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Shors

This nation reached its greatest numbers in the 17th-18th centuries. Now this is a small ethnic group that can only be found in the south Kemerovo region. Today the number is very small, about 10 thousand people.

Tuvans

Tuvinians are usually divided into three groups, differing from each other in some dialect features. They inhabit the Republic. This is a small eastern of the peoples of the Turkic linguistic group, living on the border with China.

Tofalar

This nation has practically disappeared. According to the 2010 census, in several villages Irkutsk region managed to find 762 people.

Siberian Tatars

The Eastern dialect of Tatar is the language that is considered to be the national language of the Siberian Tatars. This is also a Turkic group of languages. The peoples of this group are densely settled throughout Russia. They can be found in rural areas of the Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk and other regions.

Dolgans

A small group living in the northern regions of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. They even have their own municipal district - Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky. Today, there are only 7.5 thousand representatives of the Dolgans left.

Altaians

The Turkic group of languages ​​includes the Altai lexicon. Now in this area you can freely get acquainted with the culture and traditions of the ancient people.

Independent Turkic-speaking states

Today there are six separate independent states whose nationality is the indigenous Turkic population. First of all, these are Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Of course, Türkiye and Turkmenistan. And do not forget about Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan, which belong to the Turkic language group in exactly the same way.

The Uighurs have their own autonomous region. It is located in China and is called Xinjiang. Other nationalities related to the Turks also live in this territory.

Kyrgyz

The Turkic group of languages ​​primarily includes Kyrgyz. Indeed, the Kyrgyz or Kyrgyz are the most ancient representatives of the Turks who lived in Eurasia. The first mentions of the Kirghiz are found in the 1st millennium BC. e. Throughout almost its entire history, the nation did not have its own sovereign territory, but at the same time managed to preserve its identity and culture. The Kyrgyz even have such a concept as “ashar”, meaning working together, close cooperation and unity.

The Kirghiz have long lived in sparsely populated steppe areas. This could not but affect some character traits. These people are extremely hospitable. When a new person arrived in the settlement before, he told news that no one had heard before. For this, the guest was rewarded with the best treats. It is still customary to honor guests sacredly.

Kazakhs

The Turkic language group could not exist without the most numerous Turkic people, living not only in the state of the same name, but throughout the world.

The folk morals of the Kazakhs are very harsh. From childhood, children are raised under strict rules and taught to be responsible and hardworking. For this nation, the concept of “dzhigit” is the pride of the people, a person who defends the honor of his fellow tribesman or his own at all costs.

In the appearance of the Kazakhs, a clear division into “white” and “black” can still be traced. In the modern world, this has long lost its meaning, but remnants of old concepts are still preserved. The peculiarity of the appearance of any Kazakh is that he can simultaneously look like both a European and a Chinese.

Turks

The Turkic group of languages ​​includes Turkish. Historically, Turkey has always cooperated closely with Russia. And these relations were not always peaceful. Byzantium, and later the Ottoman Empire, began to exist simultaneously with Kievan Rus. Even then there were the first conflicts for the right to rule the Black Sea. Over time, this enmity intensified, which largely influenced the relationship between the Russians and the Turks.

Turks are very peculiar. First of all, this can be seen from some of their features. They are hardy, patient and completely unpretentious in everyday life. The behavior of the representatives of the nation is very cautious. Even if they are angry, they will never express their dissatisfaction. But then they can harbor anger and take revenge. In serious matters the Turks are very cunning. They can smile in your face, but plot behind your back for their own benefit.

The Turks took their religion very seriously. Severe Muslim laws prescribed every step in the life of a Turk. For example, they could kill an unbeliever and not be punished for it. Another feature associated with this feature is a hostile attitude towards non-Muslims.

Conclusion

Turkic-speaking peoples are the largest ethnic group on Earth. The descendants of the ancient Turks settled across all continents, but most of them live in the indigenous territory - in the Altai Mountains and in the south of Siberia. Many peoples managed to preserve their identity within the borders of independent states.

Türks is a generalized name ethno-linguistic group Turkic peoples. Geographically, the Turks are scattered over a vast territory, which occupies about a quarter of the entire Eurasian continent. The ancestral home of the Turks is Central Asia, and the first mention of the ethnonym “Turk” dates back to the 6th century AD. and it is connected with the name of the Kök Türks (Heavenly Türks), who, under the leadership of the Ashin clan, created the Turkic Kaganate. In history, the Turks are known as: skilled cattle breeders, warriors, founders of states and empires.

Turk is a rather ancient name. It was first mentioned in Chinese chronicles in relation to a certain group of tribes from the 6th century. AD The nomadic territory of these tribes extended to Xinjiang, Mongolia and Altai. Turkic tribes and Turkic languages ​​existed long before their ethnonym was recorded in the annals of history.

The Turkish language originates from the speech of the Turkic tribes, and from their common name the name of the Turkish nation (in Turkish “Turk”, in Russian “Turk”). Scientists distinguish the meanings of the words "Turk". and "Turk". At the same time, all peoples who speak Turkic languages ​​are called Turks: these are Azerbaijanis, Altaians (Altai-Kizhi), Afshars, Balkars, Bashkirs, Gagauz, Dolgans, Kajars, Kazakhs, Karagas, Karakalpaks, Karapapakhs, Karachais, Kashkais, Kirghiz, Kumyks, Nogais, Tatars, Tofs, Tuvans, Turks, Turkmens, Uzbeks, Uighurs, Khakass, Chuvash, Chulyms, Shors, Yakuts. Of these languages, the closest to each other are Turkish, Gagauz, South Crimean Tatar, Azerbaijani, and Turkmen, which form the Oghuz subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai language family.

Although the Turks are not historically a single ethnic group, but include not only related but also assimilated peoples, nevertheless the Turkic peoples are a single ethnocultural whole. And according to anthropological characteristics, one can distinguish Turks who belong to both the Caucasian and Mongoloid races, but most often there is a transitional type belonging to the Turanian (South Siberian) race. Read more → Where did the Turks come from? .

The Turkic world is one of the most ancient and numerous ethnic groups. The first settlements of the ancient ancestors of modern Turkic peoples stretched from east to west from Lake Baikal to the Ural Mountains, separating Asia from Europe. In the south, their habitat covered the Altai (Altan-Zoltoi) and Sayan mountains, as well as lakes Baikal and Aral. In ancient times historical era Turks from Altai penetrated into northwestern China, and from there around 1000 BC. a significant part of them moved to the West.

The Turks then reached that part of Central Asia called Turkestan (the country of the Turks). Over time, part of the Turkic tribes migrated to the Volga, and then through the Dnieper, Dniester and Danube to the Balkans. Among those Turkic tribes that found refuge on the Balkan Peninsula in the second half of the 11th - first half of the 13th centuries were the ancestors of the modern Gagauz. Balkans (Balkanlar - with Turkish language) have been used since the beginning of the 19th century and mean “impenetrable, dense, wooded ores.”

L.N. Gumilev. Ancient Turks. Central Asia on the eve of the creation of the Turkic state, con. V century

Nowadays, the Turkic peoples are collectively called the “Turkic world”.

Reconstructions of the appearance of the ancient Turks (Göktürks)

TO beginning of XXI V. 44 Turkic ethnic groups were recorded. This is 150-200 million people. The largest Turkic state in the world with a population of 75 million people (2007) is Turkey. A small piece Turkic world the Gagauz people are also most of who lives in the Republic of Moldova. The disunity of the Turkic tribes and settlement over vast territories led to a significant difference in their linguistic features, although in ancient times they all spoke two or three ancient Turkic dialects. The Turkic population is divided into eight geographical regions:

1. Türkiye;
2. Balkans;
3. Iran;
4. Caucasus;
5. Volga-Ural;
6. Western Turkestan;
7. East Turkestan;
8. Moldova-Ukraine (over 200 thousand Gagauz).

About 500 thousand Yakuts (Sakha) live in Siberia, in Afghanistan the Turkic population is about 8 million people, and in Syria - over 500 thousand people, in Iraq there are 2.5 million Turkmens.

The Göktürks were a strong nomadic people of Turkic origin and were the first people to launch a massive invasion of modern Central Asia and conquer the local Iranian-speaking, Indo-European peoples. Their people were not entirely Caucasian or Mongoloid, but were a Mongoloid-Caucasian mixed race, according to anthropologists. Read more → Turkic world - Huns (Huns), Göktürks... .

The Turkic Khaganate controlled part of of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Southern Siberia, part of the Caucasus and Western Manchuria. They fought against 100% Mongoloid, East Asian, Chinese civilization. They also fought against other civilizations, Central Asia and the Caucasus, which were 100% Indo-European.

Turkic Khaganate during its period of greatest expansion

Göktürk from Altai

Göktürk V-VIII AD, from Kyrgyzstan

Göktürks from Mongolia

According to anthropologists, racially these people were 67-70% Mongoloid, and with 33-30% Caucasian admixture, from a technical point of view they are closer to Mongoloid race, but with an admixture. Also, they were often quite tall.

It is interesting that among them there were reddish and brown hair with gray and green eyes.

Museum of Turkic memorial complex Khushuu Tsaidam (Mongolia). Thanks to the incredible work of Mongolian and Russian archaeologists, the museum has become a genuine repository of valuable exhibits of the ancient Turkic era.

In the old days there was no faster or more convenient means of transportation horse . They transported goods on horseback, hunted, fought; They rode on horseback to make a match and brought the bride to the house. We couldn't imagine farming without a horse. A tasty and healing drink, kumiss, was (and is) obtained from mare's milk, strong ropes were made from the hair of the mane, soles for shoes were made from the skin, and boxes and buckles were made from the horny covering of the hooves. In a horse, especially in a racer, its quality was valued. There were even signs by which you can recognize a good horse. The Kalmyks, for example, had 33 such signs.

The peoples that will be discussed, be they Turkic or Mongolian, know, love and breed this animal on their farm. Perhaps their ancestors were not the first to domesticate the horse, but, perhaps, there are no peoples on earth in whose history the horse would have played such a large role. Thanks to light cavalry, the ancient Turks and Mongols settled over a vast territory - steppe and forest-steppe, desert and semi-desert spaces of Central Asia and Eastern Europe.

On globe About 40 peoples live in different countries speaking Turkic languages ; of which more 20 -in Russia. Their number is about 10 million people. Only 11 out of 20 have republics within the Russian Federation: Tatars (Republic of Tatarstan), Bashkirs (Republic of Bashkortostan), Chuvash (Chuvash Republic), Altaians (Altai Republic), Tuvans (Republic of Tuva), Khakassians (The Republic of Khakassia), Yakuts (The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)); among Karachais with Circassians and Balkars with Kabardians - common republics (Karachay-Cherkess and Kabardino-Balkarian).

The remaining Turkic peoples are scattered throughout Russia, its European and Asian territories and regions. This Dolgans, Shors, Tofalars, Chulyms, Nagaibaks, Kumyks, Nogais, Astrakhan and Siberian Tatars . The list can include Azerbaijanis (Derbent Turks) Dagestan, Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, Karaites, a significant number of whom now live not on their ancestral land, in Crimea and Transcaucasia, but in Russia.

The largest Turkic people in Russia - Tatars, there are about 6 million people. The smallest - Chulyms and Tofalars: the number of each nation is just over 700 people. Northernmost - Dolgans on the Taimyr Peninsula, and southernmost - Kumyks in Dagestan, one of the republics North Caucasus.The easternmost Turks of Russia - Yakuts(their self-name is Sakha), and they live in the northeast of Siberia. A most western - Karachais, inhabiting the southern regions of Karachay-Cherkessia. The Turks of Russia live in different geographical areas- in the mountains, in the steppe, in the tundra, in the taiga, in the forest-steppe zone.

The ancestral home of the Turkic peoples is the steppes of Central Asia. Starting from the 2nd century. and ending the 13th century, pressed by their neighbors, they gradually moved to the territory of present-day Russia and occupied the lands where their descendants now live (see the article “From primitive tribes to modern peoples”).

The languages ​​of these peoples are similar, they have many common words, but, most importantly, the grammar is similar. Scientists suggest that in ancient times they were dialects of the same language. Over time, the intimacy was lost. The Turks settled over a very large area, stopped communicating with each other, they had new neighbors, and their languages ​​could not but influence the Turkic ones. All Turks understand each other, but, say, Altaians with Tuvans and Khakass, Nogais with Balkars and Karachais, Tatars with Bashkirs and Kumyks can easily agree with each other. And only the Chuvash language stands apart in the Turkic family of languages.

Representatives of the Turkic peoples of Russia vary greatly in appearance . In the east This North Asian and Central Asian Mongoloids -Yakuts, Tuvinians, Altaians, Khakassians, Shors.In the West, typical Caucasians -Karachais, Balkars. And finally, the intermediate type includes in general Caucasian , But with a strong admixture of Mongoloid features Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Kumyks, Nogais.

What's the matter? The kinship of the Turks is more likely linguistic than genetic. Turkic languages They are easy to pronounce, their grammar is very logical, there are almost no exceptions. In ancient times, nomadic Turks spread across a vast territory occupied by other tribes. Some of these tribes switched to the Turkic dialect because of its simplicity and over time began to feel like Turks, although they differed from them both in appearance and in traditional activities.

Traditional types of farming The activities that the Turkic peoples of Russia practiced in the past, and in some places continue to practice now, are also diverse. Almost everything was grown grains and vegetables. Many raised livestock: horses, sheep, cows. Excellent cattle breeders have been for a long time Tatars, Bashkirs, Tuvans, Yakuts, Altaians, Balkars. However deer were bred and few still breed. This Dolgans, northern Yakuts, Tofalars, Altaians and a small group of Tuvans living in the taiga part of Tuva - Todzha.

Religions among the Turkic peoples too different. Tatars, Bashkirs, Karachais, Nogais, Balkars, Kumyks - Muslims ; Tuvans - Buddhists . Altaians, Shors, Yakuts, Chulyms, although they were adopted in the 17th-18th centuries. Christianity , have always remained hidden fans of shamanism . Chuvash With mid-18th century V. were considered the most Christian people in the Volga region , but in last years some of them return to paganism : they worship the sun, the moon, the spirits of the earth and home, the ancestor spirits, without, however, abandoning Orthodoxy .

WHO ARE YOU, T A T A R S?

Tatars - the most numerous Turkic people in Russia. They live in Republic of Tatarstan, as well as in Bashkortostan, Udmurt Republic and surrounding areas Urals and Volga region. There are large Tatar communities in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other large cities. And in general, in all regions of Russia you can meet Tatars who have been living outside their homeland, the Volga region, for decades. They have settled down in a new place, fit into their new environment, feel great there and don’t want to leave.

There are several peoples in Russia who call themselves Tatars . Astrakhan Tatars live near Astrakhan, Siberian- V Western Siberia , Kasimov Tatars - near the city of Kasimov on the Ok River a (on the territory where serving Tatar princes lived several centuries ago). And finally, Kazan Tatars named after the capital of Tatarstan - the city of Kazan. These are all different, although close to each other, peoples. However it’s just that only Kazan people should be called Tatars .

Among the Tatars there are two ethnographic groups - Mishar Tatars And Kryashen Tatars . The first are known for the fact that, being Muslims, the national holiday Sabantuy is not celebrated, but they celebrate red egg day - something similar to Orthodox Easter. On this day, children collect colored eggs from home and play with them. Kryashens ("baptized") because they are so called because they were baptized, that is, they accepted Christianity, and note not Muslim, but Christian holidays .

The Tatars themselves began to call themselves that quite late - only in the middle of the 19th century. For a very long time they did not like this name and considered it humiliating. Until the 19th century they were called differently: " Bulgarly" (Bulgars), "Kazanly" (Kazan), "Meselman" (Muslims). And now many are demanding the return of the name “Bulgar”.

Turks came to the regions of the Middle Volga and Kama region from the steppes of Central Asia and the North Caucasus, pressed by tribes that were moving from Asia to Europe. The resettlement continued for several centuries. At the end of the 9th-10th centuries. A prosperous state, Volga Bulgaria, arose in the Middle Volga. The people who lived in this state were called Bulgars. Volga Bulgaria existed for two and a half centuries. Agriculture and cattle breeding, crafts developed here, and trade took place with Russia and with the countries of Europe and Asia.

The high level of Bulgar culture in that period is evidenced by the existence of two types of writing - ancient Turkic runic(1) and later Arabic , which came along with Islam in the 10th century. Arabic language and writing gradually replaced the signs of ancient Turkic writing from the sphere of state circulation. And this is natural: Arabic was used by the entire Muslim East, with which Bulgaria had close political and economic contacts.

The names have reached our time wonderful poets, philosophers, scientists of Bulgaria, whose works are included in the treasury of the peoples of the East. This Khoja Ahmed Bulgari (XI century) - scientist and theologian, expert on the moral precepts of Islam; WITH Ulaiman ibn Daoud al-Saksini-Suvari (XII century) - author of philosophical treatises with very poetic titles: “The light of rays - the truthfulness of secrets”, “A flower of the garden that delights sick souls”. And the poet Kul Gali (XII-XIII centuries) wrote the “Poem about Yusuf,” which is considered a classic Turkic-language work of art of the pre-Mongol period.

In the middle of the 13th century. Volga Bulgaria was conquered by the Tatar-Mongols and became part of the Golden Horde . After the fall of the Horde in XV century . a new state emerges in the Middle Volga region - Khanate of Kazan . The main backbone of its population is formed by the same Bulgars, who by that time had already experienced the strong influence of their neighbors - the Finno-Ugric peoples (Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts) who lived next to them in the Volga basin, as well as the Mongols, who made up the majority of the ruling class of the Golden Horde.

Where did the name come from? "Tatars" ? There are several versions on this matter. According to most widespread, one of the Central Asian tribes conquered by the Mongols was called " Tatan", "tatabi". In Rus', this word turned into “Tatars”, and everyone began to be called by it: both the Mongols and the Turkic population of the Golden Horde, subject to the Mongols, which was far from being monoethnic in composition. With the collapse of the Horde, the word “Tatars” did not disappear; they continued to be collectively called Turkic-speaking peoples on the southern and eastern borders of Rus'. Over time, its meaning narrowed to the name of one people living on the territory of the Kazan Khanate.

The Khanate was conquered by Russian troops in 1552 . Since then, the Tatar lands have been part of Russia, and the history of the Tatars has been developing in close cooperation with the peoples inhabiting the Russian state.

Tatars succeeded in different types economic activity. They were wonderful farmers (they grew rye, barley, millet, peas, lentils) and excellent cattle breeders . Of all types of livestock, special preference was given to sheep and horses.

The Tatars were famous as beautiful artisans . Coopers made barrels for fish, caviar, pickles, pickles, and beer. Tanners made leather. Particularly prized at the fairs were Kazan morocco and Bulgarian yuft (original locally produced leather), shoes and boots, very soft to the touch, decorated with appliquéd pieces of multi-colored leather. Among the Kazan Tatars there were many enterprising and successful merchants , who traded throughout Russia.

TATAR NATIONAL CUISINE

IN Tatar cuisine One can distinguish between “agricultural” dishes and “pastoral” dishes. The first include soups with pieces of dough, porridges, pancakes, flatbreads , i.e., something that can be prepared from grain and flour. To the second - dried horse meat sausage, sour cream, different types of cheese , a special type of sour milk - katyk . And if katyk is diluted with water and cooled, you will get a wonderful thirst-quenching drink - ayran . well and whites - round pies fried in oil with meat or vegetable filling, which can be seen through a hole in the dough - are known to everyone. Festive dish was considered among the Tatars smoked goose .

Already at the beginning of the 10th century. the ancestors of the Tatars accepted Islam , and since then their culture has developed within the Islamic world. This was facilitated by the spread of writing based on Arabic script and the construction large quantity mosques - buildings for holding collective prayers. Schools were created at mosques - mektebe and madrasah , where children (and not only from noble families) learned to read in Arabic holy book of muslims - Koran .

Ten centuries of written tradition were not in vain. Among the Kazan Tatars, compared to other Turkic peoples of Russia, there are many writers, poets, composers, and artists. Often it was the Tatars who were mullahs and teachers of other Turkic peoples. Tatars have a highly developed sense national identity, pride in their history and culture.

{1 } Runic (from the ancient Germanic and Gothic runa - “secret*) letter is the name given to the oldest Germanic writings, which were distinguished by a special style of characters. The ancient Turkic writing of the 8th-10th centuries was also called.

VISITING K H A K A S A M

In Southern Siberia on the banks of the Yenisei River another Turkic-speaking people lives - Khakassians . There are only 79 thousand of them. Khakassians - descendants of the Yenisei Kyrgyz who lived more than a thousand years ago in the same territory. The neighbors, the Chinese, called the Kyrgyz " hyagas"; from this word came the name of the people - Khakass. By appearance Khakassians can be classified as Mongoloid race, however, a strong Caucasian admixture is also noticeable in them, manifested in lighter skin than other Mongoloids and lighter, sometimes almost red, hair color.

Khakassians live in Minusinsk basin, sandwiched between the Sayan and Abakan ranges. They consider themselves mountain people , although the majority live in the flat, steppe part of Khakassia. The archaeological monuments of this basin - and there are more than 30 thousand of them - indicate that people lived on Khakass land 40-30 thousand years ago. From the drawings on rocks and stones you can get an idea of ​​how people lived at that time, what they did, who they hunted, what rituals they performed, what gods they worshiped. Of course, it cannot be said that Khakassians{2 ) - direct descendants of the ancient inhabitants of these places, but some common features of the ancient and modern population There is still a Minusinsk Basin.

Khakass - pastoralists . They call themselves " three-herd people", because three types of livestock are raised: horses, cattle (cows and bulls) and sheep . Previously, if a person had more than 100 horses and cows, they said about him that he had “a lot of cattle,” and they called him bay. In the XVIII-XIX centuries. Khakassians led a nomadic lifestyle. Cattle grazed all year round. When horses, sheep, and cows ate all the grass around the house, the owners collected their property, loaded it onto the horses, and, together with their herd, set off to a new place. Having found a good pasture, they set up a yurt there and lived until the cattle ate the grass again. And so on up to four times a year.

Bread they also sowed - and learned this long ago. An interesting folk method is how they determined the readiness of the land for sowing. The owner plowed a small area and, exposing the lower half of his body, sat down on the arable land to smoke a pipe. If, while he was smoking, the bare parts of his body did not freeze, it means that the earth has warmed up and it is possible to sow grain. However, other peoples also used this method. While they were working in the arable land, they did not wash their faces so as not to wash away their happiness. And when sowing was over, they made from the remains of last year’s grain alcoholic drink and sprinkled it on the sown ground. This interesting Khakass ritual was called “Uren Khurty,” which means “to kill an earthworm.” It was performed in order to appease the spirit - the owner of the land, so that he would not “allow” various kinds of pests to destroy the future harvest.

Now the Khakass eat fish quite readily, but in the Middle Ages they treated it with disgust and called it a “river worm.” To prevent it from accidentally getting into drinking water, special channels were diverted from the river.

Before mid-19th V. Khakassians lived in yurts . Yurt- convenient nomadic dwelling. It can be assembled and disassembled in two hours. First, sliding wooden grates are placed in a circle, a door frame is attached to them, then a dome is laid out from individual poles, not forgetting about the top hole: it plays the role of a window and a chimney at the same time. In summer, the outside of the yurt was covered with birch bark, and in winter - with felt. If you properly heat the hearth, which is placed in the center of the yurt, then it will be very warm in any frost.

Like all cattle breeders, the Khakassians love meat and dairy products . With the onset of winter cold, cattle were slaughtered for meat - not all of them, of course, but as much as was needed to last until the beginning of summer, until the first milk of the cows that came out to pasture. Horses and sheep were slaughtered according to certain rules, dismembering the carcass at the joints with a knife. It was forbidden to break bones - otherwise the owner would run out of livestock and there would be no happiness. On the day of slaughtering, a holiday was held and all neighbors were invited. Adults and children are very loved pressed milk foam mixed with flour, bird cherry or lingonberries .

Khakass families always had many children. There is a proverb: “He who raises cattle has a full stomach, but he who raises children has a full soul”; If a woman gave birth to and raised nine children - and the number nine had a special meaning in the mythology of many Central Asian peoples - she was allowed to ride a “sanctified” horse. The horse over which the shaman performed a special ritual was considered sacred; after him, according to the beliefs of the Khakass, the horse was protected from trouble and protected the entire herd. Not every man was allowed to even just touch such an animal.

In general, the Khakass many interesting customs . For example, a person who managed to catch the sacred flamingo bird while hunting (this bird is very rare in Khakassia) could woo any girl, and her parents had no right to refuse him. The groom dressed the bird in a red silk shirt, tied a red silk scarf around its neck and carried it as a gift to the bride's parents. Such a gift was considered very valuable, more expensive than any bride price - the bride price that the groom had to pay to her family.

Since the 90s. XX century Khakass - by religion They shamanists - annually n celebrate the national holiday Ada-Hoorai . It is dedicated to the memory of our ancestors - everyone who ever fought and died for the freedom of Khakassia. In honor of these heroes, a public prayer is held and a ritual of sacrifice is performed.

THROAT SINGING OF THE KHAKASSES

Khakassians own the art of throat singing . It's called " hi ". The singer does not utter words, but in the low and high sounds flying out of his throat, one can hear either the sounds of an orchestra, or the rhythmic clatter of a horse's hooves, or the hoarse groans of a dying animal. Undoubtedly, this unusual look art was born in nomadic conditions, and its origins must be sought in ancient times. It's interesting that throat singing is familiar only to Turkic-speaking peoples - Tuvinians, Khakassians, Bashkirs, Yakuts - as well as to a small extent to the Buryats and Western Mongols, in whom there is a strong admixture of Turkic blood. It is unknown to other peoples. And this is one of the mysteries of nature and history that has not yet been revealed by scientists. Only men can speak throat singing . You can learn it by training hard from childhood, and since not everyone has the patience, only a few achieve success.

{2 )Before the revolution, the Khakass were called Minusinsk or Abakan Tatars.

ON THE CHULYM RIVER UCHULYMTSEV

On the border of the Tomsk region and Krasnoyarsk Territory The smallest Turkic people live in the Chulym River basin - Chulyms . Sometimes they are called Chulym Turks . But they talk about themselves "Pestyn Kizhiler", which means “our people”. At the end of the 19th century there were about 5 thousand people, now there are just over 700 left. Small nations living next to large ones usually merge with the latter, perceive their culture, language and identity. Closest The neighbors of the Chulyms were Siberian Tatars, Khakassians, and from the 17th century - Russians, who began to move here from the central regions of Russia. Some of the Chulyms merged with the Siberian Tatars, others merged with the Khakasses, and still others - with the Russians. Those who still continue to call themselves Chulyms, They have almost lost their native language.

Chulym people - fishermen and hunters . At the same time, they fish mainly in the summer, and hunt mainly in the winter, although, of course, they know both winter ice fishing and summer hunting.

Fish was stored and eaten in any form: raw, boiled, dried with or without salt, pounded with wild roots, spit-fried, caviar puree. Sometimes the fish was cooked by placing a spit at an angle to the fire so that the fat would drain out and it would dry out a little, after which it would be dried in an oven or in special covered pits. Frozen fish was mainly for sale.

Hunting was divided into hunting “for oneself” and hunting “for sale.” "For themselves they beat - and continue to do so now - elk, taiga and lake game, they set snares for squirrels. Elk meat and game are indispensable in the food of the Chulym people. Sable, fox and wolf were hunted for fur skins: Russian merchants paid well for them. They ate the bear's meat themselves, and most often sold the skin to buy guns and ammunition, salt and sugar, knives and clothing.

Still Chulyms are engaged in such an ancient activity as gathering: They collect wild herbs, garlic and onions, wild dill in the taiga, in the floodplains of the river, along the banks of lakes, dry them or pickle them, and add them to food in the fall, winter and spring. These are the only vitamins available to them. In the fall, like many other peoples of Siberia, Chulym people go out with their entire families to collect pine nuts.

The Chulym people knew how make cloth from nettles . Nettles were collected, tied into sheaves, dried in the sun, then kneaded with hands and pounded in a wooden mortar. The children did all this. And the yarn itself was made from prepared nettles by adult women.

Using the example of the Tatars, Khakass and Chulyms, you can see how Turkic peoples of Russia differ- by appearance, type of economy, spiritual culture. Tatars most similar in appearance on Europeans, Khakassians and Chulyms - typical Mongoloids with only a slight admixture of Caucasian features.Tatars - settled farmers and herders , Khakassians -in the recent past, pastoral nomads , Chulyms - fishermen, hunters, gatherers .Tatars - Muslims , Khakassians and Chulyms accepted once Christianity , and now return to ancient shamanic cults. So the Turkic world is both united and diverse.

CLOSE RELATIVES OF BURYATY AND KALMYKI

If Turkic peoples in Russia more than twenty then Mongolian - only two: Buryats and Kalmyks . Buryats live in Southern Siberia on the lands adjacent to Lake Baikal and further east . Administratively, this is the territory of the Republic of Buryatia (capital - Ulan-Ude) and two autonomous Buryat districts: Ust-Ordynsky in the Irkutsk region and Aginsky in the Chita region . Buryats also live in Moscow, St. Petersburg and many other large cities of Russia . Their number is more than 417 thousand people.

The Buryats emerged as a single people by the middle of the 17th century. from tribes that lived in the lands around Lake Baikal more than a thousand years ago. In the second half of the 17th century. these territories became part of Russia.

Kalmyks live in Lower Volga region in the Republic of Kalmykia (capital - Elista) and neighboring Astrakhan, Rostov, Volgograd regions and Stavropol Territory . The number of Kalmyks is about 170 thousand people.

The history of the Kalmyk people began in Asia. His ancestors - Western Mongolian tribes and nationalities - were called Oirats. In the 13th century they were united under the rule of Genghis Khan and, together with other peoples, formed the huge Mongol Empire. As part of Genghis Khan's army, they took part in his campaigns of conquest, including those against Rus'.

After the collapse of the empire (late 14th - early 15th centuries), unrest and wars began on its former territory. Part Oirat taishas (princes) subsequently asked for citizenship from the Russian Tsar, and during the first half of the 17th century. in several groups they moved to Russia, to the steppes of the Lower Volga region. The word "Kalmyk" comes from the word " halmg", which means "remnant". This is what those who, without accepting Islam, came from Dzungaria{3 ) to Russia, in contrast to those who continued to call themselves Oirats. And already from the 18th century. the word "Kalmyk" became the self-name of the people.

Since then, the history of the Kalmyks has been closely connected with the history of Russia. Their nomadic camps protected its southern borders from sudden attacks by the Turkish Sultan and the Crimean Khan. The Kalmyk cavalry was famous for its speed, lightness, and excellent fighting qualities. She participated in almost all the wars waged by the Russian Empire: Russian-Turkish, Russian-Swedish, the Persian Campaign of 1722-1723, the Patriotic War of 1812.

The fate of the Kalmyks as part of Russia was not easy. Two events were especially tragic. The first is the departure of some of the princes dissatisfied with the policies of Russia, along with their subjects, back to Western Mongolia in 1771. The second is the deportation of the Kalmyk people to Siberia and Central Asia in 1944-1957. on charges of collaborating with the Germans during the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945. Both events left a heavy mark on the memory and soul of the people.

Kalmyks and Buryats have a lot in common in culture , and not only because they speak languages ​​that are close and understandable to each other, included in the Mongolian language group. The point is also different: both peoples until the beginning of the 20th century. were engaged nomadic pastoralism ; were shamanists in the past , and later, although at different times (Kalmyks in the 15th century, and Buryats at the beginning of the 17th century), accepted Buddhism . Their culture combines shamanic and Buddhist features, rituals of both religions coexist . There is nothing unusual about this. There are many peoples on earth who, although officially considered Christians, Muslims, and Buddhists, nevertheless continue to follow the pagan tradition.

Buryats and Kalmyks are also among such peoples. And although they have a lot Buddhist temples (until the 20s of the 20th century, the Buryats had 48 of them, the Kalmyks - 104; now the Buryats have 28 temples, the Kalmyks - 14), however, they celebrate traditional pre-Buddhist holidays with special solemnity. Among the Buryats this is Sagaalgan (White Moon) is a New Year holiday that occurs on the first new moon of spring. Now it is considered Buddhist, services are held in its honor in Buddhist temples, but, in fact, it was and remains a national holiday.

Every year Sagaalgan is celebrated on different days, as the date is calculated by lunar calendar, and not according to the sun. This calendar is called the 12-year animal cycle, because each year in it is named after an animal (year of the Tiger, year of the Dragon, year of the Hare, etc.) and the “named” year is repeated after 12 years. In 1998, for example, the year of the tiger began on February 27th.

When Sagaalgan comes, you are supposed to eat a lot of white, that is, dairy, food - cottage cheese, butter, cheese, foam, drink milk vodka and kumiss. That is why the holiday is called "White Month". Everything white in the culture of Mongol-speaking peoples was considered sacred and was directly related to holidays and ceremonies: white felt on which the newly elected khan was raised, a bowl with fresh, freshly milked milk, which was presented to the guest of honor. The winning horse at the races was sprinkled with milk.

And here Kalmyks celebrate the New Year on December 25 and call it “dzul” , and the White Month (in Kalmyk it is called “Tsagan Sar”) is considered a holiday of the onset of spring and was in no way connected with the New Year.

At the height of summer Buryats celebrate Surkharban . On this day best athletes compete in accuracy, shooting from a bow at felt balls - targets (“sur” - “felt ball”, “harbakh” - “shoot”; hence the name of the holiday); Horse racing and national wrestling are organized. Important point holiday - sacrifices to the spirits of earth, water and mountains. If the spirits were appeased, the Buryats believed, they would send good weather and abundant grass to pastures, which meant that the livestock would be fat and well-fed, and people would be well-fed and happy with life.

Kalmyks have two holidays of similar significance in the summer: Usn Arshan (blessing of water) and Usn Tyaklgn (sacrifice to water). In the dry Kalmyk steppe, much depended on water, so it was necessary to make a timely sacrifice to the spirit of water in order to achieve its favor. At the end of autumn, each family performed a ritual of sacrifice to fire - Gal Tyaklgn . The cold winter was approaching, and it was very important that the “owner” of the hearth and fire be kind to the family and provide warmth in the house, yurt, and tent. A ram was sacrificed and its meat was burned in the fire of the hearth.

Buryats and Kalmyks are extremely respectful and even tender towards horses. This is one of the characteristic features of nomadic societies. Any poor man had several horses, the rich owned large herds, but, as a rule, each owner knew his horses by sight, could distinguish them from strangers, and gave his favorite ones names and nicknames. Heroes of all heroic tales (epic Buryat - "Geser ", Kalmyks - "Jangar ") had a favorite horse, which they called by name. He was not just a riding animal, but a friend and comrade in trouble, in joy, in a military campaign. A horse-friend in legends saved the owner in Hard time, carried him, seriously wounded, from the battlefield, extracted “living water” to bring him back to life. The horse and the nomad were attached to each other since childhood. If at the same time a boy was born into the family and a foal was born into the herd, the parents gave him full control to their son. They grew up together, the boy fed, watered and walked his friend. The foal learned to be a horse, and the boy learned to be a rider. This is how future race winners and dashing riders grew up. Short, hardy, with long manes, Central Asian horses grazed in the steppe all year round. They were not afraid of either cold weather or wolves, fighting off predators with strong and accurate blows of their hooves. The excellent fighting cavalry more than once put the enemy to flight and aroused amazement and respect in both Asia and Europe.

"TROIKA" IN KALMYK

Kalmyk folklore surprisingly rich in genres - here and fairy tales, and legends, and the heroic epic "Dzhangar", and proverbs, and sayings, and riddles . There is also a unique genre that is difficult to define. It combines a riddle, a proverb and a saying and is called a “three-line” or simply "troika" (no-Kalmyik - "gurvn"). People believed that there were 99 such “triples”; in reality there are probably many more. Young people loved to organize competitions to see who knew them more and better. Here are some of them.

Three of what's fast?
What's fastest in the world? Horse legs.
An arrow, since it is deftly shot.
And thought is fast when it is smart.

Three of what's full?
In the month of May the freedom of the steppes is full.
The child is full because he was fed by his mother.
The old man who raised worthy children is fed up.

Three of those who are rich?
An old man, if he has many daughters and sons, is rich.
The master among masters is rich in skill.
A poor man, at least because he has no debts, is rich.

In tercets, improvisation plays an important role. A participant in the competition can come up with his own “troika” right away. The main thing is that it follows the laws of the genre: first there should be a question, and then a three-part answer. And, of course, meaning, everyday logic and folk wisdom are needed.

{3 ) Dzungaria - historical region in the territory of modern Northwestern China.

TRADITIONAL COSTUME B A SH K I R

Bashkirs , who maintained a semi-nomadic lifestyle for a long time, widely used leather, skins and wool to make clothes. Underwear was made from Central Asian or Russian factory fabrics. Those who early switched to a sedentary lifestyle made clothes from nettle, hemp, and linen canvas.

Traditional men's suit consisted of shirt with a turn-down collar and wide pants . A short one was worn over the shirt sleeveless vest, and going out into the street, a caftan with a stand-up collar or a long, almost straight robe made of dark fabric . Nobles and mullahs went to robes made of colorful Central Asian silk . In cold weather Bashkirs dressed in spacious cloth robes, sheepskin coats or sheepskin coats .

Skullcaps were the everyday headdress of men , in the elderly- made of dark velvet, in young people- bright, embroidered with colored threads. Worn over skull caps in cold weather felt hats or fabric-covered fur hats . In the steppes, during snowstorms, warm fur malachai, which covered the back of the head and ears, saved people.

The most common the shoes were boots : the bottom was made of leather, and the boot was made of canvas or cloth. On holidays they were changed to leather boots . Met among the Bashkirs and bast sandals .

Woman suit included dress, bloomers and sleeveless jacket . The dresses were cut-off, with a wide skirt, and were decorated with ribbons and braid. It was supposed to be worn over the dress short fitted sleeveless vests trimmed with braid, coins and plaques . Apron , which initially served as work clothing, later became part of a festive costume.

There was a variety of hats. Women of all ages covered their heads with a scarf and tied it under their chin. . Some young Bashkir women under scarves wore small velvet caps embroidered with beads, pearls, and corals , A elderly- quilted cotton caps. Sometimes married Bashkir women worn over a scarf tall fur hats .

PEOPLE OF THE SUN'S RAYS (YA K U T YS)

The people, who in Russia are called Yakuts, call themselves “Sakha”" , and in myths and legends it is very poetic - “people of the sun’s rays with the reins behind their backs.” Their number is more than 380 thousand people. They live in the north Siberia, in the basins of the Lena and Vilyui rivers, in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Yakuts , the northernmost pastoralists of Russia, raise large and small cattle and horses. Kumis from mare's milk and smoked horse meat - favorite foods in summer and winter, on weekdays and holidays. Besides, the Yakuts are excellent fishermen and hunters . Fish is caught mainly with nets, which are now bought in stores, but in the old days they were woven from horsehair. They hunt large animals in the taiga, and game in the tundra. Among the methods of production there is one known only to the Yakuts - hunting with a bull. The hunter sneaks up on the prey, hiding behind the bull, and shoots the animal.

Before meeting the Russians, the Yakuts almost did not know agriculture, did not sow grain, did not grow vegetables, but they gathering in the taiga : wild onions, edible herbs and the so-called pine sapwood - a layer of wood located directly under the bark - were harvested. It was dried, pounded, turned into flour. In winter, it was the main source of vitamins that saved from scurvy. Pine flour was diluted in water, a mash was made, to which fish or milk was added, and if they were not available, they ate it just like that. This dish is a thing of the distant past; now its description can only be found in books.

The Yakuts live in a country of taiga trails and deep rivers, and therefore their traditional means of transportation have always been a horse, a deer and a bull, or a sleigh (the same animals were harnessed to them), boats made of birch bark or hollowed out from a tree trunk. And even now, in the age of airlines, railways, developed river and sea navigation, in remote areas of the republic they travel the same as in the old days.

The folk art of this people is amazingly rich . The heroic epic glorified the Yakuts far beyond the borders of their land - olonkho - about the exploits of ancient heroes, wonderful women's jewelry and carved wooden cups for kumys - crowns , each of which has its own unique ornament.

The main holiday of the Yakuts is Ysyakh . It is celebrated at the end of June, during the summer solstice. This is the New Year holiday, the holiday of the Revival of nature and the Birth of man - not of any specific person, but of man in general. On this day, sacrifices are made to the gods and spirits, expecting their protection in all upcoming matters.

ROAD RULES (YAKUT VARIANT)

Are you getting ready to go on the road? Be careful! Even if the path ahead of you is not very long and difficult, road rules must be followed. And every nation has its own.

The Yakuts had a rather long set of rules for “leaving home” , and everyone who wanted his journey to be successful and to return safely tried to follow it. Before leaving, they sat in a place of honor in the house, turning their faces to the fire, and threw firewood into the stove - feeding the fire. You were not supposed to tie laces on your hat, mittens, or clothes. On the day of departure, the family did not shovel the ashes in the stove. According to Yakut beliefs, ashes are a symbol of wealth and happiness. There is a lot of ashes in the house - it means the family is rich, and a little - it means the family is poor. If you remove the ashes on the day of departure, the departing person will have no luck in business and will return with nothing. A girl getting married should not look back when leaving her parents' house, otherwise her happiness will remain in their home.

To ensure that everything was in order, sacrifices were made to the “owner” of the road at crossroads, mountain passes, and watersheds: they hung tufts of horse hair, scraps of cloth torn from a dress, left copper coins, and buttons.

On the road, it was forbidden to call objects taken with them by their real names - it was necessary to resort to allegories. There was no need to talk about upcoming actions along the way. Travelers who stop on the river bank never say that tomorrow they will cross the river - there is a special expression for this, translated from Yakut approximately like this: “Tomorrow we’ll try to ask our grandmother to go there.”

According to Yakut beliefs, objects thrown or found on the road acquired special magical powers - good or evil. If a leather rope or a knife was found on the road, they were not taken, as they were considered “dangerous,” but horsehair rope, on the contrary, was a “lucky” find, and was taken with them.

Origin and history of the Turkic peoples and their cultural traditions is one of the least studied topics by science. Meanwhile, Turkic-speaking peoples are among the most numerous on the globe. Most of them have been living in Asia and Europe for a long time. But they also sailed to the American and Australian continents. In modern Turkey, Turks make up 90% of the country's inhabitants, and in the territory of the former USSR there are about 50 million of them, i.e. they are the second largest in number after Slavic peoples group of the population.

In ancient times and early middle ages There were many Turkic state formations:

• Sarmatian,
• Hunnic,
• Bulgarian,
• Alan,
• Khazar,
• Western and Eastern Turkic,
• Avar
• Uyghur Khaganate

But to this day only Türkiye has retained its statehood. In 1991-1992 Turkic republics emerged from the former USSR and became independent states:

• Azerbaijan,
• Kazakhstan,
• Kyrgyzstan,
• Uzbekistan,
• Turkmenistan.

The Russian Federation includes the republics of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Sakha (Yakutia), as well as a number of autonomous okrugs and territories.

Turks living outside the CIS also do not have their own state entities. Thus, China is home to Uyghurs (about 8 million), more than one million Kazakhs, as well as Kyrgyz and Uzbeks. There were many Turks in Iran and Afghanistan.

Turkic-speaking peoples are numerous and naturally, from ancient times, significantly influenced the course of history of the regions and the world as a whole. However true story Turkic peoples are as vague as the history of the Eastern Slavic peoples. Fragments of evidence, ancient books, artifacts, etc. are scattered around the world. And all of this has only been found, described, and systematized in only a small part.

Many ancient and medieval authors wrote about the Turkic peoples and tribes. However, Europeans were the first to undertake scientific research on the history of the Turkic peoples. We will not rewrite their names, like those of ancient authors, because their conclusions are scattered, dissimilar, and the meaning of their conclusions for our reality is not clear. Let us only mention the name of Academician E. I. Eichwald, who was the first to scientifically substantiate the claim that Turkic tribes lived in Europe long before our era.

And now they are returning there - en masse!

Most researchers show the Turks as destroyers, belittle the level of their socio-economic and cultural development, and deny their contribution to the development of civilization.

The official point of view on the history of the Turkic peoples is that their ancestors in the 3rd century BC lived in the east, in the territory between Altai and Baikal.

Another, smaller group of scientists determines the Volga-Ural interfluve as the ancestral home of the Turkic tribes. According to this group, the Turks came to Southern Siberia and the Baikal region later in Altai, but did not stay forever - they again moved to Europe and Western Europe! Asia, where ancient authors discovered them.

Since ancient times, knowledge was transmitted orally. This was the case among both the Slavs and the Turks. Occasionally representatives of Turkic peoples leave comments or even publications on our website. It must be said that their oral tradition is still strong and this can be felt in the colorfulness and versatility in the presentation of information. Russians write this way less often.

Of course, there were no plans to write a whole history of the Turkic peoples in this article - neither the site nor life is enough for this. But we’ll live a while longer, and I hope for a long time—there’s still a lot to collect, write, publish.

On September 7, a live broadcast of the Alpari Club Day project took place. Director of the Gumilyov Center Pavel Zarifullin answered Alexander Razuvaev’s questions.
At Club Day we looked at the current geopolitical situation in the Middle East and Central Asia. Particular attention was paid to resolving the Russian-Turkish crisis and the mediating role of Baku and Astana in this. And also ethno-trainings from the Lev Gumilyov Center to overcome the Russian-Turkish crisis. Pavel Zarifullin also answered in detail the question: who are the Turks? About their role in world history and the formation of Russia.

Who are the Turkic peoples? What do they have in common? Where do they live?

Turkic peoples are a group of peoples who speak similar Turkic languages. Distributed very widely. From the Balkan Peninsula, where the Turks and Gagauz live, to our harsh taiga, to Yakutia, because the Yakuts are also Turks. Well, the word “taiga” is of Turkic origin.
Those. this is a huge number of people, millions, hundreds of millions, scattered throughout the Eurasian continent from the Arctic Ocean to Mediterranean Sea. And, of course, all these peoples have a common root - one of the largest states of antiquity or the Middle Ages or the era that was just between the era of antiquity and the Middle Ages - this is the Turkic Khaganate. A gigantic state the size of the Soviet Union, which existed already in the 6th century, we know very little about it.
But there is a Eurasian idea, the idea of ​​Lev Nikolayevich Gumilyov, that our father Genghis Khan, our mother the Golden Horde, that modern Great Russia or the Muscovite Kingdom arose within the Golden Horde, adopting the main successes and skills of this country.
But if you dig further, who is the grandfather in this case of our country, the Russian Federation? And the grandfather of our country is the Great Turkic Khaganate, from which grew not only the Turkic peoples, but also many others. And Iranian, and Finnish, and Slavic.

The Turkic Kaganate is the era of conquests and campaigns, the era of the emergence of the Great Silk Road, as an already economic phenomenon, a phenomenon of economic integration. Turkic El in the 6th century simultaneously bordered Byzantium, Iran, China, and controlled the Great Silk. And, thanks to the Turkic Khaganate, the Byzantines and Europeans could meet with the Chinese even then. Those. The Turks have a huge, glorious past.

There were many other Turkic states, for example, the Seljuk Sultanates, the Ottoman Empire, and Desht-i-Kipchak. The Turks gave Russia an aristocracy. Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev perfectly described that from half to three quarters of Russian noble families were of Turkic or Mongolian origin. Actually, this can be seen in the surnames of the great glorious families: Suvorov, Kutuzov, Apraksin, Alyabyev, Davydov, Chaadaev, Turgenev - these are Turkic surnames. Those. proverb of Turgenev, himself a descendant of a Turkic aristocrat: “scratch a Russian and you will find a Tatar,” i.e. Turkic - it has the most direct relation to our country. So, our grandfather is the Turkic Kaganate and, if you scratch us for a long time, then, of course, the Russians will find a lot of Turkic.

What is the percentage of originally Persian and Turkic words in the Russian language?

Theodor Shumovsky, an accomplice of Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov (they were imprisoned on the same case in Kresty), an outstanding Russian linguist, philologist, translator of the Koran, said that from a third to a half of Russian words are of Turkic and Persian origin. Why Turkic and Persian, because the Turkic and Persian peoples lived side by side for millennia, just as the Russians actually once lived together. And a lot of words have a mixed origin, for example the Russian word “hearth”, it has a Turkic-Persian origin. The first part of the word is Turkic, and the second is Persian. "Otjah" or "otgyah". The very original word “Ateshgah” means “temple of fire worshipers.” This is the name of the sanctuaries in Iran and Azerbaijan, the temples of the Zoroastrians. The Russian word “hearth” seemed to branch off and form from it. According to one version, the word “book” itself is of Turkic-Persian origin. From the word “kan” - knowledge, “gyah” - place, i.e. "place of knowledge" Then among both the Turks and Persians this word replaced Arabic word"kitab". But we still use our Turkic-Persian past.
And, of course, the heroes of our fairy tales, such as Kashchei the Immortal or Baba Yaga, have Turkic origin. Because the word “kashchei” comes from the Old Turkic “kus” - bird. Kashchei is a “shaman-bird worshiper”, a fortuneteller based on the flights of birds. The Turks worshiped birds, like the people who came from Siberia, from Altai. Altaians still worship birds and messengers. And many Turkic clans had bird patrons. Actually, the Russians adopted a lot from them and the names of our cities Kursk, Galich, Voronezh, Uglich, Orel, they have a similar function in name and etymology. They record the bird patrons of regions and cities. So, “kashchei” is from the Turkic word “kus” - “bird”. And the word “art” comes from the same root. As if to soar. Or the word “bush” - the place where the bird lives. “Kashchei the Immortal” is a shaman - a bird worshiper, he looks like that in a skeleton costume, our wonderful character. Let us also add that Kashchei is the king. In the same Rome, the Augustan kings descended from bird fortunetellers - from augurs. The figure of Kashchei in Russian fairy tales captures very ancient legends and archetypes. And, as we see, they are of Turkic origin.
Or Baba Yaga, translated from Turkic simply as “white old man,” white sorcerer. In Russian conditions, where matriarchy was strong in ancient times, the elder “changed” his gender. But although the white elder, I think, the creature is already asexual, because... This is a sacred creature that performs magical and healing functions.

It turns out that the Turkic is deeply embedded within us. For example, we watch Channel One, but we don’t think about why it is “first”? After all, there is a Russian word “one”, “one”. Why isn’t it a “single” channel? The word “first” is from the Turkic “ber”, “bir” - one. Those. "first" from "first". The account was instilled from the Horde, and maybe even earlier - during the time of the Turkic Kaganate. The word “altyn” came to us that way, i.e. "gold". Actually, the “first” one came from there. The Russian word “fatherland”, naturally, comes from “ati” - “father”. Because the Slavs were once part of a variety of state formations that were created by the Turks, in Golden Horde, in the Turkic Khaganate.
Well, if you remember earlier, the ancestors of the Turks were the Huns. Their language is called Proto-Turkic. This is Attila's empire. “Attila” is not a name either. This is an initiatory title, like “father of nations” - from “ati”. We are all familiar with the words “fatherland”, father, but our father turns out to be Turkic, according to this logic. What is reflected in the Russian language.

Not everyone remembers our previous club days. In one of them you said that in fact the Great Russians, as an ethnic group, appeared somewhere during the time of Ivan the Terrible, i.e. the ethnic group originated in the Horde. And we have maintained contact with the more ancient, ancient Russian ethnos, which in fact was already in decline during the period of Kievan Rus. This is the question: how Russian, as an ethnos, is a young ethnos, how strong was the Turkic component in it, and at the same time the connection with what historians call Kievan Rus?

Well, the ethnogenesis of the Great Russians, of modern Russians, is very complex. After all, there was an arrival of the Slavs in Zalesye, but these territories were originally Finnish. We talked about the place of the Turks in our language and ethnicity. But all the old names of cities, rivers, lakes are still Finnish. “Oka” is translated from Turkic as “white” and “Volga” as “white”, but only from Finnish dialects. Sudogda, Vologda, Murom are Finnish names. And the ethnogenesis of the Great Russians took place in a unique way. These are people from the Horde, the Turkic and Mongolian aristocracy, and Finnish tribes. It is known that among northern Russians there is still a significant amount of even genetically Finnish blood. And when they tell us that where is this trace of the Mongols, as such, in the Russian ethnos, in modern research, geneticists conduct them all the time, where is our Mongolian? They argue there wasn't Mongolian Rus', because this is not particularly reflected in genetics. This suggests that there were no predatory, aggressive campaigns of the Mongols, as such. And there was no yoke.
But we have a huge amount of Turkic component for one simple reason. The main haplogroup of Russians is R1a, but the Tatars have the same haplogroup. And it is very difficult to figure out who is Russian and who, relatively speaking, is not Russian, because the haplogroup is approximately the same among the Eastern Slavs and the Turks in our country (Tatars, Kazakhs, Altaians, Balkars, Nogais).
And we really had an aristocracy, most likely less Mongolian, but more Turkic, because the Turks went to serve the Mongol Empire, and they made up the majority in it.
Great Russian ethnogenesis followed the formation of the Moscow state, which largely copied its “alma mater,” the Golden Horde. The Moscow princes copied the army (Turkic words: “esaul”, “target”, “drum”, “guard”, “cornet”, “hurray”, “dagger”, “ataman”, “saber”, “koshevoy”, “Cossack” ", "to roam", "holster", "quiver", "horse", "damask steel", "hero"). Copied finances. Hence we have the words “money”, “profit”, “customs”, “treasury”, “label”, “brand” (and “comrade”), “artel”. They copied the transport system. This is how “coachman” arose - this is a Mongolian word in our language. From the Mongolian “yamzhi” - a system of transport corridors. And they dressed “in the Tatar way”: “shoe”, “kaftan”, “harem pants”, “sheep coat”, “bashlyk”, “sarafan”, “cap”, “veil”, “stocking”, “hat”.
This is such a new horde, you can call it that, there is no need to be shy about this word, “horde” is a wonderful word, it largely coincides with the word “order” in semantic meaning. A “New Horde” arose, but with a Slavic language and a Christian faith. That is why the Russians were later able to annex the lands that once belonged to the Horde. Because the local population perceived them as their own. There was another round of ethnogenesis. We are constantly pointed at Ukraine, but the situation there was somewhat different. On the territory of Ukraine, as a rule, people who did not like this Horde system, the “Yasa” of Genghis Khan, escaped.
The late Oles Buzina wrote about this that a lot of people fled to the Zaporozhye Sich, to whom this discipline, empire, and organization were disgusting. Such an anarchic, free type of people, but they were praised there, in fact, the rabble fled there, which Genghis Khan’s “Yasu” refused to recognize. "Trash" in in a good way, Certainly. They "cut off" from everyone.
And there they somehow grouped, nested, and so the Ukrainian dialect gradually arose, the Ukrainian ethnic group with its own laws, with its own ideas, completely in many ways opposed to the Muscovite kingdom. Such an anti-horde, if you can call it that. It’s also a very interesting, original education, an original ethnogenesis. We are still disentangling the result of this ethnogenesis.

Next question. Here on financial market discussed that Gazprom could buy Bashneft, official news. I even joked that the new company would be called, if this happened, Tengrioil. Tengri, Tengrism, which, by the way, is now gaining strength in the same White Horde, in Kazakhstan, what is it? Monotheism? In more detail, because again there are many questions on this topic.

But in the case of Gazprom in Tengri, I, of course, do not believe in their special religiosity. Tengri, in their case, is money. Because the Russian word “money” comes from the Turkic “tengri” naturally. "Tenge" is the currency of the Golden Horde. Now it is the currency of Kazakhstan. Russians began to call any financial means this way.
But the monotheism of the Turks is known. Those. before coming to the Great Steppe, which is their cradle, before the arrival of Jews, Muslims, Christians, the Turks worshiped one god thousands of years ago, even before the birth of Christ, if we talk about the ancestors of the Turks, the Huns. And Tengri - god - a single sky. And the great ruler, relatively speaking, Genghis Khan, is the will of the great sky. The religion of the Turks has rich history, rich cultural heritage. And, it is worth noting that very few peoples had their own written language for thousands of years. Basically, the ethnic groups of Eurasia exported writing from the Phoenicians or Greeks, or from the Arameans. And most types of writing, they have a very specific connotation to these peoples, the peoples of the Middle East and the Mediterranean.
In addition to two groups of peoples - the Germans and the Turks, who had independent runic writing for several thousand years. These runes are similar, but have different sound and semantic meanings. The Turks had their own runic alphabet, which, naturally, went back to the will of the sky, to the will of Tengri, came from the sacred runic calendar, from observations of the sun, moon, stars, space, the phenomenon of Tengri. According to legend, it was the heavens who once handed this runic writing to the first Turkic kagans. Therefore, to claim that the Turks are some kind of wild peoples(a constant idea of ​​Western scientists and Russian nationalists) is very stupid. They will be more culturally advanced than many ethnic groups that still exist on planet Earth.

Expressed from a theological point of view, is Tengri God the father? From the point of view of Christian perception?

Yes. God is the Father. Lord of Hosts. From the point of view of Orthodoxy, “Lord of hosts” is translated as “Lord of the stars”, “Lord of the sky”. “Lord of the seven heavens” would be more correct, because our numeral “seven” comes from the Arabic “sebu” - seven. Here is Tengri - the Lord of all heavens. Supreme Commander of Space.

I have friends from Kazakhstan, and the meaning of Tengrism, as they say, is that there is one God, it’s just that each ethnic group has a traditional way of communicating with him. Such a question is the Turks as an ethnic group, modern Türkiye, the last conflict. In history, the Russian Empire fought with Turkey many times. Who are they to us? Enemies, partners or maybe allies against the West? This story.

But genetically, the Turkish Turks are, of course, very far from the Turks we know, from the Tatars, from the Altaians, from the Kazakhs. In general, they are much closer to the Persians, Arabs, and Greeks. Genetic data confirm this. It’s just that there weren’t very many Turks who once went to the “last sea”, to the west, to the White Sea, as they called the Mediterranean. Small tribes of nomads came, the most active part, because the main part remained at home, in the Steppe.
But those “who reached it,” the passionaries, became the aristocracy of the local peoples. They found descendants of the Persians, descendants of the Greeks there. They sculpted something out of this, some states. This is how they blinded Turkey. But the spirit, such a spiritualist, of the Turkic nomads, warriors, soldiers, of course, flourished in Turkey. And even the glorious wars, known as the Janissaries, are the Slavs who converted to Islam. Slavic boys, who were taken into good Turkic families, brought up in the Islamic and Turkic spirit, they then went and slaughtered for Islam, for the great Ottoman Empire, for their Turkic padishah, because we see in the super popular TV series “The Magnificent Century” (all ours housewives watch with pleasure).
Here it is - the Turkic spirit, spirituality, of course, it flourished in the Ottoman Empire. But it cannot be said that it was definitely a Turkic state. They began to build a Turkic state when the Ottoman Empire collapsed. Because they spoke the Ottoman language, which is some kind of mixture of Persian, Arabic, Slavic words with a small number of Turkic words.
Kemal Atatürk almost banned the Ottoman language. The Ottoman Empire was such an imperial project, a globalist project. He learned a lot from Byzantium, not from the point of view of religion, but from the point of view of geography, strategy, personnel policy. Their best sailors were the descendants of the Greeks, the “pirates” were the descendants of the French and Italians who converted to Islam. Those. they took everyone from everyone. They took Turkic cavalry, because Turkic cavalry is always the best, everyone knows this.
Those. the Ottoman project, I cannot say that it was definitely some kind of Turkic, just as in the Russian Empire it cannot be said that the Russian project was Slavic. Well, how Slavic is it, when the dynasty is German, the population is mixed, the nobility is half-Turkic, half of the Cossacks spoke Turkic dialects until the 20th century. It turns out that perhaps the Turks from the Russian Empire fought against the Slavs from the Ottoman Empire. It was such a mess.
The emergence of Turkic nationalism itself is associated with the figure of Kemal Ataturk, with the 20th century. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed, they began to think about how to live, what they could cling to in order to simply survive in a hostile world. And they began the emergency Turkification of their country. In fact, they began to create the language anew, and in order to somehow restore it (because it was thoroughly Persian or Slavic - the Ottoman language), they sent ethnographic expeditions, Kemal Ataturk sent, to the Oghuz Turks, who lived exactly on the territory of the Soviet Union . These are Azerbaijanis, Turkmen and Gagauz. And they began to take words from them, instead of Arabic, instead of Persian. Those. The Turkic state of Turkey is in many ways an artificial construct, when the population, which is largely descendants of the Greeks and other tribes of Asia Minor, was artificially driven into Turkic nationalism and the new Turkic language.
Now, if Kazakhstan, of course, is a Turkic country, or Russia is even a more Turkic country, I think, than Turkey. But the Turks made pan-Turkism their sign. The United States actively used this in the “Great Game” against the Soviet Union. The complex of these ideas was aimed at destroying our big country.
So that all Turkic peoples: Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Altaians, Yakuts, Bashkirs, Tatars, would, one way or another, perceive the Turks as their older brother. Although I’ll say it again, from a genetic point of view this is a little funny, because genetically Turks are no different from southern Italians, for example, from the inhabitants of Naples or Sicily. Just twin brothers. Well, since they had a powerful history, they had an Empire, they claimed to lead the Turkic world. Of course, neither the Russian Empire nor the Soviet Union liked this. The Russian Federation did not like this and does not like this kind of idea. Eurasian ideology could reconcile this complex of contradictions, very complex and discord between our countries.
Eurasianism arose as the idea of ​​uniting Slavic and Turkic vectors. The Slavs and Turks, when they are separated, try to say that the Russian Empire is a Slavic kingdom, and the Ottoman Empire is a Turkish kingdom and they must fight among themselves. Then you start to look into it, it turns out that the Russian Empire is half a Turkic kingdom. And the Ottoman Empire is half a Slavic kingdom. Those. everything was crushed.
We, Eurasians, argue that when Turks and Slavs meet, it turns out well, it turns out a symphony. As Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov said - complementarity. There are peoples who complement each other. And on the contrary, such a Turkic-Slavic symbiosis has always given birth to tenacious and creative peoples and individuals.
From this point of view, we can not only reconcile our country, Russia, which, of course, is the fruit of the Slavic-Turkic symbiosis. And more broadly - not just to restore the Soviet Union, but to make it more powerful, like the Eurasian Union, which is also based on the Slavic-Turkic brotherhood.

The main drivers of the Eurasian Union are the Slavs and Turks, Belarusians, Russians, Kazakhs, Tatars, and Kyrgyz.
But we can come to an agreement with the Turks. Because, I repeat once again, the ethnogenesis of the Turks is significantly connected with ethnogenesis and with the combination of Slavic and Turkic elements. I already spoke about the Janissaries. Most of the viziers during the heyday of the Ottoman Empire, they were traditionally also Slavic Serbs, Sokolovici. Well, as a matter of fact, we know very well about the red-haired wife of Suleiman the Magnificent. Everyone knows about Alexandra of Russia, who became the great queen of the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, when we say - Eurasianism, Eurasian integration - then here we can find with the Turks mutual language, establish joint affairs, economic and geopolitical. Because no one here says who is higher there? The Turks are the first people, and the rest are under them - this is the main idea of ​​​​pan-Turkism.
If we say Eurasianism, then everyone is equal from this point of view. Together we create, as it were, a large tree of nations, Big world peoples, in the center of which stands the axis of the Slavs and Turks. Thanks to this axis, complementarity, and all other friendly peoples, Finnish, Ugric, and Caucasian, we all together form a large-scale community in our space. From the point of view of Eurasian ideology, by removing pan-Turkism or pan-Slavism or nationalisms of any kind, Russian nationalism or Turkish nationalism, we can (and now this will happen) improve relations with the fraternal Turkish Republic. Then it becomes fraternal, in the space of Eurasian brotherhood, camaraderie, friendship of peoples, and Turkey and I, I think, can do a lot together for peace and cooperation in Eurasia.

The role of Baku and Astana in the recent reconciliation and in this entire project?

Well, I think everyone tried, because everyone did not benefit from the confrontation between Turkey and Russia. This is not a new confrontation. After all, at one time there was a war between Russian Empire and Turkey were actively supported on both sides by our opponents, the Poles, Swedes, British, French, and Germans. They literally pitted, for example, the Pope against Turkey and Russia in order to draw back forces so that Russia would not interfere with Europe and Turkey would not interfere with Europe. So that we torture each other, beat each other, get tired and then the Europeans would come and make peace with us.
This is how all the Russian-Turkish wars took place. In this sense, the latest conflict between Russia and Turkey benefited only our Western competitors. And, of course, Astana tried, the role of Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev in this reconciliation is very great. And the Azerbaijani side, thanks to them.
But I think this conflict was not beneficial to anyone. And the people did not understand him. Because we constantly spend sociological research, ethnic studies. The conflict with America is understandable, and the Russian people seem to take part in this conflict and support their president. The conflict with radical Islamism is clear. Nobody welcomes radical Islamism. In Russia, no one, even normal Muslims, will support them.
But the conflict with Turkey was not clear to the people. And despite the fact that thousands of our state-paid propagandists howled like wolves in the Turkish direction, the people still perceived the Turks as a fraternal people. And they understood that the king and the sultan had a fight, and tomorrow they would make peace. In turn, we at the Lev Gumilyov Center conducted a special ethno-training, at which we organized energy peace between our countries, where one representative of Turkey solemnly asked for forgiveness from Russia, at this training.

I’ll explain the meaning of ethno-trainings. Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov said that an ethnic group, a people, forms an energy field. Such energy fields are created by any natural community of people, families, and organizations. But an ethnos is a collection of energy fields. We address this field directly, we have technology, and we create a certain event. And then that's how it happens. First, at our Lev Gumilyov Center, a person representing Turkey asked for forgiveness; he was played by a Gagauz; in Russia, she was played by an Ossetian (for some reason it happened that way). I asked forgiveness. And after some time, a month later, the Turkish president asked Russia for forgiveness, asked to accept his apology. I think everyone tried, both at the energy level, and at the technological level, and at the diplomatic level. And this conflict, I hope, will not happen again. And secondly, we will have to restore the results of this conflict for a very long time because economic relations were severed between our countries, and this is not beneficial to anyone.

Now everyone is talking about Uzbekistan. Tamerlane's role in this whole story?
Well, in the same Uzbekistan, Tamerlane was appointed such a sacred ancestor of the entire local population, although this is a little strange.
Firstly, he was not a chigizid. Some believe that it was. But this is not true.

There are also a lot of disputes. The fact remains that this is a very serious piece on the chessboard of humanity. The man who managed to create an Empire, if not the size of Genghis Khan, but comparable to him, not the size of the Turkic Khaganate, but actually comparable. He united all of Central Asia, Iran, part of India, and Asia Minor.

I write columnism, and have written several times that if Tamerlane had taken Moscow, then probably the capital of the future Empire would have been another city. And Islam, not Orthodoxy, would become the state religion. How fair is this?

The fact is that, no matter how much you take Moscow, it is only better for it. Everything in Moscow is like water off a duck's back. No matter how much you burn her, she will always get up and feel good again.
From the point of view of the collision with our civilization, Russian-Eurasian or the Union of Forest and Steppe, as we call it, of course, Tamerlane was an enemy, because he represented a slightly different culture. A renewed caliphate, in fact. He nurtured it and created it only with a center not in Baghdad, not in Damascus, but with a center in Samarkand. Islam was harshly imposed. Under him, Nestorian Christianity was destroyed in Central Asia, completely and irrevocably. He just went and killed everyone.
And before that, millions of Christians lived there, in Central Asia, the same Turks. And on various expeditions in Kyrgyzstan I come across rock carvings of crosses. Crosses, Nestorian creeds. It was the last Christians who hid from Tamerlane in the Kyrgyz canyons. And then he found them there and cut them and burned them. Those. the man was of incredible aggression, incredible strength.
And he brought ruin and death to the steppe, to our territory, to the territory of the modern Eurasian Union. He burned the steppes and captured everyone. And if he had captured Rus' then, he would not have spared anyone. Because the Mongols came, relatively speaking, they negotiated with the local population, the princes, passed through the country, took resources and moved on. But Tamerlane drove the population of entire regions, entire districts into his territory. And in this way it was more reminiscent of fascist Germany, when they took the population of several regions and sent them to work.
Those. such slave-owning Asia came to us. This is one of the novels from Asia, about Asian despots, about some terrible pharaohs who drive entire tribes back and forth. Here he was a classic Asian despot, incompatible with the code of behavior on our territory, among, relatively speaking, kings or khans. In Russia and the Great Steppe, people have never been exterminated for their religion.
Kings or khans did not act this way and did not turn everything into an endless slave trade. Tamerlane carried the slave trade and carried his cultural code us, but didn’t reach it. God or Tengri, they saved this territory from destruction.

The question is this. Azerbaijan, they are also Turks, part of the Turkic world. Their prospects. But it cannot be bypassed within the framework of Eurasian integration - there is also Armenia. How is this?

We, in my opinion, had a good broadcast, related to the issues of Karabakh, it was quite well attended. This is a video you can watch. And soon we will post the text of the ethno-training that we carried out on Karabakh.
I looked now, it’s quite safe, the passions have already subsided. The problem must be solved, it must be solved, because the land lies abandoned. Karabakh is a land that used to prosper. It was multinational, multinational, multireligious. There lived Armenians and Azerbaijanis, Kurds and Russians in this territory. Now it lies largely abandoned. Karabakh needs to be developed. The fact that the “Black Hills” is a closed area has been turned into a dead end, a transport dead end, this hinders the development of our trade, the development of our economies. And the Karabakh issue must be resolved.
Karabakh should probably be given a special status in the Eurasian Union, maybe it could be guarded by special troops of the Eurasian Union, have a rather complex status, different options can be discussed for a condominium.

But, nevertheless, the problem must be solved. I believe that our generation is obliged to solve this problem.
But most importantly, I believe, from the point of view of economic development of the Eurasian Union, the greatest progress was achieved recently, when the North-South route, which had been discussed for decades, was approved by the leaders of Russia, Azerbaijan and Iran. Now the transport corridor will be actively developed, roads will be built, the fleet of ships in the Caspian Sea will increase. This will be real Eurasian integration if this happens. Then Azerbaijan will organically become part of the Eurasian Union, and there will be no need to invent anything.

Last question. September 12 is coming soon. The Orthodox Church honors Alexander Nevsky. I can’t finish without mentioning this figure, because on the one hand, a wide circle knows the famous Soviet film, that he defeated the Germans. On the other hand, the “frostbitten” Russian Nazis really don’t like him, because he crushed the anti-Horde uprisings. Moreover, he is with Batu and his son, from their point of view, he is a pagan. Here, accordingly, is this figure.

Well, first of all, Alexander Nevsky is a symbol of Russia. This was the only, in my opinion, fair vote that could have taken place. People chose between Stalin and Stolypin, everyone quarreled, and then somehow calmed down and chose Alexander Nevsky. I remember there was such a competition on television - not a competition, a kind of voting. They really chose him as a symbol of Russia, because he created Russia. When it was necessary to choose between west and east, Alexander chose the east.

And as we find out, from a historical point of view, he did not lose, i.e. not only didn’t lose, but won. Because the entire east gradually went to Russia. Those who chose the west, like the inhabitants of Galicia and their prince Galician, well, we see in what idiotic state they are now on the outskirts of Europe. They are not even taken to this Europe. The Poles are sitting in the outskirts of Europe, but these are howling like dogs outside the outskirts. It’s not even the dogs that guard the garden, these are the Balts, so classic.
And the dogs that were kicked out. A classic dog from a Ukrainian cartoon who was kicked out. And the abandoned dog walks between the wolves, then goes to the Turkic wolves, then tries to penetrate back to the place from which he was kicked out. This, unfortunately, is the fate of Western Ukraine. Then they handed this devilish fate to all the other Little Russians.
Alexander Nevsky made a different choice. Yes, he went to the pagans, but to which pagans? The son of Batu Khan, his brother Khan Sartak was a Christian of the Nestorian faith.
He simply headed East. “Meeting” the sun galloped and his people “meeting” the sun followed him and reached Alaska.
And Alexander Nevsky walked first. We have been thinking for a long time about how the Russians even went to explore Lake Baikal. And the first to visit Lake Baikal was Alexander Nevsky, on the way to Karakorum. And now our theater master Andrei Borisov staged a wonderful performance at the Irkutsk Drama Theater based on Alexander Nevsky. And this is very symbolic. In Irkutsk, the understanding comes that Alexander Nevsky was the first to arrive at Baikal, and then his people came after him centuries later. And Alexander Nevsky was the first to go to the Horde in Sarai-Batu, in modern Astrakhan, in Sarai-Berke to Khan Berke, at his headquarters, which was located not far from Volgograd. And today the townspeople recognized Alexander Nevsky as the heavenly patron of Volgograd. He showed us the way.

This is our father. If the Turks are still figuring out who their father is, either Suleiman the Magnificent, or Kemal Ataturk, then we know who our father is, our “ati”. This is Alexander Nevsky, who showed us the way to the East, the “sunny path”. In this sense, he is the person who leads us. The first was Andrei Bogolyubsky, who led the capital from Kyiv, from the endless “pre-Maidan moods,” to Vladimir Rus. And Alexander Nevsky continued his path further; he led Russia to the East. Since then Russia eastern country and Russians, of course, eastern people, in the vanguard of all other peoples of the East.

http://www.gumilev-center.ru/rossiya-i-tyurkskijj-ehl-2/