Fairytale island from Russian folklore 4 letters. Folk art

Santorini is a volcanic island that is the summit of an underwater volcano crater. As a result of a terrible eruption and subsequent explosion, about one and a half thousand years BC, the central part of the island collapsed into the crater. It is believed that the eruption of 1645 BC. laid the foundation for the legend of Atlantis.
In fact, the island itself, or rather the largest of several islands, is called Fira. You won't find the name Santorini on the map.
46 photos
Photos Sergei Stepanenko

A little history of the island

The oldest population of Fira, which appeared here around 3000 BC. e. During this period, the island was called Strongyla (“round”) because of its shape, since the Santorini volcano, which was located in the center of the island and had a height of 1.5 km.
About one and a half thousand years BC (1500 BC - 1645 BC according to various estimates) an event occurred that decisively changed both history ancient world, and the shape of the island. We are talking about the terrible eruption of the Santorini volcano.
As a result of the eruption, the crater of the volcano collapsed and a huge caldera (funnel) was formed, which was immediately filled with the sea. All that remains of ancient Strongyla is the currently visible crescent with a steep cliff of more than 300 m.
After the volcano's crater was filled with water, enormous power explosion (steam boiler effect), which caused a huge tsunami, estimated to be between 100 and 200 m high, that hit the northern coast of Crete. The consequence of the tsunami was the decline of the Minoan civilization.

There is a high-speed ship from Crete to Santorini and the journey takes about 2 hours. The price one way is about 50 euros.


This is how the island of Santorini appears to travelers in the first minutes of their stay:

After climbing 300 meters along an almost vertical serpentine road, we find ourselves at the top of the island in the town of Fira, which is the capital of Santorini. The streets on the island are so narrow that only one car can pass almost everywhere:


As soon as you enter the city, you immediately begin to feel like you are in a fairy tale - the houses, buildings, surroundings seem somehow unreal and fabulous:


The appearance of the houses and courtyards is stunning with its whiteness and beauty of shape.


On the slopes of Fira and other towns there are mainly villas, hotels and restaurants. The main population lives on the plain in the center of the island.


Locals make installations on the roofs of houses:


Private property, do not enter:


There are hundreds of churches in the towns. By local custom Every family must build their own church:


Southern part of Fira. Mount Profitis Ilias can be seen in the background:


Let's take a closer look:


View from Mount Profitis Ilias at sunrise. (Clickable):


All houses are clean and tidy. There are many flowers on the streets:


In Fira there is a donkey road with steps from the top to the very bottom. The sign shows the donkey station below:


For some reason the steps are numbered. If you believe the numbering, then there are almost 600 of them. In the heat of 35 degrees, you don’t really want to climb 300 meters uphill:


Orthodox church and the largest square of the island:


Pedestrian street, sometimes you can see mopeds here:


In the evening we went to the town of Oia to watch the sunset.

Oia at sunset:


Yacht:


Evening city:


Cute little church:


Basic transport in Santorini. Because of narrow streets ATVs - The best way movement:


Restaurant "Bicycle" in the town of Oia:




Steps. Below is another small port of Santorini in Oia:




Very beautiful house in white and blue tones:




Many streets lead to a dead end and end with a gate or door to a private house, so sometimes you have to climb back up:




Sky domes of churches:


A few more photos from fairy island Santorini:






Balcony:




The roof of one of the villas is lined with volcanic stones, which are painted in White color. It looks very beautiful and unusual:




Without panoramas it is difficult to imagine the scale of Santorini.
The streets of Fira Stefani. (Clickable, 1918×634 px):


Fira. (Clickable, 1918×825 px):


Fira is closer. On the background highest point islands mountain Profitis Ilias. (Clickable, 1918×1130 px):


Fira from the cliff. (Clickable, 1918×998 px):


Oia town. (Clickable, 1918×765 px):


The fabulous volcanic island of Santorini is the tourist pearl of Greece. (Photo by Arjun Purkayastha):


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island from Pushkin's fairy tale

. (obsolete) river pier, place for unloading goods from ships (leather, tallow, flax)

A violent, noisy, scandalous, pugnacious person

A pier with barns for hemp, flax, lard and oil transported by water.

Bully; the one who rages

An island mentioned in Russian fairy tales and conspiracies. Located far beyond the sea, endowed with fantastic features of the other world

Synonym for brawler

Trade barns on the pier, as well as the pier itself

River pier, sometimes a small natural or artificial island built on stilts for unloading and storing goods

An island lying on the way “to the kingdom of the glorious Saltan”

Bully

Brawler

Island on the way to the kingdom of Saltan

Troublemaker

Quiet on the contrary

Rowdy

An island on the way to the kingdom of the glorious Saltan

Past him to the kingdom of the glorious Saltan

Prince Guidon sailed past him

Who's rowdy if he's drunk?

Pushkinsky Island

Guidon swam past him

Pushkin Island (fairy tale)

Buzoter

Fighter and bully

Island on the way to Saltan's kingdom

An island endowed with miraculous powers

Pugnacious type

Island on the way of Prince Guidon

Scandalous type

Bully Island

Brawler

Fairytale island on the Okiyan Sea

Pier with barns for hemp, flax, lard and oil transported by water

To brawl, riot, etc. see violent. or b conjunction, a particle associated with a verb and expressing a desire, condition or consequence. Whenever he came. If there was beer, there would be guests. It’s not for you to talk, and it’s not for me to listen. If it weren’t for that, I would have hidden Ivan the Great in a bottle. He would like to know everything; Everything, you see, would be drinking and partying, that is, I would like to. You would know everything, but you wouldn’t lie about everything, that is, it would be desirable. If the guy weren't a little broken, they wouldn't invite him to visit. Would adv. south zap. as if, as if, exactly, as if. It's gloomy, it would rain. To bully, to sentence conditionally, to wish for something that is not, unrealistic. Bull, don’t bull, but you won’t get a bull

Who's rowdy if he's drunk?

Bully Island

An island lying on the way "to the kingdom of the glorious Saltan"

Pushkinsk. island on the "ocean sea"

Folk art Eastern Slavs is a huge and special area research. Within the framework of the general course, we can touch only on its most basic phenomena. The variety of forms of folk art of Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians and the high artistic perfection of many of their works are such that only a few other peoples Soviet Union can argue with them in this regard.

Oral folk art (folklore, folk literature) of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians reveals a complex combination of old, traditional and new forms. Previous folklorists considered oral folk art exclusively as a monument of antiquity, believing that in modern era, starting with the penetration of capitalism into the countryside, it is doomed to decline and disappearance. But Soviet folklorists have established that this is not true: folk creativity does not dry out even today, moreover, in Soviet era Some traditional genres of folklore are also being revived, imbued with new content, and completely new ones are developing. “Folklore,” says one of the prominent Soviet folklorists, Yu. M. Sokolov, “is an echo of the past, but at the same time the loud voice of the present.”

The traditional genres of East Slavic folklore include: ritual songs, lyrical songs, folk theater, fairy tales, proverbs, sayings and riddles, epic poetry - epics and historical songs, spiritual poems.

Ritual songs - perhaps oldest species folk poetry. They accompanied various rituals from the calendar cycle, from Christmas to stubble. Together with these rituals, they arose in a distant era on the basis of spontaneous materialistic labor relations farmer to the natural environment, but were painted and magical performances. Other ritual songs were associated with family rituals - these are wedding songs, funeral lamentations (lamentations, lamentations); Of the latter, the northern ones are especially interesting. Nowadays, with a few exceptions, this ritual poetry is a thing of the past.

Lyrical folk poetry is extremely diverse. It is dominated by sad motives generated by a heavy fate working people in past. Love and family songs are distinguished, then songs about conscription and soldiering, about serfdom, barge haulers, coachmen, prison songs, comic-satirical songs and others. In addition to songs of peasant origin, from the 18th century. Factory worker poetry also began to emerge, which, however, retained close ties with village poetry.

Folk theater was once quite widespread. Among the Eastern Slavs this is mainly a puppet theater,
known in several forms. Among the Russians, the most famous theater is “Petrushki” (puppets worn and moved on the fingers); main character performances - Petrushka, a brave, resourceful, witty hero who enters into a fight with a merchant, a policeman, a doctor and overcomes everyone; in this image the spontaneous protest of the people against social oppression found expression. Ukrainians and Belarusians were better known for another type of theater - the “nativity scene”, where dolls moved through slits in the floor of the stage; the content of the performances were part church scenes, partly everyday satirical scenes. The third type of theater is “raek” among Russians: this is different pictures, which were shown to the audience by rewinding between two rollers, and the raeshnik gave comically rhymed explanations.

Much less widespread was the theater of live actors. Only a few plays of this are known folk theater, which arose around the 18th century: these are “Tsar Maximilian”, “Boat”, “The Naked Master”, etc.

In the old days in Rus' there were wandering professional actors - the so-called buffoons. But the government and the church persecuted them for satirical speeches against those in power, and already in the 18th century. The buffoons are gone.

The fabulous epic of the Eastern Slavs is extremely rich. It is customary to share folk tales into types: fairy tales about animals, fairy tales, fairy tales, legends, everyday tales, fairy tales, anecdotes, fairy tales and short stories. Fairy tales with an element of the miraculous are generally more ancient. But the opinion of previous researchers, especially supporters of the mythological school, is erroneous, as if at the basis of all and above all fairy tale lies a myth or religious performance. Soviet folklorists and ethnographers came to the conclusion that fabulous creativity From the very beginning, the people existed independently of religious and mythological ideas, although, of course, there was mutual crossing of both. It is noted that (P.G. Bogatyrev), images of fairy tales among the Eastern Slavs - such as Baba Yaga, Koschey the Immortal, the Firebird - are not found at all in folk beliefs(i.e. people do not believe in their existence) and, conversely, objects folk beliefs- goblin, water goblin, brownie, etc. - almost never appear in fairy tales. Fairy tales of everyday content are associated with social themes, often have a satirical overtones and contain almost no elements of fantasy: here there are stories about a priest and his worker (the priest is always depicted negative traits), about a stupid gentleman and lady, about a soldier, etc. In these tales, the people captured their hostility towards the exploiters and sympathy for the disadvantaged.

Proverbs and sayings are extremely numerous. They also express folk wisdom, popular ideas about morality, a critical attitude towards the exploitative system. It is known how widely they were and are being used folk proverbs classics of literature, as politicians often use them in their speeches.

One of the most specific types Russian folklore - heroic epic, the so-called epics. Unlike other types of folklore, their distribution is limited: they are preserved almost exclusively in the north - in the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Arkhangelsk, Vologda regions, Pechora, and in some places in Siberia. But by their origin, epics are associated with the ancient centers of Rus' - mainly with Kiev, Novgorod, and less with Moscow. They were created, according to most experts, between the 12th and 17th centuries. Soviet folklorists have established that epics, like other types of folk poetry, are not a half-forgotten relic of antiquity, but still live today full-blooded life, change, even enriched with new details. However, the main content of the epics is the exploits of ancient heroes. Of these, the most favorite is the peasant hero Ilya Muromets, next to him stand Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich, Volga Svyatoslavich, Mikula Selyaninovich and others. These are the heroes of the Kyiv cycle. Sadko and Vasily Buslaevich especially stand out from the Novgorod cycle. The word “epics” is not popular; it was introduced by folklorists, the first of whom was I. I. Sakharov. People often call these works “antiques.” They are performed by special specialists - “storytellers”, talented singers, possessing enormous memory, because you need to remember thousands of lines of text in a row. The most famous Storytellers are the Ryabinin family, the Kryukov family (who died in 1954, Marfa Kryukova - order bearer and member of the Union Soviet writers). Epic poems are sung, and their motifs are often heard in works of Russian classical music.

“Historical songs” are close to epics. They are dedicated historical figures- Ivan the Terrible, Stepan Razin, Pugachev and others, and historical events are conveyed more closely. They are usually shorter in size.

Ukrainians also have historical songs. But they got it great importance special genre folk historical poetry - the so-called “dumas”. In terms of content, most thoughts are devoted to historical events, the struggle of the Ukrainian people with the Tatars, Turks, Poles; but there are also thoughts of everyday content. Feature doom - the presence in them, along with purely folk art, also of elements of bookish, intellectual writing. Dumas were usually sung by blind lyricists, kobza players, and bandura players.

Spiritual poetry is an obsolete form of folk poetry. In the Middle Ages, they reflected the sentiments of dissatisfied sections of the population who adhered to various “heresies”; but subsequently this “heretical” spirit of theirs disappeared. Spiritual poems were sung by various wanderers, blind beggars, and pilgrims who stayed near monasteries. It was a type of religious propaganda that stupefied the consciousness of the people.

But the bulk of the works of traditional East Slavic folklore are of great ideological value. V.I. Lenin treated them with interest. Having familiarized himself with the records of Russian folklore texts, he once said to one of his interlocutors: “What interesting material... I quickly looked through all these books and see that, obviously, there is not enough hands or desire to generalize all this, to look at it all from a socio-political angle. After all, on this material one could write excellent research about the aspirations and expectations of the people. Look... in Onchukov’s fairy tales, which I leafed through, there are wonderful places here. This is what our literary historians should pay attention to. This is genuine folk art, so necessary and important for the study of folk psychology in our days." Russian folklore was highly appreciated by Maxim Gorky. “Collect our folklore,” he told the writers, “learn from it, process it.”

Folklorist Varvara Dobrovolskaya about her homeland New Year's character, the origin of the Snow Maiden and her family ties with Santa Claus.

When we talk about the Snow Maiden, we actually mean two characters: a beautiful maiden in love with Lelya, and a little girl fashioned from snow by childless old men. The beautiful maiden - the Snow Maiden - is a character invented by a specific person, Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky. She is the heroine of the play "The Snow Maiden", which the author called spring fairy tale. Her parents, according to the text of the play, are Father Frost and Spring-Red. Snegurochka is a child of Spring-Red’s rash behavior, and she herself speaks about it this way:

"Sixteen years ago, I'm just a joke,
And amusing my fickle temper
Changeable and whimsical, has become
Flirting with Frost, the old grandfather,
A gray-haired prankster; and from then on
I am in captivity with the old...
I would like to leave the gray one,
But the trouble is, the old man and I have a daughter -
Snow Maiden."

Grandfather Frost loves the Snow Maiden and hides her from Yarila, but, succumbing to Spring’s persuasion, he releases his daughter into the human world, where she dies. Her death is connected with the love that Yarilo carries, and not with sunlight and warmth. IN folk tales The Snow Maiden girl is molded from snow, her creators-parents are her grandfather and grandmother who made her from snow. The Snow Maiden can be molded as a snow woman or snow can be poured into a mortar and crushed with a pestle - in the process of grinding the snow together, a girl appears; There are options when snow was placed on the stove. She dies from jumping over a fire, and her feelings in this case are not described.

The first recordings of Russian folk tales featuring the character of the girl Snow Maiden appeared in the 19th century, but they probably existed before that. Ostrovsky's play was written in 1873. And, of course, that Snow Maiden, whom we all know as the granddaughter of Father Frost, is associated specifically with Ostrovsky’s play, although it contains many references to folk tales about the Snow Maiden girl. A shift in phenomena occurred: the Snow Maiden became an adult girl, just like in Ostrovsky, but just like the old people in Russian folk tales, Father Frost, being an old man, began to call her his granddaughter, and not his daughter.

Father Frost appeared not much earlier than the Snow Maiden; he is also an invention of the 19th century, although we are accustomed to the fact that he is a mythological character. And they usually refer to the fact that in Russian folklore there is a character named Moroz, who is fed oatmeal jelly at Christmas so that he does not freeze out the winter crops. When he was invited to a Christmas feast, the owners took a dish of jelly outside and shouted:

Frost, Frost! Come eat jelly!
Frost, Frost! Don't hit our oats!

Nobody knows what this character looks like and what he does. But it is quite obvious that this is not the familiar Santa Claus, but some other character associated with natural elements.

And the appearance of the familiar Santa Claus is associated with the desire of Russian society - of course, urban and educated - to create its own unique Russian Christmas grandfather, who will bring gifts to children. This desire did not fall on unprepared soil. In 1848, Vladimir Fedorovich Odoevsky wrote “Tales of Grandfather Irenaeus,” among which there is the fairy tale “Moroz Ivanovich.” This character does not come to children, but children come to him, he lives in an icy country and does not give gifts, but rewards children for good deeds. Gradually, by the beginning of the twentieth century, the already familiar image of Father Frost took shape, but this is Father Christmas. After the revolution of 1917, this character was persecuted, and in 1929, when Christmas was declared a working day, Father Frost left the festive space. However, in 1936, a decision was made to celebrate not Christmas, but the New Year, and Santa Claus returned. And already in 1937, at the children's New Year's tree in the Hall of Columns of the House of Unions, Father Frost had a granddaughter - Snegurochka.

Grandfather Frost, despite the complexity and debatability of the issue of the fairy-tale map of Russia, lives in Veliky Ustyug, and Kostroma is considered to be the birthplace of the Snow Maiden, although this is not entirely true. According to the fairy-tale map of Russia, the birthplace of the Snow Maiden is located in the Shchelykovo estate Kostroma region. There is Ostrovsky’s museum-estate, where he thought about the idea of ​​writing the play “The Snow Maiden”. And if we are guided by the logic of the creators of the fairy-tale map, according to which the character’s homeland is where the work was written, then the Snow Maiden’s homeland should be Malaya Ordynka in Moscow, where Ostrovsky wrote the play. However, the idea with Shchelykovo took root, museum workers actively use this brand. Now the “Blue House” in the Ostrovsky estate in Shchelykovo is the Snow Maiden’s mansion. But since it is more difficult to get to Shchelykovo and the number of people who can come there is less than those who can get to Kostroma, the residence of the Snow Maiden was moved to the regional center.

Varvara Dobrovolskaya

The fabulous Lukomorye was borrowed by Pushkin from the folklore of the Eastern Slavs. This is a reserved northern kingdom on the edge of the world, where people hibernate in winter and wake up with the first rays of the spring sun. There is the World Tree (“At Lukomorye there is a green oak”), along which, if you go up, you can get to heaven, if down, you can get to the underworld.

The real Lukomorye, contrary to the children's song with the words “Lukomorye is not on the map, which means there is no way into the fairy tale,” is depicted on many old Western European maps: this is the territory adjacent to the eastern shore of the Ob Bay, in the area of ​​​​the modern Tomsk region.

In general, the “Lukomorye” in Old Slavonic language means "bend of the seashore", and in ancient Russian chronicles this toponym is mentioned not in the Far North, but in the area of ​​the Azov and Black Seas and the lower reaches of the Dnieper. The chronicle Lukomorye is one of the habitats of the Polovtsy, who were sometimes called “Lukomorets”. For example, in connection with these regions, Lukomorye is mentioned in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” In “Zadonshchina” in Lukomorye the remnants of Mamai’s army are retreating after the defeat in the Battle of Kulikovo.

Buyan Island

The fabulous Buyan also became widely known thanks to Pushkin: magical things are kept on the island of Buyan that help fairy-tale heroes, and the magic oak tree (World Tree) grows. Many folk conspiracies and spells began with the words: “On the sea on Okiyan, on the island on Buyan lies the white-flammable stone Alatyr.” Sacred stone Alatyr in Slavic mythology denoted the center of the world.

Real Buyan is the German island of Rügen in the Baltic. In ancient times, the West Slavic tribe of Ruyans lived on the island, and in their honor the island was called Ruyan. On the island was Arkona, the main pagan sanctuary of the Baltic Slavs. In subsequent centuries, in Slavic folklore the name was transformed into Buyan.

And the fabulous “white-flammable stone Alatyr” is the chalk rock “Royal Throne”, towering above the sea. According to tradition, the contender for the Ruyan throne had to climb alone at night along the spurs of the rock to the very top (which, apparently, was difficult and scary).

Tmutarakan

Often, when they want to talk about some distant, hard-to-reach place, they say that it is “some kind of Tmutarakan.”

Nevertheless, this is a very real city - the capital of the ancient Russian principality of the same name, which existed in X-XI centuries. The city was indeed located far from other principalities Ancient Rus'- in the area of ​​the Kerch Strait, on the site of modern Taman.

After the defeat of the Khazar Kaganate prince of Kyiv Svyatoslav the city of Tmutarakan came under the rule Kievan Rus, gradually becoming an independent Russian principality. But the remote location from Rus' played a role: after 1094, mentions of Tmutarakan disappear from Russian chronicles. The territory passes to Byzantium, and later to Genoa.

Brazil

The legendary Hy-Brasil is the island of the blessed in Irish mythology, the Celtic analogue of the biblical paradise. It was inhabited by heroes and simply good people. With the advent of Christianity in Ireland, Hy-Brasil began to be inhabited by monks and righteous people.

The island is surrounded by fog, which clears once every seven years, then only it can be seen. According to another version, the island floats to the surface of the ocean once every seven years. According to legend, the island will remain on the surface of the ocean forever if it is touched by fire.

This mythical island in the Atlantic was shown on many ancient maps and was located west of Ireland. Therefore, when in 1500 the Portuguese reached unknown shores in Western Hemisphere, they decided that this is it legendary land Hi-Brazil. The country is still called that way: Brazil.

Avalon

On this magical island from Celtic legends, the fairy Morgana lived and King Arthur was buried. Avalon, also known as the Isle of Apple Trees, was another Celtic equivalent of paradise and was located in legends either somewhere in the west, among the endless waters of the Atlantic, or off the coast of Britain.

The island took on a real shape at the end of the 12th century, when a grave was discovered on St. Michael's Hill (which, by the way, was a volcano in prehistoric times) in Somerset. The inscription on the grave said that here, on the island of Avalon, King Arthur rested with his wife Guinevere. The remains of a large man and a short woman were found in the burial.

In ancient times, the hill rising above the marshy area resembled an island, and during frequent floods it turned into a real island. The remains were later reburied in a chapel built right there. IN Civil War in the 17th century the grave was opened and the bones were scattered.

Thule Island

The mysterious island was first described by the ancient Greek traveler Pytheas from Massilia (modern Marseille) in the 4th century BC. He made a trip to Northern Europe, and, in addition to Thule Island, he spoke about the northern lights, the sea, icebound, and the polar night.

These stories seemed like fiction to Pytheas's fellow citizens, and he was declared a liar. So the island of Thule, along with other “fables” described by Pytheas, was forgotten for centuries.

And only when the Vikings discovered Iceland in the 9th century and compared the natural and geographical characteristics of the island and the description of the mythical island of Thule, it became obvious that Pytheas had once discovered Iceland.

Terra Australis Incognita

The earth around South Pole has been recorded on maps since antiquity. It was believed that bald people, people with dog heads, giants, dragons and other curious personalities lived on these lands.

At first, the Unknown Southern Land occupied the entire south, turning the Indian Ocean into a lake. But as geographical discoveries it became smaller and smaller, moving south. The northern extremities of Terra Incognita were declared Tierra del Fuego, Australia and New Zealand. Even small lonely islands, lost in the ocean, were sometimes mistaken for the shores of the Unknown Southern Land.

After his unsuccessful voyage in 1772, James Cook, who never found the mysterious southern land, stated that, if the southern continent exists, it is only near the pole, and therefore is of no value. After which the southern continent stopped being depicted on maps altogether.

Finally, in 1820, Antarctica was discovered by the Russian expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev. And Terra Australis, which previously existed only hypothetically, ceased to be Incognita. A sixth continent appeared on the map.