What helps win the war are arguments. Arguments on the problem of courage, bravery and heroism for the essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language

Here is a bank of arguments for an essay on the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. It is dedicated to military topics. Each problem corresponds literary examples, which are necessary for writing a paper highest quality. The title corresponds to the formulation of the problem, under the title there are arguments (3-5 pieces depending on complexity). You can also download these arguments in table form(link at the end of the article). We hope that they will help you in preparing for the Unified State Exam.

1. In Vasil Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” Rybak betrayed his homeland, fearing torture. When two comrades, looking for provisions for a partisan detachment, ran into the invaders, they were forced to retreat and hide in the village. However, their enemies found them in the house of a local resident and decided to interrogate them using violence. Sotnikov passed the test with honor, but his friend joined the punitive forces. He decided to become a policeman, although he intended to run away to his own people at the first opportunity. However, this act forever crossed out Rybak’s future. Having knocked out the supports from under his comrade’s feet, he became a traitor and a vile murderer who is not worthy of forgiveness.
2. In Alexander Pushkin's novel The Captain's Daughter, cowardice turned into a personal tragedy for the hero: he lost everything. Trying to win the favor of Marya Mironova, he decided to be cunning and disingenuous, rather than behave courageously. And now, at the decisive moment, when Belgorod Fortress was captured by the rebels, and Masha’s parents were brutally killed, Alexey did not stand up for them, did not protect the girl, but changed into a simple dress and joined the invaders, saving his life. His cowardice completely repulsed the heroine, and even being in his captivity, she proudly and adamantly resisted his caresses. In her opinion, it is better to die than to be at one with a coward and a traitor.
3. In Valentin Rasputin’s work “Live and Remember,” Andrei deserts and runs to his home, to his native village. Unlike him, his wife was a courageous and devoted woman, so she, risking herself, covers her runaway husband. He lives in a nearby forest, and she carries everything he needs secretly from the neighbors. But Nastya’s absences became public knowledge. Fellow villagers swam after her in a boat. To save Andrei, Nastena drowned herself without betraying the deserter. But the coward in her person lost everything: love, salvation, family. His fear of war destroyed the only person who loved him.
4. In Tolstoy’s story “Prisoner of the Caucasus,” two heroes are contrasted: Zhilin and Kostygin. While one, having been captured by the mountaineers, bravely fights for his freedom, the other humbly waits for his relatives to pay the ransom. Fear clouds his eyes, and he does not understand that this money will support the rebels and their fight against his compatriots. For him, only his own fate comes first, and he doesn’t care about the interests of his homeland. Obviously, cowardice manifests itself in war and reveals such traits of nature as selfishness, weak character and insignificance.

Overcoming fear in war

1. In Vsevolod Garshin’s story “Coward,” the hero is afraid to perish in the name of someone’s political ambitions. He is worried that he, with all his plans and dreams, will end up as just a last name and initials in a dry newspaper report. He doesn’t understand why he needs to fight and risk himself, what all these sacrifices are for. His friends, of course, say that he is driven by cowardice. They gave him food for thought, and he decided to volunteer for the front. The hero realized that he was sacrificing himself for the sake of a great cause - the salvation of his people and homeland. He died, but was happy, because he had taken a truly significant step, and his life acquired meaning.
2. In Mikhail Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” Andrei Sokolov overcomes the fear of death and does not agree to drink to the victory of the Third Reich, as the commandant demands. He already faces punishment for inciting rebellion and disrespecting his guards. The only way to avoid death - to accept Muller's toast, to betray the homeland in words. Of course, the man wanted to live and was afraid of torture, but honor and dignity were more important to him. Mentally and spiritually, he fought with the occupiers, even standing in front of the camp commander. And he defeated him by force of will, refusing to carry out his order. The enemy recognized the superiority of the Russian spirit and rewarded the soldier who, even in captivity, overcomes fear and defends the interests of his country.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov is afraid to participate in hostilities: he is awkward, timid, weak, not fit for military service. However, seeing the scope and horror of the Patriotic War of 1812, he decided to go alone and kill Napoleon. He was not at all obliged to go to besieged Moscow and risk himself; with his money and influence, he could sit out in a secluded corner of Russia. But he goes to help the people in some way. Pierre, of course, does not kill the French emperor, but saves the girl from the fire, and this is already a lot. He conquered his fear and did not hide from the war.

The problem of imaginary and real heroism

1. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Fyodor Dolokhov shows excessive cruelty during military operations. He enjoys violence, while always demanding rewards and praise for his imaginary heroism, which contains more vanity than courage. For example, he grabbed an officer who had already surrendered by the collar and insisted for a long time that it was he who took him prisoner. While soldiers like Timokhin modestly and simply carried out their duty, Fedor boasted and boasted about his exaggerated achievements. He did this not for the sake of saving his homeland, but for the sake of self-affirmation. This is false, unreal heroism.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war for the sake of his career, and not for the bright future of his country. He only cares about the glory that Napoleon, for example, received. In pursuit of her, he leaves his pregnant wife alone. Finding himself on the battlefield, the prince rushes into a bloody battle, calling on many people to sacrifice themselves with him. However, his throw did not change the outcome of the battle, but only ensured new losses. Having realized this, Andrei realizes the insignificance of his motives. From that moment on, he no longer pursues recognition; he is only concerned about the fate of his native country, and only for it is he ready to return to the front and sacrifice himself.
3. In the story “Sotnikov” by Vasil Bykov, Rybak was known as a strong and brave fighter. He was in good health and powerful in appearance. In fights he had no equal. But the real test showed that all his actions were just empty boasting. Fearing torture, Rybak accepts the enemy’s offer and becomes a policeman. There was not a drop of real courage in his feigned courage, so he could not withstand the moral pressure of the fear of pain and death. Unfortunately, imaginary virtues are recognized only in trouble, and his comrades did not know whom they trusted.
4. In Boris Vasiliev’s story “Not on the Lists,” the hero single-handedly defends the Brest Fortress, all the other defenders of which fell dead. Nikolai Pluzhnikov himself can barely stand on his feet, but he still fulfills his duty until the end of his life. Someone, of course, will say that this is reckless on his part. There is safety in numbers. But I still think that in his situation this is the only right choice, because he will not get out and join combat-ready units. So isn't it better to give the last fight than to waste a bullet on yourself? In my opinion, Pluzhnikov’s act is a feat of a real man who faces the truth.
5. Victor Astafiev’s novel “Cursed and Killed” describes dozens of destinies of ordinary children whom the war drove into the most difficult conditions: hunger, mortal risk, illness and constant fatigue. They are not soldiers, but ordinary residents of villages and villages, prisons and camps: illiterate, cowardly, tight-fisted and not even very honest. All of them are just cannon fodder in battle; many are of no use. What motivates them? The desire to curry favor and get a deferment or a job in the city? Hopelessness? Maybe their stay at the front is reckless? You can answer in different ways, but I still think that their sacrifices and modest contribution to the victory were not in vain, but necessary. I am sure that their behavior is not always controlled by a conscious, but true force - love for the fatherland. The author shows how and why it manifests itself in each of the characters. Therefore, I consider their courage to be genuine.

Mercy and indifference in an atmosphere of hostilities

1. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, shows blasphemous indifference to his compatriots. During the evacuation from besieged Moscow, he takes advantage of people's grief and confusion by buying their rare and valuable items cheaper. He does not care about the fate of his fatherland, he only looks into his own pocket. The troubles of the surrounding refugees, frightened and oppressed by the war, do not touch him in any way. At the same time, the peasants are burning all their property so that it does not fall to the enemy. They burn houses, kill livestock, and destroy entire villages. For the sake of victory, they risk everything, go into the forests and live as one family. In contrast, Tolstoy shows indifference and compassion, contrasting the dishonest elite with the poor, who turned out to be richer spiritually.
2. Alexander Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin” describes the unity of the people in the face of a mortal threat. In the chapter “Two Soldiers,” the old people welcome Vasily and even feed him, having spent precious food supplies on the stranger. In exchange for hospitality, the hero repairs the elderly couple's watches and other utensils, and also entertains them with encouraging conversations. Although the old woman is reluctant to take out the treat, Terkin does not reproach her, because he understands how difficult life is for them in the village, where there is even no one to help chop wood - everyone is at the front. However, even different people find mutual language and have compassion for each other when clouds have gathered over their homeland. This unity was the author’s call.
3. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" Demchikha hides partisans, despite the mortal risk. She hesitates, being a frightened and persecuted village woman, not a heroine from the cover. Before us is a living person who is not without weaknesses. She's not happy uninvited guests, policemen are circling the village, and if they find something, no one will survive. And yet, the woman’s compassion takes over: she shelters the resistance fighters. And her feat did not go unnoticed: during interrogation with torture and torture, Sotnikov does not betray his patroness, carefully trying to shield her and shift the blame onto himself. Thus, mercy in war begets mercy, and cruelty only leads to cruelty.
4. In Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" some episodes are described that indicate the manifestation of indifference and responsiveness towards prisoners. The Russian people saved officer Rambal and his orderly from death. The frozen French themselves came to the enemy camp, they were dying of frostbite and hunger. Our compatriots showed mercy: they fed them porridge, poured them warming vodka, and even carried the officer into the tent in their arms. But the occupiers were less compassionate: a Frenchman I knew did not stand up for Bezukhov when he saw him in the crowd of prisoners. The count himself barely survived, receiving the meager rations in prison and walking in the cold on a leash. In such conditions, the weakened Platon Karataev, to whom none of the enemies even thought of giving porridge with vodka, died. The example of Russian soldiers is instructive: it demonstrates the truth that in war you need to remain human.
5. An interesting example was described by Alexander Pushkin in the novel “The Captain's Daughter”. Pugachev, the ataman of the rebels, showed mercy and pardoned Peter, respecting his kindness and generosity. The young man once gave him a short fur coat, not stinging in helping a stranger from the common people. Emelyan continued to do good to him even after the “reckoning”, because in the war he strove for justice. But Empress Catherine showed indifference to the fate of the officer devoted to her and surrendered only to the persuasion of Marya. During the war, she showed barbaric cruelty by arranging the execution of rebels in the square. It is not surprising that the people rebelled against her despotic power. Only compassion can help a person stop the destructive power of hatred and enmity.

Moral Choices in War

1. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", the youngest son of the protagonist is at a crossroads between love and homeland. He chooses the first, forever renouncing his family and homeland. His comrades did not accept his choice. The father was especially grieved, because the only chance to restore the honor of the family was to kill the traitor. The military brotherhood took revenge for the death of their loved ones and for the oppression of the faith, Andriy trampled on holy vengeance, and for defending this idea Taras also made his difficult but necessary choice. He kills his son, proving to his fellow soldiers that the most important thing for him, as an ataman, is the salvation of his homeland, and not petty interests. Thus, he forever cements the Cossack partnership, which will fight the “Poles” even after his death.
2. In Leo Tolstoy’s story “Prisoner of the Caucasus,” the heroine also made a desperate decision. Dina liked the Russian man who was forcibly held by her relatives, friends, and her people. She was faced with a choice between kinship and love, the bonds of duty and the dictates of feeling. She hesitated, thought, decided, but could not help but help, because she understood that Zhilin was not worthy of such a fate. He is kind, strong and honest, but he does not have money for ransom, and that is not his fault. Despite the fact that the Tatars and Russians fought, that one captured the other, the girl made a moral choice in favor of justice rather than cruelty. This probably expresses the superiority of children over adults: even in struggle they show less anger.
3. Remarque’s novel “All Quiet on the Western Front” depicts the image of a military commissar who called on high school students, still just boys, to the First World War. At the same time, we remember from history that Germany did not defend itself, but attacked, that is, the guys went to their death for the sake of other people’s ambitions. However, their hearts were set on fire by the words of this dishonest man. So, the main characters went to the front. And only there they realized that their agitator was a coward hiding in the rear. He sends young men to their deaths, while he himself sits at home. His choice is immoral. He exposes this seemingly courageous officer as a weak-willed hypocrite.
4. In Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin,” the main character swims across an icy river to bring important reports to the attention of the command. He throws himself into the water under fire, risking freezing to death or drowning after catching an enemy bullet. But Vasily makes a choice in favor of duty - an idea that is larger than himself. He contributes to victory, thinking not about himself, but about the outcome of the operation.

Mutual assistance and selfishness on the front line

1. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Natasha Rostova is ready to give up carts to the wounded in order to help them avoid persecution by the French and leave the besieged city. She is ready to lose valuable things, despite the fact that her family is on the verge of ruin. It's all about her upbringing: the Rostovs were always ready to help and help a person out of trouble. Relationships are more valuable to them than money. But Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, during the evacuation, bargained things cheaply from frightened people in order to make capital. Alas, in war not everyone passes the test of morality. The true face of a person, an egoist or a benefactor, will always reveal itself.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's Sevastopol Stories, the "circle of aristocrats" demonstrates the unpleasant character traits of the nobility, who found themselves at war because of vanity. For example, Galtsin is a coward, everyone knows about it, but no one talks about it, because he is a high-born nobleman. He lazily offers his help on the outing, but everyone hypocritically dissuades him, knowing that he won’t go anywhere, and he’s of little use. This man is a cowardly egoist who thinks only about himself, not paying attention to the needs of the fatherland and the tragedy own people. At the same time, Tolstoy describes the silent feat of doctors who work overtime and restrain their frenzied nerves from the horror they saw. They will not be rewarded or promoted, they do not care about this, because they have one goal - to save as many soldiers as possible.
3. In Mikhail Bulgakov's novel " White Guard» Sergei Talberg leaves his wife and runs away from a country torn by civil war. He selfishly and cynically leaves in Russia everything that was dear to him, everything to which he swore to be faithful to the end. Elena was taken under the protection of her brothers, who, unlike their relative, served to the last the one to whom they took the oath. They protected and consoled their abandoned sister, because all the conscientious people united under the burden of the threat. For example, the commander Nai-Tours performs an outstanding feat, saving the cadets from imminent death in a futile battle. He himself dies, but helps innocent young men deceived by the hetman to save their lives and leave the besieged city.

Negative impact of war on society

1. In Mikhail Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don,” the entire Cossack people becomes a victim of war. The former way of life is collapsing due to fratricidal strife. Breadwinners die, children become unruly, widows go crazy from grief and the unbearable yoke of labor. The fate of absolutely all the characters is tragic: Aksinya and Peter die, Daria becomes infected with syphilis and commits suicide, Grigory is disappointed in life, lonely and forgotten Natalya dies, Mikhail becomes callous and impudent, Dunyasha runs away and lives unhappily. All generations are in discord, brother goes against brother, the land is orphaned, because in the heat of battle it was forgotten. As a result, the civil war led only to devastation and grief, and not to the bright future that all the warring parties promised.
2. In Mikhail Lermontov's poem "Mtsyri" the hero became another victim of the war. A Russian military man picked him up, forcibly took him away from his home, and probably would have continued to control his fate if the boy had not fallen ill. Then his almost lifeless body was thrown into the care of the monks in a nearby monastery. Mtsyri grew up, he was destined for the fate of a novice, and then a clergyman, but he never came to terms with the arbitrariness of his captors. The young man wanted to return to his homeland, reunite with his family, and quench his thirst for love and life. However, he was deprived of all this, because he was just a prisoner, and even after escaping he found himself back in his prison. This story is an echo of war, as the struggle of countries cripples the fate of ordinary people.
3. In Nikolai Gogol's novel " Dead Souls"There is an insert that is a separate story. This is a story about Captain Kopeikin. It tells about the fate of a cripple who became a victim of war. In the battle for his homeland, he became disabled. Hoping to receive a pension or some kind of assistance, he came to the capital and began visiting officials. However, they became bitter in their comfortable workplaces and only drove the poor man, without making his life filled with suffering any easier. Alas, constant wars in the Russian Empire gave rise to many such cases, so no one particularly reacted to them. You can’t even definitely blame anyone here. Society became indifferent and cruel, so people defended themselves from constant worries and losses.
4. In the story by Varlam Shalamov “ Last Stand Major Pugachev”, the main characters, who honestly defended their homeland during the war, ended up in a labor camp in their homeland because they were once prisoners of the Germans. No one felt sorry for these worthy people, no one showed leniency, but they were not guilty of being captured. And it’s not just about cruel and unjust politicians, it’s about the people, who have become hardened from constant grief, from inescapable deprivation. Society itself indifferently listened to the suffering of innocent soldiers. And they, too, were forced to kill the guards, run and shoot back, because the bloody massacre made them like that: merciless, angry and desperate.

Children and women at the front

1. In Boris Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet,” the main characters are women. They, of course, were more afraid than men to go to war; each of them still had close and dear people. Rita even left her son to her parents. However, the girls fight selflessly and do not retreat, even though they are up against sixteen soldiers. Each of them fights heroically, each overcomes her fear of death in the name of saving her homeland. Their feat is taken especially hard, because fragile women have no place on the battlefield. However, they destroyed this stereotype and conquered the fear that constrained even more suitable fighters.
2. In Boris Vasiliev’s novel “Not on the Lists,” the last defenders of the Brest Fortress are trying to save women and children from starvation. They don't have enough water and supplies. With pain in their hearts, the soldiers see them off to German captivity, there is no other way out. However, the enemies did not spare even expectant mothers. Pluzhnikov's pregnant wife, Mirra, is beaten to death with boots and pierced with a bayonet. Her mutilated corpse is pelted with bricks. The tragedy of war is that it dehumanizes people, releasing all their hidden vices.
3. In Arkady Gaidar's work “Timur and His Team,” the heroes are not soldiers, but young pioneers. While the fierce battle continues on the fronts, they, as best they can, help the fatherland to survive in trouble. The guys do the hard work for widows, orphans and single mothers who don’t even have anyone to chop wood. They secretly perform all these tasks without waiting for praise and honor. For them, the main thing is to make their modest but important contribution to victory. Their destinies are also ruined by the war. Zhenya, for example, grows up in the care of his older sister, but they see their father once every few months. However, this does not prevent children from fulfilling their small civic duty.

The problem of nobility and baseness in battle

1. In Boris Vasiliev’s novel “Not on the Lists,” Mirra is forced to surrender when she discovers that she is pregnant with Nikolai’s child. There is no water or food in their shelter; the young people miraculously survive, because they are being hunted. But a lame Jewish girl emerges from hiding to save the life of her child. Pluzhnikov is watching her vigilantly. However, she was unable to blend into the crowd. So that her husband does not give himself away, does not go to save her, she moves away, and Nikolai does not see how his wife is beaten by the rabid invaders, how they wound her with a bayonet, how they cover her body with bricks. There is so much nobility, so much love and self-sacrifice in this act of hers that it is difficult to perceive it without an internal shudder. The fragile woman turned out to be stronger, more courageous and nobler than the representatives of the “chosen nation” and the stronger sex.
2. In Nikolai Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", Ostap shows true nobility in war conditions when he does not utter a single cry even under torture. He did not give the enemy spectacle and rejoicing by defeating him spiritually. In his dying word, he only addressed his father, whom he did not expect to hear. But I heard. And he realized that their cause was alive, which means he was alive. In this self-denial in the name of an idea, his rich and strong nature. But the idle crowd surrounding him is a symbol of human baseness, because people gathered to savor the pain of another person. This is terrible, and Gogol emphasizes how terrible the face of this motley public is, how disgusting its murmur is. He contrasted her cruelty with Ostap’s virtue, and we understand whose side the author is on in this conflict.
3. The nobility and baseness of a person are truly manifested only in emergency situations. For example, in Vasil Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” two heroes behaved completely differently, although they lived side by side in the same detachment. The fisherman betrayed his country, his friends, and his duty out of fear of pain and death. He became a policeman and even helped his new comrades hang their former partner. Sotnikov did not think about himself, although he suffered from torture. He tried to save Demchikha, his ex-friend, ward off trouble from the squad. So he blamed everything on himself. This noble man did not allow himself to be broken and gave his life for his homeland with dignity.

The problem of responsibility and negligence of fighters

1. Leo Tolstoy's Sevastopol Stories describes the irresponsibility of many fighters. They just show off in front of each other, and go to work only for the sake of promotion. They do not think at all about the outcome of the battle, they are only interested in rewards. For example, Mikhailov only cares about making friends with a circle of aristocrats and receiving some benefits from his service. Having received a wound, he even refuses to bandage it so that everyone will be shocked by the sight of blood, because there is a reward for a serious injury. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the finale Tolstoy describes precisely defeat. With such an attitude towards your duty to your homeland, it is impossible to win.
2. In “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” an unknown author tells about the instructive campaign of Prince Igor against the Polovtsians. Striving to gain easy glory, he leads a squad against the nomads, neglecting the concluded truce. Russian troops defeat their enemies, but at night the nomads take the sleeping and drunken warriors by surprise, kill many, and take the rest prisoner. The young prince repented of his extravagance, but it was too late: the squad was killed, his estate was without an owner, his wife was in grief, like the rest of the people. The opposite of the frivolous ruler is the wise Svyatoslav, who says that the Russian lands need to be united, and that you shouldn’t just meddle with your enemies. He takes his mission responsibly and condemns Igor’s vanity. His “Golden Word” subsequently became the basis political system Rus'.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, two types of commanders are contrasted with each other: Kutuzov and Alexander the First. One takes care of his people, puts the well-being of the army above victory, while the other thinks only about the quick success of the cause, and he does not care about the sacrifices of the soldiers. Due to the illiterate and short-sighted decisions of the Russian emperor, the army suffered losses, the soldiers were dejected and confused. But Kutuzov’s tactics brought Russia complete deliverance from the enemy with minimal losses. Therefore, it is very important to be a responsible and humane leader during the battle.

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Victory and defeat

Direction allows you to reflect on victory and defeat in different aspects: socio-historical, moral-philosophical, psychological.

The reasoning can be related aswith external conflict events in the life of a person, country, world, and witha person's internal struggle with himself , its causes and results.
IN literary works The concepts of “victory” and “defeat” are often shown in differenthistorical conditions and life situations.

Possible essay topics:

1. Can defeat become victory?

2. “The greatest victory is victory over oneself” (Cicero).

3. “Victory is always with those in whom there is agreement” (Publius).

4. “Victory achieved by violence is tantamount to defeat, because it is short-lived” (Mahatma Gandhi).

5. Victory is always desired.

6. Every small victory over oneself gives great hope in one’s own strength!

7. The winning tactic is to convince the enemy that he is doing everything right.

8. If you hate, it means you have been defeated (Confucius).

9. If the loser smiles, the winner loses the taste of victory.

10. Only the one who defeats himself wins in this life. Who conquered his fear, his laziness and his uncertainty.

11. All victories begin with victory over yourself.

12. No victory will bring as much as one defeat can take away.

13. Is it necessary and possible to judge the winners?

14 Do defeat and victory taste the same?

15. Is it difficult to admit defeat when you are so close to victory?

16. Do you agree with the statement “Victory... defeat... these lofty words are devoid of any meaning.”

17. “Losing and winning taste the same. Defeat tastes like tears. Victory tastes like sweat."

Possibleabstracts on the topic: "Victory and Defeat"

Victory. Every person has the desire to experience this intoxicating feeling. Even as a child, we felt like a winner when we received our first A's. As they grew older, they felt joy and satisfaction from achieving their goals, defeating their weaknesses - laziness, pessimism, maybe even indifference. Victory gives strength, makes a person more persistent and active. Everything around seems so beautiful.

Everyone can win. You need willpower, the desire to succeed, the desire to become a bright, interesting person.

Of course, both a careerist who has received another promotion and an egoist who has achieved some benefits by bringing pain to others experiences a kind of victory. And what a “victory” a money-hungry person experiences when he hears the clink of coins and the rustle of banknotes! Well, everyone decides for themselves what they strive for, what goals they set, and therefore “victories” can be completely different.

A person lives among people, so the opinions of others are never indifferent to him, no matter how much some people want to hide it. A victory appreciated by people is many times more pleasant. Everyone wants others to share their joy.

Victory over oneself becomes a way of survival for some. People with disabilities physical capabilities Every day they make efforts on themselves, strive to achieve results at the cost of incredible efforts. They are an example for others. The performances of athletes at the Paralympic Games are striking in how great the will to win these people are, how strong in spirit they are, how optimistic they are, no matter what.

The price of victory, what is it? Is it true that “winners are not judged”? You can think about this too. If the victory was achieved dishonestly, then it is worthless. Victory and lies, toughness, heartlessness are concepts that exclude each other. Only fair play, playing according to the rules of morality and decency, only this brings true victory.

It's not easy to win. Much needs to be done to achieve it. What if you suddenly lose? What then? It is important to understand that in life there are many difficulties and obstacles along the way. To be able to overcome them, to strive for victory even after defeat - this is what distinguishes a strong personality. It’s scary not to fall, but not to get up later in order to move on with dignity. Fall and get up, make mistakes and learn from your mistakes, retreat and move on - this is the only way you should strive to live on this earth. The main thing is to move forward towards your goal, and then victory will definitely be your reward.

The victory of the people during the war is a sign of the unity of the nation, the unity of people who have common destiny, traditions, history, united homeland.

How many great trials our people had to endure, what enemies we had to fight. Millions of people died during the Great Patriotic War, giving their lives for the Victory. They were waiting for her, dreaming about her, bringing her closer.

What gave you the strength to survive? Of course, love. Love for the homeland, loved ones and loved ones.

The first months of the war were a series of continuous defeats. How hard it was to realize that the enemy was advancing along native land further and further, approaching Moscow. Defeats did not make people helpless and confused. On the contrary, they united the people and helped them understand how important it is to gather all their strength to repel the enemy.

And how everyone rejoiced together at the first victories, the first fireworks display, the first reports of the defeat of the enemy! The victory became the same for everyone, everyone contributed their share to it.

Man is born to win! Even the very fact of his birth is already a victory. You must strive to be a winner, the right person for your country, people, loved ones.

Quotes and epigraphs

The greatest is victory over oneself. (Cicero)

Man was not created to suffer defeat... Man can be destroyed, but he cannot be defeated. (Hemingway Ernest)

The joy of life is learned through victories, the truth of life - through defeats. A. Koval.

The consciousness of an honestly sustained struggle is almost higher than the triumph of victory. (Turgenev)

Wins and losses travel in the same sleigh. (Russian last)

Victory over the weak is like defeat. (Arabic last)

Where there is agreement, there. (Lat. seq.)

Be proud only of the victories you have won over yourself. (Tungsten)

You should not start a battle or war unless you are sure that you will gain more in victory than you will lose in defeat. (Octavian Augustus)

None will bring as much as one defeat can take away. (Gaius Julius Caesar)

Victory over fear gives us strength. (V. Hugo)

To never know defeat means to never fight. (Morihei Ueshiba)

No winner believes in chance. (Nietzsche)

Achieved by violence is tantamount to defeat, because it is short-term. (Mahatma Gandhi)

Nothing but a lost battle can compare even with half the sadness of a won battle. (Arthur Wellesley)

The winner's lack of generosity reduces the meaning and benefits of victory by half. (Giuseppe Mazzini)

The first step to victory is objectivity. (Tetcorax)

The winners sleep sweeter than the losers. (Plutarch)

World literature offers many arguments for victory and defeat :

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (Pierre Bezukhov, Nikolai Rostov);

F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment (Raskolnikov’s act (the murder of Alena Ivanovna and Lizaveta) - victory or defeat?);

M. Bulgakov " dog's heart"(Professor Preobrazhensky - did he defeat nature or lose to it?);

S. Alexievich “War does not have a woman’s face” (the price of victory in the Great Patriotic War is crippled lives, the fate of women)

I suggest 10 arguments on the topic: “Victory and defeat”

A.S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”

I.A.Goncharov "Oblomov"

A.N. Tolstoy “Peter the Great”

E. Zamyatin “We”

A.A. Fadeev “Young Guard”

Famous work A.S. Griboedov’s “Woe from Wit” is still relevant in our time. It has a lot of problems, bright, memorable characters.

Main character plays - Alexander Andreevich Chatsky. The author shows his irreconcilable clash with Famus society. Chatsky does not accept the morality of this high society, their ideals, principles. He expresses this openly.

I don't read nonsense
And even more exemplary...

Where? show us, fathers of the fatherland,
Which ones should we take as models?
Aren't these the ones who are rich in robbery?

The regiments are busy recruiting teachers,
More in number, cheaper in price...

The houses are new, but the prejudices are old...

The ending of the work, at first glance, is tragic for the hero: he leaves this society, misunderstood in it, rejected by his beloved girl, literally flees from Moscow:"Give me a carriage, carriage ! So who is Chatsky: the winner or the loser? What is on his side: victory or defeat? Let's try to understand this.

The hero brought such a commotion into this society, in which everything is so scheduled by day, by hour, where everyone lives according to the order established by their ancestors, a society in which opinion is so important “Princess Marya Alekseevna " Isn't this a victory? To prove that you are a person who has your own point of view on everything, that you do not agree with these laws, to openly express your views about education, about service, about the order in Moscow - this is a real victory. Moral. It is no coincidence that they were so frightened of the hero, calling him crazy. And who else in their circle could object so much if not a madman?

Yes, it’s hard for Chatsky to realize that he was not understood here. After all, Famusov’s house is dear to him, his youth passed here, here he first fell in love, he rushed here after a long separation. But he will never adapt. He has another road-road honor, service to the Fatherland. He does not accept false feelings and emotions. And in this he is a winner.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

Evgeny Onegin, the hero of the novel by A.S. Pushkin, is a contradictory personality who has not found himself in this society. It is no coincidence that in literature such heroes are called “superfluous people.”

One of the central scenes of the work is Onegin’s duel with Vladimir Lensky, a young romantic poet passionately in love with Olga Larina. Challenging an opponent to a duel and defending one’s honor was common practice in noble society. It seems that both Lensky and Onegin are trying to defend their truth. However, the result of the duel is terrible - the death of young Lensky. He was only 18 years old and had his life ahead of him.

Will I fall, pierced by an arrow,
Or she will fly by,
All good: vigil and sleep
The certain hour comes;
Blessed is the day of worries,
Blessed is the coming of darkness!

Is the death of a man whom you called a friend a victory for Onegin? No, this is a manifestation of Onegin’s weakness, selfishness, unwillingness to overcome the insult. It is no coincidence that this fight changed the hero’s life. He began to travel around the world. His soul could not find peace.

So victory can become defeat at the same time. What matters is what the price of victory is, and whether it is needed at all, if the result is the death of another.

M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”

Pechorin, the hero of the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov, evokes conflicting feelings among readers. So, in his behavior with women, almost everyone agrees - the hero here shows his selfishness, and sometimes simply callousness. Pechorin seems to be playing with the destinies of the women who love him.(“I feel in myself this insatiable greed, devouring everything that comes my way; I look at the sufferings and joys of others only in relation to myself, as food that supports my spiritual strength.”)Let's remember Bela. She was deprived by the hero of everything - her home, her loved ones. She has nothing left except the hero’s love. Bela fell in love with Pechorin, sincerely, with all her soul. However, having achieved her by all possible means - both deception and dishonest acts - he soon began to grow cold towards her.(“I was wrong again: the love of a savage is a little better than love noble lady; the ignorance and simple-heartedness of one are just as annoying as the coquetry of the other."Pechorin is largely to blame for the fact that Bela died. He did not give her the love, the happiness, attention and care that she deserves. Yes, he won, Bela became his. But is this a victory? No, this is a defeat, since the beloved woman did not become happy.

Pechorin himself is capable of condemning himself for his actions. But he can’t and doesn’t want to change anything about himself: “Whether I am a fool or a villain, I don’t know; but it is true that I am also very worthy of regret, perhaps more than she: my soul is spoiled by light, my imagination is restless, my heart is insatiable; I can’t get enough...", "I sometimes despise myself..."

N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”

The work “Dead Souls” is still interesting and relevant. It is no coincidence that performances are staged based on it, and multi-part series are created. art films. The poem (this is the genre indicated by the author himself) intertwines philosophical, social, moral problems and topics. The theme of victory and defeat also found its place in it.

The main character of the poem is Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. He clearly followed the instructions of his father:“Take care and save a penny... You can change everything in the world with a penny.”Since childhood, he began saving it, this penny, and carried out more than one dark operation. In the city of NN, he decided on a grandiose and almost fantastic enterprise - to redeem dead peasants according to the “Revision Tales”, and then sell them as if they were alive.

To do this, he must be inconspicuous and at the same time interesting to everyone with whom he communicated. And Chichikov succeeded in this:“... knew how to flatter everyone,” “entered sideways,” “sat down at an angle,” “answered by bowing his head,” “put a carnation in his nose,” “brought a snuff-box with violets at the bottom.”

At the same time, he tried not to stand out too much(“not handsome, but not bad-looking, neither too fat nor too thin, one cannot say that he is old, but not that he is too young”)

Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov at the end of the work is a real winner. He managed to fraudulently make himself a fortune and left with impunity. It seems that the hero clearly follows his goal, follows the intended path. But what awaits this hero in the future if he chose hoarding as his main goal in life? Isn’t Plyushkin’s fate destined for him too, whose soul was completely at the mercy of money? Anything is possible. But the fact is that with every purchased “ dead soul“He himself is falling morally - this is certain. And this is defeat, because human feelings they were suppressed by acquisitiveness, hypocrisy, lies, and selfishness. And although N.V. Gogol emphasizes that people like Chichikov are “a terrible and vile force,” the future does not belong to them, yet they are not the masters of life. How relevant are the words of the writer addressed to young people:“Take it with you on the journey, emerging from the soft years of youth into stern, embittered courage, take with you all human movements, do not leave them on the road, you will not pick them up later!”

I.A.Goncharov "Oblomov"

Victory over yourself, over your weaknesses and shortcomings. It is worth a lot if a person reaches the end, the goal that he has set. Ilya Oblomov, the hero of the novel by I.A. Goncharov, is not like that. Sloth celebrates victory over his master. She sits so firmly in him that it seems that nothing can make the hero get up from his sofa, simply write a letter to his estate, find out how things are going there. And yet the hero tried to make an attempt to overcome himself, his reluctance to do something in this life. Thanks to Olga and his love for her, he began to transform: he finally got up from the couch, began to read, walked a lot, dreamed, talked with the heroine. However, he soon abandoned this idea. Outwardly, the hero himself justifies his behavior by saying that he cannot give her what she deserves. But, most likely, these are just more excuses. Laziness dragged him away again, returned him to his favorite sofa("...There is no peace in love, and it keeps moving somewhere forward, forward...")It is no coincidence that “Oblomov” has become a common noun, denoting a lazy person who does not want to do anything, who does not strive for anything. (Stolz’s words: “It began with the inability to put on stockings and ended with the inability to live."

Oblomov pondered the meaning of life, understood that it was impossible to live like this, but did nothing to change everything:“When you don’t know why you live, you live somehow, day after day; you rejoice that the day has passed, that the night has passed, and in your sleep you plunge into the boring question of why you lived this day, why you will live tomorrow.”

Oblomov failed to defeat himself. However, the defeat did not upset him so much. At the end of the novel, we see the hero in a quiet family circle, he is loved and cared for, as he once was in childhood. This is the ideal of his life, this is what he achieved. Also, however, having won a “victory”, because his life has become the way he wants it to be. But why is there always some kind of sadness in his eyes? Maybe because of unfulfilled hopes?

L.N. Tolstoy " Sevastopol stories»

“Sevastopol Stories” - work young writer, which brought fame to L.N. Tolstoy. Officer, participant himself Crimean War, the author realistically described the horrors of war, the grief of people, the pain and suffering of the wounded.(“The hero, whom I love with all the strength of my soul, whom I tried to reproduce in all his beauty and who has always been, is and will be beautiful, is true.”)

The center of the story is the defense and then the surrender of Sevastopol to the Turks. The entire city, along with the soldiers, defended itself; everyone, young and old, contributed to the defense. However, the forces were too unequal. The city had to be surrendered. Outwardly it is a defeat. However, if you look closely at the faces of the defenders, the soldiers, at how much hatred they have for the enemy, the unbending will to win, then we can conclude that the city has been surrendered, but the people have not accepted their defeat, they will still regain their pride, victory is certain will be ahead.(“Almost every soldier, looking from the northern side at abandoned Sevastopol, sighed with inexpressible bitterness in his heart and threatened his enemies."Failure is not always the end of something. This could be the beginning of a new, future victory. It will prepare this victory, because people, having gained experience and taken into account mistakes, will do everything to win.

A.N. Tolstoy “Peter the Great”

A.N. Tolstoy’s historical novel “Peter the Great,” dedicated to the distant era of Peter the Great, fascinates readers even today. I read with interest the pages in which the author shows how the young king matured, how he overcame obstacles, learned from his mistakes and achieved victories.

More space is occupied by the description of the Azov campaigns of Peter the Great in 1695-1696. The failure of the first campaign did not break young Peter.(...Confusion is a good lesson... We are not looking for glory... And they will beat us ten more times, then we will overcome).
He began to build a fleet, strengthen the army, and the result was greatest victory over the Turks - the capture of the Azov fortress. This was the first victory of the young king, an active, life-loving man, striving to do a lot(“Neither an animal nor a single person, probably, wanted to live with such greed as Peter... «)
This is an example of a ruler who achieves his goal and strengthens the power and international authority of the country. Defeat becomes an impetus for further development for him. The result is victory!

E. Zamyatin “We”

The novel “We”, written by E. Zamyatin, is a dystopia. By this, the author wanted to emphasize that the events depicted in it are not so fantastic, that under the emerging totalitarian regime something similar could happen, and most importantly, a person will completely lose his “I”, he will not even have a name - only a number.

These are the main characters of the work: he - D 503 and she - I-330

The hero has become a cog in the huge mechanism of the United State, in which everything is clearly regulated. He is completely subordinate to the laws of the state, where everyone is happy.

Another heroine of I-330, it was she who showed the hero the “unreasonable” world of living nature, a world that is fenced off from the inhabitants of the state by the Green Wall.

There is a struggle between what is allowed and what is forbidden. How to proceed? The hero experiences feelings previously unknown to him. He goes after his beloved. However, in the end the system defeated him, the hero, part of this system, says:“I am confident that we will win. Because reason must win."The hero is calm again, he, having undergone the operation, having regained calm, looks calmly at how his woman dies under the gas bell.

And the heroine of I-330, although she died, remained undefeated. She did everything she could for a life in which everyone decides for themselves what to do, who to love, how to live.

Victory and defeat. They are often so close on a person's path. And what choice a person makes - to victory or defeat - depends on him too, regardless of the society in which he lives. To become a united people, but to preserve one’s “I” is one of the motives of E. Zamyatin’s work.

A.A. Fadeev “Young Guard”

Oleg Koshevoy, Ulyana Gromova, Lyubov Shevtsova, Sergei Tyulenin and many others are young people, almost teenagers who have just graduated from school. IN

During the Great Patriotic War, in Krasnodon, which was occupied by the Germans, they created their own underground organization “Young Guard”. The famous novel by A. Fadeev is dedicated to a description of their feat.

The characters are shown by the author with love and tenderness. The reader sees how they dream, love, make friends, enjoy life, no matter what (Despite everything that was happening around and in the whole world, the young man and the girl declared their love... they declared their love, as they declare only in their youth, that is, they talked about absolutely everything except love.) Risking their lives, they put up leaflets and burn the German commandant’s office, where lists of people who were supposed to be sent to Germany are kept. Youthful enthusiasm and courage are characteristic of them. (No matter how difficult and terrible the war is, no matter how cruel the losses and suffering it brings to people, youth with its health and joy of life, with its naive kind egoism, love and dreams of the future does not want and does not know how to see the danger behind the general danger and suffering and suffering for herself until they come and disrupt her happy walk.)

However, the organization was betrayed by a traitor. All its members died. But even in the face of death, none of them became a traitor, did not betray their comrades. Death is always a defeat, but fortitude is a victory. The heroes are alive in the hearts of people, a monument was erected to them in their homeland, a museum was created. The novel is dedicated to the feat of the Young Guard.

B.L. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet”

Great Patriotic War- a glorious and at the same time tragic page in the history of Russia. How many millions of lives she took! How many people became heroes defending their homeland!

War does not have a woman’s face - this is the leitmotif of B. Vasilyev’s story “And Here They Are Quiet.” A woman, whose natural destiny is to give life, to be the keeper of the family hearth, to personify tenderness and love, puts on soldier’s boots, a uniform, takes up a weapon and goes to kill. What could be worse?

Five girls - Zhenya Komelkova, Rita Osyanina, Galina Chetvertak, Sonya Gurvich, Liza Brichkina - died in the war against the Nazis. Everyone had their own dreams, everyone wanted love, and just life..(“...I lived all nineteen years in the feeling of tomorrow.”)
But the war took all this away from them.("It was so stupid, so absurd and implausible to die at nineteen years old.")
Heroines die in different ways. So, Zhenya Komelkova accomplishes a true feat, leading the Germans away from her comrades, and Galya Chetvertak, simply frightened of the Germans, screams in horror and runs away from them. But we understand each of them. War is a terrible thing, and the fact that they went to the front voluntarily, knowing that death could await them, is already a feat of these young, fragile, gentle girls.

Yes, the girls died, the lives of five people were cut short - this, of course, is a defeat. It is no coincidence that Vaskov, this battle-hardened man, is crying; it is no coincidence that his terrible face, filled with hatred, causes horror among the fascists. He, alone, captured several people! But still, this is a victory—a victory for the moral spirit of the Soviet people, their unshakable faith, their perseverance and heroism. And Rita Osyanina’s son, who became an officer, is a continuation of life. And if life continues, this is already a victory - a victory over death!

Examples of essays:

№1 There is nothing more courageous than victory over yourself.

What is victory? Why is the most important thing in life to win over yourself? It is these questions that the statement of Erasmus of Rotterdam makes us think about: “There is nothing more courageous than victory over ourselves.”I believe that victory is always a success in the fight for something. Conquering yourself means overcoming yourself, your fears and doubts, overcoming laziness and uncertainty that interfere with achieving any goal. The internal struggle is always more difficult, because a person must admit to himself his mistakes, and also that the cause of failures is only himself. And this is not easy for a person, since it is easier to blame someone else than yourself. People often lose in this war because they lack willpower and courage. That is why victory over oneself is considered the most courageous.Many writers have discussed the importance of victory in the fight over one’s vices and fears. For example, in his novel “Oblomov,” Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov shows us a hero who is unable to overcome his laziness, which became the cause of his meaningless life. Ilya Ilyich Oblomov leads a sleepy and motionless lifestyle. While reading a novel, this hero we see traits that are characteristic of ourselves, namely laziness. And so, when Ilya Ilyich meets Olga Ilyinskaya, at some point it seems to us that he will finally get rid of this vice. We celebrate the changes that have happened to him. Oblomov gets up from his couch, goes on dates, visits theaters, and begins to become interested in the problems of the neglected estate, but, unfortunately, the changes turned out to be short-lived. In the fight with himself, with his laziness, Ilya Ilyich Oblomov loses. I believe that laziness is a vice of most people. After reading the novel, I concluded that if we weren’t lazy, many of us would reach high heights. Each of us needs to fight laziness; defeating it will be a big step towards future success.Another example confirming the words of Erasmus of Rotterdam about the importance of victory over oneself can be seen in the work of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment.” The main character Rodion Raskolnikov at the beginning of the novel is obsessed with an idea. According to his theory, all people are divided into two categories: “those with the right” and “trembling creatures.” The first are people who are capable of transgressing moral laws, strong personalities, and the second are weak and weak-willed people. To test the correctness of his theory, as well as to confirm that he is a “superman,” Raskolnikov commits a brutal murder, after which his whole life turns into hell. It turned out that he is not Napoleon at all. The hero is disappointed in himself, because he was able to kill, but “he didn’t cross.” The realization of the fallacy of his inhuman theory comes through for a long time, and then he finally understands that he doesn’t want to be a “superman”. Thus, Raskolnikov’s defeat in front of his theory turned out to be his victory over himself. The hero, in the fight against the evil that has gripped his mind, wins. Raskolnikov retained the man within himself and took the difficult path of repentance, which would lead him to purification.Thus, any success in the fight against oneself, with one’s wrong judgments, vices and fears, is the most necessary and important victory. It makes us better, makes us move forward and improve ourselves.

№2. Victory is always desired

Victory is always desirable. We expect victory from early childhood, playing different games. We need to win at all costs. And the one who wins feels like the king of the situation. And someone is a loser because he doesn’t run so fast or the chips just fell out wrong. Is victory really necessary? Who can be considered the winner? Is victory always an indicator of true superiority?

In Anton Pavlovich Chekhov's comedy “The Cherry Orchard” the conflict is centered on the confrontation between the old and the new. Noble society, brought up on the ideals of the past, have stopped in their development, accustomed to receiving everything without much difficulty, by right of birth, Ranevskaya and Gaev are helpless before the need for action. They are paralyzed, cannot make a decision, cannot move. Their world is collapsing, going to hell, and they are building rainbow projects, starting an unnecessary holiday in the house on the day of the estate auction. And then Lopakhin appears - a former serf, and now - the owner cherry orchard. Victory intoxicated him. At first he tries to hide his joy, but soon triumph overwhelms him and, no longer embarrassed, he laughs and literally shouts:

My God, my God, The Cherry Orchard my! Tell me that I'm drunk, out of my mind, that I'm imagining all this...
Of course, the slavery of his grandfather and father may justify his behavior, but in the face of, according to him, his beloved Ranevskaya, it looks, at least, tactless. And here it is already difficult to stop him, like a real master of life, a winner he demands:

Hey musicians, play, I want to listen to you! Come and watch how Ermolai Lopakhin takes an ax to the cherry orchard and how the trees fall to the ground!
Maybe, from the point of view of progress, Lopakhin’s victory is a step forward, but somehow it becomes sad after such victories. The garden is cut down without waiting for the former owners to leave, Firs is forgotten in the boarded-up house... Does such a play have a morning?

In the story “The Garnet Bracelet” by Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin, the focus is on the fate of a young man who dared to fall in love with a woman outside his circle. G.S.J. He has long and devotedly loved Princess Vera. His gift - a garnet bracelet - immediately attracted the woman’s attention, because the stones suddenly lit up like “lovely, rich red living lights. “Definitely blood!” - Vera thought with unexpected alarm.” Unequal relationships are always fraught with serious consequences. Anxious premonitions The princess was not deceived. The need to put the presumptuous scoundrel in his place at all costs arises not so much from the husband as from Vera’s brother. Appearing in front of Zheltkov, representatives of high society a priori behave like winners. Zheltkov’s behavior strengthens them in their confidence: “his trembling hands ran around, fiddling with buttons, pinching his light reddish mustache, touching his face unnecessarily.” The poor telegraph operator is crushed, confused, and feels guilty. But only Nikolai Nikolaevich remembers the authorities to whom the defenders of the honor of his wife and sister wanted to turn, when Zheltkov suddenly changes. No one has power over him, over his feelings, except the object of his adoration. No authorities can prohibit loving a woman. And to suffer for the sake of love, to give one’s life for it - this is the true victory of the great feeling that G.S.Zh was lucky enough to experience. He leaves silently and confidently. His letter to Vera is a hymn to a great feeling, a triumphant song of Love! His death is his victory over the insignificant prejudices of pathetic nobles who feel like masters of life.

Victory, as it turns out, can be more dangerous and disgusting than defeat if it tramples Eternal values, distorts moral principles life.

№3 . The greatest is victory over oneself.

Every person experiences victory and defeat throughout his life.A person's internal struggle with himselfcan lead a person to victory or defeat. Sometimes he himself cannot even immediately understand whether this is a victory or a defeat. Butthe greatest is victory over oneself.

To answer the question: “What does Katerina’s suicide mean - her victory or defeat?”, it is necessary to understand the circumstances of her life, the motives of her actions, to understand the complexity and inconsistency of her nature and the originality of her character.

Katerina is a moral person. She grew up and was brought up in a bourgeois family, in a religious atmosphere, but she absorbed all the best that the patriarchal way of life could give. She has a sense of self-esteem, a sense of beauty, and she is characterized by the experience of beauty, which was brought up in her childhood. N.A. Dobrolyubov noted the image of Katerina precisely in the integrity of her character, in the ability to be herself everywhere and always, to never betray herself in anything.

Arriving at her husband’s house, Katerina was faced with a completely different way of life, in the sense that it was a life in which violence, tyranny, and humiliation of human dignity reigned. Katerina’s life changed dramatically, and the events took on a tragic character, but this might not have happened if not for the despotic character of her mother-in-law, Marfa Kabanova, who considers fear to be the basis of “pedagogy”. Her philosophy of life is to frighten and keep in obedience with fear. She is jealous of her son towards the Young Wife and believes that he is not strict enough with Katerina. She is afraid that her youngest daughter Varvara may be “infected” by such a bad example, and how would she future husband I didn’t later reproach my mother-in-law for not being strict enough in raising my daughter. Katerina, humble in appearance, becomes for Marfa Kabanova the personification of a hidden danger that she feels intuitively. So Kabanikha seeks to subjugate, break Katerina’s fragile character, force her to live according to her own laws, and so she sharpens her “like rusty iron.” But Katerina, endowed with spiritual gentleness and trepidation, is capable of in some cases show both firmness and strong-willed determination - she does not want to put up with this situation. “Eh, Varya, you don’t know my character!” she says. “Of course, God forbid this happens! And if I get really tired of being here, you won’t be able to hold me back with any force. I’ll throw myself out the window, throw myself into the Volga. I don’t want to be here.” I won’t live like that, even if you cut me!” She feels the need to love freely and therefore enters into a struggle not only with the world of the “dark kingdom”, but also with her own beliefs, with her own nature, incapable of lies and deception. A heightened sense of justice makes her doubt the correctness of her actions, and she perceives the awakened feeling of love for Boris as terrible sin, because, having fallen in love, she violated those moral principles that she considered sacred.

But she also cannot give up her love, because it is love that gives her the much-needed feeling of freedom. Katerina is forced to hide her dates, but living a life of deception is unbearable for her. Therefore, she wants to free herself from them by her public repentance, but only further complicates her already painful existence. Katerina’s repentance shows the depth of her suffering, moral greatness, and determination. But how can she continue to live, if even after she repented of her sin in front of everyone, it did not become easier. It is impossible to return to your husband and mother-in-law: everything there is foreign. Tikhon will not dare to openly condemn his mother’s tyranny, Boris is a weak-willed man, he will not come to the rescue, and continuing to live in the Kabanovs’ house is immoral. Previously, they couldn’t even reproach her, she could feel that she was right in front of these people, but now she is guilty in front of them. She can only submit. But it is no coincidence that the work contains the image of a bird deprived of the opportunity to live in the wild. For Katerina, it is better not to live at all than to put up with the “miserable vegetation” that is destined for her “in exchange for her living soul". N.A. Dobrolyubov wrote that Katerina’s character “is full of faith in new ideals and selfless in the sense that it is better for him to die than to live under those principles that are disgusting to him.” To live in a world of “hidden, quietly sighing sorrow. .. prison, deathly silence...", where "there is no space and freedom for living thought, for sincere words, for noble deeds; a heavy tyrant prohibition is imposed on loud, open, wide activity" there is no possibility for her. If she cannot enjoy her feeling, her will legally, "in the light broad daylight, in front of all the people, if something that is so dear to her is snatched from her, then she doesn’t want anything in life, she doesn’t even want life..."

Katerina did not want to put up with the reality that kills human dignity, she could not live without moral purity, love and harmony and therefore got rid of suffering in the only way possible under those circumstances. “... Simply as a human being, we are glad to see Katerina’s deliverance - even through death, if there is no other way... A healthy personality breathes upon us with joyful, fresh life, finding within itself the determination to end this rotten life at any cost !..” - says N.A. Dobrolyubov. And that's why tragic ending dramas - Katerina’s suicide is not a defeat, but an assertion of strength free man, is a protest against Kabanov’s concepts of morality, “proclaimed under domestic torture, and over the abyss into which the poor woman threw herself,” this is “a terrible challenge to tyrant power.” And in this sense, Katerina’s suicide is her victory.

№4. P Defeat is not only a loss, but also an acknowledgment of this loss.

In my opinion, victory is the success of something, and defeat is not only a loss in something, but also the recognition of this loss. We will prove it using examples from the well-known writer Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol from the story “Taras and Bulba”.

Firstly, I believe that the youngest son betrayed his homeland and Cossack honor, for the sake of love. This is both victory and defeat, victory is that he defended his love, and defeat is that the betrayal he committed: going against his father, his homeland is unforgivable.

Secondly, Taras Bulba, having committed his act: killing his son, is probably most of all a defeat. Even though it’s a war, you have to kill, and then live with it all your life, suffering, but it was impossible to do otherwise, since war, unfortunately, has no regrets.

Thus, to summarize, this story by Gogol talks about ordinary life which can happen to someone, but we must remember that when admitting our mistakes we must immediately and not only when it is proven by fact, but in its essence, but for this we must have a conscience.

№5. Can victory become defeat?

There are probably no people in the world who would not dream of victory. Every day we win small victories or suffer defeats. Trying to achieve success over yourself and your weaknesses, getting up thirty minutes earlier in the morning, studying sports section, preparing lessons that are not going well. Sometimes such victories become a step towards success, towards self-affirmation. But this doesn't always happen. Apparent victory turns into defeat, but defeat is, in fact, victory.

In A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit,” the main character A.A. Chatsky, after a three-year absence, returns to the society in which he grew up. Everything is familiar to him, about each representative secular society he has a categorical judgment. “The houses are new, but the prejudices are old,” the young man concludes about the renewed Moscow, hot man. The Famusov society adheres to the strict rules of the times of Catherine:
“honor according to father and son”, “be bad, but if there are two thousand family souls - he and the groom”, “the door is open for those invited and uninvited, especially from foreigners”, “it’s not that they introduce new things - never” “they are judges of everything, everywhere, there are no judges above them.”
And only servility, veneration, and hypocrisy rule over the minds and hearts of the “chosen” representatives of the top of the noble class. Chatsky with his views turns out to be out of place. In his opinion, “ranks are given by people, but people can be deceived,” seeking patronage from those in power is low, one must achieve success with intelligence, and not with servility. Famusov, barely hearing his reasoning, covers his ears and shouts: “... to trial!” He considers young Chatsky a revolutionary, a “carbonarius”, dangerous person, when Skalozub appears, he asks not to express his thoughts out loud. And when the young man does begin to express his views, he quickly leaves, not wanting to bear responsibility for his judgments. However, the colonel turns out to be a narrow-minded person and only catches discussions about uniforms. In general, few people understand Chatsky at Famusov’s ball: the owner himself, Sophia and Molchalin. But each of them makes his own verdict. Famusov would prohibit such people from approaching the capital for a shot, Sophia says that he is “not a man - a snake,” and Molchalin decides that Chatsky is simply a loser. The final verdict of the Moscow world is madness! At the climactic moment, when the hero makes his keynote speech, no one in the hall listens to him. You can say that Chatsky is defeated, but this is not so! I.A. Goncharov believes that the hero of the comedy is a winner, and one cannot but agree with him. The appearance of this man shook up the stagnant Famus society, destroyed Sophia’s illusions, and shook Molchalin’s position.

In I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” two opponents collide in a heated argument: a representative of the younger generation, the nihilist Bazarov, and the nobleman P. P. Kirsanov. One lived an idle life, spent the lion's share of the allotted time on love for a famous beauty, socialite- Princess R. But, despite this way of life, he gained experience, experienced, probably, the most important feeling that overtook him, washed away everything superficial, knocked down arrogance and self-confidence. This feeling is love. Bazarov boldly judges everything, considering himself a “self-made man,” a man who made his name only through his own labor and intelligence. In a dispute with Kirsanov, he is categorical, harsh, but observes external decency, but Pavel Petrovich cannot stand it and breaks down, indirectly calling Bazarov a “blockhead”:
...before they were just idiots, and now they suddenly became nihilists.
Bazarov's external victory in this dispute, then in the duel turns out to be a defeat in the main confrontation. Having met my first and only love, the young man is unable to survive defeat, does not want to admit failure, but cannot do anything. Without love, without sweet eyes, such desirable hands and lips, life is not needed. He becomes distracted, cannot concentrate, and no amount of denial helps him in this confrontation. Yes, it seems that Bazarov won, because he so stoically goes to death, silently struggles with the disease, but in fact he lost, because he lost everything for which it was worth living and creating.

Courage and determination in any struggle are essential. But sometimes you need to put aside self-confidence, look around, re-read the classics so as not to make a mistake in the right choice. This is how life is. And when you defeat someone, you should think about whether this is a victory!

№6 Essay topic: Are there winners in love?

The theme of love has concerned people since ancient times. In many works of art writers talk about what true love is, about its place in people’s lives. In some books you can find the idea that this feeling is competitive in nature. But is it? Are there really winners and losers in love? Thinking about this, I can’t help but remember the story “The Garnet Bracelet” by Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin.
In this work you can find a large number of love lines between characters, which can be confusing. However, the main one among them is the connection between the official Zheltkov and Princess Vera Nikolaevna Sheina. Kuprin describes this love as unrequited, but passionate. At the same time, Zheltkov’s feelings are not vulgar in nature, although he is in love with married woman. His love is pure and bright, for him it expands to the size of the whole world, becomes life itself. The official does not feel sorry for anything for his beloved: he gives her his very valuable thing– his great-grandmother’s garnet bracelet.
However, after the visit of Vasily Lvovich Shein, the princess’s husband, and Nikolai Nikolaevich, the princess’s brother, Zheltkov realizes that he will no longer be able to be in the world of Vera Nikolaevna, even at a distance. In essence, the official is deprived of the only meaning of his existence, and therefore he decides to sacrifice his life for the happiness and peace of mind of the woman he loves. But his death does not become in vain, because it affects the feelings of the princess.
At the beginning of the story, Vera Nikolaevna “is in a sweet slumber.” She lives a measured life and does not suspect that her feelings for her husband are not true love. The author even points out that their relationship has long flown into a state of true friendship. Vera's awakening comes with the appearance of a garnet bracelet with a letter from her admirer, which brings anticipation and excitement into her life. Complete relief from drowsiness occurs after the death of Zheltkov. Vera Nikolaevna, seeing the expression on her face already dead official, thinks that he is a great sufferer, like Pushkin and Napoleon were. She realizes that an exceptional love has passed her by, the kind that all women expect and few men can give.
In this story, Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin wants to convey the idea that in love there can be no winners or losers. This unearthly feeling that spiritually elevates a person is a tragedy and a great mystery.
And in conclusion, I would like to say that, in my opinion, love is a concept that has nothing to do with the material world. This is a sublime feeling from which the concepts of victory and defeat are far away, because few manage to comprehend it.

№7. The most important victory is victory over yourself

№8.

Essay topic: True defeat comes not from the enemy, but from oneself

A person's life consists of his victories and defeats. Victory, of course, makes a person happy, but defeat makes a person sad. But it’s worth thinking about whether a person himself is to blame for his own defeat?
Thinking about this question, I remember Kuprin’s story “The Duel.” The main character of the work, Romashov Grigory Alekseevich, wears heavy rubber galoshes one and a half quarters deep, covered to the top with thick, dough-like black mud, and an overcoat cut off at the knees, with fringe hanging at the bottom, with salted and stretched loops. He is a little clumsy and constrained in action. Looking at himself from the outside, he feels insecure, thereby pushing himself to defeat.
Considering the image of Romashov, we can say that he is a loser. But despite this, his responsiveness evokes special sympathy. So he stands up for the Tatar, in front of the colonel, and keeps the soldier Khlebnikov, driven to despair by bullying and beatings, from committing suicide. Romashov’s humanity also manifests itself in the case of Bek - Agamalov, when the hero, risking his life, protects many people from him. However, his love for Alexandra Petrovna Nikolaeva leads him to the most important defeat of his life. Blinded by his love for Shurochka, he does not notice that she just wants to escape from the army environment. The final love tragedy Romashov appears in his apartment at night when Shurochka comes to offer the terms of a duel with her husband and at the cost of Romashov’s life to buy her prosperous future. Grigory guesses this, but because of his strong love for this woman, he agrees to all the conditions of the duel. And at the end of the story he dies, deceived by Shurochka.
Summarizing what has been said, we can say that Second Lieutenant Romashov, like many people, is the culprit of his own defeat.

• Self-sacrifice does not always involve risking one's life
• Love for the Motherland motivates a person to perform heroic deeds
• A man is ready to sacrifice himself for the one he really loves.
• To save a child, sometimes it is not a pity to sacrifice the most valuable thing a person has - his own life.
• Only a moral person is capable of performing a heroic act
• Willingness to self-sacrifice does not depend on income level or social status
• Heroism is expressed not only in actions, but also in the ability to be true to one’s word even in the most difficult life situations
• People are ready to sacrifice themselves even in the name of saving a stranger

Arguments

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”. Sometimes we do not suspect that this or that person can commit a heroic act. This is confirmed by the example from of this work: Pierre Bezukhov, being a rich man, decides to stay in Moscow besieged by the enemy, although he has every opportunity to leave. He is a real person who does not put his financial situation first. Without sparing himself, the hero saves a little girl from the fire, performing a heroic act. You can also turn to the image of Captain Tushin. At first he doesn't impress us good impression: Tushin appears before the command without boots. But the battle proves that this man can be called a real hero: the battery under the command of Captain Tushin selflessly repels enemy attacks, without cover, sparing no effort. And it doesn’t matter at all what impression these people make on us when we first meet them.

I.A. Bunin “Lapti”. In an impenetrable blizzard, Nefed went to Novoselki, located six miles from home. He was prompted to do this by the requests of a sick child to bring red bast shoes. The hero decided that “he needs to get it” because “his soul desires.” He wanted to buy bast shoes and paint them magenta. By nightfall Nefed had not returned, and in the morning the men brought his dead body. In his bosom they found a bottle of magenta and brand new bast shoes. Nefed was ready for self-sacrifice: knowing that he was putting himself in danger, he decided to act for the benefit of the child.

A.S. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter”. Love for Marya Mironova, captain's daughter, more than once encouraged Pyotr Grinev to put his life in danger. He went to the Belogorsk fortress captured by Pugachev to snatch the girl from Shvabrin’s hands. Pyotr Grinev understood what he was getting into: at any moment he could be caught by Pugachev’s people, he could be killed by the enemies. But nothing stopped the hero; he was ready to save Marya Ivanovna even at the cost of his own life. The readiness for self-sacrifice also manifested itself when Grinev was under investigation. He did not talk about Marya Mironova, whose love led him to Pugachev. The hero did not want to make the girl involved in the investigation, although this would allow him to justify himself. Pyotr Grinev showed by his actions that he was ready to endure anything for the sake of the happiness of the person dear to him.

F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”. The fact that Sonya Marmeladova went with the “yellow ticket” is also a kind of self-sacrifice. The girl decided to do this herself, consciously, in order to feed her family: her drunkard father, stepmother and her little children. No matter how dirty her “profession” is, Sonya Marmeladova is worthy of respect. Throughout the entire work she proved her spiritual beauty.

N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba”. If Andriy, the youngest son of Taras Bulba, turned out to be a traitor, then Ostap, the eldest son, proved himself to be strong personality, a true warrior. He did not betray his father and homeland, he fought to the last. Ostap was executed in front of his father. But no matter how hard, painful and scary it was for him, he did not make a sound during the execution. Ostap – a real hero who gave his life for his homeland.

V. Rasputin “French Lessons”. Lydia Mikhailovna, an ordinary French teacher, was capable of self-sacrifice. When her student, the hero of the work, came to school beaten, and Tishkin said that he was playing for money, Lidia Mikhailovna was in no hurry to tell the director about it. She found out that the boy was playing because he did not have enough money for food. Lidia Mikhailovna began teaching the student French, which he was not good at, at home, and then offered to play “measures” with her for money. The teacher knew that this should not be done, but the desire to help the child was more important to her. When the director found out about everything, Lydia Mikhailovna was fired. Her seemingly wrong action turned out to be noble. The teacher sacrificed her reputation to help the boy.

N.D. Teleshov “Home”. Semka, so eager to return to his native land, met an unfamiliar grandfather along the way. They walked together. On the way, the boy fell ill. The unknown person took him to the city, although he knew that he could not appear there: his grandfather had escaped from hard labor for the third time. Grandfather was caught in the city. He understood the danger, but the child's life was more important to him. The grandfather sacrificed his quiet life for the future of a stranger.

A. Platonov “The Sandy Teacher”. From the village of Khoshutovo, located in the desert, Maria Naryshkina helped create a real green oasis. She devoted herself entirely to work. But the nomads passed - not a trace remained of the green spaces. Maria Nikiforovna left for the district with a report, where she was offered to transfer to work in Safuta in order to teach the nomads who were transitioning to sedentary life the culture of the sands. She agreed, which demonstrated her readiness for self-sacrifice. Maria Naryshkina decided to devote herself to a good cause, not thinking about her family or the future, but helping people in the difficult struggle against the sands.

M.A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”. For the sake of the Master, Margarita was ready to do anything. She decided to make a deal with the devil and was the queen at Satan’s ball. And all in order to see the Master. True love forced the heroine to make self-sacrifice, to go through all the tests prepared for her by fate.

A.T. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin”. The main character of the work is a simple Russian guy who honestly and selflessly fulfills his soldier’s duty. His crossing of the river became real heroic deed. Vasily Terkin was not afraid of the cold: he knew that he needed to convey the lieutenant’s request. What the hero did seems impossible, incredible. This is a feat of a simple Russian soldier.

Anyone who has studied history knows that it contains both heroic and tragic pages. And there are also those where heroism and tragedy are fused together. This, of course, is the history of wars. Those very wars, without which the history of not a single state is complete, which serve to strengthen or weaken the nation. Daniil Granin addresses one of these pages, terrible and heroic, in his text, posing to the reader the problem of the cost of victory and what fighting spirit is.

The writer gives a description of the fierce battle, noting the courage and heroism of both the defenders of the fortress, the Swedes, and the Russians, who were trying to take this fortress. He also mentions the momentary weakness of Peter, who was ready to retreat in order to save his best soldiers.

But the guards refuse to carry out the king’s order: “Tell the king that now I am no longer his, but God’s.” These words of Mikhail Golitsyn show the warriors’ understanding of military affairs as a kind of service to the Motherland, and death as a sacrifice for victory. That’s why the officer calls himself “God’s” - he has completely renounced himself, and all his strength, all his thoughts are aimed only at victory. Therefore, the soldiers and ships were set adrift: now retreat is impossible for them - only death or victory!

The writer believes that the Russians were able to take the fortress precisely because the “fighting spirit” awoke in them - that mental mood when death is no longer scary, and everything is aimed only at battle. And, probably, Daniil Granin is right. In many works of literature we come across stories about the heroic struggle of Russian soldiers against enemies. For example, the awakening of the “fighting spirit” in the heart of a young officer is described in Boris Vasiliev’s novel “Not on the Lists.” This wonderful work about the fact that there is only one warrior in the field, if he devoted all his strength and thoughts to only one goal - the fight against enemies. From terrible grief - the death of friends, the betrayal of a comrade, terrible death the pregnant bride - in the main character Kolya Pluzhnikov, the same fighting spirit that is mentioned in D. Granin’s text is born, and helps him fight the fascists alone.

It seems to me that this same fighting spirit, which makes you fight and die without flinching, is spoken of in the famous poem “Motherland” by Konstantin Simonov:

Yes, you can survive in the heat, in thunderstorms, in frosts,
Yes, you can go hungry and cold,
Go to death... But these three birches
You can't give it to anyone while you're alive.

Sometimes a great feeling grows out of something completely, seemingly small and unimportant - into in this case of three birches, memorial to the soldier. It was in them that our entire boundless Motherland was concentrated for him.

School education is coming to an end. Now the focus of all students' attention It is no secret that a very large number of points can be obtained by writing an essay. That is why in this article we will write in detail a plan for the essay and discuss the most common topic in the exam, the problem of courage. Of course, there are quite a lot of topics: the attitude towards the Russian language, the role of mother, teacher, childhood in a person’s life and many others. Students have particular difficulty in arguing the issue of courage.

Many talented writers have devoted their works to the theme of heroism and courage, but they do not remain so firmly in our memory. In this regard, we will refresh them a little and give the best arguments to defend your point of view from fiction.

Essay plan

First, we invite you to familiarize yourself with the plan correct essay, which, if all the points are present, will bring you the maximum possible points.

An essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language is very different from an essay on social studies, literature, and so on. This work has a strict form that is best not to be violated. So, what does the plan for our future essay look like:

1. Introduction. What is the purpose of this paragraph? We need to smoothly lead our reader to the main problem raised in the text. This is a short paragraph of three to four sentences, but it clearly relates to the topic of your essay.
2. Identification of the problem. In this part we are talking about the fact that we read the text proposed for analysis and identified one of the problems. When you state a problem, think about the arguments in advance. As a rule, there are two or more of them in the text, choose the one that is most beneficial for you.
3. Your comment. You need to explain and characterize it. This should take you no more than seven sentences.
4. Note the author's position, what he thinks and how he feels about the problem. Maybe he's trying to do something?
5. Your position. You must write whether you agree with the author of the text or not, justify your answer.
6. Arguments. There should be two of them (from literature, history, personal experience). Teachers still suggest focusing on arguments from literature.
7. Conclusion of no more than three sentences. Summarize everything you said. An ending option like this is also possible: a rhetorical question. It will make you think, and the essay will be completed quite effectively.

As you can see from the plan, the hardest part is the argumentation. Now we will select examples for the problem of courage, we will use exclusively literary sources.

"The Fate of Man"

The theme of the problem of courage is the main idea of ​​Mikhail Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of Man.” Dedication and courage are the main concepts that characterize the main character Andrei Sokolov. Our character is able to step over all the obstacles that fate has in store for him, to carry his cross with his head held high. He shows these qualities not only during military service, but also in captivity.

It seemed that the worst was over, but trouble did not come alone, there was another very difficult test ahead - the death of his family. Now Andrey speaks of selflessness, he gathered his last strength into a fist and visited the very place where there was once a quiet and family life.

"And the dawns here are quiet"

The problem of courage and perseverance is also reflected in such a work as Vasiliev’s story. Only here these qualities are attributed to fragile and gentle creatures - girls. This work tells us that Russian women can also be real heroes, fight on an equal basis with men and defend their interests even in such global senses.

The author tells about the difficult fate of several completely innocent similar friends on a friend of women who were brought together by a great misfortune - the Great Patriotic War. Although their lives had previously developed differently, they all had the same ending - death while performing a combat mission.

A story about a real person

Which is also found in abundance in “The Tale of a Real Man” by Boris Polevoy.

In the work we're talking about about the plight of a pilot who loved the sky very much. For him, flying is the meaning of life, like wings for a bird. But they were cut off for him by a German fighter. Despite his injuries, Meresyev crawled through the forest for a very long time; he had neither water nor food. He overcame this difficulty, but there was more to come. He lost his legs, he had to learn to use prosthetics, but this man was so strong in spirit that he even learned to dance on them.

Despite a large number of obstacles, Meresyev regained his wings. One can only envy the heroism and dedication of the hero.

"Not on the list"

Since we are interested in the problem of courage, we selected arguments from literature about the war and the difficult fate of the heroes. Also, Boris Vasiliev’s novel “Not on the Lists” is dedicated to the fate of Nikolai, who had just graduated from college, went to serve and came under fire. He was not listed in any documents, but it never occurred to him to run away like a “rat from a ship”; he fought bravely and defended the honor of his homeland.