How did Aibolit treat sick animals? Doctor Aibolit's birthday

1. The central place is given to the symbol*
2. The desire for a higher ideal prevails
3. A poetic image is intended to express the essence of a phenomenon
4. Characteristic reflection of the world in two planes: real and mystical
5. Sophistication and musicality of verse

11.1. The concept of the literary process

11.2. Continuity

11.3. Literary interactions and mutual influences

11.4. Literary tradition and innovation

The concept of the literary process

The basic law of life is its constant development. This law is also observed in the literature. In different historical eras her condition was constantly changing, she had achievements and losses. The works of Homer, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Dante, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Pushkin, Shevchenko, Franko, Lesya Ukrainsky, Nikolai Khvylovy, Vinnichenko, Tychyna, Rylsky, Gonchar give reason to talk about the progressive development of literature. However literary process- not only promotion, progress, evolution. B.-I. Antonich rightly noted that the concept of “development was transferred mechanically to the area of ​​​​art ... according to the natural sciences,” the concept of “development”, “progress” must be used carefully. Of course, when the history of art is perceived as continuous progress, then the works modern writers should be considered perfect from the works of past eras.

The term “literary process” arose at the turn of the 20-30s of the XX century. and began to be widely used starting in the 60s. The concept itself was formed during the 19th-20th centuries. In the 19th century the terms " literary evolution", "literary life". "In modern literary criticism, a view has been established on the history of literature as a change in types of artistic consciousness: mythopoetic, traditionalist, individual authorial. This typology takes into account structural changes artistic thinking".

The literary process is an important subject in the history of literature. Cyst classes, romantics, supporters biographical method studied best works geniuses. Literary criticism second half of the 19th century V. overcame selectivity in the study of literature, the subject of his research became all the works of writers, regardless of the level of artistry and ideological direction.

Scientists of the 20th century G. Pospelov and M. Khrapchenko opposed both the transformation of literary criticism into a “history of generals” and the history of literature “without names.”

The term “literary process,” notes V. Khalizev, “denotes the literary life of a certain country and era (in the entirety of its phenomena and facts) and, secondly, the centuries-old development of literature on a global, worldwide scale. The literary process in the second sense of the word is the subject of comparative historical literary criticism."

The literary process consists not only of masterpieces, but also of low-quality, epigone works. Resnits includes literary and artistic publications, literary criticism, development of trends, directions, styles, genera, types, genres, epistolary literature, memoirs. There have been cases in the history of literature when significant works were underestimated, and mediocre ones were overestimated. Soviet literary criticism, for example, underestimated the early lyrics of P. Tychina and overestimated works like “The Party Leads” and “The Tractor Driver’s Song.” The works of modernists, avant-garde artists, and diaspora writers were underestimated. There is often a disproportion between the popularity and cultural and aesthetic significance of works. Writers' works sometimes reach the reader after a long period of time. For many decades, the works of Elena Teliga, Oleg Olzhich, Ulas Samchuk, Yuri Klen, Oksana Lyaturinskaya, Ivan Irlyavsky were kept silent.

The development of literature is influenced by the socio-economic characteristics of society. Economic relationships can promote or harm the arts. However, one cannot directly link the development of literature with material production. The history of literature knows examples when, during periods of decline in socio-economic relations, outstanding works of art appeared. During the period of social political crisis in Russia ( late XVIII- beginning XIX century) Created by A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov; an era of deep political crisis times Alexandra III(XIX century) was the period of development of the creativity of P. Tchaikovsky, I. Levitan, V. Surikov; in feudal-fragmented Germany the second half of the XVIII V. the work of Goethe and Schiller developed; defeat of the Ukrainian national revolution 1917-1920 coincided with the work of P. Tychina, M. Rylsky, Nikolai Khvylyov, M. Kulish, A. Dovzhenko, Les Kurbas. As we see, the connection between literature and reality is not direct, but complex and contradictory. Vulgar sociologists, in particular V. Shulyatikova, V. Fritsche, V. Pereverzev and proletkultists exaggerated the importance of material factors of life in the development of literature. They believed that art is completely dependent on material, socio-economic reality and directly reflects it. Socialist realists focused their attention on the socio-political meaning, underestimating the significance artistic form works. Guided by the vulgar sociological method, V. Koryak identified the following periods in the history of Ukrainian literature:

1) a day of family life;

2) the day of early feudalism;

3) Ukrainian Middle Ages;

4) the day of commercial capitalism;

5) the day of industrial capitalism;

6) day of financial capitalism.

A reaction to vulgar sociologism was the concept of art for art's sake, according to which art does not depend on reality and is not connected with it. The theory of “pure art” was realized in the works of the “Young Muse” writers and avant-garde writers.

Aesthetic and stylistic approach to periodization fiction suggested by D. Chizhevsky. He identified the following periods in the history of Ukrainian literature:

1. Old folk literature (folklore).

2. The era of monumental style.

3. Time of ornamental style.

4. transitions per day.

5. Renaissance and reformation.

6. Baroque.

7. Classicism.

8. Romanticism.

9. Realism.

10. Symbolism.

Aesthetic and stylistic periodization accurately reflects the development of literature. The style of the era combines ideological, historical-sociological and aesthete-cal facets of the existence of literature.

Literature has its own laws of development. It is influenced by philosophy, politics, religion, morality, law, science, mythology, folklore, ethnography, as well as the mentality of the people. The philosophy of rationalism, for example, affected classicism, the philosophy of sensationalism - on sentimentalism, existentialism - on works of Camus, Sartre, Stefanik, Vinnichenko.

Each national literature has its own laws of development. The heyday of humanism in Italian literature occurred in the 15th century, in English - in the 17th century. Classicism in France actively developed in the middle of the 17th century, and in Russia - in the second half of the 18th century.

Internal factors play an important role in the development of literature, in particular continuity, mutual influence, traditions, and innovation.

LITERARY PROCESS - the historical existence of literature, its functioning and evolution both in a certain era and throughout the history of a nation, country, region, world.

The literary process at every historical moment includes both the verbal and artistic works themselves, socially, ideologically and aesthetically of different quality (from high standards to Epigonskaya, boulevard or mass literature), and the forms of their social existence (publications, reprints, literary criticism). Sometimes works become the property of the literary process only through big gap time after the moment of their creation or first publication (many poems by F. I. Tyutchev, the novel by M. A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”). On the other hand, an important factor in the literary process of an era sometimes becomes phenomena that are insignificant on the scale of the history of national literature; These are the streaks of passion for entire genres or individual writers.

An important aspect of the literary process is the constant interaction of fiction with other types of art, as well as with general cultural, linguistic, ideological, scientific phenomena. Often (especially in recent centuries) there is a direct connection between the work of writers and their groups with socio-political movements, as well as philosophical concepts.

The concept of the literary process was formed throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. as literature was comprehended as a historically changing integrity (already in the 19th century, the terminological expressions “literary evolution” and “literary life of the era” were used). The term “literary process” arose at the turn of the 20s and 30s. 20th century and became widely used in the 60s.

Literary FLOW AND DIRECTION are concepts that denote the unity of leading spiritual, substantive and aesthetic principles that arises at a certain stage of the literary process, covering the work of many writers (groups, schools). In the struggle and change of currents and directions, the laws of the literary process are most clearly expressed. There is no agreement in the use of these terms: sometimes they are used as synonyms; often “direction” is recognized as a generic concept in relation to “flow”. “Flow” is often identified with literary school and grouping, and “direction” - with artistic method or style. In the 60s The specificity of the concepts of flow and direction and their connection with artistic content are increasingly emphasized. A. N. Sokolov considers the direction as an ideological and artistic integrity, including method and style as separate components; and the leading and organizing principle of the direction is ideological content. The concept of “direction” captures the unity of more general spiritual and aesthetic foundations artistic content, conditioned by the unity of cultural and artistic traditions, the type of worldview of writers, the commonality of those standing before them life problems, and ultimately - by the commonality or similarity of the epochal socio-cultural-historical situation. But the worldview itself - the attitude to the problems posed, the idea of ​​ways and means of resolving them, ideals, ideology, and artistic concepts, as well as the stylistic principles of writers belonging to the same direction - can be different, even opposite.

Lit. the struggle is carried out not only between different directions, but also within them - between the movements, schools and groups that comprise them (for example, the struggle between the “Sumarokov” and “Lomonosov” movements in Russian classicism; the critical attitude of the romantic Decembrists to the poetry of the “heartfelt imagination” "Zhukovsky, the conflict between realist writers of the revolutionary-democratic and noble camps; polemics within Russian symbolism).

Belonging to any current and/or direction (as well as the desire to remain outside existing directions) presupposes the free - personal and creative - self-determination of the writer.

Fundamentals of Literary Theory

Literary process and its categories. (Seminar 7)

Question 1: How is the literary process component socio cultural process.

Question 2: Stages of development of the literary process, periodization.

The idea of ​​the presence of moments of commonality (repetition) in the development of literature is rooted in literary criticism and no one disputes it. different countries and peoples, about its unified “forward” movement in great historical time. In the article “The Future of Literature as a Subject of Study” D.S. Likhachev speaks about the steady increase in the personal principle in literary creativity) about the strengthening of its humanistic character, about the growth of realistic tendencies and all more freedom the choice of forms by writers, as well as the deepening historicism artistic consciousness. “The historicity of consciousness,” the scientist asserts, “requires a person to be aware of the historical relativity of his own consciousness. Historicity is associated with “self-denial,” with the mind’s ability to understand its own limitations.”

The stages of the literary process are usually thought of as corresponding to those stages of human history that manifested themselves most clearly and completely in Western European countries and especially clearly in the Romanesque countries. In this regard, ancient, medieval and modern literatures with their own stages are distinguished (following the Renaissance - baroque, classicism, the Enlightenment with its sentimentalist branch, romanticism, and finally, realism, with which modernism coexists and successfully competes in the 20th century) .

Scientists have understood to the greatest extent the stage differences between the literatures of modern times and the writing that preceded them. Ancient and medieval literature was characterized by the prevalence of works with non-artistic functions (religious, cult and ritual, informative and business, etc.); the widespread existence of anonymity; predominance of oral verbal creativity over writing, which resorted more to notes oral traditions and previously created texts, rather than to “composing”. An important feature of the ancients and medieval literature There was also the instability of the texts, the presence in them of bizarre alloys of “our own” and “their”, and as a result - the “blurring” of the boundaries between the original and translated writing. In modern times, literature is emancipated as a strictly (358) artistic phenomenon; writing becomes the dominant form of verbal art; open individual authorship is activated; literary development acquires much greater dynamism. All this seems indisputable.

The situation is more complicated with the distinction between ancient and medieval literatures. This is not a problem for Western Europe(ancient Greek and Roman antiquity are fundamentally different from medieval culture more “northern” countries), but raises doubts and disputes when referring to the literature of other, especially eastern, regions. Yes, and the so-called Old Russian literature was essentially a medieval type of writing.

The key question of history is debatable world literature: what are the geographical boundaries of the Renaissance with its artistic culture and, in particular, literature? If N.I. Conrad and the scientists of his school consider the Renaissance to be a global phenomenon, repeating and varying not only in Western countries, but also in eastern regions, then other experts, also authoritative, view the Renaissance as a specific and unique phenomenon of Western European (mainly Italian) culture: “ Worldwide significance The Italian Renaissance acquired not because it was the most typical and best among all the renaissances that happened, but because there were no other renaissances. This one turned out to be the only one.”

At the same time, modern scientists are moving away from the usual apologetic assessment of the Western European Renaissance and revealing its duality. On the one hand, the Renaissance enriched culture with the concept of complete freedom and independence of the individual, the idea of ​​unconditional trust in creative possibilities man, on the other hand, the Renaissance “philosophy of luck fed<...>spirit of adventurism and immorality.”

Discussion of the problem of the geographical boundaries of the Renaissance revealed the insufficiency of the traditional scheme of the world literary process, which is focused mainly on Western European cultural and historical experience and is marked by limitations, which is usually called “Eurocentrism”. And scientists for two or three last decades(the palm here belongs to (359) lives S.S. Averintsev) put forward and substantiated a concept that complements and to some extent revises the usual ideas about the stages literary development. Here, to a greater extent than before, firstly, the specifics of verbal art and, secondly, the experience of non-European regions and countries are taken into account. In the final collective article of 1994 “Categories of Poetics in Shift literary eras” three stages of world literature are identified and characterized.

First stage- this is the “archaic period”, where it is undoubtedly influential folklore tradition. Mythopoetic artistic consciousness prevails here and there is still no reflection on verbal art, and therefore there is no literary criticism, no theoretical studies, no artistic and creative programs. All this appears only on second stage literary process, which began with literary life Ancient Greece mid-1st millennium BC and which lasted until mid-18th century V. This very long period was marked by a predominance traditionalism artistic consciousness and “poetics of style and genre”: writers were guided by pre-made forms of speech that met the requirements of rhetoric (about it, see pp. 228–229), and were dependent on genre canons. Within the framework of this second stage, in turn, two stages are distinguished, the boundary between which was the Renaissance (here, we note, we are talking primarily about the European artistic culture). At the second of these stages, which replaced the Middle Ages, literary consciousness takes a step from the impersonal to the personal (albeit still within the framework of traditionalism); literature becomes more secular.

And finally, on third stage, which began with the era of Enlightenment and romanticism, “individual creative artistic consciousness” comes to the fore. From now on, the “poetics of the author” dominates, freed from the omnipotence of the genre-style prescriptions of rhetoric. Here literature, as never before, “comes extremely close to the immediate and concrete existence of man, is imbued with his concerns, thoughts, feelings, and is created according to his standards”; the era of individual author's styles is coming; The literary process is closely linked “simultaneously with the personality of the writer and the reality surrounding him.” All this takes place in romanticism and in realism XIX century, and to a large extent in the modernism of our century. We will turn to these phenomena of the literary process. (360)

Intraliterary connections. Innovation and epigonism.

Artistic method.

World literary process. Stages of development of literature.

Lecture outline

Literary direction, current and school.

The literary process and its basic laws.

Literary process – the historical existence, functioning and evolution of literature both in a certain era and throughout the history of a nation, country, region, world. “the literary process at every historical moment includes both the verbal and artistic works themselves, socially, ideologically and aesthetically different in quality - from high examples to epigone, tabloid or mass literature, and the forms of their social existence: publications, editions, literary criticism, imprinted in epistolary literature and memoirs, reader reactions" (Literary encyclopedic Dictionary– M., 1987, p. 195).

An important aspect of the literary process is the interaction of fiction with other types of art, as well as with general cultural, linguistic, and ideological phenomena.

The literary process on a global scale is part of the socio-historical process and depends on it. Often (especially in recent centuries) there is a direct connection literary creativity with socio-political movements (Decembrist literature, Chartist literature, etc.).

Scientists constantly emphasize that literature is actively influenced by social reality, that the literary process should be considered as conditioned by cultural and historical life. At the same time, it is noted that literature “cannot be studied outside the holistic context of culture (...) and directly (through the head of culture) correlated with socio-economic and other factors. The literary process is an integral part of the cultural process” (Bakhtin M.M. Aesthetics of verbal creativity. - M., 1979, p. 344).

The literary process is correlated with stages social development humanity(mythological archaic, antiquity, middle ages, modern times, modern times). It is stimulated primarily by the need of writers (not always conscious) to respond to shifts in historical life, participate in it, influence public consciousness. Thus, literature changes in historical time primarily under the influence of “impacts” from the outside. At the same time, inheritance is of great importance for its evolution. literary traditions, which allows us to talk about the literary process as such: the development of literature is relatively independent, immanent principles are important in it.

The “path” of world literature is a kind of resultant of different “roads” national, zonal, regional literature. However, there are general global trends, the presence of which allows us to identify a number of stages in the world literary process.

On the scale of world literature, its individual stages may be presented in different national literatures, at some historical moment, more fully and deeply expressing the trends in the development of art ( Italian literature at the beginning of the Renaissance, French - in the era of classicism, German - in the era early romanticism, Russian - in the era of mature realism (Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Chekhov).

At the same time, historical poetics allows us to highlight deep processes that are localized at the level general principles aesthetic vision and artistic thinking, subjective architectonics works (relationships of the author, hero, listener-reader), archetypal forms image and plot, genders and genres. The formation and change of these phenomena takes centuries and even millennia. As historical poetics records, "literature on its own" historical stage I came to the ready: the languages ​​were ready, the basic forms of vision and thinking were ready. But they continue to develop, but slowly (within the confines of the era you cannot keep track of them" (Bakhtin M.M. From notes of 1970 - 1971 // Aesthetics of verbal creativity - M.. 1979, p. 344). The need to "keep track" of the extended slow development for centuries architectonic forms literature and generated large-scale historicism historical poetics. This science has developed the most generalized picture of the literary process to date and revealed three large stages in the development of world literature.

First stage in the history of poetics A.N. Veselovsky named the era of syncretism. There are also other names proposed by scientists later - the era of folklore, pre-reflective traditionalism, archaic, mythopoetic. According to modern ideas, this stage lasts from the ancient Stone Age to the 7th – 6th centuries. BC e. in Greece and the first centuries AD. e. in the East.

Veselovsky proceeded from the fact that the most obvious and simple and at the same time the most fundamental difference between archaic consciousness and modern consciousness is its indivisible-fused nature, or syncretism. It permeates everything ancient culture, starting from the direct sensory perceptions of its carriers to their ideological constructs - myths, religion, art.

Syncretism is an expression of a unique holistic view of the world characteristic of archaic consciousness, not yet complicated by abstract, differentiating and reflective thinking. In this consciousness, the very ideas of identity and difference have not yet taken shape in their separateness, and therefore it syncretically perceives man and nature, “I” and “other,” the word and the thing designated by it, life (including ritual) practice and art.

This vision of the world gave rise to the originality of archaic art, primarily its subjective architectonics: the most ancient choral forms, the absence of ideas about authorship and clear boundaries between those participants aesthetic event, which will later become author, hero and listener V literary work. And the initial figurative structure of art generated by such an aesthetic consciousness speaks “not about identification human life with nature and not about comparison, presupposing the consciousness of the separateness of the objects being compared, namely syncretism, which presupposes not confusion, but the absence of differences. The same relations of indivisibility in the bosom of syncretic rituals are connected different types arts, future literary genera(epic, lyric and drama) and genres.

In general, the poetics of the era of syncretism - and this is its very special place in the history of art - is a time of slow development of the basic and primary principles of artistic thinking, subjective forms, figurative language, plot archetypes, genera and genres, everything that will be given to subsequent stages of development of literature as ready-made forms, without which everything further would have been impossible.

Second major stage The literary process begins in the 6th – 5th centuries BC. e. in Greece and the first centuries AD. e. in the East and lasts until the middle - second half of the 18th century. in Europe and the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. in the East. The generally accepted name for this stage has not yet been established; its most common definition is rhetorical .Other designations - era reflexive traditionalism, traditionalist, canonical, eidetic.

External sign, indicating the onset of this stage, is the appearance of the first poeticist And rhetorician, in which aesthetic thought begins to separate from other forms of ideology and reflect on literature and, more broadly, on the emerging new (“rhetorical”) principles of culture. In Greece, these are Aristotle’s Poetics, ancient rhetoric (and even before them, Plato’s Symposium and Republic); in India - “Natyashastra” of Bharata (II – IV centuries AD), in China “Ode elegant word» Lu Ji (III century), etc. In Europe, this stage of poetics is usually divided into two stages: antiquity and the Middle Ages (VI centuries BC – XIII – XIV centuries AD) and “early modern times” – Renaissance, Baroque, classicism (XIV – XVIII centuries).

This stage of poetics, very large and from the point of view of the history of literature, seems extremely heterogeneous and motley, is united by a new generative cultural and aesthetic principle, which replaced syncretism. Unfortunately, the sought-after principle in science has not yet been defined with sufficient clarity, which has led to different understandings of this era of artistic development.

In general, we can say that this period is marked by the predominance traditionalism artistic consciousness and “poetics of style and genre”: writers were guided by ready-made forms ( ready-made hero, genres and plots, verbal and figurative formulas etc.), were dependent on genre canons closely related to the traditionalist attitude.

In other words, artistic phenomenon was focused not on the new, individually unique and original, but on the traditional and repetitive, on « common places"("loci communes"). At the same time, the structure work of art organized so that it meets the reader's expectations rather than violates them.

Within the framework of the second stage, two stages are distinguished, the boundary between which was the Renaissance ( we're talking about mainly about European literature). In the second of these stages, which replaced the Middle Ages, literary consciousness takes a step forward from the impersonal principle to the personal (albeit still within the framework of traditionalism), literature becomes more secular.

Third stage poetics begins in the middle - second half of the 18th century in Europe and turn of the 19th century– XX centuries in the East and continues to the present day.

Researchers have described a “cultural turning point”, a “categorical break” at the turn of the 18th – 19th centuries. Its general cultural prerequisite was the birth of an autonomous personality and its new, “autonomous-participatory” (M. M. Bakhtin) relationship to the “other.” This discovery led to the birth art world; Individual creative artistic consciousness comes to the fore. The subjective sphere of art is being restructured, giving birth to new relationships between the author, hero and reader, ultimately making them relationships of autonomous subjects.

From now on, the “poetics of the author” dominates, freed from the omnipotence of genre and style forms. From the middle of the 18th century, the process of decanonization of genres began, which fundamentally updated literature and continues to update it to the present day.

Literature, as never before, comes extremely close to the immediate and concrete existence of a person, imbued with his concerns, thoughts, and feelings. The era of individual author's styles is coming; The literary process is closely linked simultaneously with the personality of the writer and the reality surrounding him. All this takes place in romanticism and realism XIX century, and to a large extent in the modernism of the 20th century.