Who burned volume 2. Manuscripts are burning: why did Gogol burn the second volume of “Dead Souls”

UnifL(Unified Leshcat Drivers) is a special set of latest drivers, which allows us to solve driver conflict problem integrated Intel and discrete AMD video cards. UnifL is suitable for laptops from any manufacturer, including the Dell Inspiron series. The Dell Inspiron 3521 has a driver compatibility problem, as was previously written about in the solution article.

UnifL is designed for all laptops with:
- Integrated video cards Intel HD/HD2000/HD2500/HD3000/HD4000 CPU Embedded Graphics.
- A discrete graphics card from AMD.

System requirements:
- Windows 7 x64,
- Windows 8 x64,
- Windows Server 2008.

Advantages:
- Always fresh drivers.
- Performance is guaranteed on laptops of any manufacturer.
- Can be installed on a “clean” system.
- There is a detailed manual.
- There is a digital signature.

For best results, please ensure you read and follow all requirements.

Preparation

This guide applies to Windows 7. For Windows 8, see another section.

This topic will cover the following topics:
- Why is UAC (User Account Control) potentially dangerous for UnifL?
- Why is it so important to prevent automatic driver updates in Windows?

I. Why is UAC (User Account Control) potentially dangerous for UnifL?
User Account Control, UAC or "Change User Account Control Settings" with high probability may interfere with UnifL operation and even interfere with installation. For this reason, it is highly recommended to disable UAC for a successful installation of UnifL.

Step 1.
Open Start and type “Change User Account Control settings” or “User Account Control settings” into the search bar. Select an available menu item.

Rice. 1. Go to "Change User Account Control Settings"

Step 2.
Move the slider to the very bottom.

Rice. 2. Set the slider to the down position

Restart your laptop.

II. Why is it so important to prevent automatic driver updates in Windows?
Sometimes, even when UnifL drivers are installed, Windows prompts (or may not, depending on the configuration) to install/update AMD/Intel drivers. If you agree to update the drivers, then there is a high probability that new drivers designed specifically for one video card will break the drivers from UnifL. To disable auto-updating of drivers, follow these steps.

Step 1.
Open Start and type "Change device installation settings" in the search bar. Select an available menu item.

Rice. 3. Go to the "Change device installation settings" menu

Step 2.
Set the settings as shown in the picture below:

Rice. 4. Set the settings as shown in the image.

That's all! New laptops come with what is called "Secure Boot". This option is available in the BIOS. Its activity may interfere with the installation of UnifL, so disable it.

Now you can proceed to configuring and installing UnifL drivers.

UnifL Configuration Tool

UnifL Configuration Tool (UCT) or UnifL Configuration Tool is designed so that installing drivers will not be difficult.

Step 1. Download the UnifL driver version: download Leshcat’s Catalyst 13.4 WHQL UnifL v2 for AMD+Intel Powered Laptops.

Step 2. Unpack the archive and run the program.

Rice. 5. Initial window of the UnifL package.

Step 3. Carefully study the list of changes in AMD and Intel drivers, as well as changes in UnifL in the next three windows.

Step 4. select a location to install the drivers. This can be any directory on your computer. For example, C:\UnifL

Rice. 6. Select the directory to install drivers

Step 5. You should now see a list of available components:

Rice. 7. List of components available for installation

Each component has explanatory information about compatibility, scope of application, and so on.

In addition, it is worth noting:
1. Latest versions Intel drivers are designed for first and second generation Intel Graphics Embedded.
2. Earlier drivers are intended for Intel HD Graphics 3000 and the latest Ivy video cards based on Intel HD Graphics 2500/4000.

Step 6. Once you have selected the desired driver, click "Next".

Step 7 Check that the selected parameters are correct. If everything is selected correctly, click “Install” and UCT will automatically configure the driver for you.

Rice. 11. To continue, click the "Install" button

Step 8 After the UnifL Configuration Tool (UCT) has finished preparing the drivers, you can set the flags as desired and click the "Finish" button. The "Launch AMD Installer" flag is responsible for starting driver installation.

Rice. 12. The driver is ready. Now you can install it./p>

That's all! Now the UnifL driver is ready to be installed on your laptop.

How to determine the generation of your video card?

To determine the generation of your video card, use its name from the device manager. But what if you have a similar line in your device manager - “Intel HD Graphics Family”? In this case, DEVICE ID will help.

Below is a quick guide to finding your graphics card ID:

Open Start and type "Device Manager" in the search bar. Launch it.

Rice. 8. Look for Device Manager and launch it

Go to the "Video Adapters" category and find your Intel graphics card. Right-click on the line with the name of the video card and select “Properties” from the context menu that opens. Image to help:

Rice. 9. Go to the video card properties

Go to the "Information" tab and there, in the "Properties" menu, select "Hardware ID":

Rice. 10. “Information” tab, equipment ID

Area highlighted green, shows the real "name" of the video card. Using the list below, determine the generation of your Intel graphics card:

DEV_2A42 - Intel 4500MHD and other earlier Mobile Graphics (unofficial support from UnifL).
DEV_0112 - Intel HD Graphics 3000 (Gen3).
DEV_0046 - Intel HD Graphics (Gen1).
DEV_0116 - Intel HD Graphics 3000 (Gen3).
DEV_0042 - Intel HD Graphics (Gen1).
DEV_0126 - Intel HD Graphics 3000 (Gen3).
DEV_0102 - Intel HD Graphics 2000 (Gen2).
DEV_0122 - Intel HD Graphics 3000 (Gen3).
DEV_0106 - Intel HD Graphics 2000 (Gen2).
DEV_010A - Intel HD Graphics 3000 (Gen3).
DEV_0162 - Intel HD Graphics 2500/4000 (Gen4).
DEV_0166 - Intel HD Graphics 2500/4000 (Gen4).
DEV_016A - Intel HD Graphics 2500/4000 (Gen4).
DEV_0152 - Intel HD Graphics 2500/4000 (Gen4).
DEV_0156 - Intel HD Graphics 2500/4000 (Gen4).
DEV_015A - Intel HD Graphics 2500/4000 (Gen4).

Total!

If you have Gen1/Gen2 Intel Chip ---> select TOP version (Legacy) Driver.
If you have Gen3/Gen4 Intel Chip ---> select BOTTOM version (Modern) Driver.

It is worth noting:
Support for the latest drivers in Windows 8 is currently in testing.

That's all! Thank you for your attention and see you again on the pages of the site site

There are many reasons for BSOD, but in this article we will consider a problem that arises due to a conflict of installed drivers. This could be a newly installed driver or a damaged one. Fixing the BSOD problem can be quite simple if it is just a driver issue and you know which one it is. You can reinstall the driver or update it, roll back to old version or get rid of the application that installed the driver on your computer by physically removing it. The problem is that it is not always possible to find out which driver is the “culprit”, even after studying all the data from the blue screen. But there is a way out. If you do not have much knowledge and experience, but there is a need to check drivers, you can use the special verification tool Verifier.exe built into the OS for such cases. The existing description in the Microsoft knowledge base is presented using complex technical terms that are not always known even to experienced users. Therefore, this article presents short list manipulations necessary to complete the task. Running the Driver Verifier Having opened the “Start” menu, enter the query “Run” in the search field and click on the result that appears at the top. In the window that appears, you must enter the command “ verifier” (without quotes) and confirm by clicking “Ok”.
The File Verification Manager dialog box appears. In the first dialog, you need to select the item “Create non-standard parameters (for program code)”. Click “Next”.
The next step is to select individual parameters to test the driver. To do this, we will carry out the following manipulations: “Select individual parameters from full list" - "Further".
After completing the steps, you should receive a dialog box with a list of testing parameters. Check all the boxes except the “Simulate resource shortage” item. Click Next.
The last step in this part is to give the dispatcher a command to automatically select unsigned drivers. Select "Automatically select unsigned drivers." Click Next.
It happens that the manager did not detect unsigned drivers. Then use the selective driver check feature, which will be discussed later. Working with unsigned drivers If unsigned drivers are detected, the manager will display them in the form of a list.
These can be device drivers or application drivers. Once unsigned drivers have been detected, there is no need to close the manager and click the “Finish” button. First, let's check for updated drivers. Search for updated drivers To check, you must perform the following steps: 1. The application driver is in the list. In this case, you need to visit the application manufacturer's website to check for updated drivers. In case updated version driver is missing, try uninstalling the application. Don't be afraid, you can always install it again later. But this will be an excellent test: if critical errors no longer occur, the reason was in this application. 2. The list contains a device driver. In this case, (if you have Windows Vista), run Update Center and enable the search for a new driver feature. If a new driver is found, run its installation. 3. If the update center did not find a new driver, look at the manufacturers website; it is likely that the new driver will be there. After updating the driver or application, close the scan manager (Cancel button), reboot and wait for the OS to load. If critical errors have stopped, updating drivers or applications has eliminated them. Removing drivers If new drivers cannot be found, you can try to remove the driver. ATTENTION! If you remove the driver, the device will stop working. After rebooting, the OS will attempt to install the driver from the storage, but it is not a fact that the standard driver will do. If you are not sure about the need to remove any driver, you should not remove it. Launch Device Manager by doing the following: Start – Run – devmgmt.msc– Enter. Having found required device, right-click on it and click Properties – Driver – Uninstall. Checking for unsigned drivers ATTENTION! After checking for unsigned drivers, it may happen that the system will not boot. Below is a description of the actions taken in this situation. If you are not sure that you want to remove the driver and still continue with the scan, click the Finish button in the scan manager. When asked to select a physical disk, select the one on which the OS is installed, and then click Finish again. You will see a message with the text: “You must restart your computer for the changes to take effect.” Quietly close all applications and reboot. If the system does not boot and a blue screen appears with a description of the error, it means that the driver causing the problem has been found. After restarting your computer again, before loading the OS, click F8 verifier.exe/resetverifier.exe
Custom driver check Relaunch the Driver Verifier Manager and carry out the previous steps until the point shown below.
Select "Select driver name from list". The next step will be the window for selecting drivers to check. You should not select all drivers at once, because the OS will reserve enough for scanning a large number of resources and will spend a lot of time on it. It is better to repeat the verification procedure several times, but with a small number of drivers. This will save you time and resources. First of all, let's check drivers that have been updated recently or simply problematic drivers (antivirus program, firewall, virtual disk or machine driver). Let the next step be checking drivers that are not produced by Microsoft. Check the remaining drivers 10-15 at a time.
Select the drivers you need and click Finish. When asked to select a physical disk, select the one on which the OS is installed, and then click Finish again. A message appears asking you to reboot. Restart your computer. If after a reboot a blue screen with an error message appears, it means that the driver causing the problem has been found. After restarting your computer again, before loading the OS, click F8 and select "Start in Safe Mode". Once logged in, click the Start button and type in Run/Search verifier.exe/reset. If no problems arose and the system started in standard mode, then unsigned drivers do not cause problems and you need to check other drivers. Run Driver Verifier Manager again ( verifier.exe) and select “Display information about currently verified drivers.”
Repeat the scan for all remaining drivers. Finishing driver verification If checking all drivers does not reveal the causes of critical errors, most likely the problem is not with the drivers. The problem may not be the software, but the hardware of your computer. Most likely these are problems with hard drive or RAM. It may also be that the power supply does not have enough power to ensure the operation of all devices or some other problem in the hardware that cannot be determined by checking the drivers. Diagnose RAM and hard drive.

In the year of the 175th anniversary of its publication " Dead souls"and the 165th anniversary of Gogol's death, the famous literary critic, professor at Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov Vladimir Voropaev told RIA Novosti about why Gogol in Russia is still considered a satirist and not a spiritual writer, what happened to the second volume of "Dead Souls" and what prevents the spread of Christianity in modern culture. Interviewed by Viktor Khrul.

Vladimir Alexandrovich, you have repeatedly said that Gogol in Russian public opinion is perceived in the old Soviet tradition - only as a satirist, and his spiritual works remain in the shadows. Why?

— Firstly, this is the force of inertia. The fact that Gogol was not a satirist was already understood by his contemporaries. The same Belinsky, the frantic Vissarion, wrote: “It is impossible to look at “Dead Souls” more erroneously and understand them more crudely, as seeing satire in them.”

Gogol, of course, has an accusatory layer: both in “The Inspector General” and in “Dead Souls” he writes about what is wrong with us. This is about us. Everything that Gogol writes is about us.

But for adequate perception Gogol is important to have spiritual experience what do you have modern reader it doesn't always happen. Many do not know that he built his life in accordance with the church liturgical regulations. How is this known? From his works. He himself says: “We say every day...” and quotes Lesser Compline from memory.

- So he had liturgical books?

“There were no books in his library, but entire volumes of his extracts from liturgical books were preserved.

- At what age did he make them?

- At the very peak of his creativity, in 1843-1845. He was abroad at that time, and he was supplied with literature by friends from Russia, as well as Russian priests who served in Europe.

In the book "Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends" there is an article "What, finally, is the essence of Russian poetry and what is its peculiarity." Do you feel some irritation in the title? He names three sources from which Russian poets should draw inspiration: folk proverbs, songs and words of church pastors.

In another place he remarks on this matter: “Another mystery for many is the lyricism that is hidden in our church songs and canons.” The secret of this lyricism was revealed to Gogol and is known not by hearsay, but from personal experience. As is clear from the contents of the surviving notebooks, he read the Menaion in six months - from September to February - and made excerpts for each day.

Here is the answer to Gogol’s unique style - it is a combination of colloquial, everyday, even colloquial language and high Church Slavonic.

© Photo: photo from the personal archive of Vladimir Voropaev

© Photo: photo from the personal archive of Vladimir Voropaev

-Where does this love come from?

— It originated in the family, but was developed in school years. In the charter of the Nizhyn gymnasium, where Gogol studied, it was written that each student must learn three verses from Holy Scripture. Just count: Gogol studied for seven years, three verses from the Holy Scriptures by heart - how many per week, per month, how much in seven years.

- How does Gogol’s obvious interest in evil spirits and subtle humor combine with this? Where did this come from?

— Our famous culturologist, literary critic, and esthetician Mikhail Bakhtin wrote that the work of such a “brilliant exponent of the people’s consciousness” as Gogol can truly be understood only in the flow folk culture, which developed its own special view of the world and special forms its figurative reflection. Gogol came out of this folk culture, hence the brightness picturesque description And evil spirits. This is all taken from folklore - Russian and Little Russian, Slavic in in a broad sense. But at the same time, note that the word “devil” leaves Gogol’s mature works.

- Why?

- Because it is a “black” word, not used in secular conversation, as Gogol put it. Demon, unclean, crafty - Gogol abuses this a little in “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka.”

Not everything in folk culture, of course, is acceptable for a church person. And Gogol understood this perfectly. Gogol moved forward as a Christian. He himself said: “I have been walking the same road since I was twelve, without wavering in the main opinions.” It was, after all, a complete nature - and one cannot say that this is the “late Gogol” and this is the “early”.

- Did the grown-up, mature Gogol condemn anything in his young work?

- Yes, you know, he was quite critical of his early works, including "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka".

- What didn’t suit him?

“He thought there was a lot that was still immature.” His early stuff was very didactic, remember? Everything is expressed openly, without deep artistic subtext: when Vakula runs to drown himself in the ice hole - who is behind him, in the bag? Demon. This is who pushes a person to commit suicide. Gogol's early works are very edifying; in them, divine power always defeats demonic power. Gogol came out of folk culture, from popular ideas - and this is his strength, and this is partly, in a sense, his weakness.

- And he is always a Christian - both in life and in his work?

- Of course, without a doubt. Let me give you another example. The last essay Gogol, which he worked on last years life and which saw the light after his death, became “Reflections on the Divine Liturgy.” Exactly this famous work Gogol in the 20th century, the most reprinted, one of the best examples of Russian spiritual prose. IN Soviet era this thing was not published at all, because, as stated in the comments to the academic edition, “it has no literary interest.”

From the memoirs of Gogol’s Nezhin classmates, it is known that he often sang the Divine Liturgy to himself in church and one day, dissatisfied with the way they sang in the choir, he climbed onto the choir and began to sing, loudly and clearly pronouncing the words of the prayers. And the priest heard an unfamiliar voice, looked out from the altar and ordered him to leave.

What does this mean? The fact that he already knew the course of the Divine Liturgy at school, and did not come to this at the end of his life. However, unfortunately, the idea that Gogol was first one, and then another, lives even in the minds of church people.

- But in his works there are examples of spiritual rebirth...

- Yes, for example Chichikov. Pay attention to his name - Paul. In the last, eleventh chapter of the first volume of “Dead Souls,” the author tells readers that it is still a mystery why this image is depicted in the poem, that in this very Chichikov, perhaps, lies something that will later bring a person to dust and to his knees before wisdom heaven This is nothing more than a reminiscence from the Acts of the Holy Apostles, the episode of the conversion of Saul to Paul. There is reason to believe that the very name of the hero contains a hint of his future spiritual rebirth.

- Why did Gogol burn the second volume of Dead Souls?

— The mystery of the second volume is the most painful problem of Gogol studies. What did you burn, when did you burn it, why did you burn it? There is no clear answer to these questions. Twenty years ago I already expressed an idea that no one has yet refuted: Gogol never wrote the second volume. Because no one has ever seen the white manuscript of the second volume of Dead Souls. Nobody ever.

- On what facts is the burning hypothesis based?

— On the confession of Gogol himself. On the night of February 11–12, 1852, he burned his manuscripts. Which ones exactly are unknown. This is evidenced by his serf servant, who served him in the house of Count Alexander Petrovich Tolstoy. The servant said that Gogol took the papers, threw them into the stove and moved the poker so that they burned better.

The draft manuscripts of the second volume have reached us. These are the four initial chapters and an excerpt from one of the last chapters, conventionally called the fifth. But these are draft chapters, they have two layers of editing: first he wrote, then he began to edit according to this text.

Gogol's spiritual father, Rzhev Archpriest Matthew Konstantinovsky, was the last to familiarize himself with the chapters of the second volume. This was on the eve of the burning of the manuscripts. He is often accused of being the one who pushed the writer to do this. Father Matthew denied that, on his advice, Gogol burned the second volume, although he said that he did not approve of several drafts and even asked to be destroyed: “They say that you advised Gogol to burn the second volume of Dead Souls?” - “It’s not true and it’s not true... Gogol used to burn his failed works and then restore them again at its best. Yes, he hardly had a second volume ready; at least I haven't seen him. It happened like this: Gogol showed me several scattered notebooks<…>When returning the notebooks, I opposed the publication of some of them. In one or two notebooks a priest was described. He was a living person whom anyone would recognize, and there were added features that... I don’t have, and besides, with Catholic overtones, and he didn’t quite come out Orthodox priest. I opposed the publication of these notebooks and even asked them to destroy them. In another of the notebooks there were sketches... only sketches of some governor, which does not exist. I advised against publishing this notebook, saying that they would be ridiculed even more for it than for correspondence with friends.”

Now about why Gogol’s plan did not find its completion. Gogol said more than once that he wanted to write his book in such a way that the path to Christ would be clear to everyone. Spiritual revival is one of the higher abilities, given to man, and, according to Gogol, this path is open to everyone. In all likelihood, Gogol wanted to lead his hero through the crucible of trials and suffering, as a result of which he would have to realize the unrighteousness of his path. Apparently, Dead Souls should have ended with this internal upheaval, from which Chichikov would have emerged as a different person.

The idea was grandiose, but unrealistic, because showing the path of spiritual revival is not the task of literature.

- What then is her task?

- It is designed to show human vices, sinfulness human nature. Yes, she achieved success in this. But there is a problem positive hero" - where to get it if a person is imperfect? ​​Gogol’s idea is beyond literary creativity. And therefore his last book was “Reflections on the Divine Liturgy” - this is where this path is shown to everyone.

Ask schoolchildren or teachers why the heroes of Dead Souls are dead Souls? They are unlikely to answer you. And the answer is simple: they live without God. In his suicide note addressed to all of us, Gogol says: “Be not dead, but living souls, there is no other door except that indicated by Jesus Christ...”. This is the way, this is the meaning of the name great poem, this is Gogol’s testament.

For him, art is an invisible step towards Christianity.

In a letter to his spiritual father he hoped that after his book “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends” the reader would pick up the Gospel.

- How can we help today’s people turn to Christian values? What can we do?

— There are a lot of funds. You just need to remain a Christian, grow spiritually, and not stand still. The man who stopped at spiritual development, - went back. Raise your children, your environment, “do your own thing.” It seems to me that Russia will stand firm in its Christian postulates and foundations longer than other countries and states.

What is more important for the correct assessment of a writer - his lifestyle or the values ​​​​preached in his works?

“It seems to me that a person should be judged by the heights of his spirit, and not by his downfalls.” Holiness is not sinlessness. Even holy people were not sinless. And there is no need to grab the writer “by the tongue.” Like Yesenin, he once said something stupid about communion, they repeat it, and even many priests don’t like him for it. And Pushkin, even if he wrote the Gabrieliad, undoubtedly repented of this: it is known that he destroyed all the copies and was very angry when he was reminded of it. Although I personally am convinced that Pushkin never wrote the Gabrieliad, and I can give irrefutable arguments in this regard. Be that as it may, the Lord judges him, not us.

- What do you think is hindering the spread of Christianity in modern times? Russian culture?

— Lack of genuine, correct spiritual enlightenment. Now a very great responsibility lies with priests and theological schools. If we do not have theologians and high-quality spiritual education, then it is difficult to demand anything from schools, parents, and children. You need to get this information and correct ideas from somewhere.

- But the church shops are full Orthodox literature…

— For the most part, these are reprints of the old ones. But the situation is changing, new answers are needed.

It seems to me that priests should take part in public discussions - both on the Internet and on television - their voice should be heard, people should listen to them. In this sense, the Spas channel is remarkable: there are a lot of interesting materials, priests often speak there and give their views on the modern process.

- Is it necessary to remove the character called “priest” from Pushkin’s fairy tale about Balda?

— The priest does not need to be removed from the fairy tale - this is the poet’s joke. By the way, the word “priest” (translated from Greek - Orthodox priest, priest; hence protopop, archpriest) in the nineteenth century did not have the pejorative meaning that appeared already in the Soviet era.

But the opera "Tannhäuser" and the film "Matilda" are another matter, it seems to me. There are topics that an artist must approach with special tact and responsibility. Now, as far as I know, the opera "Tannhäuser" is not being performed - and this is correct, because the director shows due tact and responsibility in this case didn't show it. Same thing with the movie "Matilda". Imagine: a director made a film about the Prophet Muhammad, using his own fantasies and his own sources. There was such a literary precedent - "The Satanic Verses" by Salman Rushdie, who was sentenced to death in Iran.

- Does this mean that Christianity is leaving culture?

“What is happening now is over and does not inspire any optimism.” European culture according to its origins - Christian culture, church She is completely imbued with these values. Take that away and it will lose its identity, its specificity.

Apostasy—departure from God—is an irreversible process. IN modern Europe This process is developing rapidly, but Russia is still resisting. Although, of course, this process is irreversible. Our task is not to stop this process, but to remain ourselves, to remain faithful to Christ. Despite everything.

A Christian in his place must do his job - be a witness and preacher of Christ. This is his direct duty. And a Christian warrior must also do his job as a Christian - to defend the faith, homeland, country, people.

Both business and politics must be Christian. Our traditional values ​​are Christian, Orthodox values, and we should not be ashamed of this.

Mystery classic

According to Buck, Gogol’s legacy has been largely studied, and this, the professor noted, is the great contribution of 19th-century scientists, for example, Nikolai Tikhonravov, who commented on all the writer’s major works. But, the agency’s interlocutor emphasized, there are still many secrets connected with both the life and work of Gogol, for example, the mystery of the second volume of Dead Souls.

“It is known that before his death Gogol burned the manuscript of the second volume of Dead Souls, with the exception of a few initial chapters. But this work has such powerful energy, it is so clear what intention it carried, that we can say that it exists,” said Buck "This volume, unlike the first, should be devoted to the bright sides of Russian life. It is possible that we will someday find other fragments of it that may lie in the archives."

But main secret Gogol did not even burn the manuscript of the second volume. The most significant thing, according to Buck, is that the writer’s works are inexhaustible, they are “multiple interpretable,” therefore each new generation reads them in its own way, discovering unexpected meanings.

"For example, for obvious reasons, in Soviet time insufficient attention was paid to the religiosity of Gogol himself and doctrinal problems in his work. And there’s still a lot of work to be done here,” Buck noted.

He also said that, in addition to the gift of writing, Gogol had the talent of a comic actor and was famous for his acting. And also created special labor O church services- "Reflections on the Divine Liturgy."

Gogol always looked very closely at the world. “He strove for a thorough knowledge of everything that was mentioned in his books, be it events of the historical past or Little Russian folk legends. In letters to his relatives, he always asked them to inform him folk signs, songs, details of everyday life,” the professor added.

According to Buck, the precision and specificity of detail in Gogol's works is simply amazing. “Everything is important for him - the name of the grass growing at the threshold, the names of clothes, utensils, and so on. A small dictionary is attached to “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”, where Gogol explains some Little Russian concepts,” the professor emphasized.

Appearance of Christ

Dmitry Bak emphasized a little-known, but important detail: on famous painting Alexandra Ivanov “The Appearance of the Messiah” (or “The Appearance of Christ to the People”) - Gogol is depicted in the guise of one of the characters. “Among those who look with hope at the approaching Christ, there is a man standing half-turn to the Messiah, in a scarlet robe, he stands out from the crowd with his prophetic burning gaze. Portrait likeness with Gogol it’s obvious,” the professor noted.

According to him, Gogol met Alexander Ivanov in Italy, where the writer lived long years. The artist subtly felt and depicted in the picture Gogol’s “chosenness,” which the writer himself felt acutely.

“Contemporaries often reproached Gogol for arrogance, especially after the publication of the book “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends” in 1847. The writer was convinced that all of Russia should hear his voice and be transformed by his books. He saw the meaning in this his life and work, perceived his writing as a kind of messianism,” said Buck.

In fact, Gogol bequeathed to bury him only after obvious signs of decay appeared, since he sometimes fell into lethargic states. But all the talk about whether Gogol turned over in his grave or not is just the idle gossip of ordinary people.

"The writer survived a terrible mental tragedy, which led to his death. Contrary to his own call for moral preaching, for depiction eternal values, the bright sides of life, he was never able to satirical image Russia in the first volume of his great poem move to a positive image. The second volume of “Dead Souls” was burned, and with it the life of the great heir to Pushkin burned,” Buck added.

February 24, 1852 Nikolay Gogol burned the almost completed second volume of Dead Souls, on which he had been working for more than 10 years. The story itself was originally conceived by Gogol as a trilogy. In the first volume, the adventurer Chichikov, traveling across Russia, encountered exclusively human vices, in the second part, fate brought the main character together with some positive characters. In the third volume, which was never written, Chichikov had to go through exile in Siberia and finally take the path of moral purification.

AiF.ru tells why Gogol burned the second volume of Dead Souls and what adventures were supposed to happen to Chichikov in the continuation of the story.

Why did Gogol burn the second volume of Dead Souls?

The next morning, Gogol, amazed by his action, lamented to his friend Count Alexander Tolstoy: “That's what I did! I wanted to burn some things that had been prepared for a long time, but I burned everything. How strong the evil one is - that’s what he brought me to! And I understood and presented a lot of useful things there... I thought I would send out a notebook to my friends as a souvenir: let them do what they wanted. Now everything is gone."

Gogol claimed that he wanted to burn only drafts and unnecessary papers, and the second volume of “Dead Souls” was sent to the fireplace due to his oversight. Nine days after this fatal mistake, the writer died.

What is the second volume of Dead Souls about?

Gogol's letters and remaining drafts make it possible to reconstruct the approximate contents of some parts of the burned manuscript. The second volume of “Dead Souls” begins with a description of the estate of Andrei Ivanovich Tentetnikov, whom the author calls “the smoker of the sky.” An educated and fair person, due to laziness and lack of willpower, drags out a meaningless existence in the village. Tentetnikov's fiancee Ulinka is the daughter of the neighboring general Betrishchev. It is she who becomes the “ray of light in dark kingdom" story: "If a light suddenly flashed in a dark room transparent picture, illuminated from behind by a lamp, she would not have struck as much as this figure shining with life, which seemed to appear then to illuminate the room... It was difficult to say what land she was born in. Such a pure, noble outline of a face could not be found anywhere, except perhaps on some ancient cameos,” this is how Gogol describes her. Tentetnikov, according to Gogol’s plan, should have been convicted of participation in an anti-government organization, and his beloved would have followed him to hard labor. Then, in the third volume of the trilogy, these heroes had to go through exile in Siberia along with Chichikov.

On the “border line” between good and evil in the second volume of the story, financier Afanasy Murazov unexpectedly appears. He wants to spend the 40 million rubles he earned not in the most honest way on “saving Russia,” but his ideas are more reminiscent of sectarian ones.

In the surviving drafts of the end of the manuscript, Chichikov is found in the city at a fair, where he buys fabric that is so dear to him, the lingonberry color with a sparkle. He encounters Khlobuev, whom, apparently, he “messed up”, either depriving, or almost depriving, his estate through forgery. Chichikov is saved from continuing the unpleasant conversation by Murazov, who convinces the bankrupt landowner of the need to work and instructs him to collect funds for the church. Meanwhile, denunciations against Chichikov are discovered both about the forgery and about dead souls. However, the help of the corrupt official Samosvistov and the intercession of Murazov allow the hero to avoid prison.

Cameo - jewel or decoration made using the bas-relief technique on precious or semi-precious stones.