The history of the creation of the novel “Fathers and Sons.” The spiritual conflict between generations, reflected in the title and forming the basis of the novel

Novel "Fathers and Sons"

Written in 1862.

There are 3 stages of writing:

1860-1861 - creation of the main text

1862 “plowing up the novel”, introducing numerous amendments

History on the pages of a novel.

• Alexander II is in power.
• The flourishing of education and culture.
• The serf system hinders the development of the country.
• The capitalist system is developing in Russia
• Commoners enter the arena of political struggle.

• Straight

• Portable
• Opposing-

Change of generations, fathers transform their experience, children accept the inheritance and rethink it

the conflict between two forces, the social conflict of liberal nobles and commoners

The composition of the novel is circular

Nikolskoye

village

Bazarovs

• N.P.Kirsanov
• P.P.Kirsanov
• Bazarov's parents

• Odintsova

• "CHILDREN"

• E.V.Bazarov
• Essentially “fathers”, but imitating “children”:
• Arkady
• Sitnikov
• Kukshina

Ideological disputes between “fathers” and “sons”. On the attitude towards the nobility, aristocracy and its principles

• Pavel Petrovich
• Aristocracy is the main social force
• The aristocracy gave freedom to England
• A. has a highly developed self-esteem and sense of self

• Bazarov
• Aristocrats are of no use to anyone; they sit with folded hands
• Arguments of P.P. about the freedom of England are very doubtful.
• Aristocrats care only about themselves, live at the expense of others

dignity

About attitude towards the people

• Pavel Petrovich
• The Russian people are patriarchal and cannot live without religion.

• He is touched by the backwardness of the people.
• Uses a lot of foreign words.

*Darkness and ignorance

the cruelty of the people evokes in him

* He is proud that he is one of the people.

*Bazarov’s language is simple, he uses many proverbs.

About views on art, love, nature.

• Pavel Petrovich
• Recognizes old art
• Has a negative attitude towards new artists.
• He himself is a victim of fatal love.

• Bazarov
• Denies love and art.
• Doesn't know Pushkin
• But he denies it.
• He does not deny nature, but sees it as a consequence of human activity.

Principles of activity of nihilists

• Nihilists act from the principle of usefulness to society.
• They deny the social system and religion.
• They don’t believe in reforms (including the reform of 1861)
• They do not consider it necessary to build on what has been destroyed.
• They do not have a program for further action.

• Accordingly

are there any views?

Bazarova nigi-

static air

rhenia or

Turgenev's mistake -

Xia, counting

Bazarov to nigi-lists?

1. Nihilism-denial

generally accepted values:

ideals, moral standards,

forms of public

life. (B.E. Dictionary)

2. Nihilism - "ugly"

and immoral teaching,

rejecting everything

cannot be touched.” (V.I. Dal)

3. Nihilism is naked denial

of all, logically not justified-

ny skepticism. (Explanatory

Russian language dictionary)

Nihilism is a rigid belief

And unyielding, based on

denial of everything that preceded

Experience of human thought, on

destruction of traditions and state

military institutions. Philosophy

nihilism cannot be positive

tive, because it rejects everything,

without offering anything in return...

This happens all the time

at turning points. Usually,

This is typical of young people and quickly

passes. (Britannica)

• Nihilism is a belief that is rigid and unyielding, based on the denial of all previous Experience of human thought, on the destruction of traditions and state institutions. The philosophy of nihilism cannot be positive, since it rejects everything without offering anything in return... This happens at all times, at turning points. As a rule, this is typical for young people and passes quickly. (Britannica)

Do Bazarov's views correspond to the principles of nihilism?

• Scientific and philosophical views:

1. “There are sciences, just as there are crafts, knowledge, but science does not exist at all... Studying individual personalities is not worth the effort. All people are similar to each other, both in body and soul; each of us has a brain, spleens, lungs are built the same way;

and the so-called moral qualities are the same in everyone; small species

Negation means nothing. One thing is enough -

th copy to judge everyone.

2.“...we are now above medicine in general

We laugh and don’t bow down to anyone.”

3.”…I stick to the negative

directions due to sensation. I have

It’s easy to deny - my brain works that way - and

That's it! Why do I like chemistry?

Why do you love apples? - also due to

Feel. It's all one. Deeper than this

People will never get in.

• “The only good thing about a Russian person is

that he has a very bad opinion of himself.”

• “Aristocracy, liberalism, progress, just think,

so many foreign and useless words! Russian people don’t even need them for nothing.

• “We saw that our wise men, the so-called progressive people and accusers, are no good, that we are busy with nonsense and trifles, talking about some kind of art, creativity, about parliamentarism, about the legal profession and God knows what, when the matter goes about our daily bread, when the grossest superstition is strangling us...

Bazarov's aesthetic views

• “A decent chemist is twenty times more useful than any poet.”
• “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and

the person in it is a worker.”

• "Raphael is not worth a penny."
• “I only look at the sky when I want to sneeze.”
• “I find that speaking beautifully is indecent.

“The other day, I see he’s reading Pushkin...

• Please explain to him that this is no good... Give him something useful to read.”

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Slide captions:

I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons.” History of creation, genre, plot, composition

About the novel Year of writing: 1860-1861. Publication - 1862, publishing house "Russian Herald". The novel is set in the summer of 1859 (on the eve of the peasant reform of 1861).

History of the creation of the novel The idea for the novel arose from I.S. Turgenev in 1860 in England during a summer holiday on the Isle of Wight. Work on the novel continued in 1861 in Paris. The main character was so captivated by Turgenev that he kept a diary on his behalf for some time.

Publication of the novel So, a year and a half after the idea was conceived, the novel “Fathers and Sons” was published on the pages of the February issue of the magazine “Russian Messenger”. I. S. Turgenev dedicated it to V. G. Belinsky.

Work on the novel In a letter to P.V. Annenkov, I.S. Turgenev announces the completion of the novel: “My work is finally finished. On July 20 I wrote my blessed last word.” In the fall, upon returning to Paris, I. S. Turgenev reads his novel to V. P. Botkin and K. K. Sluchevsky, whose opinion he valued very much. Agreeing and arguing with their judgments, the writer, in his own words, “plows” the text, makes numerous changes and amendments to it.

The genre of the novel “Fathers and Sons” is a socio-psychological novel in which the main place is given to social conflicts. The work is built on the opposition of the main character - commoner Bazarov - and the rest of the characters. In Bazarov's clashes with other characters, the main character traits of the hero and his views are revealed.

Features of the plot of the novel The plot of the novel is a continuous chain of clashes between Bazarov and other heroes of the novel. The plot of the novel does not have a plot, that is, there is no event in the novel that would be the cause of all Bazarov’s clashes. The main direction in the development of the plot is the deepening and expansion of social conflict.

Plot of the novel With each new clash, the circle of people with whom Bazarov argues increases: the mutual hostility of Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich, revealed at their first meeting; Bazarov's dispute with Pavel Petrovich about principles; the clash between the democrat Bazarov and the aristocrat Odintsova; the clash between the democrat Bazarov and Kukshina and Sitnikov, strangers to him; Bazarov’s “clash” with his parents; a new clash with Pavel Petrovich (duel); a collision with Arkady and a complete break with him.

The composition of the novel The composition of the novel is circular. The composition of the novel is based on the principle of antithesis. The movement of the heroes in the novel is concentrated between five points: Khokhlovsky settlements - Maryino - town *** - Nikolskoye - the village of Bazarov’s parents..

The plot The immediate plot of the action takes place in Maryino, on the Kirsanov estate. And at the beginning the action seems to be moving in the same semicircle - first forward, then to the end in the opposite direction, then again to the end forward: Maryino (Kirsanovs' estate) - city *** - Nikolskoye (Odintsova's estate) - house of Bazarov's parents - Nikolskoye - city *** - Maryino - city *** - Nikolskoye - house of Bazarov’s parents.

Peculiarities of the development of the conflict A peculiarity of the development of the conflict of the novel: two opposite positions - Bazarov and Kirsanov - in the second part begin to converge and turn out to be comparable in the degree of their deviation from the natural norm of human life.

Conclusions The novel “Fathers and Sons” is a topical novel that largely explains the life of Russian society. Turgenev “caught and developed” in the novel the main conflict of the crisis era - the uncompromising struggle of liberals with revolutionary democrats. In the book, Turgenev reflects on the change of generations, on the eternal struggle between old and new, on caring for cultural heritage. These eternal problems have found a succinct formulation in the title of the novel “Fathers and Sons” - this is a “universal coverage of reality” in its entirety: from the past through the present to the future.

Slide 1

I.S. Turgenev novel “Fathers and Sons” Author: Polomoshnova T.A.
The most “sensational” novel by I.S. Turgenev (1818 – 1883) was the novel “Fathers and Sons” (1862). Reviews appeared in criticism: “Fathers and Sons” is perhaps the most noisy and scandalous book in Russian literature.” Antonovich called the main character of the novel, Yevgeny Bazarov, “a caricature of the younger generation.”

Slide 2

In the summer of 1860, Turgenev turned to the study of German materialists, who convinced that “one should not listen to the experience of the fathers, but should believe only in the cycle of chemical matter and physiology...”. Turgenev created a young hero who is convinced that natural scientific discoveries explain absolutely everything in man and society, and who rejects the experience of generations, the soul, feelings, art, and authorities. Nihilist-destroyer Bazarov believes only in “matter and force.”

Slide 3

The tragic nature of the conflict in the novel
The nihilist-materialist Evgeny Bazarov is contrasted with the conservative and romantic nature - Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov. But his main opponent is the esthete and aristocrat Pavel Petrovich. Ideological differences between generations are strengthened by family differences. The clashes between the son, Arkady Kirsanov, and his father Nikolai Petrovich gradually give way to living standards and mutual respect.

Slide 4

Liberal Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov talks about the need to follow norms and trust authorities, reproaches Bazarov for contempt for the common people. Bazarov claims that “the people deserve contempt,” and “a chemist is more useful than any poet or philosopher.” But Bazarov also has attractive sides: a habit of work and determination. For Kirsanov, principles and faith are important, for Bazarov - the destruction of authorities and principles. These are extreme positions that elude the truth.

Slide 5

The novel presents a world on the verge of social catastrophe: strained relations between masters and servants, rollicking peasants going to the city to drink, serf-dominated desolation, poor villages. “Transformations are necessary,” thinks Arkady Kirsanov, but does not know how to implement them. Evgeniy is convinced that he knows: burn everything and build something new.

Slide 6

The author of the novel takes his hero through a series of tests. Anna Sergeevna Odintsova becomes the culprit of Bazarov's mental torment. Love for Odintsova splits Bazarov: one half of his soul does not recognize romantic feelings, the other loves passionately and deeply. Odintsova is a beautiful and strong woman. Her beauty is capricious and unyielding. Bazarov's passion frightens Anna, like a fire or a flood.

Slide 7

Parallel to the story of Bazarov and Anna, the story of Arkady’s rapprochement with Katya Odintsova unfolds in the novel. This is a story about friendship that gradually develops into pure and tender love. Bazarov always reproached Arkady for being “excessive,” in his opinion, kindness: “You are a gentle soul, a weakling...”. But it is Arkady who finds mutual love, family happiness, and his son is born. Bazarov is deeply unhappy and lonely.

Slide 8

Bazarov says that he loves his parents, but rarely visits them, he is bored in his father’s house, he is dissatisfied with everything... The Bazarovs’ servant Timofeich reproaches Evgeniy: “Do you believe God, your heart is tired of looking at your parents.” Having become infected during an autopsy, Bazarov loses his confidence and self-control, asking himself: “Does Russia need me?” And he answers: “No, apparently it’s not needed...”

Slide 9

At the end of the novel, life returns to everyday life: Nikolai Petrovich marries the commoner Fenechka. Arkady Kirsanov - on Katya Odintsova. Anna Sergeevna also marries “not out of love, but out of conviction.” According to Turgenev, a person can never come to terms with lack of spirituality and denial of life values; he believes in the omnipotence of devoted love.

Slide 10

With Bazarov's departure, the poetic tension of the novel subsides. With his death, it was as if life was “orphaned.” Like orphans, parents come to their son’s grave. Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov was also orphaned when he went abroad: “It’s worth looking at him in the Russian church, when, leaning against the wall, he thinks, bitterly clenching his lips...” Turgenev “punishes” his heroes, but also sympathizes with them.

Slide 11

“Fathers and Sons” in Russian criticism
“When Bazarov falls ill, the life around him becomes more intense... Bazarov’s grave is illuminated with light and peace... Bazarov turns away from nature, Turgenev does not reproach him for this, but only paints nature in all its glory...” (N.N. Strakhov) “Hero” - a triumphant nihilist. He remains true to himself until the last minute...” (D. Pisarev) “No one seems to suspect that I tried to present a tragic face in him - but everyone interprets: - why is he so bad? or - why is he so good? (I.S. Turgenev)

Year of writing: 1860-1861.
Publication – 1862, publishing house
"Russian Messenger".
The novel is set in the summer of 1859
(on the eve of the peasant reform of 1861
of the year).

The history of the novel

Working on a novel

Publication of the novel

conclusions

Topic: The history of the creation of I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” ( 1862) . Composition of the novel.

Shcherbakova Liliya Vladimirovna,

teacher of Russian language and literature.

Epigraph

"Fathers and Sons"

Perhaps the noisiest

and a scandalous book

in Russian literature.

P. Weil, A. Genis.

PROBLEM QUESTION:

Is it really a novel?

“Fathers and Sons” by I.S. Turgenev

is a scandalous work

The appearance of the novel “Fathers and Sons” occurred at a turning point for Russia. The role and place of Turgenev’s novel can only be compared with the comedy “Woe from Wit”

A.S. Griboedova.

• The idea for the novel arises from I. S. Turgenev in I860 in the small seaside town of Ventnor, in England. “...It was in the month of August 1860, when the first thought of “Fathers and Sons” came to my mind...” It was a difficult time for the writer. His break with Sovremennik magazine had just occurred. The novel “Fathers and Sons” was an attempt to comprehend the character and direction of the activities of the “new people,” a type of which was just beginning to emerge in Russian society. “...At the base of the main figure, Bazarov, lay one personality of a young provincial doctor that struck me. (He died shortly before 1860.) This remarkable man embodied - to my eyes - that barely born, still fermenting principle, which later received the name of nihilism. The impression made on me by this person was very strong and at the same time not entirely clear; At first, I myself could not give myself a good account of it - and I listened intensely and looked closely at everything that surrounded me, as if wanting to check the veracity of my own feelings,” wrote I. S. Turgenev in an article about “Fathers and children."

“Well, he got it for Bazarov...” F.M. Dostoevsky

• The novel was published in 1862 in the Russian Messenger magazine. I. S. Turgenev dedicated it to V. G. Belinsky.
• He caused such a storm that no other book has ever caused

"Air of the era"

Time of writing

novel - 1861

Time of action -

1855-1861 – time,

difficult for Russia;

Governing body

Alexandra II

Pursuit

to the formation of various

layers of the population

Are changing

centuries-old foundations

Russia

Writer - visionary

Turgenev, with his characteristic social acuity, grasped and developed the main conflict of the crisis, revolutionary era - the uncompromising struggle of democratic revolutionaries with liberals

Rasnochintsy Democrats

RAZNOCHINETS– in pre-revolutionary Russia: a person from unprivileged classes, from petty bureaucracy, engaged in mental work, usually a bearer of democratic ideology. Common writers.

What are they?

• “Everyone... had to devote all their abilities to natural science. Everyone was mesmerized by the great significance of this science. “(from the memoirs of a contemporary)
• It is not surprising that Turgenev made his hero a physician and forced him to work on serious experiments to study various patterns of the structure of organisms.

Let's get acquainted with the word

Who is called a nihilist?

NIHILIST – 1) A supporter of the democratic movement, denying the foundations and traditions of noble society, serfdom. 2) A person who has a sharply negative, skeptical attitude towards everything

In a letter to K.K. Sluchevsky from Paris dated April 14, 1862, Turgenev names the true “deniers,” the leaders of the democratic movement.

In their teachings, commoner democrats drew material for their theories, for building political and aesthetic programs

"Deniers, or Nihilists"

Dobrolyubov N.A. (1836-61), Russian critic, publicist, revolutionary democrat. Since 1857, a permanent contributor to the Sovremennik magazine.

"Deniers, or Nihilists"

Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich(1828-89), writer, literary critic. One of the leaders of the Sovremennik magazine. The ideological inspirer of the revolutionary movement of the 1860s.

"Deniers" or nihilists

Belinsky Vissarion Grigorievich(1811-48), Russian literary critic. Collaborated in the magazines “Telescope”, “Otechestvennye zapiski” and “Sovremennik”

Turgenev knew them personally

The political and philosophical views of Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov served as materials and sources for creating the ideological image of the main character of the novel

Great writer

“Turgenev himself will never be Bazarov, but he thought about it and understood it in a way that none of our realists will understand,” – wrote Pisarev

“The connection of times has broken down...”

Time “split,” separating liberal nobles and democratic commoners, fathers and sons on opposite sides of the historical barrier...

"Retired people" and "heirs"

• It was belonging to time that was the source of the conflict between Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Evgeny Bazarov
• In the novel, people of the 40s and 60s found themselves face to face. XIX century

Who is right?

As a great artist, overcoming his likes and dislikes both in the depiction of fathers and in the depiction of children, he tried to paint a true picture of the life of Russian society in the 60s XIX century.

Conclusion:

Turgenev's novel reflects the ideological struggle between the main social forces in Russia in the 50s – 60s years XlX centuries.

The composition of the novel “Fathers and Sons” is monocentric: the main character is in the center, and all the “formal” elements of the work are aimed at revealing his character.

During his “wanderings,” Bazarov visits the same places twice: Maryino, Nikolskoye, Bazarova. Thus, we first get acquainted with the hero, and then we witness how, under the influence of circumstances (a duel with Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, a quarrel with Arkady, love for Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, etc.) his views and beliefs change.

The novel consists of 2 parts

(28 chapters)

Ring composition

Maryino

(Kirsanov estate)

Nikolskoye

(Odintsova’s estate)

Bazarov's parents

(small house

small landed gentry)

The meaning of the novel's title "I tried to imagine conflict of two generations" (I.S. Turgenev)

Fathers children

Social

(conflict of aristocrats

commoners)

Psychological

conflict (conflict

generations)

FATHERS

CHILDREN

RELATIONSHIPS

FATHERS AND SONS

Young people

Aged people

Different generations.

Those who don't understand

each other

Hostility

Indifference

Opposing.

Parents

Frivolous

Hatred

Always arguing.

Wise with experience

Reckless

People in need

Respect

Engines of progress.

Conservatives

Progressive

Symbol of life.

People are outdated

views

Addiction

People of new views

Active

Bazarov Vasily Ivanovich

Very funny, good, old man, dad, nothing, was in the sieve and in the sieve, poor fellow, old man, kindest, eccentric, talks a lot, has no prejudices, etc.

I don’t remember that any literary work caused so much noise and aroused so many conversations as Turgenev’s story “Fathers and Sons.” It can be said positively that “Fathers and Sons” was read even by people who had not picked up books since school.

A. Panaeva

Bazarov faces...

Old men

Bazarovs

Arkady

Fenechka

Bazarov

Odintsova

Kirsanovs

people

False -

nihilists

Turgenev's skill in creating images of a novel

Portrait characteristics

Pavel Petrovich

The face is “long and thin, with a wide forehead, a flat upward, pointed nose downward, with large greenish eyes and hanging sand-colored sideburns... enlivened by a calm smile and expressing self-confidence and intelligence... His dark-blond hair, long and thick , did not hide the large protuberances of the spacious skull.”

“His short-cropped gray hair shone with a dark shine, like new silver; his face, bilious, but without wrinkles, unusually regular and clean, as if carved with a thin and light chisel, showed traces of remarkable beauty; The light, black, oblong eyes were especially beautiful. The whole appearance, graceful and thoroughbred, retained youthful harmony and aspiration upward, away from the earth, which for the most part disappears after twenty years.”

Homework

Using the table, describe the images

Portrait details

Area of ​​interest

I am a hero concept

Hero's story

The fate of a hero

Characteristics given by other heroes.

• re-read chapters VI - X,
• draw up a comparative table: the views of Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich, into which include quotes characterizing the heroes’ attitude to art, love, the Russian people, nature, aristocracy and liberalism and other things that the heroes will argue about.
• individually: Characteristics of images:
• -Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov;
• - Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov;
• - Arkady Kirsanov;
• - Anna Sergeevna Odintsova;
• - Katya is the younger sister of Anna Sergeevna Odintsova;
• -Fenechka.