Russian authors of the 20th century and their works. Philosophical and psychological richness of Bunin's lyrics
Introduction. Russian literature of the twentieth century has an extremely complex, even tragic, history. This is due to fundamental changes in the life of the country that began at the turn of the century. Russia has experienced three revolutions: 1905, February and October 1917; Russian – Japanese war gg; First World War; Civil War The internal political situation in our country at that time was extremely difficult.
The turn of the century was marked by significant scientific discoveries. They revolutionized ideas about the knowability of the world. This led to the search for an explanation of new phenomena through religion and mysticism. The philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev described this time as follows: “It was the era of the awakening in Russia of independent philosophical thought, the flourishing of poetry and the intensification of aesthetic sensitivity, religious anxiety and quest, interest in mysticism and the occult. New souls appeared, new sources were discovered creative life..." So, one dominant worldview has been replaced by a diversity of opinions and ideas in all areas of life.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy L. N. Tolstoy. Portrait by I. E. Repin.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov Main themes of creativity ideological quest intelligentsia, dissatisfaction with the philistine existence of some, spiritual “humility” before the vulgarity of the lives of others (“A Boring Story”, 1889; “Duel”, 1891; “House with a Mezzanine”, 1896; “Ionych”, 1898; “Lady with a Dog”, 1899 ).
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin BUNIN Ivan Alekseevich (), Russian writer, honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1909). He emigrated in 1920.
Alexander Blok (symbolist) Alexander Blok. Portrait by I. K. Parkhomenko.
Andrey Bely (symbolism) BELY Andrey(pseud. Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev) (), Russian writer. One of the leading figures of symbolism. Early poetry is characterized by mystical motifs, a grotesque perception of reality (“symphonies”), and formal experimentation (the collection “Gold in Azure,” 1904). The collection “Ashes” (1909) contains the tragedy of rural Rus'. In the novel "Petersburg" (revised edition in 1922) symbolized and satirical image Russian statehood.
Nikolai Gumilyov and Anna Akhmatova (acmeists) Anna Akhmatova and Nikolai Gumilyov with their little son, the future famous historian L. N. Gumilyov
Khlebnikov Velimir (futurist) KHLEBNIKOV Velimir (real name Viktor Vladimirovich) (), Russian poet, one of the key figures of the avant-garde.
Vladimir Mayakovsky MAYAKOVSKY Vladimir Vladimirovich, Russian poet, one of the brightest representatives avant-garde art of the 1920s.
Marina Tsvetaeva TsVETAEVA Marina Ivanovna (), Russian poetess. Daughter of I.V. Tsvetaev. Romantic maximalism, motives of loneliness, the tragic doom of love, rejection of everyday life (collections “Versta”, 1921, “Craft”, 1923, “After Russia”, 1928; satirical poem“The Pied Piper”, 1925, “Poem of the End”, both 1926).
Sergei Yesenin (imagist) ESENIN Sergei Alexandrovich (), Russian poet. From his first collections (“Radunitsa”, 1916; “Rural Book of Hours”, 1918) he appeared as a subtle lyricist, a master of deeply psychologized landscape, and a singer peasant Rus', expert vernacular And people's soul. B was a member of the group of imagists
Alexey Remizov REMIZOV Alexey Mikhailovich (), Russian writer. Searches for an archaic style focused on literature and the spoken word of pre-Petrine Rus'. Book of legends, apocrypha (“Limonar, that is: Spiritual Meadow”, 1907), novels “Pond” (1908), “The Word of the Destruction of the Russian Land” (1918). In 1921 he emigrated.
Mark Aldanov ALDANOV Mark Alexandrovich (real name Landau), Russian writer; novelist and essayist; one of the most read (and translated into foreign languages) writers of the first Russian emigration, who gained fame thanks to his historical novels covering the events of two centuries of Russian and European history(from the mid-18th century).
Maxim Gorky GORKY Maxim (real name and last name Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) (), Russian writer, publicist.
Mikhail Sholokhov SHOLOHOV Mikhail Alexandrovich (), Russian writer, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1967, 1980).
Nikolai Ostrovsky OSTROVSKY Nikolai Alekseevich (), Russian writer. Participant Civil War; was seriously wounded. Blind and bedridden, Ostrovsky created the novel “How the Steel Was Tempered” (some chapters were not omitted by the censor) about the formation of Soviet power and the heroic life of Komsomol member Pavel Korchagin (an image that largely determined the type positive hero literature of socialist realism). The novel “Born of the Storm” (1936, unfinished).
Alexander Tvardovsky TVARDOVSKY Alexander Trifonovich (), Russian poet, Chief Editor magazine " New world"(,). The poem “Vasily Terkin” () is a vivid embodiment of the Russian character and popular feelings of the era of the Great Patriotic War
Konstantin Simonov SIMONOV Konstantin (Kirill) Mikhailovich (), Russian writer, public figure, Hero of Socialist Labor (1974).
Evgeniy Schwartz Evgeniy Lvovich SHVARTZ (), Russian playwright. Saturated with highly relevant social and political content, caustic irony, fairy tale plays based on the works of H. C. Andersen “The Naked King” (1934), “The Shadow” (1940); satirical plays"Dragon" (1944), " An ordinary miracle"(1956); plays for children, stories, scripts.
Vasily Shukshin SHUKSHIN Vasily Makarovich (October 1974), Russian writer, film director, actor. Honored Artist of Russia (1969). In stories (collection “Village Residents”, 1963, “There, Away”, 1968, “Characters”, 1973), the novel “Lubavins” (parts 1-2) and films (“There Lives Such a Guy”, 1964, “ Stoves and benches", 1972, "Kalina Krasnaya", 1974
Russian literature of the twentieth century has tragic story. In the 1920s, writers (Bunin, Kuprin, Shmelev) left Russia and were expelled. The destructive impact of censorship: public persecution of literary artists (Bulgakov, Pilnyak) Since the beginning of the 30s, the tendency to bring literature to a single artistic method- socialist realism. In the 30s, the process of physical destruction of writers began: N. Klyuev, O. Mandelstam, I. Babel, I. Kataev, B. Pilnyak were shot and died in the camps. Prezentacii.com
Aksakov Ivan Sergeevich (1823-1886) - poet and publicist. One of the leaders of Russian Slavophiles. The most famous work: the fairy tale “The Scarlet Flower”.
Aksakov Konstantin Sergeevich (1817-1860) – poet, literary critic, linguist, historian. The inspirer and ideologist of Slavophilism.
Aksakov Sergei Timofeevich (1791-1859) - writer and public figure, literary and theater critic. Wrote a book about fishing and hunting. Father of writers Konstantin and Ivan Aksakov.
Annensky Innokenty Fedorovich (1855-1909) - poet, playwright, literary critic, linguist, translator. Author of the plays: “King Ixion”, “Laodamia”, “Melanippe the Philosopher”, “Thamira the Kefared”.
Baratynsky Evgeniy Abramovich (1800-1844) - poet and translator. Author of the poems: “Eda”, “Feasts”, “Ball”, “Concubine” (“Gypsy”).
Batyushkov Konstantin Nikolaevich (1787-1855) - poet. Also the author of a number of well-known prose articles: “On the character of Lomonosov”, “Evening at Kantemir’s” and others.
Belinsky Vissarion Grigorievich (1811-1848) - literary critic. Headed the critical department in the publication " Domestic notes" Author of numerous critical articles. He had a huge influence on Russian literature.
Bestuzhev-Marlinsky Alexander Alexandrovich (1797-1837) - Byronist writer, literary critic. Published under the pseudonym Marlinsky. Published the almanac "Polar Star". He was one of the Decembrists. Author of prose: “Test”, “Terrible fortune-telling”, “Frigate Nadezhda” and others.
Vyazemsky Pyotr Andreevich (1792-1878) - poet, memoirist, historian, literary critic. One of the founders and first head of the Russian historical society. Close friend of Pushkin.
Dmitry Vladimirovich Venevetinov (1805-1827) - poet, prose writer, philosopher, translator, literary critic. Author of 50 poems. He was also known as an artist and musician. Organizer of the secret philosophical association “Society of Philosophy”.
Herzen Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870) - writer, philosopher, teacher. The most famous works: novel “Who is to Blame?”, stories “Doctor Krupov”, “The Thieving Magpie”, “Damaged”.
Glinka Sergei Nikolaevich (1776-1847) - writer, memoirist, historian. Mastermind conservative nationalism. Author the following works: “Selim and Roxana”, “The Virtues of Women” and others.
Glinka Fedor Nikolaevich (1876-1880) - poet and writer. Member of the Decembrist Society. The most famous works: the poems “Karelia” and “The Mysterious Drop”.
Gogol Nikolai Vasilievich (1809-1852) - writer, playwright, poet, literary critic. Classic of Russian literature. Author: " Dead souls”, the cycle of stories “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”, the stories “The Overcoat” and “Viy”, the plays “The Inspector General” and “Marriage” and many other works.
Goncharov Ivan Aleksandrovich (1812-1891) – writer, literary critic. Author of the novels: “Oblomov”, “Cliff”, “ An ordinary story».
Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich (1795-1829) - poet, playwright and composer. He was a diplomat and died in service in Persia. The most famous work is the poem “Woe from Wit,” which served as the source of many catchphrases.
Grigorovich Dmitry Vasilievich (1822-1900) – writer.
Davydov Denis Vasilievich (1784-1839) – poet, memoirist. Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. Author of numerous poems and war memoirs.
Dal Vladimir Ivanovich (1801-1872) – writer and ethnographer. Being a military doctor, he collected folklore along the way. The most famous literary work – « Dictionary living Great Russian language." Dahl worked on the dictionary for more than 50 years.
Delvig Anton Antonovich (1798-1831) – poet, publisher.
Dobrolyubov Nikolai Alexandrovich (1836-1861) - literary critic and poet. He published under the pseudonyms -bov and N. Laibov. Author of numerous critical and philosophical articles.
Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821-1881) - writer and philosopher. Recognized classic of Russian literature. Author of works: “The Brothers Karamazov”, “Idiot”, “Crime and Punishment”, “Teenager” and many others.
Zhemchuzhnikov Alexander Mikhailovich (1826-1896) - poet. Together with his brothers and the writer Tolstoy A.K. created the image of Kozma Prutkov.
Zhemchuzhnikov Alexey Mikhailovich (1821-1908) - poet and satirist. Together with his brothers and the writer Tolstoy A.K. created the image of Kozma Prutkov. Author of the comedy “Strange Night” and the collection of poems “Songs of Old Age”.
Zhemchuzhnikov Vladimir Mikhailovich (1830-1884) - poet. Together with his brothers and the writer Tolstoy A.K. created the image of Kozma Prutkov.
Zhukovsky Vasily Andreevich (1783-1852) - poet, literary critic, translator, founder of Russian romanticism.
Zagoskin Mikhail Nikolaevich (1789-1852) - writer and playwright. Author of the first Russian historical novels. Author of the works “The Prankster”, “Yuri Miloslavsky, or the Russians in 1612”, “Kulma Petrovich Miroshev” and others.
Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich (1766-1826) – historian, writer and poet. Author of the monumental work “History of the Russian State” in 12 volumes. He is the author of the stories: “ Poor Lisa", "Evgeniy and Yulia" and many others.
Kireevsky Ivan Vasilievich (1806-1856) - religious philosopher, literary critic, Slavophile.
Krylov Ivan Andreevich (1769-1844) - poet and fabulist. Author of 236 fables, many of which became popular expressions. Published magazines: “Mail of Spirits”, “Spectator”, “Mercury”.
Kuchelbecker Wilhelm Karlovich (1797-1846) - poet. He was one of the Decembrists. Close friend of Pushkin. Author of works: “The Argives”, “The Death of Byron”, “The Eternal Jew”.
Lazhechnikov Ivan Ivanovich (1792-1869) - writer, one of the founders of Russian historical novel. Author of novels " Ice house" and "Basurman".
Lermontov Mikhail Yurievich (1814-1841) - poet, writer, playwright, artist. Classic of Russian literature. The most famous works: the novel “A Hero of Our Time”, the story “ Prisoner of the Caucasus", poems "Mtsyri" and "Masquerade".
Leskov Nikolai Semenovich (1831-1895) – writer. The most famous works: “Lefty”, “Cathedrals”, “On Knives”, “Righteous”.
Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich (1821-1878) - poet and writer. Classic of Russian literature. Head of the Sovremennik magazine, editor of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine. The most famous works: “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, “Russian Women”, “Frost, Red Nose”.
Ogarev Nikolai Platonovich (1813-1877) - poet. Author of poems, poems, critical articles.
Odoevsky Alexander Ivanovich (1802-1839) - poet and writer. He was one of the Decembrists. Author of the poem "Vasilko", the poems "Zosima" and "Elder Prophetess".
Odoevsky Vladimirovich Fedorovich (1804-1869) - writer, thinker, one of the founders of musicology. He wrote fantastic and utopian works. Author of the novel “Year 4338” and numerous short stories.
Ostrovsky Alexander Nikolaevich (1823-1886) – playwright. Classic of Russian literature. Author of plays: “The Thunderstorm”, “Dowry”, “The Marriage of Balzaminov” and many others.
Panaev Ivan Ivanovich (1812-1862) – writer, literary critic, journalist. Author of works: " Sissy", "Meeting at the station", "Lions of the province" and others.
Pisarev Dmitry Ivanovich (1840-1868) - literary critic of the sixties, translator. Many of Pisarev’s articles were dismantled into aphorisms.
Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich (1799-1837) - poet, writer, playwright. Classic of Russian literature. Author: poems “Poltava” and “Eugene Onegin”, stories “ Captain's daughter", a collection of stories "Belkin's Tales" and numerous poems. Founded the literary magazine Sovremennik.
Raevsky Vladimir Fedoseevich (1795-1872) - poet. Participant in the Patriotic War of 1812. He was one of the Decembrists.
Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich (1795-1826) - poet. He was one of the Decembrists. Author of the historical poetic cycle "Dumas". Published literary almanac"Polar Star".
Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Efgrafovich (1826-1889) - writer, journalist. Classic of Russian literature. The most famous works: “Lord Golovlevs”, “ The wise minnow", "Poshekhonskaya antiquity". He was the editor of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski.
Samarin Yuri Fedorovich (1819-1876) – publicist and philosopher.
Sukhovo-Kobylin Alexander Vasilievich (1817-1903) - playwright, philosopher, translator. Author of the plays: “Krechinsky’s Wedding”, “The Affair”, “The Death of Tarelkin”.
Tolstoy Alexey Konstantinovich (1817-1875) - writer, poet, playwright. Author of the poems: “The Sinner”, “The Alchemist”, the plays “Fantasy”, “Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich”, the stories “The Ghoul” and “The Wolf’s Adopted”. Together with the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers, he created the image of Kozma Prutkov.
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (1828-1910) - writer, thinker, educator. Classic of Russian literature. Served in the artillery. Participated in the defense of Sevastopol. The most famous works: “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”, “Resurrection”. In 1901 he was excommunicated from the church.
Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich (1818-1883) - writer, poet, playwright. Classic of Russian literature. The most famous works: “Mumu”, “Asya”, “ Noble Nest", "Fathers and Sons".
Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich (1803-1873) - poet. Classic of Russian literature.
Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich (1820-1892) – lyric poet, memoirist, translator. Classic of Russian literature. Author of numerous romantic poems. Translated Juvenal, Goethe, Catullus.
Khomyakov Alexey Stepanovich (1804-1860) - poet, philosopher, theologian, artist.
Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889) - writer, philosopher, literary critic. Author of the novels “What to do?” and “Prologue”, as well as the stories “Alferyev”, “Small Stories”.
Chekhov Anton Pavlovich (1860-1904) - writer, playwright. Classic of Russian literature. Author of plays " The Cherry Orchard", "Three Sisters", "Uncle Vanya" and numerous stories. Conducted a population census on Sakhalin Island.
The current generation now sees everything clearly, marvels at the errors, laughs at the foolishness of its ancestors, it is not in vain that this chronicle is inscribed with heavenly fire, that every letter in it screams, that a piercing finger is directed from everywhere at it, at it, at the current generation; but the current generation laughs and arrogantly, proudly begins a series of new errors, which posterity will also laugh at later. "Dead Souls"
For what? It's like inspiration
Love the given subject!
Like a true poet
Sell your imagination!
I am a slave, a day laborer, I am a tradesman!
I owe you, sinner, for gold,
For your worthless piece of silver
Pay with divine payment!
"Improvisation I"
Literature is a language that expresses everything a country thinks, wants, knows, wants and needs to know.
In hearts simple feeling the beauty and grandeur of nature is stronger, a hundred times more vivid than in us, enthusiastic storytellers in words and on paper.
"Hero of our time"
And everywhere there is sound, and everywhere there is light,
And all the worlds have one beginning,
And there is nothing in nature
Whatever breathes love.
In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! Without you, how can one not fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!
Poems in prose, "Russian language"
So, I complete my dissolute escape,
Prickly snow flies from the naked fields,
Driven by an early, violent snowstorm,
And, stopping in the wilderness of the forest,
Gathers in silver silence
A deep and cold bed.
Listen: shame on you!
It's time to get up! You know yourself
What time has come;
In whom the sense of duty has not cooled,
Who is incorruptibly straight in heart,
Who has talent, strength, accuracy,
Tom shouldn't sleep now...
"Poet and Citizen"
Is it really possible that even here they will not and will not allow the Russian organism to develop nationally, with its own organic strength, and certainly impersonally, servilely imitating Europe? But what should one do with the Russian organism then? Do these gentlemen understand what an organism is? Separation, “detachment” from their country leads to hatred, these people hate Russia, so to speak, naturally, physically: for the climate, for the fields, for the forests, for the order, for the liberation of the peasant, for Russian history, in a word, for everything, They hate me for everything.
Spring! the first frame is exposed -
And noise burst into the room,
And the good news of the nearby temple,
And the talk of the people, and the sound of the wheel...
Well, what are you afraid of, pray tell! Now every grass, every flower is rejoicing, but we are hiding, afraid, as if some kind of misfortune is coming! The thunderstorm will kill! This is not a thunderstorm, but grace! Yes, grace! It's all stormy! The northern lights will light up, you should admire and marvel at the wisdom: “from the midnight lands the dawn rises”! And you are horrified and come up with ideas: this means war or pestilence. Is there a comet coming? I wouldn’t look away! Beauty! The stars have already taken a closer look, they are all the same, but this is a new thing; Well, I should have looked and admired it! And you are afraid to even look at the sky, you are trembling! Out of everything, you have created a scare for yourself. Eh, people! "Storm"
There is no more enlightening, soul-cleansing feeling than that which a person feels when acquainted with a great work of art.
We know that loaded guns must be handled with care. But we don’t want to know that we must treat words in the same way. The word can kill and make evil worse than death.
There is a well-known trick of an American journalist who, in order to increase subscriptions to his magazine, began to publish in other publications the most harsh, arrogant attacks on himself from fictitious persons: some in print exposed him as a swindler and perjurer, others as a thief and murderer, and still others as a debauchee on a colossal scale. He didn’t skimp on paying for such friendly advertisements until everyone started thinking - it’s obvious he’s a curious and remarkable person when everyone is shouting about him like that! - and they began to buy up his own newspaper.
"Life in a Hundred Years"
I... think that I know the Russian person to his very depths, and I do not take any credit for this. I didn’t study the people from conversations with St. Petersburg cab drivers, but I grew up among the people, on the Gostomel pasture, with a cauldron in my hand, I slept with it on the dewy grass of the night, under a warm sheepskin coat, and on Panin’s fancy crowd behind the circles of dusty habits...
Between these two clashing titans - science and theology - there is a stunned public, quickly losing faith in the immortality of man and in any deity, quickly descending to the level of a purely animal existence. Such is the picture of the hour illuminated by the brilliant noonday sun of the Christian and scientific era!
"Isis Unveiled"
Sit down, I'm glad to see you. Throw away all fear
And you can keep yourself free
I give you permission. You know, the other day
I was elected king by everyone,
But it doesn't matter. They confuse my thoughts
All these honors, greetings, bows...
"Crazy"
- What do you want abroad? - I asked him while in his room, with the help of the servants, his things were being laid out and packed for sending to the Warsaw station.
- Yes, just... to feel it! - he said confusedly and with a kind of dull expression on his face.
"Letters from the Road"
Is the point to get through life in such a way as not to offend anyone? This is not happiness. Touch, break, break, so that life boils. I am not afraid of any accusations, but I am a hundred times more afraid of colorlessness than death.
Poetry is the same music, only combined with words, and it also requires a natural ear, a sense of harmony and rhythm.
You experience a strange feeling when, with a light pressure of your hand, you force such a mass to rise and fall at will. When such a mass obeys you, you feel the power of man...
"Meeting"
The feeling of the Motherland should be strict, restrained in words, not eloquent, not talkative, not “waving your arms” and not running forward (to appear). The feeling of the Motherland should be a great ardent silence.
"Secluded"
And what is the secret of beauty, what is the secret and charm of art: in the conscious, inspired victory over torment or in the unconscious melancholy of the human spirit, which does not see a way out of the circle of vulgarity, squalor or thoughtlessness and is tragically condemned to appear complacent or hopelessly false.
"Sentimental Memory"
Since birth I have lived in Moscow, but by God I don’t know where Moscow came from, what it is for, why, what it needs. In the Duma, at meetings, I, together with others, talk about the city economy, but I don’t know how many miles there are in Moscow, how many people there are, how many are born and die, how much we receive and spend, how much and with whom we trade... Which city is richer: Moscow or London? If London is richer, why? And the jester knows him! And when some issue is raised in the Duma, I shudder and be the first to start shouting: “Pass it over to the commission!” To the commission!
Everything new in an old way:
From a modern poet
In a metaphorical outfit
The speech is poetic.
But others are not an example to me,
And my charter is simple and strict.
My verse is a pioneer boy,
Lightly dressed, barefoot.
1926
Under the influence of Dostoevsky, as well as foreign literature, Baudelaire and Edgar Poe, my fascination began not with decadence, but with symbolism (even then I already understood their difference). I entitled the collection of poems, published at the very beginning of the 90s, “Symbols”. It seems that I was the first to use this word in Russian literature.
The running of changeable phenomena,
Past the howling ones, speed up:
Merge the sunset of achievements into one
With the first shine of tender dawns.
From the lower reaches of life to the origins
In a moment, a single overview:
In one face with a smart eye
Collect your doubles.
Unchanging and wonderful
Gift of the Blessed Muse:
In the spirit the form of harmonious songs,
There is life and heat in the heart of the songs.
"Thoughts on Poetry"
I have a lot of news. And all are good. I'm lucky". It's written to me. I want to live, live, live forever. If you only knew how many new poems I wrote! More than a hundred. It was crazy, a fairy tale, new. Publishing new book, not at all similar to the previous ones. She will surprise many. I changed my understanding of the world. No matter how funny my phrase may sound, I will say: I understand the world. For many years, perhaps forever.
K. Balmont - L. Vilkina
Man - that's the truth! Everything is in man, everything is for man! Only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain! Human! It's great! It sounds... proud!
"At the bottom"
I feel sorry for creating something useless and no one needs right now. Collection, book of poems in given time- the most useless, unnecessary thing... I don’t want to say that poetry is not needed. On the contrary, I maintain that poetry is necessary, even necessary, natural and eternal. There was a time when everyone seemed to need entire books of poetry, when they were read in bulk, understood and accepted by everyone. This time is the past, not ours. For the modern reader no need for a collection of poems!
Language is the history of a people. Language is the path of civilization and culture. That is why studying and preserving the Russian language is not an idle activity because there is nothing to do, but an urgent necessity.
What nationalists and patriots these internationalists become when they need it! And with what arrogance they mock the “frightened intellectuals” - as if there is absolutely no reason to be afraid - or at the “frightened ordinary people”, as if they have some great advantages over the “philistines”. And who, exactly, are these ordinary people, the “prosperous townsfolk”? And who and what do revolutionaries care about, in general, if they so despise the average person and his well-being?
"Cursed Days"
In the struggle for their ideal, which is “liberty, equality and fraternity,” citizens must use means that do not contradict this ideal.
"Governor"
“Let your soul be whole or split, let your worldview be mystical, realistic, skeptical, or even idealistic (if you are so unhappy), let creative techniques be impressionistic, realistic, naturalistic, let the content be lyrical or fabulistic, let there be a mood, an impression - whatever you want, but I beg you, be logical - may this cry of the heart be forgiven me! – are logical in concept, in the structure of the work, in syntax.”
Art is born in homelessness. I wrote letters and stories addressed to a distant, unknown friend, but when the friend came, art gave way to life. I'm talking, of course, not about home comfort, but about life, which means more than art.
"You and I. Love Diary"
An artist can do no more than open his soul to others. You cannot present him with pre-made rules. It is a still unknown world, where everything is new. We must forget what captivated others; here it is different. Otherwise, you will listen and not hear, you will look without understanding.
From Valery Bryusov's treatise "On Art"
Well, let her rest, she was exhausted - they tormented her, alarmed her. And as soon as it’s light, the shopkeeper gets up, starts folding her goods, grabs a blanket, goes and pulls out this soft bedding from under the old woman: wakes the old woman up, gets her on her feet: it’s not dawn, please get up. It's nothing you can do. In the meantime - grandmother, our Kostroma, our mother, Russia! "
"Whirlwind Rus'"
Art never addresses the crowd, the masses, it speaks to an individual, in the deep and hidden recesses of his soul.
Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin (Ilyin) (1878 - 1942)
How strange /.../ There are so many cheerful and cheerful books, so many brilliant and witty philosophical truths, but there is nothing more comforting than Ecclesiastes.
Babkin was brave, read Seneca
And, whistling carcasses,
Took it to the library
Noting in the margin: “Nonsense!”
Babkin, friend, is a harsh critic,
Have you ever thought
What a legless paralytic
A light chamois is not a decree?..
"Reader"
.jpg)
The critic's word about the poet must be objectively concrete and creative; the critic, while remaining a scientist, is a poet.
"Poetry of the Word"
Only great things should be thought about, only great tasks should a writer set himself; put it boldly, without being embarrassed by your personal small strengths.
“It’s true that there are goblins and water creatures here,” I thought, looking in front of me, “and maybe some other spirit lives here... A powerful, northern spirit that enjoys this wildness; maybe real northern fauns and healthy, blond women wander in these forests, eat cloudberries and lingonberries, laugh and chase each other.”
"North"
You need to be able to close a boring book...leave a bad movie...and part with people who don't value you!
Out of modesty, I will be careful not to point out the fact that on my birthday the bells were rung and there was general popular rejoicing. Gossips They connected this rejoicing with some big holiday that coincided with the day of my birth, but I still don’t understand what another holiday has to do with it?
That was the time when love, good and healthy feelings were considered vulgarity and a relic; no one loved, but everyone thirsted and, as if poisoned, fell for everything sharp, tearing apart the insides.
"The Road to Calvary"
“Well, what’s wrong,” I say to myself, “at least in a short word for now?” After all, exactly the same form of saying goodbye to friends exists in other languages, and there it does not shock anyone. great poet Walt Whitman, shortly before his death, said goodbye to his readers with a touching poem “So long!”, which means in English - “Bye!”. The French a bientot has the same meaning. There is no rudeness here. On the contrary, this form is filled with the most gracious courtesy, because the following (approximately) meaning is compressed here: be prosperous and happy until we see each other again.
"Alive as Life"
Switzerland? This is a mountain pasture for tourists. I myself have traveled all over the world, but I hate these ruminant bipeds with Badaker for a tail. They devoured all the beauty of nature with their eyes.
"Island of Lost Ships"
Everything that I have written and will write, I consider only mental rubbish and I do not regard my merits as a writer as anything. And I’m surprised and perplexed why by appearance smart people find some meaning and value in my poems. Thousands of poems, whether mine or those of the poets I know in Russia, are not worth one singer from my bright mother.
I am afraid that Russian literature has only one future: its past.
Article "I'm afraid"
We have been looking for a long time for such a task, similar to a lentil, so that the connected rays of the work of artists and the work of thinkers, directed by it to a common point, would meet in general work and could ignite and turn even the cold substance of ice into a fire. Now such a task - the lentil that guides together your stormy courage and the cold mind of thinkers - has been found. This goal is to create a common written language...
"Artists of the World"
He adored poetry and tried to be impartial in his judgments. He was surprisingly young at heart, and perhaps also in mind. He always seemed like a child to me. There was something childish in his buzz cut head, in his bearing, more like a gymnasium than a military one. He liked to pretend to be an adult, like all children. He loved to play “master”, the literary superiors of his “gumilets,” that is, the little poets and poetesses who surrounded him. The poetic children loved him very much.
Khodasevich, "Necropolis"
Me, me, me. What a wild word!
Is that guy over there really me?
Did mom love someone like that?
Yellow-gray, half-gray
And all-knowing, like a snake?
You have lost your Russia.
Did you resist the elements?
Good elements of dark evil?
No? So shut up: you took me away
You are destined for a reason
To the edges of an unkind foreign land.
What's the use of moaning and groaning -
Russia must be earned!
"What you need to know"
I didn't stop writing poetry. For me, they contain my connection with time, with new life my people. When I wrote them, I lived by the rhythms that sounded in heroic story my country. I am happy that I lived during these years and saw events that had no equal.
All the people sent to us are our reflection. And they were sent so that we, looking at these people, correct our mistakes, and when we correct them, these people either change too or leave our lives.
In the wide field of Russian literature in the USSR, I was the only one literary wolf. I was advised to dye the skin. Ridiculous advice. Whether a wolf is dyed or shorn, it still does not look like a poodle. They treated me like a wolf. And for several years they persecuted me according to the rules of a literary cage in a fenced yard. I have no malice, but I am very tired...
From a letter from M.A. Bulgakov to I.V. Stalin, May 30, 1931.
When I die, my descendants will ask my contemporaries: “Did you understand Mandelstam’s poems?” - “No, we didn’t understand his poems.” “Did you feed Mandelstam, did you give him shelter?” - “Yes, we fed Mandelstam, we gave him shelter.” - “Then you are forgiven.”
Maybe go to the House of Press - there will be one sandwich with chum caviar and a debate - “about proletarian choral reading”, or in Museum of Science and Industry– there are no sandwiches, but twenty-six young poets read their poems about the “locomotive mass.” No, I will sit on the stairs, shiver from the cold and dream that all this is not in vain, that, sitting here on the step, I am preparing the distant sunrise of the Renaissance. I dreamed both simply and in verse, and the results turned out to be rather boring iambics.
"The Extraordinary Adventures of Julio Jurenito and His Students"
At a time when Russia was solemnly celebrating the beginning of a new, 20th century, writers whose work reached its peak in the 19th century—L. Tolstoy, Chekhov, Korolenko—still continued their activities. The voice of Tolstoy the publicist sounded throughout the world, inspiring people with disgust for violence, lies, injustice and calling for love, mercy, and brotherhood. In 1903, at the age of 75, the writer created one of his best stories, “After the Ball,” and a year later he completed work on the story “Hadji Murat.” At the beginning of the 20th century, Chekhov wrote his famous plays, and today successfully running on stage, are “Three Sisters” and “The Cherry Orchard”. Korolenko is working on “The History of My Contemporary”, on articles and memoirs.
But the poets and prose writers of new generations who were destined to connect their fate with the 20th century are becoming more and more noticeable - M. Gorky, L. Andreev, I. Bunin, A. Kuprin. A. Blok, A. N. Tolstoy, later - V. Mayakovsky, S. Yesenin, M. Tsvetaeva. M. Sholokhov comes to literature. K. Paustovsky, M. Bulgakov, A. Platonov, N. Zabolotsky, A. Tvardovsky, and finally - A. Solzhenitsyn, V. Rasputin and others.
20th century - time greatest tragedies and achievements in the history of Russia and humanity. It is not for nothing that Blok, in his poem “Retribution,” prophetically predicted that “black, earthly blood” promises “unprecedented revolts” and “unheard-of changes.”
And, indeed, less than four years had passed since these lines were written when the First World War broke out. World War, and three years later, two revolutions broke out - the February and October 1917, which radically changed the life of the country: the great and tragic seventieth anniversary of Soviet power came. 24 years after the revolution, an unprecedented war in the world began with Nazi Germany. How many dead literature has mourned, how many broken lives it has depicted! The people achieved victory, but at what cost! You will read (or re-read) Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man.” His hero lost everything during the war and found some semblance of happiness only in an adopted boy. On everything significant that has been created in the literature about the Great Patriotic War, there are reflections of a heroic and - we repeat - a tragic era.
The fates of writers of the 20th century were not easy. The martyrology, which was once compiled by A. I. Herzen, was continued in the twentieth century. At the age of forty, essentially broken by hardships and suffering, Blok died. Unable to find a place for himself in contemporary reality, Yesenin committed suicide at the age of thirty. Due to personal troubles, 37-year-old Mayakovsky shot himself. Unable to bear the difficulties of the war years and loneliness, at the 49th year of her life M. Tsvetaeva hanged herself, before that long years was in exile. Were forced to leave home country during the Civil War, Bunin, Kuprin and many other writers. Kuprin returned to Soviet Union in 1937, shortly before his death, and Bunin died in a foreign land. A. I. Solzhenitsyn spent several years as a prisoner in the Gulag, and upon his release, he was soon deported outside the country.
But we would do irreparable mistake If only all the literature of the 20th century were presented in such gloomy tones. Even those writers who came into conflict with the authorities and Soviet reality did not give in to despair. From literature of the 19th century century Russian literature of the 20th century took up the baton high ideals, morality, humanism. This is easy to see by reading the stories and story “Childhood” by M. Gorky, the works of A. Kuprin, I. Bunin and other writers. “But still... still there are lights ahead!..” exclaimed Korolenko. “The clouds won’t hide the sun, no, they won’t!” - Gorky seemed to echo him. “Erase random features, / And you will see - the world is beautiful!” - these words belong to Blok, who created more than one sad, even pessimistic poem. Literature called on readers not to give up, to overcome the incredible trials that befell them. Bunin, who was in exile, highly appreciated war poem Tvardovsky's "Vasily Terkin", the hero of which is a resilient Russian soldier. Writers such as Mayakovsky, Sholokhov, Paustovsky, Tvardovsky, each in their own way participated in the transformations unfolding in the country, striving artistic words to instill in readers faith in the future, to increase their vital activity.
Both in the pre-war and during the war years, and in our days, Russian literature has done and is doing a lot to ensure that justice, purity of feelings and relationships triumph in the country, so that everything that is denoted by the short and succinct word “evil” goes into the irrevocable past, - political tyranny, rudeness of ball-bearers (" dog's heart"Bulgakov), veneration for rank, reaching the loss of human appearance, to self-abasement (Mayakovsky's satire), selfishness, self-interest, acquisitiveness (Thaddeus from Solzhenitsyn's story " Matrenin Dvor"). The deep respect of the reader was earned by such heroes of literature of the 20th century as Andrei Sokolov from Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man”, a young teacher from V. Rasputin’s story “French Lessons”, Matryona from A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matrenin’s Dvor” and others.
Russian writers of the 20th century continue and develop the realistic traditions of their predecessors. At the same time, many of them write in a romantic manner: K. Paustovsky. M. Prishvin, K). Kazakov.
And what a variety of genres distinguishes Russian literature of the 20th century! Here are novels (Gorky, Sholokhov), and poems (Tvardovsky), short stories and tales - realistic (Bunin, Kuprin, Shukshin, Kazakov), satirical (Bulgakov), fantastic (Green); here and dramatic works(Marshak), and cycles of novels and short stories (V. Astafiev), and tales (Bazhov), and the richest lyrics.
Russian writers of the 20th century enriched the visual and expressive possibilities of literature with musicality, songlike verse (Blok, Yesenin), colloquial and oratorical verse (Mayakovsky), compressed, as if compressed to the limit, speech (Tsvetaeva), melted in the crucible of talent with folk speech (Sholokhov, Astafiev, Tvardovsky. Solzhenitsyn).
The great Russian writer Maxim Gorky said that “the literature of the 19th century captured the great impulses of the spirit, the minds and hearts of true artists.” This was reflected in the works of writers of the 20th century. After the revolution of 1905, the First World War and the Civil War, the world seemed to begin to fall apart. Social disharmony has set in, and literature is taking upon itself the task of returning everything to the past. Russia has begun to awaken on its own philosophical thought, new directions in art appeared, writers and poets of the 20th century revalued values and abandoned the old morality.
What is literature like at the turn of the century?
Classicism in art was replaced by modernism, which can be divided into several branches: symbolism, acmeism, futurism, imagism. Realism continued to flourish, in which it depicted inner world person according to his social status; socialist realism did not allow criticism of the authorities, so writers in their work tried not to raise political problems. The golden age was followed by the silver age with its new bold ideas and various topics. The 20th century were written in accordance with a certain trend and style: Mayakovsky was characterized by writing with a ladder, Khlebnikov was characterized by his numerous occasionalisms, and Severyanin was characterized by unusual rhyme.
From futurism to socialist realism
In symbolism, the poet focuses his attention on a certain symbol, a hint, so the meaning of the work can be ambiguous. The main representatives were Zinaida Gippius, Alexander Blok. They were in constant search for eternal ideals, while turning to mysticism. In 1910, a crisis of symbolism began - all ideas had already been dismantled, and the reader did not find anything new in the poems.
Futurism completely rejected old traditions. Translated, the term means “the art of the future.” Writers attracted the public with shocking, rudeness and clarity. The poems of representatives of this movement - Vladimir Mayakovsky and Osip Mandelstam - are distinguished by their original composition and occasionalisms (the author's words).
Socialist realism set as its task the education of working people in the spirit of socialism. Writers depicted the specific situation in society in revolutionary development. Among the poets, Marina Tsvetaeva especially stood out, and among the prose writers - Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, Evgeny Zamyatin.
From Acmeism to New Peasant Lyrics
Imagism arose in Russia in the first years after the revolution. Despite this, Sergei Yesenin and Anatoly Mariengof did not reflect socio-political ideas in their work. Representatives of this movement argued that poems should be figurative, so they did not skimp on metaphors, epithets and other means of artistic expression.
Representatives of the new peasant lyric poetry addressed in their works folklore traditions, admired the village life. Such was the Russian poet of the 20th century Sergei Yesenin. His poems are pure and sincere, and the author described in them nature and simple human happiness, turning to the traditions of Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov. After the 1917 revolution, short-lived delight gave way to disappointment.
The term "acmeism" translated means "blooming time." Poets of the 20th century Nikolai Gumilyov, Anna Akhmatova, Osipa Mandelstam returned to the past of Russia in their work and welcomed a joyful admiration of life, clarity of thoughts, simplicity and brevity. They seemed to retreat from difficulties, smoothly float with the flow, assuring that the unknowable cannot be known.
Philosophical and psychological richness of Bunin's lyrics
Ivan Alekseevich was a poet living at the junction of two eras, so his work reflected some of the experiences associated with the advent of new times, nevertheless, he continued the Pushkin tradition. In the poem "Evening" he conveys to the reader the idea that happiness does not lie in material values, and in human existence: “I see, I hear, I am happy - everything is in me.” In other works lyrical hero allows himself to reflect on the transience of life, which becomes a reason for sadness.
Bunin is engaged in writing in Russia and abroad, where many poets of the early 20th century went after the revolution. In Paris, he feels like a stranger - “the bird has a nest, the beast has a hole,” and his motherland he lost. Bunin finds his salvation in talent: in 1933 he received Nobel Prize, and in Russia they consider him an enemy of the people, but they do not stop publishing.
Sensual lyricist, poet and brawler
Sergei Yesenin was an imagist and did not create new terms, but revived dead words, enclosing them in bright poetic images. From his school days, he became famous for his mischief and carried this quality throughout his life, was a regular at taverns, and was famous for his love affairs. Nevertheless, he passionately loved his homeland: “I will sing with all the poet’s being the sixth part of the earth with the short name “Rus” - many poets of the 20th century shared his admiration for his native land. Yesenina reveals the problem of human existence. After 1917, the poet became disillusioned with the revolution, because instead of the long-awaited paradise, life became like hell.
Night, street, lantern, pharmacy...
Alexander Blok is the most brilliant Russian poet of the 20th century who wrote in the direction of “symbolism”. It’s interesting to observe how evolution occurs from collection to collection female image: from the Beautiful Lady to the ardent Carmen. If at first he deifies the object of his love, serves him faithfully and does not dare to discredit him, later girls seem to him to be more down-to-earth creatures. Through beautiful world romanticism, he finds meaning by going through life difficulties, responds in his poems to events of social importance. In the poem "The Twelve" he conveys the idea that revolution is not the end of the world, and its main goal is the destruction of the old and the creation of a new world. Readers remembered Blok as the author of the poem “Night, street, lantern, pharmacy ...”, in which he thinks about the meaning of life.
Two women writers
The philosophers and poets of the 20th century were predominantly men, and their talent was revealed through the so-called muses. Women created themselves, under the influence of their own mood, and the most outstanding poetesses silver age there were Anna Akhmatova and Marina Tsvetaeva. The first was the wife of Nikolai Gumilev, and in their union was born famous historian Anna Akhmatova did not show interest in exquisite stanzas - her poems could not be set to music and were rare. The predominance of yellow and gray in the description, the poverty and dimness of the objects make readers sad and allow them to reveal the true mood of the poetess who survived the shooting of her husband.
The fate of Marina Tsvetaeva is tragic. She committed suicide, and two months after her death her husband was shot. Readers will forever remember her as a small, fair-haired woman connected with nature by blood ties. The rowan berry appears especially often in her work, which forever entered the heraldry of her poetry: “The rowan tree was lit with a red brush. The leaves were falling. I was born.”
What is unusual about the poems of poets of the 19th and 20th centuries?
In the new century, masters of the pen and word adopted new forms and themes for their works. Poems and messages to other poets or friends remained relevant. Imagist Vadim Shershenevich surprises with his work “Toast”. He does not place a single punctuation mark in it, does not leave spaces between words, but his originality lies elsewhere: looking through the text with his eyes from line to line, one can notice how some capital letters that form the message stand out among other words: To Valery Bryusov from the author .
it's like we're all in the movies
It's easy to fall down now
rush and have fun how much
ladiesLorn aboutTmennonus
ourger is decorated with liqueurs
andwe are sharp soulAsshiprom
looking for SouthJulyAvoAllForm
MchaPowerOpenToclipper
we know that all the young men
and Everyone speaksRubbeezed
Claiming this Ashkupunsha
let's drink with joy zabryusov
The work of poets of the 20th century is striking in its originality. Vladimir Mayakovsky is also remembered for creating new uniform stanzas - "ladder". The poet wrote poems on any occasion, but spoke little about love; he was studied as an unsurpassed classic, published in millions, the public loved him for his shockingness and innovation.
