An instrument whose ancestor was a hunting horn. Brass musical instrument

Nope... Well, I don’t play like that, it’s no longer interesting...I explained alterbredations...
Actually, until July 2016, I had not heard a poem about the “Immortal Pony”.
I heard this verse during my vacation at one of the campsites, around the fire.
From people who didn’t know anything about ponies. Those. for them, the phrase “immortal pony” was just a rhyme and nothing more.
But I was hooked on this phrase and made fun of it until the end of the hike. But, as you know, a person is designed in such a way that if something enters his head, for example, some thought (not necessarily smart), this thought definitely wants to break out, i.e. requires implementation.
That's how it is for me. Returning from the hike, I saw that I had left New episode. I liked the series. The bore Quibble is gorgeous, in some ways he reminded me of myself, with my idiotic desire to always explain everything (well, calmer)... Well, I watched this episode three times, magic number three. And the third time an idea was born in my head. I liked the facial expressions of the Quibble character. Mentally, I turned off the sound and replayed this poem in my head. During the hike, a girl read it, and it was from female, I had to redo it a little, since Quibble is still a stallion, not a filly.
And then came the implementation of the idea itself. At the beginning of the clip, the sound of the “Printer” printing out a piece of paper is superimposed, to which Quibble appears on stage and “Wind Chimes” - the kind of bells that are hung at entrance doors in small offices, shops, I just have them hanging in my room, I don’t know, I like them. Let's just say these were sounds to create an atmosphere. And then, after practicing a little, I read the verse from memory while watching the video. That's all. No direct associations with the series.
I just got stuck with the phrase “Immortal Pony,” which I had never heard before. And Quibble is a funny guy, as I said before.
P.S. Don’t be offended, but with your “How?”, “Why?” but why?" You remind me of Quibble.

Equipment and materials: DVD player or laptop, TV, video decoration, set thematic cards"Copper wind instruments", table of epithets.

Board design: lesson topic, support words, illustrative material.

Lesson objectives:

1. Introduce students to the timbres of brass instruments.
2. Develop attention, observation, and public speaking skills.
3. Expand students' horizons.

Developed skills and abilities:

1. Students must identify the timbres of musical instruments by ear. symphony orchestra(violin, viola, cello, double bass, harp, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon).
2. Be able to find the desired image of the instrument and compare it with the sounding timbre.
3. Be able to give a verbal description of the sounded fragment (character, means musical expressiveness, your attitude to music).
4. Learn to identify the basic timbres of brass instruments (horn, trumpet, trombone, tuba).

Lesson type: combined.

Characteristics of students: first year of study, wind and wind departments folk instruments; age 9-10 years.

Lesson plan:

1. Organizing time.
2. Examination homework, repetition of the material covered.
3. Explanation of new material.
4. Consolidation of new knowledge.
5. Summing up the lesson and assessing student activities.
6. Homework.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

Gather students' attention. Attention guys, our lesson is starting!

2. Checking homework, repeating the material covered.

Guys, for several lessons now we have been getting acquainted with the timbres of various musical instruments. Let's remember what timbre is? (Students' response). Does the character of the music depend on which instrument plays it? (Students' response). At home you had to repeat two groups of instruments of a symphony orchestra. Let's conduct an oral survey on the topics covered.

Blitz survey by topic - “Stringed instruments”, “Woodwind instruments”:

1. Name the stringed instruments. (Violin, viola, cello, double bass).
2. Name the famous people violin makers of the past. (Stradivarius, Amati, Guarneri).
3. What was the name of the brilliant Italian violin virtuoso of the 19th century? (Niccolò Paganini).
4. What is the name for playing plucked stringed instruments? (Pizzicato).
5. Which stringed instrument Can you only play while sitting? (Cello).
6. Which one string instrument Does a symphony orchestra have pedals? (Harp).
7. This woodwind instrument has a gentle, “magical” sound. His name is used in the title of one of V.A.’s operas. Mozart. Also, its timbre is often used to depict birdsong. (Flute).
8. The name of which woodwind instrument is translated from Italian language does it mean “bundle of firewood”? (Bassoon).
9. What instrument should be added to make the family of woodwind instruments complete: flute, clarinet, bassoon? (Oboe).

Now we'll see and listen to how they sound different instruments, and we will try to find them out. Music video quiz ( Annex 1) HD). The task is completed orally. The survey focuses on the nature of the timbre. In addition, you need to find the right card with a picture of the instrument itself):

1. Dittersdorf K.D. Concerto for double bass, I movement (double bass).
2. Brahms I. Sonata for violin and piano No. 2, op.100, III movement Allegretto grazioso (violin).
3. Weber K.M. Concerto for clarinet and orchestra No. 2, op.74, III part. Alla polacca (clarinet).
4. Mercadante Saverio Flute Concerto in E Minor, op.57, 1st movement Allegro (flute).
5. Glier R. Concerto for harp and orchestra in E-flat major, Part I (harp).

I have to say that you all are great. You got it right!

3. Explanation of new material.

Today, guys, we will get acquainted with the brass instruments of a symphony orchestra. Write down the topic of our lesson “Brass Instruments”.

The art of blowing the hollow horn of an animal or sea ​​shell was known already in ancient times. Subsequently, people learned to make special tools from metal, similar to a horn and intended for hunting, battles or holidays.

The ancestors of modern brass instruments were: hunting horn, military signal trumpets, postal horns, ancient Greek fanfares. At first, sounds on these instruments were produced only with the help of the performer's lips.<Рисунок1>, <Рисунок2>. Next, in early XIX century, a valve mechanism was invented, which dramatically changed the performance technique and greatly increased the capabilities of brass instruments. What instruments do we call “Brass”:

• horn<Рисунок3>, <Рисунок4>;
• pipe<Рисунок5>, <Рисунок6>;
• trombone<Рисунок7>, <Рисунок8>;
• tuba<Рисунок9>, <Рисунок10>.

Not all of the above tools are equipped with valves. They have: horns, trumpets, tubas. The valve, controlled by the performer's fingers, allows you to instantly connect additional ones to the main tube. Several valves connecting tubes of different lengths allow you to obtain additional sounds. The trombone has no valves. Instead, it uses a U-shaped retractable tube - a slide, the movement of which changes the length of the instrument, thus lowering or increasing the sounds produced.

Video examples(Appendix2) (The lesson uses a video with a frame size of 1280x720 pixels (HD). The length of the examples may be longer than those given in the appendix. Additional information is provided as you view the examples):

1. Mozart V.A. Concerto for horn and orchestra No. 1 in D major, II movement Rondo. Allegro (horn).

The German word Waldhorn is a forest horn. This is the literal translation of the name of the instrument. The ancestor of the horn was the hunting horn, which was blown when it was necessary to give a signal during a hunt or some special event, to announce the gathering of troops. In order for the sound to be heard far away, the horn began to be lengthened. And to make it convenient to play, they adapted to “twist” it. A second and a third were added to one turn. That's how the French horn came into being.

2. Harutyunyan A.G. Concerto for trumpet and orchestra in A-flat major (trumpet).

The trumpet is one of the oldest musical instruments. Pipes have existed in many civilizations - in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, even in Ancient China. They were used as signaling instruments. The trumpet played this role for many centuries. In the Middle Ages, trumpeters were mandatory members of the army; only they could, using a signal, quickly convey the order of the commander to other parts of the army located at a distance. In peacetime, trumpets were sounded at festive processions, knightly tournaments, major cities there was a position of “tower” trumpeters, who announced the arrival of a high-ranking person or the change of time of day, thus acting as a kind of clock. Gradually, thanks to the improvement of trumpet manufacturing technology, interest in these instruments on the part of composers began to grow. During the Baroque era, composers began to include trumpet parts in the orchestra.

3. Serocki Kazimierz Concerto for trombone and orchestra, Part I. Lento espressivo. Allegro (trombone).

The appearance of the trombone dates back to the 15th century. It is generally accepted that the immediate predecessors of this instrument were rocker pipes, when playing which the musician had the opportunity to move the pipe of the instrument. Such trumpets were made to double the voices of a church choir. Their timbre was very similar to that of human voice. It was only necessary to make the intonation similar, for which they made a slide that gave vibrato. During its existence, the trombone has remained virtually unchanged in its design. The first instruments, which were essentially trombones, were called sacbutes (from the French words: saquer - to pull towards oneself, bouter - to push away from oneself). They were smaller modern instruments in size and had several varieties according to the registers of singing voices, which were doubled and whose timbre was imitated: soprano, alto, tenor and bass. Small improvements in sacbuts led to the appearance of modern instruments in the 17th century, to which the Italian word trombone began to be applied at that time.

4. Vaughan Williams R. Concerto for tuba and orchestra in F minor, Part I. Prelude. Allegro moderato (tuba).

Initially, the serpent was used as the main bass wind instrument<Рисунок11>, however, it did not produce good and stable bass. The first attempts to create a new low register brass instrument to replace the serpent were made in 1835 by German masters Wilhelm Wiepricht and Karl Moritz. During their experiments, they created a bass instrument and called it tuba. Due to the unsuccessful design, the masters abandoned their invention. But they received a patent for the tool. The tuba owes its modern appearance to the Belgian music master Adolphe Sax. A few years later, the “German imperfection” came to him. He experimentally selected a successful design for the instrument and achieved an excellent sound.

4. Consolidation of new knowledge.

Guys, today we got acquainted with brass instruments, heard how they sound, saw what they look like. Let's try to guess a crossword puzzle that uses the names of the instruments we completed today (Appendix 3).

5. Summing up the lesson and assessing student activities.

6. Homework.

Learn the name of brass instruments. Remember what they look like. Remember their timbres using a video reader for students.

German Waldhorn - forest horn. That's how literal translation the name of this instrument. The ancestor of the horn was the hunting horn, which was blown when it was necessary to give a signal during a hunt or some special event, to announce the gathering of troops. In order for the sound to be heard over a long distance, they began to lengthen the horn, and to make it more convenient to play, they adapted to “twist” it. A second and a third were added to one turn. This is how the French horn came into being. In 1664, the French composer Jean Baptiste Lully first introduced the horn into the opera orchestra, and then it entered the symphony orchestra.

The horn belongs to the group of brass instruments. She plays a very important role in the orchestra. Its sound is soft and noble. The horn can convey both sad and solemn moods well, and it can also sound mocking and sarcastic. Its range is very wide: from B counter octave to F second octave.

Horn - orchestral instrument, although there is also special, solo literature for it. IN orchestral works French horns are often given important solo roles. Listen to the melodious, soulful melody that sounds at the beginning of the second movement of Tchaikovsky's Fifth Symphony. The horns open Schubert's Symphony in C major. In the Manfred symphony, Tchaikovsky entrusted the four horns playing ffff to carry out the main theme song characterizing the hero of the symphony. And in the “Waltz of the Flowers” ​​from “The Nutcracker,” the horn quartet sounds soft and melodious. The Soviet composer R. M. Glier wrote a concerto for horn and orchestra, the first performer of which was the wonderful horn player V. Poleh. However, most often horns (there are usually four of them in an orchestra) perform accompanying parts in orchestral works.

L. V. Mikheeva

The timbre of this instrument is usually recognizable by its combination of strength and softness, with special emotional poignancy. The very sound of the word “horn” seems to vibrate in a large space. And not by chance. Its second half (horn, corno means hunting horn. The first comes from the German word Wald - forest. Horn, horn - ancient instrument. Gradually improved, in the middle of the 17th century it became part of the French court orchestra. Long and hard way done by the masters different eras And different countries, so that it becomes possible to extract wonderful sounds from this long tube rolled into a circle with a very wide bell. The horn is an indispensable participant in wind and symphony orchestras. The sounds of the horns give the chords density and power. The solo horn adorns scores with its unsurpassed melodiousness.

M. G. Rytsareva

Brass instruments of a symphony orchestra. Video lesson.

Group brass instruments of a symphony orchestra small in composition. But it immediately attracts attention with the festive, solemn sound of metal. The art of blowing a horn or a shell was known already in ancient times. Subsequently, people learned to make horn-like instruments intended for military and hunting purposes.

These instruments get their name due to the metal from which they are made. Most often it is a special alloy consisting of 60% copper, 10% nickel, 30% zinc, or silver. But in the old days, some of them were made from horn, shell or bone.

There was a time when these instruments were made from noble metals, and musicians believed that valuable metals gave the timbre of the instrument a special shade: silver made the sound fuller, gold - soft, platinum - deep. But if these differences exist, they are noticeable mainly only to the musicians themselves. Later they decided to conduct an unusual experiment. They took a piece of rubber hose, the wall thickness and other dimensions of which corresponded to the clarinet tube, made holes in it and built a clarinet mouthpiece into it. The sound of the improvised clarinet was quite similar to the sound of the real one.

If the sound of woodwinds often reminds us of a shepherd's pipe, then brass instruments In our minds, they are associated with military signals and marches. And this is no coincidence, since military brass bands use brass instruments. From there they came to the symphony orchestra.

Many people think that a trumpet sounds because they blow into it. If you try this, you will most likely get only hissing. Brass instruments, like woodwind instruments, do not have a reed, through which the air begins to vibrate, producing sound. The copper ones use the musician's own lips as a vibrator. He folds them approximately the way the reeds are folded in a bassoon or oboe, and the recess in the mouthpiece helps to do this. This specific position of the lips when playing is called embouchure, and instruments are called embouchure.

They do not blow into the pipe so that the air from the musician's lungs passes through it. Yes, this is sometimes impossible: the volume of our lungs is approximately four liters of air, and if we compare them with the volume of a bass helicon, it becomes clear that a person cannot fill it with air with one exhalation. When playing wind instruments, the musician's breath only helps to excite vibrations of the air that is already in the tube.

Let's remember brass instruments.

FRENCH HORN. German Waldhorn - forest horn. This is the literal translation of the name of this instrument. The ancestor of the horn was hunting horns, which were blown when it was necessary to give a signal during a hunt or some special event, to announce the gathering of troops. In order for the sound to become louder and stronger so that it can be heard on long distance, the horn began to be lengthened. But playing on such a long tube was inconvenient. Therefore, they began to “twist” the instrument tube. First one turn appeared, then two, three. A modern horn is a narrow, about three meters long, tube rolled into a circle with a cone-shaped extension at the end, turning into a wide bell.

The position of the horn when playing is unusual - with the bell down, towards the musician's right hand, which rests the palm against the wall of the bell, slightly covering it. This position was introduced by the Dresden horn player Anton Gampel around 1750 to make it easier to control the sound of the horn by inserting his hand into the bell. This technique is also widely used by modern horn players. The timbre of the horn is influenced by the shape of the mouthpiece, the cup, like other brass instruments.

The horn plays a very important role in the orchestra. Its sound is soft and noble. It can convey both a sad and solemn mood, and can sound sarcastic and mocking. It is primarily an orchestral instrument, but there is also solo literature for it. When performed by the horn, you can hear a melodious, soulful melody, which, for example, sounds at the beginning of the second part of the Fifth Symphony by P.I. Tchaikovsky. In the Manfred symphony, Tchaikovsky assigned four horns to play the main musical theme, drawing musical portrait hero. And in the “Waltz of the Flowers” ​​from the ballet “The Nutcracker,” the horn quartet sounds soft and melodious. The concerto for horn and orchestra by R. M. Gliere is very popular.

PIPE - one of the most ancient brass instruments. Even in the Old Testament there is mention of the use of trumpets in religious rites. The chronicle of the Pecheneg siege of Kyiv in 968 speaks of important role pipes in the hostilities of the Russian army. The trumpet has been used by many peoples as a signaling instrument since ancient times. She announced danger, supported the courage of soldiers in battle, opened ceremonies, and called for attention.

In ancient times, a warrior stood on patrol on the tower of the fortress wall of the city of Krakow in Poland. He looked vigilantly into the distance to see if the enemy would appear. In his hands he held copper pipe to give a signal in case of danger. And then one day he saw an enemy army approaching in the distance. The watchman began to play, and an alarm sounded over Krakow. Arrows flew in a cloud towards the patrolman. One of them pierced the trumpeter's chest. Gathering all his strength, he finished playing the signal. Only at the last sound did the trumpet fall out of his hands.

For many centuries, the people have carefully preserved the memory of the hero who saved his city at the cost of his life. And now the call sign of Krakow is an ancient military trumpet signal, ending at the last sound.

IN early XVII V. The trumpet entered the opera orchestra. At first she played a modest role: only sometimes she played short signals and participated in the accompaniment chords. At that time, only simple melodies based on the sounds of a triad could be played on it. But over time, the instrument was improved, its range increased, and it became possible to play complex and expressive parts on the trumpet. Her bright sound began to attract the attention of composers. And the trumpet sounded in solemn, heroic, and sometimes lyrical episodes. In the 18th century she already occupied a prominent place in the symphony and brass orchestras.

The next tallest brass instrument is TROMBONE. Its name comes from the Italian word tromba (trumpet), supplemented by the augmentative suffix one. In a literal sense, this name can be translated as “tube”. And indeed it is. In the 15th century the pipe was greatly lengthened, for which a retractable slide tube was made. This is how the trombone was born.

The trombone has the same ancestors as the trumpet, but in a sense the trombone turned out to be happier - it was a chromatic instrument from birth, so it was almost not subject to changes. The bell of the trombone, tapering and bending, turns into a narrow cylindrical tube onto which a sliding mechanism is placed. It consists of two fixed tubes along which a U-shaped slide tube slides. Moving right hand backstage, the trombonist can smoothly change the pitch of the sound while performing a glissando, and can also produce any sounds with equal ease.

The trombone takes pride of place in the group of brass instruments. He has a very strong voice that easily covers the sound of the entire orchestra. And when several trombones play together, it gives the music solemnity and shine. The trombone is very good at heroic and tragic melodies. But most often, three trombones and a tuba, combined into one group, play chords in the orchestra, serving as accompaniment.

TUBA- the lowest sounding instrument of the brass group. Its range is from E counter-octave to F first octave, its timbre is harsh and massive. Unlike other instruments in this group, the tuba is relatively young. She was born in Germany in 1835 because the brass band needed a good, consistent bass. It consists of tubes of different sizes, a bell, a mouthpiece and valves.

As a rule, the role of the tuba in the orchestra is limited to doubling an octave below the third trombone part. It serves as the foundation of the brass group, like the double bass of the strings. It is the tuba that “cements” all the music. It is generally accepted that this instrument is clumsy and immobile. Indeed, it is very difficult to play. A large air flow is required, so the performer sometimes has to breathe on every sound. But you can also play the tuba quickly. True, her sound is very thick, strong, juicy, and fast music with such a sound it will be heavy. The tuba very well conveys the image of the elephant in Saint-Saëns’ play “The Elephant” from the suite “Carnival of the Animals.”

Of course, in orchestral works, solo episodes by the tuba are very rare. One of them is the play “Cattle” from the suite “Pictures at an Exhibition” by M. Mussorgsky, orchestrated by M. Ravel.

Let us repeat once again that the group of brass instruments includes:

trumpet, horn, trombone and tuba.