Large wind instrument name. Woodwind musical instruments

Playing most wind instruments involves using human breath. This is where their name comes from: ancient Russian word"spirit" means air. The sounding body of any wind instrument is a column of air enclosed in the bore.

The classification of musical instruments is based on their division according to the nature and conditions of use of the sounding bodies. According to the method of sound production, the type of vibrator that sets a column of air into vibration, wind instruments are divided into flute, reed and mouthpiece. Flute (labial or sibilant)
The vibrator of these instruments is a stream of air, cut by the sharp edge of the labial opening or the wall of the trunk. Flutes include:

• ocarina-shaped instruments - various ceramic whistles with playing holes;

longitudinal flutes:

• open - instruments whose barrel is open at both ends;
• multi-barreled - instruments that are a set of tubes of various sizes, with one end of each tube closed and the other open;
• whistle - instruments in the upper end (head) of the barrel of which a bushing, lip or tongue of the performer is inserted, forming a gap through which a stream of air is directed to the sharp edge of the cut of the whistle hole;
• transverse flutes are instruments with one closed end (head), where there is a sound hole, onto the edge of which a stream of air is directed.

Reed

The vibrator for this group of instruments is an elastic plate - a breaker (cane, peep). This group includes:

• instruments with a free tongue: in the form of a birch bark plate, grass leaf, etc.;
• instruments with single or double beating tongue;
• instruments with a slipping reed: harmonicas, harmoniums, etc.

Mouthpieces

The vibrator of these instruments is the performer’s lips, which are properly closed and collected. The position, degree of elasticity and flexibility of the performer's labial and facial muscles, their training, endurance and strength when playing a wind instrument are usually called embouchure. Performers on mouthpiece instruments press their lips tightly against the mouthpiece, and the stream of air sent causes them to vibrate. Thus, unlike all other wind instruments, mouthpiece embouchures do not simply participate in the process of sound formation, but are a direct exciter of vibrations - a vibrator. And although performers on flute and reed instruments must also have an embouchure (the flutist uses it to direct a stream of air to the cut of the instrument, the performer on a reed instrument, covering the reed with his lips, uses the embouchure to control its vibration), it is the mouthpiece instruments that are called embouchure.

Flute and reed instruments instruments used in professional performance are usually called woodwinds, despite the fact that the material for their manufacture is not always wood; mouthpieces - brass instruments.

The frequency of vibration of the column of air enclosed in the tube of a wind instrument (the pitch of the sound) depends on the length of the tube. As its length increases, the oscillation frequency decreases (the pitch of the sound decreases); as its length decreases, the oscillation frequency increases (the pitch of the sound rises). In addition, by increasing the voltage of the embouchure and the speed of the blown air (blowing), the air column can be made to vibrate not only as a whole, but also divided into 2, 3, 4, etc. equal parts. The entire column of air produces the fundamental tone. A column of air, divided into two equal parts, sounds an octave above the fundamental tone, into three equal parts - a duodecima above the fundamental tone, into four equal parts - two octaves above the fundamental tone, etc. This sequence of sounds produced on a wind instrument by blowing , is called a natural scale, and the sounds themselves are called natural or overtones. On oboe, clarinet, and bassoon, blowing occurs using special “octave” valves. For clarity, we present a natural scale built from sound to a major octave (see example 1).

As already indicated, the absolute pitch of the fundamental tone depends on the length of the instrument's tube, but the intervals between overtones do not depend on absolute altitude fundamental tone, but always remain constant: between the first and second overtones there is a pure octave, between the second and third - a pure fifth, between the third and fourth - a pure fourth, etc. The intervals between the overtones do not correspond to the intervals of the same name in the equal-tempered scale, however this discrepancy is not so great that natural sounds should not be used in practice. The exception is the seventh, eleventh, thirteenth and fourteenth overtones, which are so different from the corresponding sounds of the equal-tempered scale that they are perceived by ear as false. Despite this, before the invention of chromatic instruments, they were widely used when playing natural horns and trumpets.

Wind musical instruments have been known since prehistoric times. Presumably during the Paleolithic era (approximately 80-13 thousand years BC), the flute, trumpet, and shell-pipe appeared; in the Neolithic era (approximately 5-2 thousand years BC) flute with playing holes, Pan flute, transverse flute, transverse trumpet, single-reed pipes, nose flute, metal trumpet, double-reed pipes.

Flute and reed wind instruments are hollow tubes of cylindrical or conical, and sometimes reverse-conical cross-section. The simplest flute and reed instruments made it possible to produce only a small amount of natural sounds on them. On the Pan flute, a progressive sound scale was achieved through tubes of different sizes (the shorter the tube, the higher the sound). However, changing them during the game made the technique difficult. The idea arose to try to vary the length of the air column within one tube by drilling holes in it. The open hole allowed the air sent by the performer into the instrument to exit the tube before its end, which shortened the air column and thus increased the sound. The hole, closed with a finger, restored the integrity of the tube.

The flute became widespread in Ancient Egypt(mem - longitudinal flute with five playing holes and sebi - transverse), Palestine (ugab - longitudinal open flute), in China (paixiao - a type of Pan flute; xiao - longitudinal bamboo flute with six playing holes; di - bamboo transverse flute with six playing holes, four holes for tuning and one for coloring the timbre; xuan - longitudinal clay flute with six playing holes), India (vansha - transverse flute and layu - longitudinal). In significantly to a lesser extent the instrument was distributed in Ancient Greece and Rome. These are varieties of the syrinx (pipe): the harmonic (a high register type of longitudinal flute) with playing holes and the Pan flute.
In countries Ancient world In addition to flutes, reed instruments were widespread. In Ancient Greece, one of the most beloved instruments was the aulos. The instrument was a cylindrical or conical tube with 3-4 or 6 playing holes and a double reed. The performer usually used two aulos at the same time. On one the melody sounded, on the other the constant tone accompanying it. IN last century BC aulos was improved. The number of playing holes increased to 15. Some of them were closed with rotating rings, which made the execution process easier. Avlos accompanied theatrical performances, gymnastic exercises, it was also used as a military instrument in military campaigns. Pythian (low) and choral (high) aulos were popular. In Rome, aulos was called tibia.

Argul became widespread in Ancient Egypt. The instrument consisted of two interconnected tubes of different lengths and beak-shaped mouthpieces with single reeds. The short tube had 6 playing holes, and the longer one had only a hole for sending air. They played two pipes at the same time, like an aulos. Unlike the argul, the Arabian tsummara had playing holes on both tubes. In China, instruments of the guan and son type were used.

The emergence of the European oboe is associated with two medieval types eastern oboe. This is Indian zurna and Arabic zurna. European musicians used the eastern way of playing: the reed of the instrument was completely immersed in the mouth and vibrated freely, which made the sound very loud and monotonous. During the Middle Ages, an offshoot of the oboe group arose - a family of Western European pipes with a conical barrel. Treble and soprano pipes were called shawls, alto and tenor pipes were called pommers, and bass pipes were called bombards or large bass pommers. These instruments had a diatonic scale of almost two octaves and had different tunings. The total range of the pipe family was by the end of the 16th century. five and a half octaves: from F counter octave to B third.

The improvement of woodwind instruments is primarily associated with an increase in the number of playing holes. Located at certain distances from each other, they began to be divided into main ones and into holes with valves. The latter, in turn, were divided into holes with valves initially in the closed position and holes with valves initially in the open position.

The main holes made it possible to obtain the main diatonic scale of the instrument. As a rule, they are covered with rings (glasses) connected to special correction valves. Holes with valves that are in a closed position and open when pressed make it possible to obtain altered tones on the instrument. Holes with valves that are in an open position and close when pressed are used to produce the lowest sounds of the instrument.

The oboe, clarinet and bassoon also have octave valves. They are located on the opposite side of the main holes and help the performer to overinflate. For the octave overtone, the same fingering is used as for the fundamental tone (more complicated on the bassoon), only the entire scale of the instrument will sound an octave higher.

The flute, oboe and bassoon belong to the “octave” instruments. They produce both even and odd overtones. The clarinet is a “quinting” instrument, since when blown, it immediately produces a fifth an octave from the fundamental tone. It is impossible to obtain even overtones on it.

The predecessors of modern brass instruments were shells and horns, which originated in prehistoric times. Simple horns, made from the horns of animals and even elephant tusks, were widely used in cases where it was necessary to emit a signal that was superior in strength human voice. They produced several natural sounds, timbrally inexpressive, with a predominance of low overtones.

In Ancient Egypt, Palestine, Greece, and Rome, the straight metal natural pipe became widespread as a military and signaling instrument. IN Ancient China bronze pipes were used: da-chun-ku (with a large bell) and xiao-chun-ku (with a small bell). The most common wind instruments in ancient India were the shankha (sea shell trumpet) and the rana-sringa (horn).

In a primitive communal society, Slavic squads had the simplest musical instruments. Tury horns were used to gather squads and give military signals. In the chronicles of the X-XI centuries. trumpets and tambourines are mentioned, and on the frescoes of the Kyiv St. Sophia Cathedral (11th century) there are images of flutes and straight trumpets. The Ipatiev Chronicle of 1151 says that the movement of troops in the Kyiv squads began with the sound of trumpets. During the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky (90s of the 11th century - 1157), the number of troops was determined by the number of banners and the corresponding number of trumpets and tambourines.

In the 12th century. there was a division between trumpets and horns. Trumpets began to be used in military practice, horns came into use as guards, hunters and shepherds. During the era of the Crusades, pipes became the property of the privileged classes (1096-1270); in their significance they were equated to weapons.

Simple horns were used by many peoples of Europe until the Middle Ages. There were three types of horns: small (zinc), medium and full, or half. They were made from buffalo horn. In the XIV century. the trunk of the horn began to bend. This is how ring-shaped curved hunting or forest horns were created, and at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries - somewhat smaller signal (postal) horns. At the beginning of the 16th century. In Germany, hunting horns with three turns appeared.

Further improvement of brass instruments is associated primarily with the replenishment of their natural scale. As a result, on long, narrow-bore 12 instruments, it became possible to extract a natural scale from the second to the sixteenth overtones, and on short, wide-bore instruments, from the second to the sixth to eighth overtones. Along with the improvement of brass instruments, performing technique also improved. So, at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries. A new playing technique arose - clarino (from Latin clarus - clear). It consisted in the maximum use of the upper segment of the natural scale, where the sequence of sounds produced becomes progressive. The constant use of the upper register of the instrument (trumpet or horn) required the highest skill from the performer. Highest achievements This technique was reflected in the works of composers A. Vivaldi (1678-1741), G. Handel (1685-1759) and J.-S. Bach (1685-1750).

The search associated with the creation of chromatic brass instruments can be most clearly seen in the example of improving the French horn (see French horn). Sometimes these searches led to completely unexpected results. Thus, the experience of creating a horn with valves, undertaken in 1760 by F. Kelbel, led to the creation of bugelhorns - wide-bore instruments with valves, which became widespread in brass bands.

Valve mechanism invented in early XIX c., significantly expanded the capabilities of brass instruments, although in terms of timbre, natural instruments were superior to chromatic ones. There are two types of valve mechanism: pump-action (piston) and rotating. The pump was first used by the Berlin masters F. Blümel and G. Stölzel in 1814 for the horn. The rotary valve design was created in 1832 by P. Riedl from Vienna. The valve mechanism consists of several additional tubes or crowns of various lengths. Each of the crowns corresponds to two valves, which include the crowns in the main tube and, accordingly, lower the entire tuning of the instrument.

All chromatic brass instruments except the trombone have three main valves. The first valve lowers the entire tuning of the instrument by 1 tone, the second by 1/2 tone, the third by 2.5 tones. All three valves pressed together lower the pitch of the instrument by 3 tones. In this way, all intervals between natural sounds (except for the octave between I and II) are chromatically filled. It must be taken into account that when the crowns are turned on separately, the scale of the main tube is reduced exactly by the required amount: to decrease by 1/2 tone, the length of the main tube must be increased by 1/15 of its part, to decrease by a tone - by 1/8, to decrease by one and a half tone - by 1/5. When you turn on two or three crowns at the same time, the ratio will change dramatically. So, if you press the third valve simultaneously with the first, the length of its crown will no longer be 1/5 of the length of the main tube, but a slightly smaller value, since the length of the first crown has already been added to the length of the main tube. When you turn on all three crowns at the same time, this difference will become even more noticeable (instead of decreasing by 3 tones, the overall scale will decrease by 2.3/4 tones). Therefore, each crown is made slightly longer than the calculated one, which only slightly reduces the sounds when any one valve is pressed. But when combining valves, intonationally purer sounds are obtained. However, in combinations involving a third valve, the calculated relationships between the main and additional tubes change significantly.

The use of a fourth valve (quart valve) on some instruments makes it possible to chromatically fill the intervals between the I and II overtones, but almost all sounds taken using combinations of valves sound significantly higher, and when all four valves are pressed simultaneously instead of lowering by 5.1/2 tones, the main scale will decrease by only 5 tones. However, the use of a quarter valve simplifies valve combinations. In addition, the use of a quarter valve increases the range of the instrument by a major third down.

The rocker mechanism has a single instrument - a trombone (

There are hundreds of different names for wind musical instruments in the world. Their sound may be very different from each other, but they work on the same principle. They sound when air begins to vibrate in the cavity of the instrument's tube or tubes, the register being determined by the capacity of that cavity. The smaller it is, the higher the sound, since air vibrations in it occur more often than in a tube with a larger cavity.

The names of many wind musical instruments are familiar to everyone from school: trumpet, oboe, saxophone, clarinet, bagpipes, horn, duduk, horn, organ, harmonium, flute, bugle.

Types of wind musical instruments

Tools are usually divided into:

• copper;
• wooden;
• keyboards.

If the first two names are historically justified by the material from which the instrument is made, then the term “keyboard winds” hides instruments with a special structure. They consist of various tubes into which air enters using bellows driven by feet or hands. The most famous keyboard wind instrument is the organ.

Today, to determine the classification, it practically does not matter what material the tool is made from. If previously they were made, for example, from wood, now they can also be made of glass, metal, plastic, clay, and if in the past they were made of copper, now they are made of any metal alloy, brass is especially popular. Interestingly, in the Baroque era there were brass instruments made of wood, covered with sheet copper. That is, in order to classify an instrument as one or another type, they take into account not only the material, but also the method of sound production.

Brass musical instruments

To obtain musical sound from a brass instrument, you need to blow air into the tube. When you change the position of your lips and with different volumes of air blown out, the tone and strength of the sound will change.

Popular brass musical instruments:

• pipe;
• French horn;
• flugelhorn;
• saxhorn;
• cornet;
• bugle;
• trombone;
• helicon.

Many of these tools are required to be included in symphony orchestra. There is a lot for them solo works. Brass instruments are widely used in jazz. The most famous musicians who achieved virtuoso playing of brass instruments are Louis Armstrong, Chet Baker, Lee Morgan, Lester Bowie and others. American musician Christian Scott is considered one of the best trumpet players of our time.

These instruments are often used in experimental music. Norwegian trumpeter Nils Petter Molvær was able to achieve an interesting combination of hip-hop, techno, and ambient, which is accompanied by playing the trumpet.

Among the domestic wind players whose work is associated with brass instruments, we can mention Arkady Shilkloper.

History of brass instruments

The ancestors of brass instruments are the first signal trumpets and hunting horns, which were used to call people or warn of danger. After the improvement of production techniques and various crafts, more complex models of instruments were created. They could already make not one, but a significant number of sounds.

Video about brass instruments

A new stage in the development of these instruments began at the beginning of the 19th century, when the valve mechanism was invented. Thus, today there are several families of copper instruments:

• Natural. Only sounds of the natural scale (horn) are extracted.
• Valve. They are equipped with special valves that allow you to manually adjust the air volume in the instrument, and therefore increase or decrease the register. Most of the brass instruments (trumpets, tubas, horns) belong to this family.
• Equipped with a retractable tube (scene), which also regulates the air volume (trombone).
• Valve They work on the principle of wooden instruments, when a musician plays them by closing and opening holes made in the body with his fingers (Russian horn).

Woodwind musical instruments

This group includes those instruments that produce sounds under the action of the performer, filling its cavity with air and opening or closing holes in the body of the instrument with his fingers or valves. Most folk instruments fall into this category.

Woodwind musical instruments are represented by a wide variety:

• saxophone;
• flute;
• oboe;
• bassoon;
• clarinet;
• pipe;
• duduk;
• block flute;
• bagpipes;
• pathetic.

Woodwind instruments are an integral part of folk music. They are mandatory in a symphony orchestra and are often used in brass bands. Many composers wrote recitals for woodwinds, especially in the Baroque and Classical eras.

Film composers also often turn to these tools. Great love uses an oboe. It sounds, for example, in the main theme for the second episode of the film saga “ star Wars" Greek composer Eleni Karaindrou, who wrote the music for most of Theo Angelopoulos' films, makes extensive use of the oboe and saxophone to convey a certain color to the music.

The saxophone is another popular jazz instrument. Famous performers: Gerry Mulligan, Charlie Parker.

History of woodwinds

The first woodwind instruments have been known since ancient times. The ancient Greeks used the aulos, and the Egyptians played the memet. Many peoples created their own unique instruments: duduk in Armenia, surnay in Kazakhstan, khitiriki in Japan, bagpipes in Scotland, zhaleika in Russia. The Hungarians know the instruments tarogato and toroxip. The Romanian and Moldavian wind musical instrument, the chimpoi, is very similar to the bagpipes and works on the same principle, when the sound is produced using bellows and tubes into which air is forced, and through which the air comes out, producing certain sounds.

Video about woodwind instruments

Already in the 12th century, the oboe was played in Europe. This is evidenced by tapestries and paintings preserved from that time, which depict musicians with this instrument.

Today all woodwinds are divided into:

• Reed. They absorb air through a special tongue or cane. There are instruments with a single reed (saxophone, clarinet) and double (almost all folk wind instruments, oboe, bassoon).
• Labial. In such instruments, for example, in a flute, the air hole is located across the body, and vibration inside the tube is created when the air flow cuts the edges of the hole.

Keyboard wind musical instruments

Wind keyboard musical instruments are quite complex. The sounds appear from the vibrations of the reeds; the musician activates them using keys, valves or pedals.

Main keyboard winds:

• organ;
• harmonium;
• electric organ;
• orchestrion;
• melodic harmonica;
• hydraulics

Such instruments have also been known since antiquity. For example, the history of the organ goes back several thousand years. It is believed that the first mention of it was in the third century BC. A similar instrument is depicted on some ancient coins. It is known that the instrument most similar to the modern organ appeared in the fourth or fifth century AD, and began to be used in Christian worship several centuries later.

The first musical scores known to today's researchers were written by Adam of Ileborg in the mid-15th century. Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, George Frideric Handel, Franz Liszt, Anton Bruckner, and others dedicated their works to the organ.

The best organ manufacturers traditionally lived in Italy, France, and Germany, although even earlier Byzantium was famous for the production of these instruments, but over time it lost this position. After the 19th century, the French are considered the best masters, who were able to create symphonic organs that were very powerful and voluminous in sound.

The organ is the largest wind keyboard musical instrument today, and playing the organ is very difficult. The Wanamaker instrument is considered the largest among the organs. Now he is in one of the Philadelphia shopping centers, but was originally created in Los Angeles. This instrument has almost 400 registers, and there are exactly twenty-eight thousand four hundred and eighty-two pipes in it.

The sound of which wind musical instrument do you like the most? Share your opinion on

- (aerophones) a group of musical instruments whose sound source is vibrations of the air column in the bore (tube). They are classified according to many criteria (material, design, methods of sound production, etc.). In the symphony orchestra... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

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Musical instruments are designed to produce various sounds. If the musician plays well, then these sounds can be called music, but if not, then cacaphony. There are so many tools that learning them is like exciting game worse than Nancy Drew! In modern musical practice, instruments are divided into various classes and families according to the source of sound, material of manufacture, method of sound production and other characteristics.

Wind musical instruments (aerophones): a group of musical instruments whose sound source is vibrations of the air column in the barrel (tube). They are classified according to many criteria (material, design, methods of sound production, etc.). In a symphony orchestra, a group of wind musical instruments is divided into wooden (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon) and brass (trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba).

1. Flute is a woodwind musical instrument. The modern type of transverse flute (with valves) was invented by the German master T. Boehm in 1832 and has varieties: small (or piccolo flute), alto and bass flute.

2. Oboe is a woodwind reed musical instrument. Known since the 17th century. Varieties: small oboe, oboe d'amour, English horn, heckelphone.

3. Clarinet is a woodwind reed musical instrument. Constructed in the early 18th century IN modern practice Soprano clarinets, piccolo clarinet (Italian piccolo), alto (so-called basset horn), and bass clarinets are used.

4. Bassoon - a woodwind musical instrument (mainly orchestral). Arose in the 1st half. 16th century The bass variety is the contrabassoon.

5. Trumpet - a wind-copper mouthpiece musical instrument, known since ancient times. The modern type of valve pipe developed to the gray. 19th century

6. Horn - a wind musical instrument. Appeared at the end of the 17th century as a result of improvements hunting horn. The modern type of horn with valves was created in the first quarter of the 19th century.

7. Trombone - a brass musical instrument (mainly orchestral), in which the pitch of the sound is regulated by a special device - a slide (the so-called sliding trombone or zugtrombone). There are also valve trombones.

8. Tuba is the lowest sounding brass musical instrument. Designed in 1835 in Germany.

Metallophones are a type of musical instrument, the main element of which is plate-keys that are struck with a hammer.

1. Self-sounding musical instruments (bells, gongs, vibraphones, etc.), the source of sound of which is their elastic metal body. Sound is produced using hammers, sticks, and special percussionists (tongues).

2. Instruments such as the xylophone, in contrast to which the metallophone plates are made of metal.

Stringed musical instruments (chordophones): according to the method of sound production, they are divided into bowed (for example, violin, cello, gidzhak, kemancha), plucked (harp, gusli, guitar, balalaika), percussion (dulcimer), percussion-keyboard (piano), plucked -keyboards (harpsichord).

1. Violin is a 4-string bowed musical instrument. The highest register in the violin family, which formed the basis of the classical symphony orchestra and string quartet.

2. Cello is a musical instrument of the violin family of the bass-tenor register. Appeared in the 15th-16th centuries. Classic examples were created by Italian masters in the 17th and 18th centuries: A. and N. Amati, G. Guarneri, A. Stradivari.

3. Gidzhak - stringed musical instrument (Tajik, Uzbek, Turkmen, Uyghur).

4. Kemancha (kamancha) - a 3-4-string bowed musical instrument. Distributed in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Dagestan, as well as the countries of the Middle East.

5. Harp (from German Harfe) is a multi-string plucked musical instrument. Early images - in the third millennium BC. In its simplest form it is found in almost all nations. The modern pedal harp was invented in 1801 by S. Erard in France.

6. Gusli is a Russian plucked string musical instrument. Wing-shaped psalteries (“ringed”) have 4-14 or more strings, helmet-shaped ones - 11-36, rectangular (table-shaped) - 55-66 strings.

7. Guitar (Spanish guitarra, from Greek cithara) is a lute-type plucked string instrument. It has been known in Spain since the 13th century; in the 17th and 18th centuries it spread to Europe and America, including as a folk instrument. Since the 18th century, the 6-string guitar has become commonly used; the 7-string guitar has become widespread mainly in Russia. Varieties include the so-called ukulele; Modern pop music uses an electric guitar.

8. Balalaika is a Russian folk 3-string plucked musical instrument. Known since the beginning. 18th century Improved in the 1880s. (under the leadership of V.V. Andreev) V.V. Ivanov and F.S. Paserbsky, who designed the balalaika family, and later - S.I. Nalimov.

9. Cymbals (Polish: cymbaly) - a multi-stringed percussion musical instrument of ancient origin. Included in folk orchestras Hungary, Poland, Romania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.

10. Piano (Italian fortepiano, from forte - loud and piano - quiet) - the general name for keyboard musical instruments with hammer mechanics (grand piano, upright piano). The piano was invented in the beginning. 18th century The emergence of a modern type of piano - with the so-called. double rehearsal - dates back to the 1820s. The heyday of piano performance - 19-20 centuries.

11. Harpsichord (French clavecin) - a stringed keyboard-plucked musical instrument, the predecessor of the piano. Known since the 16th century. There were harpsichords various forms, types and varieties, including cymbal, virginel, spinet, clavicytherium.

Keyboard musical instruments: a group of musical instruments combined common feature- presence of keyboard mechanics and keyboard. They are divided into various classes and types. Keyboard musical instruments can be combined with other categories.

1. Strings (percussion-keyboards and plucked-keyboards): piano, celesta, harpsichord and its varieties.

2. Brass (keyboard-wind and reed): organ and its varieties, harmonium, button accordion, accordion, melodica.

3. Electromechanical: electric piano, clavinet

4. Electronic: electronic piano

piano (Italian fortepiano, from forte - loud and piano - quiet) is the general name for keyboard musical instruments with hammer mechanics (grand piano, upright piano). It was invented at the beginning of the 18th century. The emergence of a modern type of piano - with the so-called. double rehearsal - dates back to the 1820s. The heyday of piano performance - 19-20 centuries.

Percussion musical instruments: a group of instruments united by the method of sound production - impact. The source of sound is a solid body, a membrane, a string. There are instruments with a definite (timpani, bells, xylophones) and indefinite (drums, tambourines, castanets) pitch.

1. Timpani (timpani) (from the Greek polytaurea) is a cauldron-shaped percussion musical instrument with a membrane, often paired (nagara, etc.). Distributed since ancient times.

2. Bells - an orchestral percussion self-sounding musical instrument: a set of metal records.

3. Xylophone (from xylo... and Greek phone - sound, voice) - a percussion, self-sounding musical instrument. Consists of a series of wooden blocks of varying lengths.

4. Drum - a percussion membrane musical instrument. Varieties are found among many peoples.

5. Tambourine - a percussion membrane musical instrument, sometimes with metal pendants.

6. Castanets (Spanish: castanetas) - percussion musical instrument; wooden (or plastic) plates in the shape of shells, fastened on the fingers.

Electromusical instruments: musical instruments in which sound is created by generating, amplifying and converting electrical signals (using electronic equipment). They have a unique timbre and can imitate various instruments. Electric musical instruments include the theremin, emiriton, electric guitar, electric organs, etc.

1. Theremin is the first domestic electromusical instrument. Designed by L. S. Theremin. The pitch of the sound in a theremin varies depending on the distance of the performer's right hand to one of the antennas, the volume - from the distance of the left hand to the other antenna.

Basic information Avlos is an ancient woodwind musical instrument. The aulos is considered a distant predecessor of the modern oboe. It was widespread in Western Asia and Ancient Greece. The performer usually played two aulos (or double aulos). Playing the aulos was used in ancient tragedy, during sacrifice, in military music(in Sparta). Solo singing accompanied by playing the aulos was called avlodia.

Basic information The English horn is a woodwind musical instrument, which is an alto oboe. The English horn got its name due to the erroneous use French word anglais (“English”) instead of the correct angle (“curved at an angle” - in the shape of a hunting oboe, from which the cor anglais came from). Design The structure of the English horn is similar to the oboe, but has larger size, pear-shaped bell

Basic information Bansuri is an ancient Indian woodwind musical instrument. Bansuri is a transverse flute made from a single piece of bamboo. Has six or seven playing holes. Bansuri is widespread in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Bansuri is very popular among shepherds and is part of their customs. It can also be seen in Buddhist paintings around the year 100 AD

Basic information Bass clarinet (Italian: clarinetto basso) is a woodwind musical instrument, a bass type of clarinet that appeared in the second quarter of the 19th century. The range of the bass clarinet is from D (D of the major octave; on some models the range is extended down to B1 - B-flat counter-octave) to B1 (B-flat of the first octave). It is theoretically possible to extract higher sounds, but they are not used.

Basic information The Bassethorn is a woodwind musical instrument, a type of clarinet. The basset horn has the same structure as a regular clarinet, but is longer, causing it to sound lower. For compactness, the basset horn tube is slightly curved at the mouthpiece and at the bell. In addition, the instrument is equipped with several additional valves that extend its range down to the note C (as written). Basset horn tone

Basic information, history The recorder is a woodwind musical instrument from the family of whistled wind instruments, such as the pipe and ocarina. A recorder is a type of longitudinal flute. The recorder has been known in Europe since the 11th century. It was widespread in the 16th-18th centuries. Used as a solo instrument, in ensembles and orchestras. A. Vivaldi, G. F. Telemann, G. F. wrote for the recorder.

Basic information Brelka is a Russian folk wind wooden musical instrument that was used in former times in a pastoral environment, and now occasionally appears at concert venues in the hands of musicians of folk ensembles. The keychain has a strong sound with a very bright and light timbre. The keychain, in its essence, is nothing more than an ancient version of the oboe, however, compared to the shepherd's pity,

Basic information The whistle is a woodwind musical instrument, a Celtic folk pipe. Whistles are usually made from tin, but there are also wooden, plastic and even silver versions of the instruments. Whistle is very popular not only in Ireland, but throughout Europe. Most whistles, however, are made in England and Ireland, and they are also the most popular among whistlers. Whistles exist

Basic information The oboe is a wind wooden musical instrument of the soprano register, which is a conical tube with a valve system and a double reed (reed). The instrument has a melodious, but somewhat nasal, and sharp timbre in the upper register. The instruments, considered the direct predecessors of the modern oboe, have been known since antiquity and have been preserved in their original form in different cultures. Folk instruments, such

Basic information The oboe d'amore is a woodwind musical instrument, very similar to a regular oboe. The oboe d'amore is slightly larger than a regular oboe and, in comparison, produces a less assertive and softer, calmer sound. In the oboe family he is placed as a mezzo-soprano or alto. The range is from G of the small octave to D of the third octave. Oboe d'amore

Basic information, origin Di (henchui, handi - transverse flute) is an ancient Chinese wind wooden musical instrument. Di is one of the most common wind instruments in China. Presumably it was brought from Central Asia between 140 and 87 BC. e.. However, during recent archaeological excavations Bone transverse flutes dating back about

Basic information The didjeridoo is the oldest woodwind musical instrument of the Aboriginal people of northern Australia. One of the most ancient musical instruments on Earth. The didgeridoo is the European-American name for the oldest musical instrument of the Aboriginal people of Australia. In northern Australia, where the didgeridoo originated, it is called yidaki. The uniqueness of the didgeridoo is that it usually sounds on one note (the so-called

Basic information The pipe is a folk wind wooden musical instrument, consisting of a wooden (usually elderberry) reed or reed and having several side holes, and a mouthpiece for blowing. There are double pipes: two folded tubes are blown through one common mouthpiece. In Ukraine, the name sopilka (sopel) has been preserved to this day; in Russia it is rare; in Belarus it is

Basic information Duduk (tsiranapokh) is a wooden wind musical instrument, it is a tube with 9 playing holes and a double reed. Common among the peoples of the Caucasus. It is most popular in Armenia, as well as among Armenians living outside its borders. The traditional name of the Armenian duduk is tsiranapokh, which can be literally translated as “apricot trumpet” or “soul of the apricot tree.” Music

Basic information Zhaleika is an ancient Russian folk wind wooden musical instrument - a wooden, reed or cattail tube with a bell made of horn or birch bark. Zhaleika is also known as zhalomeika. Origin, history of zhaleika The word “zhaleika” is not found in any ancient Russian written monument. The first mention of pity is in the notes of A. Tuchkov dating back to the end of the 18th century.

Basic information Zurna is an ancient woodwind musical instrument, common among the peoples of Transcaucasia and Central Asia. A zurna is a wooden tube with a socket and several (usually 8-9) holes, one of which is on the opposite side to the others. The range of the zurna is about one and a half octaves of the diatonic or chromatic scale. The timbre of the zurna is bright and piercing. Zurna is close

Basic information Kaval is a shepherd's woodwind musical instrument. Kaval is a longitudinal flute with a long wooden barrel and 6-8 playing holes. At the lower end of the barrel there may be up to 3-4 more holes intended for tuning and resonating. The Kavala scale is diatonic. The length of kaval reaches 50-70 cm. Kaval is distributed in Bulgaria, Moldova and Romania, Macedonia, Serbia,

Basic information, structure Kamyl is an Adyghe wind wooden musical instrument, a traditional Adyghe (Circassian) flute. Kamyl is a longitudinal flute made from a metal tube (most often from a gun barrel). There are 3 playing holes at the bottom of the tube. It is possible that the instrument was originally made from reeds (as the name indicates). The length of the kamyl is about 70 cm. The scale of the kamyl

Basic information Kena (Spanish quena) is a woodwind musical instrument - a longitudinal flute, used in the music of the Andean region of Latin America. The ken is usually made of reed and has six upper and one lower playing holes. As a rule, kena is done in G (sol) tuning. The quenacho flute is a variant of the quena with more low sound, in D (d) tuning.

Basic information The clarinet is a woodwind musical instrument with a single reed. The clarinet was invented around 1700 in Nuremberg, and has been actively used in music since the second half of the XVIII century. Used in a wide variety of musical genres and compositions: as a solo instrument, in chamber ensembles, symphony and brass orchestras, folk music, on stage and in jazz. Clarinet

Basic information Clarinet d'amore (Italian: clarinetto d'amore) is a woodwind musical instrument. Structure Like the species instrument, the d'amore clarinet had a single reed and a cylindrical tube, but the width of this tube was smaller than that of a regular clarinet, and the sound holes were also narrower. In addition, the part of the tube to which the mouthpiece was attached was slightly curved for compactness - the body

Basic information Kolyuka is a woodwind musical instrument - an ancient Russian type of longitudinal overtone flute without playing holes. To make thorns, dried stems of umbrella plants are used - hogweed, shepherd's pipe and others. The role of a whistle or squeak is performed by the tongue. The height of the sound is achieved by overblowing. To change the sound, the lower hole of the tube is also used, which is clamped with a finger or

Basic information The contrabassoon is a woodwind musical instrument, a type of bassoon. The contrabassoon is an instrument of the same type and structure as the bassoon, but with a column of air enclosed in it that is twice as large, which is why it sounds an octave lower than the bassoon. The contrabassoon is the lowest-sounding instrument in the woodwind group and plays the contrabass voice in it. Contrabassoon names on

Basic information Kugikly (kuvikly) is a woodwind musical instrument, a Russian variety of the multi-barrel pan flute. Kugikl device Kugikl are a set of hollow tubes of various lengths and diameters with an open upper end and a closed lower end. This tool was usually made from the stems of kugi (reeds), reeds, bamboo, etc., with the stem knot serving as the bottom. Nowadays, plastic, ebonite

Basic information Kurai is a national Bashkir wind wooden musical instrument similar to a flute. The popularity of kurai is due to its timbre richness. The sound of the kurai is poetic and epically sublime, the timbre is soft, and when played it is accompanied by a guttural bourdon sound. The main and traditional feature of playing the kurai is the ability to play with a chest voice. Light whistling is forgiven only to beginner performers. Professionals perform the melody

Basics The Mabu is a traditional woodwind musical instrument of the Solomon Islanders. A mabu is a wooden pipe with a socket, hollowed out from a section of a tree trunk. A half of a coconut was attached to the upper end, in which a playing hole was made. Large specimens of mabu could reach up to a meter in length with a bell width of about 15 cm and a wall thickness of about

Basic information Mabu (mapu) is a traditional Tibetan woodwind musical instrument. Translated from the nose, “ma” means “bamboo”, and “bu” means “pipe”, “reed flute”. Mabu has a bamboo trunk with a single scoring tongue. There are 8 playing holes made in the flute barrel, 7 upper, one lower. At the end of the trunk there is a small horn bell. Mabu is also sometimes made

Basic information, characteristics Small clarinet (piccolo clarinet) is a woodwind musical instrument, a type of clarinet. The small clarinet has the same structure as a regular clarinet, but is smaller in size, which is why it sounds in a higher register. The timbre of the small clarinet is harsh, somewhat loud, especially in the upper register. Like most other instruments in the clarinet family, the small clarinet is transposing and is used

Basic information, device Nai is a Moldavian, Romanian and Ukrainian wind wooden musical instrument - a longitudinal multi-barreled flute. Nai consists of 8-24 tubes of different lengths, mounted in an arched leather clip. The pitch of the sound depends on the length of the tube. Diatonic scale. Folk melodies of various genres are performed on the naya - from doina to dance motifs. The most famous Moldovan naists:

Basic information Ocarina is an ancient woodwind musical instrument, a clay whistle flute. The name “ocarina” translated from Italian means “gosling”. The ocarina is a small egg-shaped chamber with holes for fingers ranging from four to thirteen. The ocarina is usually made in ceramic, but is sometimes also made of plastic, wood, glass or metal. By

Basic information Pinquillo (pingullo) is an ancient woodwind musical instrument of the Quechua Indians, a reed transverse flute. Pinquillo is common among the Indian populations of Peru, Bolivia, Northern Argentina, Chile, and Ecuador. Pinquillo is the ancestor of the Peruvian Kena. Pinquillo is made from reeds, traditionally cut “at dawn, away from prying eyes.” Has 5-6 side playing holes. Pingulio length is 30-32 cm. Pingulio range is approx.

Basic information, application The transverse flute (or simply flute) is a woodwind musical instrument of the soprano register. Transverse flute names on different languages: flauto (Italian); flatus (Latin); flute (French); flute (English); flote (German). The flute is available in a wide variety of performance techniques; it is often assigned orchestral solos. The transverse flute is used in symphony and brass orchestras, and also, along with the clarinet,

Basic information The Russian horn is a wooden wind musical instrument. The Russian horn has different names: in addition to “Russian” - “shepherd”, “song”, “Vladimir”. The name “Vladimir” horn acquired relatively recently, in late XIX century as a result of the success of the performances of the horn players' choir under the direction of Nikolai Vasilyevich Kondratiev from Vladimir region. Horn tunes are divided into 4 genre varieties: signal, song,

Basic information The saxophone (Sax is the name of the inventor, phone is sound) is a woodwind musical instrument that, according to the principle of sound production, belongs to the wooden family, despite the fact that it is never made of wood. The family of saxophones was designed in 1842 by the Belgian music master Adolphe Sax and patented by him four years later. Adolph Sachs named his first constructed instrument

Basic information The flute is an ancient Russian wind wooden musical instrument of the longitudinal flet type. Origin, history of the pipe The Russian pipe has not yet been sufficiently studied. Experts have long been trying to correlate existing whistle instruments with ancient Russian names. Most often, chroniclers use three names for instruments of this type - flute, nozzle and foregrip. According to legend, the son of the Slavic goddess of love Lada played the flute

Basic information Suling is an Indonesian woodwind musical instrument, a longitudinal whistle flute. Suling consists of a bamboo cylindrical trunk, about 85 cm long and equipped with 3-6 playing holes. The sound of suling is very gentle. Usually sad melodies are played on this instrument. Suling is used both solo and as orchestral instrument. Video: Sulingna video + sound Thanks to these videos you

Basic information, structure, application Shakuhachi is a woodwind musical instrument, a longitudinal bamboo flute that came to Japan from China during the Nara period. The Chinese name for the shakuhachi flute is chi-ba. The standard length of a shakuhachi flute is 1.8 Japanese feet (which is 54.5 cm). This determined the very Japanese name of the instrument, since “shaku” means “foot” and “hachi” means “eight”.

Basic information Tilinka (calf) is a Moldavian, Romanian and Ukrainian folk wind wooden musical instrument, which is an open tube without playing holes. Tilinka is common in rural life, most often used by people living near the Carpathian Mountains. The sound of tilinka depends on how far the musician closes the open end of the tube with his finger. The transition between notes is carried out by blowing and closing/opening the opposite