The problem of loneliness in literature. Human loneliness - arguments from literature

Category: Arguments for the Unified State Exam essay

M.Yu. Lermontov - poem "Leaf". The motif of loneliness is heard in this poem by M.Yu. Lermontov. In the center of this work is a leaf driven by a fierce storm. This is a symbol of a lonely and homeless existence, a lonely and suffering soul. The leaf does not find a place for itself in this world: the plane tree does not accept it, heat and cold make it dry out, it is doomed to death.
M.Yu. Lermontov - poem “Both boring and sad...... In this poem, the poet writes about loneliness: “It’s boring, and sad, and there’s no one to give a hand to in a moment of spiritual adversity...”. Desires, love, passions - everything turns out to be empty and worthless. At the end of the poem there is disappointment lyrical hero in life reaches its climax: life itself turns out to be “an empty and stupid joke.”

A.P. Chekhov's story "Tosca". The plot of the story is simple: the son of cab driver Iona Potapov died. And he has no one to go to with his grief. People don't want to listen to him. Then he tells the horse everything. And only in this way does his melancholy dissipate.

Unified State Examination essay:

It seems to me that it is no coincidence that the text German writer G. Hesse is entitled “On Old Age” - the author touches on important issues related to this period of a person’s life. Looking at older people, you understand that old age can be different: cheerful, strong in spirit and, on the contrary, sad, gloomy. What does this depend on? The author of the text answers this question by raising the problem of perception of old age.

Analyzing such an important problem for every person, the famous writer gives examples that help the reader see old age differently and reconsider his views. On behalf of the hero-narrator, the author convinces the reader that “being old is as wonderful and necessary a task as being young.” U famous writer there is an answer to the question: “What should I do to fulfill my purpose in old age?” , he finds many advantages at this age. It is no coincidence, I think, that a special place in the text is occupied by the narrator’s memory of a meeting with an eighty-year-old woman, conversations that made both heroes feel almost young. I perceive the final part of the text as an appeal to young people with a request to be more tolerant, to treat older people with more respect, to value their experience and wisdom.

G. Hesse is deeply convinced that old people should have a goal that gives meaning to their existence. The writer believes that being old is as wonderful and necessary a task as being young, and advises at this stage of life to remember your purpose.

It is difficult to disagree with the author of the text. I completely share his position and believe that even in old age a person can engage in some kind of activity, develop spiritually and mentally, and cope with his task. I'll try to prove it.

I would like to substantiate my point of view by referring to L. N. Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace. Before us is one of the characters in the work - old prince Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky. It would seem that age life difficulties should have deprived the hero of the thirst for life, but the author portrays a very active person. The prince is smart, pedantic, unemotional, harsh, picky. He is constantly busy: writing memoirs, calculations from higher mathematics, turning snuff boxes on a machine, working in the garden and observing the buildings that did not stop on his estate - all this makes the hero truly alive and active. Reading the work of L.N. Tolstoy, we understand: the old prince Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky, despite his age, is a man for whom old age is not a hindrance.

At one time, I read with pleasure I. S. Turgenev’s “Fathers and Sons.” I was particularly impressed by the part of the book in which Vasily Ivanovich Bazarov, the father of the main character, is described. This is an energetic and hardworking sixty-year-old man who, even in retirement, continues to treat people. His free help to sick peasants, his desire to read modern magazines in order to keep up with his son, the advanced thoughts at that time that everyone should get food for themselves with their own hands, there is nothing to rely on others: you have to work yourself, inspires respect. It is difficult to call Vasily Ivanovich an old man: the image of the hero helps to understand that old age is an incentive for new things.

G. Hesse in his text raised very important problem and made me think that it depends only on ourselves whether old age will be a bright continuation of life or a dull existence doomed to despondency.

Text by G. Hesse

(1) Without a doubt, old age is a stage of our life, which, like any other stage, has its own face, its own atmosphere, its own joys and sorrows. (2) Believe me: we, gray-haired old men, have, like all our younger brothers, our own goal that gives meaning to our existence. (3) Being old is as wonderful and necessary a task as being young. (4) An old man, to whom old age and gray hair are only hated and feared, is just as unworthy a representative of his stage of life as a young and strong man who hates his occupation and everyday work and tries to evade them.

(5) In short, in order to fulfill your purpose in old age and cope with your task, you must be in agreement with old age and with everything that it brings with it, you must say “yes” to it. (6) Without this “yes”, without the willingness to surrender to what nature requires of us, we lose - whether we are old or young - the value and meaning of our days and deceive life.

(7) Driven by desires, dreams, passions, we, like most people, rushed through the weeks, months, years and decades of our lives, violently experiencing successes and disappointments - and today, carefully leafing through a large illustrated book of our own life, we are surprised at how beautiful and glorious it is to step away from this race and surrender to a contemplative life. (8) We become calmer, more forgiving, and the less our need to intervene and act, the greater our ability to look closely and listen to the bright and clear life nature and to the life of our fellow humans, observing its progress without criticism and never ceasing to be amazed at its diversity, sometimes with participation and quiet sadness, sometimes with laughter, pure joy, with humor.

(9)…Recently I stood in my garden by the fire, throwing leaves and dry branches into it. (10) An old woman, probably eighty years old, walked past the thorny fence; she stopped and began to watch me. (11) I greeted her, then she laughed and said: “(12) They did the right thing by lighting a fire. (13) At our age we have to adapt to hell.” (14) This was how the tone was set for the conversation, in which we complained to each other about all sorts of illnesses and troubles, but each time jokingly. (15) And at the end of the conversation we admitted that, despite all this, we are not so terribly old.

(16) When very young people, with the superiority of their strength and naivety, laugh behind our backs, finding our heavy gait and our sinewy necks funny, we remember how, possessing the same strength and the same naivety, we once laughed. (17) Only now we don’t seem defeated and beaten at all, but rejoice in the fact that we have outgrown this stage of life and have become a little smarter and more tolerant. (18) We wish the same for you.

(according to G. Hesse*)

Loneliness is the feeling of a person being separated from others not only physically, but also mentally. But people who think differently often become lonely. Why is this happening? What does this lead to? V.V. Laptev reveals these questions in his text.

The publicist raises many problems, one of which is the problem of loneliness of a person walking his own path.

This problem is relevant for all of us, because every person wants to choose their own path and move along it, towards their own goal, but most people are stopped by phobias, one of which is the fear of loneliness.

The author believes that some people are doomed to a lonely existence, because society cannot understand their goals and actions. But “dispassionate time will reward everyone according to their deserts and the fair court of history will certainly justify them.” The main thing to achieve your goal is “belief in the correctness of your decision,” which will give you strength.

And everything that differs from the people themselves is rejected by them. But a different opinion does not mean it is wrong, so the main thing is to follow the chosen path and not change yourself.

In M.A. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita,” the main character’s work is not published in the magazine, since this story differs from the accepted canons, and the writer’s other point of view is not clear to his contemporaries. But the Master does not give in and does not rewrite his work, squeezing it into the allotted framework. This leads to his rejection by society and to loneliness. But he is saved by love, faith, and Margarita’s support.

In M.Yu. Lermontov’s work “Hero of Our Time,” Pechorin has a different view of the world around him. But society, although attracted by this exoticism, is not ready to accept Grigory Alekseevich and his views. This is not the end, continued below.

Useful material on the topic

Therefore, even surrounded by his friends, he still remains lonely.

Talented, smart people can be lonely too
Loneliness kills a person, especially if it is forced
The reason for loneliness may be a person’s views on the world around him.
It is much more difficult for a lonely person to live than for someone who has a family and close friends.
Loneliness can be forced: a person becomes lonely due to dire circumstances
It is difficult for a person who has no friends to live in society

Arguments

K.G. Paustovsky “Telegram”. Daughter Nastya literally doomed Katerina Ivanovna, her mother, to loneliness. The girl lived rich life in Leningrad. She could not even imagine that she could take time off from work to visit her old mother. Nastya, receiving letters from Katerina Ivanovna, was glad that the old woman was alive, because she could write. The girl realized too late that she had left alone the only person who truly loved her - her mother. Nastya received a letter asking her mother to come, but did not take it seriously. Only after the telegram that Katerina Ivanovna was dying did the girl realize what a serious mistake she had made. Nastya blamed herself for leaving her old mother, whom she should have valued most in life, alone.

A.S. Pushkin “Station Warden”. Samson Vyrin's loneliness was forced. Dunya, his daughter, ran away from home with officer Minsky, who stopped at their station. The desire to at least see his daughter prompted Samson Vyrin to walk to St. Petersburg. There he received only Minsky’s promise to make Dunya happy. He saw his daughter later, but at the sight of her father she fainted. Minsky pushed the old man onto the stairs. Since then, he has not heard anything about Duna for three years. Samson Vyrin died alone, without seeing his daughter. Dunya returned to her father, whom she had condemned to loneliness, but it was too late. She spent a lot of time at the grave.

I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. Nihilist Evgeny Bazarov can also be called lonely. At first he communicates with Arkady Kirsanov, but soon the paths of the young people diverge. Evgeny Bazarov's loneliness is connected with his view of the world. Not everyone would agree with this man’s opinion; the hero’s views are too far from what has been accepted in society for centuries. It is difficult for people to look at nature as a workshop, to deny almost everything to which they are accustomed. The hero has many followers, but we understand that none of them are truly devoted to nihilism. Therefore, Bazarov’s loneliness, although natural, is to some extent difficult for him.

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man.” The war made Andrei Sokolov lonely. His entire family died: first, a shell hit his house, where his daughters and wife were at that time, and on May 9, at the very end of the war, his son Anatoly died from a sniper’s bullet. Andrei Sokolov was left alone, without a home and family. Vanya helped the hero find the strength to live and, to some extent, brighten up his loneliness. a little boy, whose parents died. Andrei Sokolov introduced himself as his father and took the child to his place. This is how two lonely people found each other, in whose destinies the war mercilessly intervened.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor”. Matryona Vasilyevna Grigorieva had neither a living husband nor children. There was only the pupil Kira, who was attached to her. Matryona was doomed to loneliness. She couldn’t even work normally, because from time to time she suffered for several days from a strange illness. People came to the woman only when they needed something. So part of the hut was taken away during life, without thinking about the consequences. But Matryona's kindness knew no bounds; it is rare to meet such a person. The woman did not refuse to help others when asked, even if she was unable to do so. Only after the death of Matryona Vasilyevna did everyone care about her: everyone wanted to receive some kind of inheritance. The selfishness of people who doomed a person to loneliness during life, and after death began to divide property, is amazing.

Jack London "Martin Eden". Until Martin Eden was rich and famous, no one believed in his future or spoke well of his endeavors. When the hero began to build the future of the writer, he was lonely and was saved only by the love of Ruth. Soon the beloved turned away from Martin Eden. But when people started talking about him, when he had money, friendly invitations to dinner began pouring in, and Ruth returned with a plea for forgiveness. Only for Martin Eden all this no longer meant anything. He understood that he had not changed at all from the time when his work was still rejected. All the work had already been done by that time. Therefore, in the midst of everyone's attention, Martin Eden became even more lonely than before. The world around him seemed disgusting.

D. Keyes “Flowers for Algernon.” Charlie Gordon's story is controversial. At the beginning of the work we see him faintly smart person, an object of ridicule. Later, Charlie Gordon becomes a genius, albeit temporarily. But he finds himself even more alone than before. Everyone thinks Charlie is too smart, selfish, and incapable of showing feelings and emotions. A person’s intellectual abilities, which increase exponentially, do not contribute to communication with people. The hero finds himself alone. The feeble-minded Charlie Gordon has a much easier life than the brilliant Charlie Gordon. Mental abilities only push him towards loneliness, although at first it seems to the hero that people communicate more willingly with an intelligent person. In reality, everything turns out to be completely different.

True and false patriotism- one of central problems novel. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes do not speak high words about love for their homeland, they commit actions in its name. Natasha Rostova persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded at Borodino; Prince Bolkonsky was mortally wounded on the Borodino field. True patriotism, according to Tolstoy, in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.
In the novel L.N. In Tolstoy's War and Peace, some heroes consider themselves patriots and shout loudly about love for the fatherland. Others give their lives in the name of common victory. These are simple Russian men in soldiers' overcoats, soldiers from Tushin's battery, who fought without cover. True patriots They don’t think about their own benefits. They feel the need to simply defend the land from enemy invasion. They have in their souls a genuine, holy feeling of love for their homeland.

N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"

According to N.S.’s definition, a Russian person belongs. Leskova, “racial”, patriotic, consciousness. All the actions of the hero of the story “The Enchanted Wanderer,” Ivan Flyagin, are imbued with it. While being captured by the Tatars, he does not forget for a minute that he is Russian, and with all his soul strives to return to his homeland. Taking pity on the unfortunate old people, Ivan voluntarily joins the recruits. The hero's soul is inexhaustible, indestructible. He comes out of all life's trials with honor.

V.P. Astafiev
In one of his journalistic articles, writer V.P. Astafiev spoke about how he vacationed in a southern sanatorium. Plants collected from all over the world grew in the seaside park. But suddenly he saw three birch trees that miraculously took root in a foreign land. The author looked at these trees and remembered his village street. Love for your small homeland- a manifestation of true patriotism.

The legend of Pandora's box.
A woman discovered a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this item was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. This myth sounds a warning to all of humanity: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
In M. Bulgakov's story, Professor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into dire consequences: a two-legged creature with “ with a dog's heart“- this is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
The problem is revealed through the example of the images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, and who knows how to understand them at the right moment is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are simple people in the novel, who fulfill their duty without high-sounding phrases.

A. Kuprin. "Wonderful doctor."
A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to commit suicide in despair, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happens to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate man, and from that moment the life of the hero and his family changes in the most happy way. This story eloquently shows that the actions of one person can affect the destinies of other people.

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons".
A classic work that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Evgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger to both the elder Kirsanov and his parents. And, although by his own admission he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.

L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, "Youth".
Striving to understand the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually gets to know the world, understands that much in it is imperfect, faces misunderstandings from her elders, and sometimes offends them (chapters “Classes”, “Natalya Savishna”)

K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”.
The girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram that her mother is sick, but matters that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, comes to the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is no longer there...

V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons”.
Teacher Lydia Mikhailovna from the story by V. G. Rasputin taught the hero not only lessons French, but also lessons of kindness, empathy, compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else’s pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.

An example from history.

The teacher of the great Emperor Alexander II was famous poet V. Zhukovsky. It was he who instilled in the future ruler a sense of justice, a desire to benefit his people, and a desire to carry out the reforms necessary for the state.

V. P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane."
Difficult pre-war years Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandparents.

V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons”

The formation of the personality of the main character during the difficult war years was influenced by the teacher. Her spiritual generosity is limitless. She instilled in him moral fortitude, self-esteem.

L.N. Tolstoy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”
IN autobiographical trilogy The main character, Nikolenka Irtenyev, comprehends the world of adults, tries to analyze her own and other people’s actions.

Fazil Iskander “The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules”

An intelligent and competent teacher has a huge influence on the formation of a child's character.

And A. Goncharov “Oblomov”
The atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to learn, to think disfigures the soul of little Ilya. In adult life these shortcomings prevented him from finding the meaning of life.

Lack of purpose in life, habits of work have formed “ extra person", "reluctantly selfish."

The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working have formed a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.” Pechorin admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. Miseducation disfigures the human personality.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Education and training - main aspects human life. Chatsky, the main character of the comedy A.S., expressed his attitude towards them in monologues. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". He criticized nobles who recruited “teachers of the regiment” for their children, but as a result of literacy, no one “knew or studied.” Chatsky himself had a mind “hungry for knowledge,” and therefore turned out to be unnecessary in the society of Moscow nobles. These are the flaws of improper upbringing.

B. Vasiliev “My horses are flying”
Dr. Jansen died saving children who had fallen into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint during his lifetime, was buried by the entire city.

Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Margarita's self-sacrifice for her beloved.

V.P. Astafiev "Lyudochka"
In the episode with the dying man, when everyone left him, only Lyudochka felt sorry for him. And after his death, everyone only pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth.

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

V. Hugo "Les Miserables"
The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole silverware from him. But an hour later the police detained the criminal and took him to a house where he was given lodging for the night. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the owner’s permission. The thief, amazed by what he heard, experienced a true rebirth in one minute, and after that he became an honest man.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
There is an example of fair power: “But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders. “If I order my general to turn into a sea gull,” he used to say, “and if the general does not carry out the order, it will not be his fault, but mine.” .

A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet"
The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and goes away. Only music and love affirm true values on the ground.

Fonvizin "Nedorosl"
They say that many noble children, having recognized themselves in the image of the slacker Mitrofanushka, experienced a true rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up worthy sons fatherland.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

What is the greatness of a person? It is where goodness, simplicity and justice are. This is exactly how L.N. created it. Tolstoy's image of Kutuzov in the novel "War and Peace". The writer calls him a truly great man. Tolstoy takes his favorite heroes away from “Napoleonic” principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. “Greatness is not where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth,” the writer asserted. This famous phrase has a modern ring to it.
One of the central problems of the novel is the role of personality in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no goodness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the moods and desires of the masses, therefore he was great. Napoleon thinks only about his greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.

I. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it was immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.

Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, forced society to take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

A.S. Pushkin
Speaking about the role of the individual in history, we can recall the poetry of the great A. Pushkin. He influenced more than one generation with his gift. He saw and heard things that an ordinary person did not notice and did not understand. The poet spoke about the problems of spirituality in art and its high purpose in the poems “Prophet”, “Poet”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands”. Reading these works, you understand: talent is not only a gift, but also a heavy burden, a great responsibility. The poet himself was an example of civic behavior for subsequent generations.

V.M. Shukshin "Weird"
“Crank” is an absent-minded person who may seem ill-mannered. And what prompts him to do strange things are positive, selfish motives. The weirdo reflects on problems that concern humanity at all times: what is the meaning of life? What is good and evil? Who is “right, who is smarter” in this life? And with all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who think

I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
This is the image of a person who only wanted. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths”.
Showed the drama " former people”, who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.

From the history

Ancient historians say that one day a stranger came to the Roman emperor and brought him a gift of metal as shiny as silver, but extremely soft. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay soil. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor’s head to be cut off.
Archimedes, knowing that people were suffering from drought and hunger, proposed new methods of irrigating land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.
The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.
One English engineer in the mid-19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: “We are already strong, only the weak need to improve weapons.”
The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words to be the result of dark ignorance, but began to make observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.
The early Middle Ages are usually called the “dark ages.” The raids of barbarians and the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among common people, but also among people of the upper class. For example, the founder of the French state, Charlemagne, did not know how to write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherently human. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he carefully wrote letters.
For thousands of years, ripe apples fell from the trees, but no one attached any significance to this common phenomenon. The great Newton had to be born in order to look at a familiar fact with new, more penetrating eyes and discover the universal law of motion.
It is impossible to calculate how many disasters their ignorance has brought to people. In the Middle Ages, every misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, the loss of some thing - everything was explained by the intrigues of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began and fires started burning. Instead of treating diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people enormous forces wasted on a meaningless struggle with the mythical “servants of Satan,” not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance they serve the Devil.
It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. An interesting legend is about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian. Once, having talked with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and butter. Young Xenophon answered smartly: “To the market.” Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. “Follow me, I’ll show you!” - Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.
The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes over a person so much that it forces him to change. life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The brilliant Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer on fortifications and devoted only his free time to physics. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
New ideas make their way through a difficult struggle with old views and established opinions. Thus, one of the professors, lecturing students on physics, called Einstein’s theory of relativity “an annoying scientific misunderstanding” -
At one time, Joule used a voltaic battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery charge soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be replaced by the electric motor, since feeding a horse was much cheaper than changing the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the opportunities that will open up for a person.
In the mid-17th century, Captain de Clieu carried a coffee cutting in a pot of soil from Paris to the island of Martinique. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. On the ship, the masts were not broken, the rigging was broken. Fresh water supplies gradually began to dry up. It was given out in strictly measured portions. The captain, barely able to stand on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to the green sprout... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco.”
Showed the fate of the man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.

Yesenin. "Black man".
The poem “Black Man” is the cry of Yesenin’s dying soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person.

Mayakovsky. "Listen."
Inner conviction that one's own people are right moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual flow of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is a cry from the poet’s soul.

Zamyatin "Cave".
The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. His spiritual values are dying. He violates the commandment “Thou shalt not steal.”

V. Astafiev “The Tsar is a Fish.”

In V. Astafiev’s story “The Fish Tsar,” the main character, fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to release her. A meeting with a fish that symbolizes the moral principle in nature forces this poacher to reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with the fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing how little he has done for other people. This meeting morally changes the hero.
Nature is alive and spiritual, endowed with moral and punitive power, it is capable of not only defending itself, but also taking retribution. An illustration of punitive power is the fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev’s story “The Tsar is a Fish.” This hero is not punished for his arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. An imbalance poses a threat to all of humanity if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons."

People forget that nature is their native and only home that requires careful attitude to himself, which is confirmed in the novel by I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. The main character, Evgeny Bazarov, is known for his categorical position: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.” This is exactly how the Author sees a “new” person in him: he is indifferent to the accumulated previous generations values, lives in the present and uses everything he needs, without thinking about what consequences this may lead to.
I. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” raises the current topic of the relationship between nature and man. Bazarov, rejecting everything aesthetic enjoyment nature, perceives it as a workshop, and man as a worker. Arkady, Bazarov's friend, on the contrary, treats her with all the admiration inherent in a young soul. In the novel, each hero is tested by nature. For Arkady, communication with the outside world helps to heal mental wounds; for him this unity is natural and pleasant. Bazarov, on the contrary, does not seek contact with her - when Bazarov was feeling bad, he “went into the forest and broke branches.” She does not give him the desired peace of mind or peace of mind. Thus, Turgenev emphasizes the need for a fruitful and two-way dialogue with nature.

M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart".
Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of a human brain into the dog Sharik, transforming completely cute dog to the disgusting Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. You cannot mindlessly interfere with nature!

A. Blok
The problem of a thoughtless, cruel person towards the natural world is reflected in many literary works. To fight it, we need to realize and see the harmony and beauty that reigns around us. The works of A. Blok will help with this. With what love he describes Russian nature in his poems! Immense distances, endless roads, deep rivers, blizzards and gray huts. This is Blok’s Russia in the poems “Rus” and “Autumn Day”. The poet's true, filial love for his native nature is transmitted to the reader. You come to the idea that nature is original, beautiful and needs our protection.

B. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans”

Now, when nuclear power plants are exploding, when oil is flowing through rivers and seas, and entire forests are disappearing, people must stop and think about the question: what will remain on our planet? In B. Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans” the author’s idea about human responsibility for nature is also heard. The main character of the novel, Yegor Polushkin, is concerned about the behavior of visiting “tourists” and the lake that has become empty at the hands of poachers. The novel is perceived as a call to everyone to take care of our land and each other.
The main character Yegor Polushkin loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him; they considered him unsuited to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are accustomed only to conquering it. But my son is growing up. Who can replace his father, will respect and take care of his native land.

V. Astafiev “Belogrudka”
In the story "Belogrudka" the children destroyed the brood of the white-breasted marten, and she, mad with grief, takes revenge on the entire surrounding world, exterminating poultry in two neighboring villages until she herself dies from a gun charge

Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”
Man, with his own hands, destroys the colorful and populous world of nature. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the “king” in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the “Russian blues”, also because he was indifferent to nature. And the “sweet ideal” of the author, Tatyana, felt like a part of nature (“She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony…”) and therefore showed herself to be a spiritually strong person in a difficult life situation.

A.T. Tvardovsky “Forest in Autumn”
Reading Tvardovsky’s poem “Forest in Autumn”, you are imbued with the pristine beauty of the surrounding world and nature. You hear the noise of bright yellow foliage, the crack of a broken branch. You see the light jump of a squirrel. I would like not just to admire, but to try to preserve all this beauty for as long as possible.

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the wonderful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly sense the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, seeing an old oak tree, he compares himself with it, indulging in sad reflections that life has already ended for him. But the changes that subsequently occurred in the hero’s soul are associated with the beauty and grandeur of the mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.

V. I. Yurovskikh Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh
The writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories, talks about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village person with the natural world, which is why his story “Ivan’s Memory” is so touching. In this short work, Yurovskikh raises an important problem: the influence of man on environment. Ivan, the main character of the story, planted several willow bushes in a swamp that scared people and animals. Many years later. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bushes, a magpie began to build a nest every year and hatch magpies. No one wandered through the forest anymore, because the trail became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bush you can hide from the heat, drink some water, and just relax. Good memory Ivan left himself among people, and surrounding nature ennobled.

M.Yu Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
The close emotional connection between man and nature can be traced in Lermontov’s story “A Hero of Our Time.” The events in the life of the main character, Grigory Pechorin, are accompanied by changes in the state of nature in accordance with changes in his mood. Thus, considering the duel scene, the gradation of the states of the surrounding world and Pechorin’s feelings is obvious. If before the duel the sky seems to him “fresh and blue” and the sun “brightly shining,” then after the duel, looking at Grushnitsky’s corpse, celestial body it seemed “dull” to Gregory, and the rays “did not warm him.” Nature is not only the experiences of the heroes, but is also one of characters. The thunderstorm becomes the reason for a long meeting between Pechorin and Vera, and in one of the diary entries preceding the meeting with Princess Mary, Grigory notes that “the air of Kislovodsk is conducive to love.” With such an allegory, Lermontov not only more deeply and fully reflects internal state heroes, but also indicates his own, authorial presence by introducing nature as a character.

E. Zamyatina “We”
Addressing classical literature, I would like to give an example of E. Zamyatin’s dystopian novel “We”. Refusing the natural beginning, the inhabitants of the United State become numbers, whose lives are determined by the framework of the Tablet of Hours. Beauty native nature replaced by perfectly proportioned glass structures, and love is only possible with a pink card. The main character, D-503, is doomed to mathematically verified happiness, which is found, however, after the removal of fantasy. It seems to me that with such an allegory Zamyatin was trying to express the inextricability of the connection between nature and man.

S. Yesenin “Go away, my dear Rus'”
One of the central themes of the lyrics of the brightest poet of the 20th century S. Yesenin is nature native land. In the poem “Go you, Rus', my dear,” the poet abandons paradise for the sake of his homeland, its flock is higher than eternal bliss, which, judging by other lyrics, he finds only on Russian soil. Thus, feelings of patriotism and love for nature are closely intertwined. The very awareness of their gradual weakening is the first step towards a natural, real peace that enriches the soul and body.

M. Prishvin “Ginseng”
This topic is brought to life by moral and ethical motives. Many writers and poets turned to her. In M. Prishvin’s story “Ginseng” the characters know how to remain silent and listen to silence. For the author, nature is life itself. Therefore, his rock cries, his stone has a heart. It is man who must do everything to ensure that nature exists and does not fall silent. Nowadays this is very important.

I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter"
I. S. Turgenev expressed his deep and tender love for nature in “Notes of a Hunter.” He did this with penetrating observation. The hero of the story “Kasyan” traveled halfway across the country from the Beautiful Mosque, happily learning and exploring new places. This man felt his unbreakable connection with Mother Nature and dreamed that “every person” would live in contentment and justice. It wouldn't hurt us to learn from him.

M. Bulgakov. "Fatal Eggs"
Professor Persikov accidentally breeds giant reptiles instead of large chickens that threaten civilization. Thoughtless interference in the life of nature can lead to such consequences.

Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”
Ch. Aitmatov in his novel “The Scaffold” showed that destruction natural world leads to dangerous deformation of a person. And this happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savannah is a global problem, not a local one.

The closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We".
1) The appearance and principles of the United State. 2) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 3) "Resistance" human nature" In dystopias, based on the same premises, the world is presented through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person undergoing the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the individual and the totalitarian system becomes driving force any dystopia, allowing one to recognize dystopian features in works that seem very different at first glance... The society depicted in the novel has achieved material perfection and stopped in its development, plunging into a state of spiritual and social entropy.

A.P. Chekhov in the story "The Death of an Official"

B. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”
The works make us think about the questions that everyone strives to answer for themselves: what is behind a high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, destiny, what helps a person resist, show amazing, amazing vitality, helps to live and die “like a human being”?

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
Despite the difficulties and trials that befell the protagonist Andrei Sokolov, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength or eradicated his sense of duty.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".

Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor, in any life situation he acts as his honor tells him. Even his ideological enemy, Pugachev, could appreciate the nobility of the hero. That is why he helped Grinev more than once.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

The Bolkonsky family is the personification of honor and nobility. Prince Andrei always put the laws of honor first and followed them, even if it required incredible effort, suffering, and pain.

Loss of spiritual values

B. Vasiliev "Wilderness"
The events of Boris Vasiliev’s story “Glukhoman” allow us to see how in today’s life the so-called “new Russians” strive to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values have been lost because culture has disappeared from our lives. Society split, and the bank account became the measure of a person’s merit. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge by speaking ill of her; During a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as the Belogorsk fortress falls to Pugachev, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

Helen Kuragina deceives Pierre into marrying herself, then lies to him all the time, being his wife, disgraces him, makes him unhappy. The heroine uses lies to get rich and take a good position in society.

N.V. Gogol “The Inspector General”.

Khlestakov deceives officials, posing as an auditor. Trying to impress, he makes up many stories about his life in St. Petersburg. Moreover, he lies so delightfully that he himself begins to believe his stories, he feels important and significant.

D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the good and the beautiful”
D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” tells how indignant he felt when he learned that on the Borodino field in 1932 the cast-iron monument on Bagration’s grave was blown up. At the same time, someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero, Tuchkov: “It’s enough to preserve the remnants of the slave past!” At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which even during the war our soldiers tried to preserve and not destroy. Likhachev believes that “the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: they are always individual.”

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, which is why the children - Natasha, Nikolai, Petya - became for real good people They are responsive to the pain of others, able to understand the experiences and suffering of others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to release the carts loaded with them family values, To give them to the wounded soldiers.
And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They don't know what it is real love and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.

A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
In the story “The Captain's Daughter,” his father’s instructions helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain an honest person, true to himself and duty. Therefore, the hero evokes respect by his behavior.

N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following his father’s behest to “save a penny,” Chichikov devoted his entire life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. He's with school years valued only money, so in his life there were never true friends, the family that the hero dreamed of.

L. Ulitskaya “Daughter of Bukhara”
Bukhara, the heroine of L. Ulitskaya’s story “Bukhara’s Daughter,” accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself entirely to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being terminally ill, the mother thought through everything later life daughters: got a job, found her new family, husband, and only after that did she allow herself to leave this life.

Zakrutkin V. A. “Mother of Man”
Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man,” during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people’s children, saved them, and became their Mother. And when the first people entered the burned farm soviet soldiers, It seemed to Mary that she had given birth not only to her son, but to all the war-dispossessed children of the world. That's why she is the Mother of Man.

K.I. Chukovsky “Alive as Life”
K.I. Chukovsky in his book “Alive as Life” analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves are distorting and mutilating our great and powerful language.

I.S. Turgenev
- Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this heritage passed on to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin again shines! Treat this powerful instrument with respect: in the hands of skilled people it is capable of performing miracles... Take care of the purity of the language as if it were a shrine!

K.G. Paustovsky
- You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our consciousness that could not be conveyed in Russian words... There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.

A. P. Chekhov “Death of an Official”
The official Chervyakov in A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Death of an Official” is infected to an incredible degree by the spirit of veneration: having sneezed and splashed the bald head of General Bryzzhalov, who was sitting in front of him (and he did not pay attention to it), the hero was so frightened that that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.

A. P. Chekhov “Thick and Thin”
The hero of Chekhov's story "Fat and Thin", the official Porfiry, met a school friend at the Nikolaevskaya railway station and learned that he was a privy councilor, i.e. moved up significantly higher in his career. In an instant, the “subtle” one turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate himself and fawn.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only “all people without exception,” but even “the janitor’s dog, so that it is affectionate.” The need to tirelessly please also gave birth to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maxim Petrovich, the “character” of the historical anecdote that Famusov tells for the edification of Chatsky, in order to earn the favor of the empress, turned into a jester, amusing her with absurd falls.

I. S. Turgenev. "Mu Mu"
The fate of the mute serf Gerasim and Tatiana is decided by the lady. A person has no rights. What could be more terrible?

I. S. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
In the story “Biryuk,” the main character, a forester nicknamed Biryuk, lives a miserable life, despite conscientiously fulfilling his duties. The social structure of life is unfair.

N. A. Nekrasov “Railway”
The poem talks about who built railway. These are workers who were subjected to merciless exploitation. The structure of life, where arbitrariness reigns, is worthy of condemnation. In the Poem “Reflections at the Front Entrance”: peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted and driven away. The authorities do not take into account the position of the people.

L. N. Tolstoy “After the Ball”
The division of Russia into two parts, rich and poor, is shown. Social world arranged unfairly towards the weak.

N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”
There can be nothing holy or right in a world ruled by tyranny, wild and insane.

V.V. Mayakovsky

In the play "The Bedbug" Pierre Skripkin dreamed that his house would be " full bowl" Another hero, a former worker, states: “Whoever fought has the right to rest by a quiet river.” This position was alien to Mayakovsky. He dreamed about spiritual growth contemporaries.

I. S. Turgenev “Notes of a Hunter”
Everyone’s personality is important for the development of the state, but not always talented people can develop their abilities for the benefit of society. For example, in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev there are people whose talents the country does not need. Yakov (“The Singers”) gets drunk in a tavern. Truth-seeker Mitya (“Odnodvorets Ovsyannikov”) stands up for the serfs. Forester Biryuk carries out his service responsibly, but lives in poverty. Such people turned out to be unnecessary. They even laugh at them. It's not fair.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"
Despite the terrible details of camp life and the unjust structure of society, Solzhenitsyn's works are optimistic in spirit. The writer proved that even in the last degree of humiliation it is possible to preserve a person within oneself.

A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
A person who is not accustomed to working does not find a worthy place in the life of society.

M. Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
Pechorin says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply it to. Society is such that there is no worthy place for an extraordinary person in it.

And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov, a kind and talented person, was unable to overcome himself and reveal his best traits. The reason is the lack of high goals in the life of society.

A.M. Gorky
Many heroes of M. Gorky's stories talk about the meaning of life. The old gypsy Makar Chudra wondered why people worked. The heroes of the story “On the Salt” found themselves in the same dead end. There are wheelbarrows around them, salt dust that eats away their eyes. However, no one became embittered. Good feelings arise in the souls of even such oppressed people. The meaning of life, according to Gorky, is work. Everyone will start working conscientiously - you'll see, and together we will become richer and better. After all, “the wisdom of life is always deeper and more extensive than the wisdom of people.”

M. I. Weller “The Novel of Education”
The meaning of life is for those who themselves devote their activities for the sake of a cause that they consider necessary. The “Novel of Education” by M. I. Weller, one of the most published modern Russian writers, makes you think about this. Indeed, there have always been many purposeful people, and now they live among us.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

Meaning of life best heroes The novel was seen by Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in the pursuit of moral self-improvement. Each of them wanted “to be quite good, to bring good to people.”
All of L.N. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes were engaged in an intense spiritual search. Reading the novel "War and Peace", it is difficult not to sympathize with Prince Bolkonsky, who thinks to a seeking person. He read a lot and had an idea about everything. The hero found the meaning of his own life in the defense of the Fatherland. Not for the sake of an ambitious desire for glory, but because of love for the homeland.
In search of the meaning of life, a person must choose his own direction. In L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” the fate of Andrei Bolkonsky is a difficult path moral losses and discoveries. The important thing is that, while walking along this thorny road, he retained true human dignity. It is no coincidence that M.I. Kutuzov will tell the hero: “Your road is the road of honor.” I also like extraordinary people who try to live not in vain.

I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”
Even the failures and disappointments of the extraordinary talented person significant for society. For example, in the novel “Fathers and Sons,” Yevgeny Bazarov, a fighter for democracy, called himself an unnecessary person for Russia. However, his views anticipate the emergence of people capable of greater deeds and noble deeds.

V. Bykov “Sotnikov”
The problem of moral choice: what is better - to save your life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not as a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov’s heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes it difficult moral choice: dies, retaining human appearance.

M. M. Prishvin “Pantry of the Sun”
During the Great Patriotic War, Mitrasha and Nastya were left without parents. But hard work helped young children not only survive, but also earn the respect of their fellow villagers.

A. P. Platonov “In a beautiful and furious world”
Machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but his friend’s devotion and love for his chosen profession performed a miracle: he, having boarded his favorite locomotive, regained his sight.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Matryonin’s Dvor”
The main character has been accustomed to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not acquired any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous woman.

Ch. Aitmatov Novel “Mother Field”
The leitmotif of the novel is the spiritual responsiveness of hardworking rural women. Aliman, no matter what happens, has been working since dawn on the farm, in the melon patch, in the greenhouse. She feeds the country, the people! And the writer does not see anything higher than this share, this honor.

A.P. Chekhov. The story "Ionych"

Dmitry Ionych Startsev chose an excellent profession. He became a doctor. However, the lack of perseverance and perseverance once made good doctor a simple man in the street, for whom the main thing in life was money-grubbing and his own well-being. So it's not enough to choose the right one future profession, you need to preserve yourself morally and morally in it.
The time comes when each of us is faced with choosing a profession. The hero of the story, A.P., dreamed of honestly serving people. Chekhov “Ionych”, Dmitry Startsev. The profession he has chosen is the most humane. However, having settled in a city where the most educated people turned out to be small-minded and narrow-minded, Startsev did not find the strength to resist stagnation and inertia. The doctor turned into a simple man in the street, thinking little about his patients. So, the most valuable condition in order not to live a boring life - honest creative work no matter what profession a person chooses.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland and people, and who knows how to understand them at the right moment, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who carry out their duty without lofty phrases.

F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment"
Rodion Raskolnikov creates his theory: the world is divided into those “who have the right” and “trembling creatures.” According to his theory, a person is capable of creating history, like Mohammed and Napoleon. They commit atrocities in the name of “great goals.” Raskolnikov's theory fails. In fact, true freedom lies in subordinating one's aspirations to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice.

V. Bykov “Obelisk”
The problem of freedom can be seen especially clearly in V. Bykov’s story “Obelisk”. Teacher Frost had a choice to stay alive or die along with his students. He always taught them goodness and justice. He had to choose death, but he remained morally a free man.

A.M. Gorky "At the Bottom"
Is there a way in the world to break free from the vicious circle of life's worries and desires? M. Gorky tried to answer this question in his play “At the Lower Depths.” In addition, the writer posed another pressing question: can one who has humbled himself be considered a free person? Thus, the contradiction between the slave's truth and individual freedom is an eternal problem.

A. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”
Resistance to evil and tyranny attracted Special attention Russian writers of the 19th century. The oppressive power of evil is shown in A. N. Ostrovsky’s play “The Thunderstorm”. A young, gifted woman, Katerina, - strong nature. She found the strength to challenge tyranny. The conflict between the situation " dark kingdom” and a bright spiritual world, unfortunately, ended tragically.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Gulag Archipelago”
Pictures of bullying, cruel attitude to political prisoners.

A.A. Akhmatova's Poem "Requiem"
This work is about the repeated arrests of her husband and son; the poem was written under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers and relatives of prisoners in the Cross, a St. Petersburg prison.

N. Nekrasov “In the trenches of Stalingrad”
In Nekrasov's story there is a terrible truth about the heroism of those people whom totalitarian state have always been considered “cogs” in the huge body of the state machine. The writer mercilessly condemned those who calmly sent people to their deaths, who shot people for a lost sapper shovel, who kept people in fear.

V. Soloukhin
The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty scattered in the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that you need to stop in front of her, “without thinking about time,” only then will she “invite you as an interlocutor.”

K. Paustovsky
The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of rain-wet leaves and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest strength.”

Yu. Gribov
The modern publicist and writer Yu. Gribov argued that “beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to awaken it, not to let it die without waking up.”

V. Rasputin “Deadline”
Children who had come from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before her death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are separated, they have forgotten about the moral lessons they received in childhood. Anna passes away from life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still have time to live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some of their business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”
K. G. Paustovsky's story “Telegram” is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it is one thing to be passionate about work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another thing to remember about your loved ones, about your mother - the most sacred being in the world, not limiting yourself only to money transfers and short notes. Harmony between concerns for those “distant” and love for oneself to a loved one It was not possible to reach Nastya. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, the unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The main character of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, did many good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who takes other people’s pain hard and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect a drunken girl from men pestering her, worries about his sister Dunya, tries to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation, loves and pities his mother, tries not to bother her with his problems. But Raskolnikov’s trouble is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to achieve such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya does truly beautiful things. She sacrifices herself for the sake of her loved ones because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money honestly, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
Sonya's most beautiful act is saving Raskolnikov...
Sonya Marmeladova's whole life is self-sacrifice. With the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and resurrect. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of human action.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Pierre Bezukhov is one of the writer’s favorite heroes. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted by the life in the world that they lead, worrying after his duel with Dolokhov, Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but such important questions for him: “What is bad? What well? Why live, and what am I?” And when one of the smartest Masonic figures calls on him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed “in the possibility of the brotherhood of people united with the goal of supporting each other on the path of virtue.” And Pierre does everything to achieve this goal. what he considers necessary: donates money to the brotherhood, establishes schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make the life of peasant women with small children easier. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of rightness gives him confidence in life.

Pontius Pilate sent the innocent Yeshua to execution. For the rest of his life, the procurator was tormented by his conscience; he could not forgive himself for his cowardice. The hero received peace only when Yeshua himself forgave him and said that there was no execution.

F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment.”

Raskolnikov killed the old pawnbroker to prove to himself that he was a “superior” being. But after the crime, his conscience torments him, a persecution mania develops, and the hero distances himself from his loved ones. At the end of the novel, he repents of the murder and takes the path of spiritual healing.

M. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of Man”
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who, during the war,
lost all my relatives. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act shows that love and desire
doing good gives a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

The Kuragin family are greedy, selfish, vile people. In pursuit of money and power, they are capable of any immoral acts. So, for example, Helen tricks Pierre into marrying her and takes advantage of his wealth, bringing him a lot of suffering and humiliation.

N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”.

Plyushkin subordinated his entire life to hoarding. And if at first this was dictated by frugality, then his desire to save crossed all boundaries, he saved on the essentials, lived, limiting himself in everything, and even broke off relations with his daughter, fearing that she would lay claim to his “riches.”

The role of flowers

I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov”.

Oblomov in love gave Olga Ilyinskaya a branch of lilac. Lilac has become a symbol spiritual transformation hero: he became active, cheerful, cheerful when he fell in love with Olga.

M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”.

Thanks to the bright yellow flowers in the hands of Margarita, the Master saw her in the gray crowd. The heroes fell in love with each other at first sight and carried their feeling through many trials.

M. Gorky.

The writer recalled that he learned a lot from books. He did not have the opportunity to receive an education, so it was in books that he gained knowledge, an understanding of the world, and knowledge about the laws of literature.

A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”.

Tatyana Larina grew up on romance novels. Books made her dreamy and romantic. She created for herself an ideal lover, the hero of her novel, whom she dreamed of meeting in real life.