Levitan spring big water expressive words. Levitan's painting "Spring"

Brief biography of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. Born in 1828 into an aristocratic family. Father, Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, is a retired lieutenant colonel of the Pavlograd Hussar Regiment, a participant in the Patriotic War. Mother - Princess Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya.

The parents of the future writer died early, his mother when he was 2 years old, his father when he was 9 years old. The five orphaned children were raised by relatives-guardians.

In 1844-46. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy tried to study at the university, but his studies were given to him with great difficulty, and educational institution he quit. After this, the count lived on his estate for four years, trying to build relationships with the peasants in a new way; contributed to the opening of new schools in villages.

At the same time, he occasionally came to Moscow, where he indulged in gambling, which undermined him more than once financial situation. After another major loss, in 1851 he went to the army in the Caucasus, where his older brother was serving at that time.

It was in the Caucasus that Lev Nikolaevich discovered his need for creativity. He created an autobiographical story “Childhood” and sent the manuscript (signed simply: “LNT”) to the court of Nikolai Nekrasov, a famous poet and publisher of the authoritative literary monthly Sovremennik. He published the story, calling Tolstoy “a new and reliable talent” in Russian literature.

For five years Tolstoy served as an artillery officer. First he participates in the Chechen campaign, then in battles with the Turks on the Danube, then in the Crimea, where he heroically showed himself during the defense of Sevastopol, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Anna.

He devotes all his free time from work to creativity. "Adolescence" and "Youth", the following parts autobiographical trilogy, were also published in Sovremennik and became very popular. Few writers have managed to so subtly explore the mental life of a person and at the same time convey all this in such a simple and easy style.

Bright and interesting scenes from Tolstoy’s army and military life were reflected in his “Cossacks”, “Hadji Murat”, “Cutting Wood”, “Raid”, and especially in the magnificent “Sevastopol Stories”.

After his resignation, Tolstoy went on a long trip to Europe. Returning home, he devoted himself entirely to public education. Helped in opening 20 rural schools V Tula province, at school in Yasnaya Polyana He taught himself, compiled alphabet books and educational books for children. In 1862 he married 18-year-old Sophia Bers, and in 1863 he returned to literary activity and began work on his greatest work, the epic novel War and Peace.

Tolstoy approached his work extremely responsibly, having studied thousands of sources about Patriotic War 1812: memoirs, letters from contemporaries and participants in the events. The first part was published in 1865, and the writer finished the novel only in 1869.

The novel amazed and continues to amaze readers with its combination of an epic picture historical events with the living destinies of people, deep penetration into the emotional experiences and tossing of people. The second internationally recognized work of the writer was the novel “Anna Karenina” (1873-77).

IN last decades XIX century Tolstoy philosophized a lot on the topic of faith and the meaning of life. These quests were reflected in his religious treatises, in which he tried to understand the essence of Christianity and convey its principles in understandable language.

Tolstoy prioritized moral purification and self-improvement of the individual, as well as the principle of non-resistance to evil through violence. The writer criticized the official Orthodox Church for its dogmatism and close connection with the state, for which the Synod excommunicated him from the church.

But, despite this, until the end of his life, followers of his religious and moral teachings came to Tolstoy from all over the country. The writer did not stop his work to support rural schools.

IN last years Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy decided to give up his entire life private property, which displeased his wife and children. Offended by them, at the age of 82 he decided to leave home, took the train, but soon caught a bad cold and died. This happened in 1910.

Lev Nikolaevich went down in history not only as a worldwide genius famous writer, but also as a great teacher, theologian and preacher of Christianity.

Be one of best writers world history is an honorable right, and Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy deserved it, leaving behind a huge creative heritage. The stories, tales, novels, which are presented in a whole series of volumes, were appreciated not only by the writer’s contemporaries, but also by his descendants. What is the secret of this brilliant author, who was able to fit “” into his life?

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The writer's childhood

Where was the future fiction writer born? Master of the pen was born in 1828 September 9 on his mother's estate Yasnaya Polyana, located in Tula province. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy's family was large. Father had count's title, and the mother was born Princess Volkonskaya. When he was two years old, his mother died, and 7 years later, his father died.

Leo was the fourth child in noble family, so he was not deprived of the attention of his relatives. The literary genius never thought about his losses with heartache. On the contrary, only warm memories of his childhood were preserved, because his mother and father were very affectionate with him. IN work of the same name the author idealizes his childhood years and writes that it was the most wonderful time life.

The little count received his education at home, where he was invited French and German teachers. After leaving school, Lev was fluent in three languages and also had extensive knowledge of different areas. In addition, the young man was fond of musical creativity, could play works by his favorite composers for a long time: Schumann, Bach, Chopin and Mozart.

Early years

In 1843, the young man became student at the Imperial Kazan University, chooses the Faculty of Oriental Languages, however, later changes his specialty due to low academic performance and begins to study law. Unable to complete the course. The young count returns to his estate in order to become a real farmer.

But here, too, failure awaits him: frequent travel completely distracts the owner from the important affairs of the estate. Keeping your diary- the only activity that was done with amazing scrupulousness: a habit that lasted a lifetime and became the foundation of most future works.

Important! The unfortunate student did not remain inactive for long. Having allowed himself to be persuaded by his brother, he went to serve as a cadet in the south, after which, after staying in Caucasus mountains for some time, received a transfer to Sevastopol. There, from November 1854 to August 1855, the young count participated in.

Early creativity

The rich experience gained on the battlefields, as well as in the era of the Junkers, pushed the future writer to create the first literary works . Even during his years of service as a cadet, having a lot of free time, the count begins to work on his first autobiographical story "Childhood".

Natural observation and a special flair were clearly reflected in the style: the author wrote about what was close and understandable not only to him. Life and creativity merge into one.

In the story “Childhood” every boy or young man would recognize himself. The story was originally a short story and was published in a magazine "Contemporary" in 1852. It is noteworthy that already the first story was excellently received by critics, and the young writer was compared to Turgenev, Ostrovsky and Goncharov, which was already a real recognition. All these masters of words were already quite famous and loved by the people.

What works did Leo Tolstoy write at that time?

The young count, feeling that he has finally found his calling, continues his work. From his pen one after another comes brilliant stories, novels that instantly become popular thanks to their originality and stunning realistic approach to reality: “Cossacks” (1852), “Adolescence” (1854), “ Sevastopol stories"(1854 - 1855), "Youth" (1857).

IN literary world rushes in quickly new writer Lev Tolstoy, which amazes the reader with detailed details, does not hide the truth and applies new technology letters: second collection "Sevastopol Stories" written from the point of view of the soldiers to bring the narrative even closer to the reader. The young author is not afraid to write openly and frankly about the horrors and contradictions of war. The characters are not heroes from paintings and canvases by artists, but simple people who are capable of performing real feats to save the lives of others.

Belong to anything literary movement or to be a supporter of a specific philosophical school, Lev Nikolaevich refused, declaring himself anarchist. Later, the master of words, in the course of a religious search, will stand on the right path, but for now the whole world lay before the young, successful genius, and he didn’t want to be one of many.

Family status

Tolstoy returns to Russia, where he lived and was born, after a riotous trip to Paris without a single penny in his pocket. took place here marriage to Sofya Andreevna Bers, daughter of a doctor. This woman was main companion in life Tolstoy, became his support until the very end.

Sophia expressed her readiness to be a secretary, wife, mother of his children, girlfriend and even a cleaner, although the estate, for which servants were commonplace, was always kept in exemplary order.

The title of count constantly obliged household members to maintain a certain status. Over time, the husband and wife diverged in religious views: Sophia did not understand and did not accept the attempts of her loved one to create her own philosophical creed and follow it.

Attention! Only eldest daughter writer Alexandra supported her father’s endeavors: in 1910 they made a pilgrimage trip together. The other children adored Dad as a great storyteller, albeit a rather strict parent.

According to the recollections of descendants, the father could scold the little dirty trickster, but after a moment he would sit him on his lap and feel sorry for him, making up an amusing story as he went. In the literary arsenal of the famous realist there are many children's works recommended for study in preschool and junior school age- This “Book to read” and “ABC”. The first work contains stories by L.N. Tolstoy for the 4th grade of the school, which was organized on the Yasnaya Polyana estate.

How many children did Lev and Sophia have? A total of 13 children were born, three of whom died in infancy.

Maturity and creative flowering of a writer

From the age of thirty-two, Tolstoy began work on his main work - the epic novel. The first part was published in 1865 in the magazine "Russian Messenger", and in 1869 the final edition of the epic was published. Most of The 1860s was dedicated to this monumental work, which the count repeatedly rewrote, corrected, supplemented, and at the end of his life he was so tired of it that he called “War and Peace” “wordy rubbish.” The novel was written in Yasnaya Polyana.

The work, four volumes long, turned out to be truly unique. What advantages does it have? This is first of all:

historical veracity;
the action in the novel is both realistic and fictional characters, the number of which exceeded a thousand according to philologists;
interspersing into the outline of the plot three historical essays on the laws of history; accuracy in describing life and everyday life.

This is the basis of the novel - a person’s path, his position and the meaning of life are formed precisely from these everyday actions.

After the success of the military-historical epic, the author begins to work on a novel "Anna Karenina", taking much from his autobiography as a basis. In particular, the relationship between Kitty and Levina- these are partial memories of the life of the author himself with his wife Sophia, a kind of short biography of the writer, as well as a reflection of the outline of real events of the Russian-Turkish war.

The novel was published in 1875 - 1877, and almost immediately became the most discussed literary event that time. Anna's story, written with amazing warmth and attention to female psychology, created a sensation. Before him, only Ostrovsky in his poems addressed female soul And revealed the rich inner world the beautiful half of humanity. Naturally, high fees for the work did not keep us waiting, because everyone educated person I read Tolstoy's Karenina. After the release this is enough secular novel, the author was not happy at all, but was in constant mental torment.

Change of worldview and later literary successes

Many years of life were devoted searching for the meaning of life, which led the writer to the Orthodox faith, however, this step only confuses the count. Lev Nikolaevich sees corruption in the church diaspora, complete subordination to personal convictions, which does not correspond to the doctrine that his soul longed for.

Attention! Leo Tolstoy becomes an apostate and even publishes an accusatory magazine “Mediator” (1883), because of which he is excommunicated from the church and accused of “heresy.”

However, Leo does not stop there and tries to follow the path of purification, taking quite bold steps. For example, gives away all his property to the poor, which Sofya Andreevna categorically opposed. The husband reluctantly transferred all the property to her and gave away the copyrights to the works, but still did not give up the search for his destiny.

This period of creativity is characterized huge religious upsurge- treatises are created and moral stories. What works with religious overtones did the author write? Among the most successful works between 1880 and 1990 were:

the story “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” (1886), which describes a man near death who is trying to understand and comprehend his “empty” life;
the story “Father Sergius” (1898), aimed at criticizing his own religious quests;
the novel “Resurrection”, which tells about the moral pain of Katyusha Maslova and the ways of her moral purification.

Completion of life's journey

Having written many works during his life, the count appeared to his contemporaries and descendants as a strong religious leader and spiritual mentor, such as Mahatma Gandhi, with whom he corresponded. The writer’s life and work are permeated by the idea of what is necessary resist evil every hour with all the strength of your soul, while demonstrating humility and saving thousands of lives. The master of words became a real teacher among lost souls. Entire pilgrimage trips were organized to the Yasnaya Polyana estate; students of the great Tolstoy came to “get to know themselves,” spending hours on end listening to their ideological guru, whom the writer became in his declining years.

The author-mentor accepted everyone who came with problems, questions and aspirations of the soul, and was ready to give away his savings and shelter wanderers for any period of time. Unfortunately, this increased the degree of tension in relations with his wife Sophia and, in the end, resulted in the great realist's reluctance to live in his own house. Together with his daughter, Lev Nikolaevich went on a pilgrimage around Russia, wanting to travel incognito, but often this was to no avail - they were recognized everywhere.

Where did Lev Nikolaevich die? November 1910 was fatal for the writer: already sick, he stayed in the house of the head of the railway station, where he died on November 20. Lev Nikolaevich was a real idol. During the funeral of this, truly, people's writer, according to the recollections of contemporaries, people cried bitterly and followed the coffin in a crowd of thousands. There were so many people as if they were burying a king.

Brief biography of L. N. Tolstoy

Lev Tolstoy. Short biography.

Conclusion

The story about the life and work of Leo Tolstoy can be continued endlessly; many monographs have been written about this. The writer's novels still remain the standard literary art, and the military epic “War and Peace” was included in the gold collection greatest works peace. Lev Nikolaevich became the first writer who drew attention to the depths of the human subconscious, unconscious and subtle motives of character, as well as great role everyday life, which determines the entire essence of personality.

An outstanding Russian writer, philosopher and thinker, the count is known throughout the world. Even in the farthest corners of the world, as soon as the conversation turns to Russia, they certainly remember Peter the Great, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and several more from Russian history.

We decided to collect the most interesting facts from the life of Tolstoy to remind you of them, and maybe even surprise you with some things.

So, let's get started!

Tolstoy was born in 1828 and died in 1910 (he lived 82 years). He married 18-year-old Sofya Andreevna at the age of 34. They had 13 children, five of whom died in childhood.
Leo Tolstoy with his wife and children
Before the wedding, Count gave future wife re-read his diaries, which described his numerous fornicating relationships. He considered it fair and just. According to the writer’s wife, she remembered their contents for the rest of her life.
At the beginning family life the young couple had complete harmony and mutual understanding, but over time the relationship began to deteriorate more and more, reaching its peak shortly before the death of the thinker.
Tolstoy's wife was a real housewife and conducted her household affairs in an exemplary manner.
An interesting fact is that Sofya Andreevna (Tolstoy’s wife) rewrote almost all of her husband’s works in order to send manuscripts to the publishing house. This was necessary because not a single editor could decipher the handwriting of the great writer.
Diary of Tolstoy L.N.
Almost all her life, the thinker’s wife copied her husband’s diaries. However, shortly before his death, Tolstoy began to keep two diaries: one that his wife read, and the other personal. The elderly Sofya Andreevna was furious that she could not find him, although she searched the whole house.
All significant works(“War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”, “Resurrection”) Leo Tolstoy wrote after his marriage. That is, until the age of 34 he did not engage in serious writing.
Tolstoy in his youth
The creative heritage of Lev Nikolaevich amounts to 165 thousand sheets of manuscripts and ten thousand letters. Complete collection works published in 90 volumes.
An interesting fact is that in life Tolstoy could not stand it when dogs barked, and also did not like cherries.
Despite the fact that he was a count from birth, his soul always gravitated towards the people. Often peasants saw him plowing the field on his own. There is a funny anecdote on this occasion: “Leo Tolstoy sits in a linen shirt and writes a novel. A footman in livery and white gloves enters. “Your Excellency, it’s time to plow!”
Since childhood, he was an incredibly gambling person and gambler. However, like another great writer -.
Interestingly, Count Tolstoy once lost one of the buildings of his Yasnaya Polyana estate at cards. His partner dismantled the property that had been transferred to him down to the stud and took everything away. The writer himself dreamed of buying this extension back, but never realized it.
Excellent command of English, French and German languages. I read in Italian, Polish, Serbian and Czech. He studied Greek and Church Slavonic, Latin, Ukrainian and Tatar, Hebrew and Turkish, Dutch and Bulgarian.
Portrait of the writer Tolstoy
As a child, Anna Akhmatova learned letters using a primer, which L.N. Tolstoy wrote for peasant children.
All his life he tried to help the peasants in everything he had the strength to do.
Tolstoy and his assistants compile lists of peasants in need of help
The novel “War and Peace” was written over the course of 6 years, and then rewritten 8 more times. Tolstoy rewrote individual fragments up to 25 times.
The work “War and Peace” is considered the most significant in the work of the great writer, but he himself said the following in a letter to A. Fet: “I am happy that I will never write again verbose rubbish like "War".
An interesting fact about Tolstoy is also that the count, towards the end of his life, developed several serious principles of his worldview. The main ones boil down to non-resistance to evil through violence, denial of private property and complete disregard for any authority, be it church, state or any other.
Tolstoy with his family in the park
Many believe that Tolstoy was excommunicated from the Orthodox Church. In fact, the definition of the Holy Synod sounded verbatim like this:

“Therefore, testifying to his (Tolstoy’s – author’s) falling away from the Church, we pray together that the Lord will grant him repentance into the mind of truth.”

That is, the Synod simply testified that Tolstoy “self-excommunicated” from the Church. In fact, this was the case, if we analyze the writer’s numerous statements addressed to the Church.

In fact, towards the end of his life, Lev Nikolaevich actually expressed beliefs very far from Christianity. Quote:

“I do not want to be a Christian, just as I did not advise and would not want Buddhists, Confucionists, Taoists, Mohammedans and others to be.”

“Pushkin was like a Kyrgyz. Everyone still admires Pushkin. And just think about the excerpt from his “Eugene Onegin”, placed in all anthologies for children: “Winter. Peasant, triumphant..." Whatever the stanza is, it’s nonsense!

Meanwhile, the poet obviously worked hard and for a long time on the poem. "Winter. Peasant, triumphant..." Why "triumphant"? “Perhaps he’s going to town to buy some salt or shag.”

“On the firewood it renews the path. His horse smells the snow...” How can you “smell” snow?! After all, she runs in the snow - so what does flair have to do with it? Further: “Trotting somehow...”. This “somehow” is a historically stupid thing. And she got into the poem only for the rhyme.

The great Pushkin wrote this, undoubtedly clever man, wrote because he was young and, as a Kyrgyz, sang instead of speaking.

This question was asked to Tolstoy: But what, Lev Nikolaevich, should we do? Should I really give up writing?

Tolstoy: Of course, quit! I tell this to everyone who is a beginner. This is my usual advice. Now is not the time to write. You need to do things, live exemplary lives and teach others how to live by your example. Quit literature if you want to listen to the old man. Well for me! I will die soon…"

“Over the years, Tolstoy expresses his opinions about women more and more often. These opinions are terrible."

“If a comparison is needed, then marriage should be compared with a funeral, and not with a name day,” said Leo Tolstoy.

“The man was walking alone; five pounds were tied to his shoulders, and he was happy. What can I say, that if I walk alone, then I am free, but if my leg is tied to a woman’s leg, then she will drag behind me and interfere with me.

- Why did you get married? – asked the Countess.

“I didn’t know it then.”

Leo Tolstoy with his wife
Despite the interesting facts about Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy described above, he always declared that highest value in society it is a family.

“Indeed, Paris is not at all in harmony with its spiritual system; He’s a strange person, I’ve never met anyone like him and I don’t quite understand him. A mixture of poet, Calvinist, fanatic, barich - something reminiscent of Rousseau, but more honest than Rousseau - a highly moral and at the same time unsympathetic creature.

If you want to get acquainted with more detailed information from the biography of Tolstoy, then we recommend that you read it own work"Confession". We are sure that some things from the personal life of the outstanding thinker will simply shock you!

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A brief message about the personal life and work of L.N. Tolstoy for children of grades 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Tolstoy was born in 1828 in the Yasnaya Polyana estate in big family nobles His mother and father died early, and he was raised by a relative who influenced the boy big influence. But Lev Nikolaevich remembered the appearance of his parents well and subsequently reflected them in the heroes of his works. In short, Tolstoy spent his childhood years quite happily. Subsequently, he recalled that time with warmth; it repeatedly served as material for his creativity.

At the age of 13, Tolstoy moved with his family to Kazan. There he entered the university, where he first studied oriental languages and then law. But the young man never finished university and returned to Yasnaya Polyana. There, however, he decided to take up his education and independently study many different sciences. Still, he spent only one summer in the village and soon moved to St. Petersburg with the goal of passing exams at the university.

A brief biography of Tolstoy in his young years comes down to an intense search for himself and his calling. Either he plunged headlong into festivities and revelry, or he led the life of an ascetic, indulging in religious thoughts. But during these years the young count already felt a love for literary creativity.

In 1851, he and his older brother, an officer, went to the Caucasus, where they took part in military operations. The time spent there left an indelible impression on Tolstoy. During these years he worked on the story “Childhood”, which later, together with two other stories, brought the aspiring writer great fame. Next, Tolstoy was transferred to serve first in Bucharest, and then in Sevastopol, where he participated in the Crimean campaign and showed great courage.

After the end of the war, Tolstoy went to St. Petersburg and became a member of the famous Sovremennik circle, but he did not take root in it and soon went abroad. Returning to the family nest, the writer discovered there famous school, intended for peasant children. Tolstoy was very fascinated by the cause of education, and he became interested in the organization of schools in Europe, for which he again went abroad. Soon Lev Nikolaevich married young S.A. Bers. Tolstoy's short biography during this period was marked by quiet family happiness.

At the same time, the writer first began work on his great work “War and Peace”, and then on another, no less famous novel- “Anna Karenina”.
The 1880s sometimes became a serious spiritual crisis for Lev Nikolaevich. This was reflected in a number of his works of that time, such as, for example, “Confession”. Tolstoy thinks a lot about faith, the meaning of life, social inequality, criticizes state institutions and achievements of civilization. He also works on religious treatises. The writer wanted to see Christianity as a practical religion, purified from any mysticism. He criticized Orthodox Church and its rapprochement with the state, and then completely moved away from it. At the beginning of the 20th century he was officially excommunicated from the Church. The whole range of their emotional experiences Lev Nikolaevich reflected those years in his last novel"Resurrection".

Tolstoy's drama was expressed in a severance of relations not only with the Church, but also with own family. In the fall of 1910, the elderly writer secretly left home, but, already in poor health, fell ill on the road and died a week later, on November 7. Lev Nikolaevich was buried in Yasnaya Polyana. One can briefly say this about Tolstoy: he was truly a great literary genius. His work was so loved by readers that the writer’s departure became great grief for millions of people who lived not only in Russia, but also in the most different corners peace.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is a talented person whose works are read not only by adults, but also by schoolchildren. Who doesn’t know such works as, or Anna Karenina? It is probably difficult to find a person who is not familiar with creativity of this writer. Let's get to know the writer Tolstoy better by briefly studying his biography.

Brief biography of Tolstoy: the most important things

L.N. Tolstoy - philosopher, playwright, most talented person, who gave us his heritage. Studying it short biography for children in grades 5 and 4, it will allow you to better understand the writer and study his life, from birth to his last days.

The childhood and youth of Leo Tolstoy

The biography of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy begins with his birth in the Tula province. This happened in 1828. He was the fourth child in a noble family. If we talk briefly about the writer’s childhood and his biography, then at the age of two he lost his father, and seven years later he lost his father and was raised by his aunt in Kazan. The first story of Leo Tolstoy’s famous trilogy “Childhood” tells us about the writer’s childhood years.

Leo Tolstoy received his primary education at home, after which he entered Kazan University at the Faculty of Philology. But the young man had no desire to study, and Tolstoy wrote a letter of resignation. On his parents' estate he tries his hand at farming, but the endeavor ends in failure. After which, on the advice of his brother, he goes to fight in the Caucasus, and later becomes a participant in the Crimean War.

Literary creativity and heritage

If we talk about Tolstoy’s work, his first work is the story Childhood, written in his cadet years. In 1852, the story was published in Sovremennik. Already at this time, Tolstoy was put on a par with such writers as Ostrovsky and.

While in the Caucasus, the writer will write Cossacks, and then begin writing, which will be a continuation of the first story. There will be other work young writer, after all creative activity did not interfere with serving Tolstoy went hand in hand with his participation in Crimean War. Sevastopol stories appear from the writer's pen.

After the war he lives in St. Petersburg, in Paris. Upon returning to Russia, Tolstoy wrote the third story in 1857, which belongs to the autobiographical trilogy.

Having married Sophia Burns, Tolstoy stayed at his parents' estate, where he continued to create. His most popular work and his first major novel is War and Peace, which was written over a period of ten years. After him he writes no less famous work Anna Karenina.

The eighties were fruitful for the writer. He wrote comedies, novels, dramas, including After the Ball, Sunday and others. At that time, the writer’s worldview had already been formed. The essence of his worldview is clearly visible in his “Confession”, in the work “What is my faith?” Many of his admirers began to regard Tolstoy as a spiritual mentor.

In his work, the writer harshly posed questions of faith and the meaning of life, and criticized state institutions.

The authorities were very afraid of the writer’s pen, so they kept an eye on him, and also had a hand in ensuring that Tolstoy was excommunicated from the church. However, people continued to love and support the writer.