Oral folk art of the 19th century. Russian folkloristics of the 19th century

2nd half of the 19th century - the heyday of Russian music. On the initiative of M. Bala-kirev and M. Mussorgsky, the “Mighty Handful” (Ts. Cui, A. Borodin, N. Rimsky-Korsakov) arose. Its members sought to convey the “truth of life” and the peculiarities of the national character. The plots of the operas “Boris Godunov”, “Khovanshchina” (Mu Sorgsky), “Woman of Pskov” (Rimsky-Korsakov), “Prince Igor” (Borodin) are rooted in Russian history. Music (r.t. 1 ) M.P. Mussorgsky.

Greatest Contribution P.I. Tchaikovsky contributed to the treasury of world musical art. His operas are “Eugene Onegin”, “The Queen of Spades”, ballets “ Swan Lake", "Sleeping Beauty" and others make up the pride of the repertoire largest theaters worldwide. In the century, the talent of S. Taneev, A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov, A. Arensky, S. Rachmaninov, A. Scriabin and others flourished. Music. P.I. Tchaikovsky. Photo from 1860

On theater stage Opera singers shone - V. Petrov, P. Khokhlov, B. Korsov, D. Leonidova and others. A huge role in the popularization classical music played by N. Rubinstein. On his initiative, were created Moscow branch Russian Musical Society, Symphony Orchestra, Moscow Conservatory (1866), sheet music book publishing house. Music. Moscow Conservatory. K.19th century.

Theater played a huge role in the cultural life of that time. It was not only a place of entertainment, but also a place where various public opinions were expressed and heated philosophical debates took place. Theaters operated in 100 cities. In 1865, on the initiative of A. Ostrovsky and N. Rubinstein, the Artistic Circle arose, which became the center of theatrical life. Theater. Monument to A.N. Ostrovsky.

Leading place The Maly Theater played a role in the development of the Russian theater. A. Ostrovsky wrote plays especially for him, and then staged them. He shone in St. Petersburg Mariinskii Opera House. The 2nd half of the 19th century produced a whole galaxy of outstanding actors, acting dynasties appeared - the Sadovskys, the Samoilovs, the Vasilievs. The “star” of the Russian theater was M.N. Ermolova, the prima of the Maly Theater. Theater (r.t.4) M.N. Ermolova in the role of Joan of Arc.

Bogorodskaya toy. The emergence of large-scale industry led to the disappearance of small-scale handicraft production and to the transformation of folk crafts into a branch of art. Symbols were made in Trinity - Sergiev Posad Russian dolls and a business for the production of Bogorodsk toys from linden was opened. In 1900, nesting dolls were triumphantly presented at the World Exhibition in Paris. Local craftsmen made sets that included up to 50 figures. Arts and crafts (r.t.5)

In the village of Dymkovo near Vyatka, clay whistle toys were made in the shape of people, animals, and birds. They were painted with bright aniline dyes. Characteristic feature Dymkovo toys steel puffy collars, frills, bright geometric ornament. The Gzhel ornament - blue painting on white faience and porcelain - has retained its originality. Arts and crafts. Circus goat. Dymkovo toy.

Khokhloma painting occupies a special place among folk crafts. According to legend, it appeared thanks to a schismatic elder who, hiding in the monastery, began the trade, and then passed on its secrets to the men who saved him. In the 19th century the industry, which could not withstand competition with factory production, experienced a crisis, but was saved by the Nizhny Novgorod zemstvo and soon became national pride. Arts and crafts. Bro. Khokhloma painting.

Features of the culture of the 19th century 1. Several directions are clearly visible 2. Culture becomes more democratic and increasingly critical of the existing order, tries to convey to the authorities the most painful problems 3. Everything is a source of inspiration for cultural masters to a greater extent becomes folk art and traditions 4. Art solves the problems of educating the people, striving to involve broad sections of the people in its achievements.

Russian-Turkish War 1828-1829

Foreign policy of Nicholas 1 in 1826-1849

Under Nicholas I, Russia played a leading role in the life of Europe. The two main directions of its foreign policy were the fight against revolutions and attempts to resolve the Eastern Question.

The post of Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia since 1822 was held by K.V. Nesselrode, who considered the main goal of his activities to be counteraction to the revolutionary movement.

Nicholas I planned a military campaign in France to suppress the revolution, but in November 1830 an uprising broke out in Poland. In September 1831, Russian troops under the command of Count I.F. Paskevich took Warsaw after a fierce assault. The result of the uprising was the abolition of the Polish Constitution of 1815, the autonomy of Poland was significantly curtailed.

In February 1848, France began new revolution. King Louis Philippe was overthrown and a republic was proclaimed.

Nicholas I perceived these events with great concern. On February 25, 1848, he broke off diplomatic relations with France, and on March 14, he issued a manifesto written in his own hand, in which he announced the need for a decisive fight “against the turmoil.” In 1849, at the request of Austria, Nicholas I sent an army of 140,000 to Hungary, which within a few weeks defeated the armed forces of the rebels, who had previously defeated the Austrian troops, and put an end to the uprising in this part of the Austrian Empire.

Russian-Iranian War 1826-1828 Having received news of the events in St. Petersburg in December 1825, the Shah of Iran decided to return the territories ceded to Russia under the treaty of 1813. England actively supported him in this endeavor.

In 1849, 15 German states entered into an agreement on Union, Nicholas 1 made every effort to prevent the emergence of Central Europe of a large state, as this threatened to undermine its influence. All this could not but affect the interests of other European powers, concerned about Russia's significant efforts. Immediately after the end of the war with Iran, Russia declared war on Turkey. Where Turkey was successfully defeated. On September 2, 1829, the Treaty of Adriantipole was signed.

In the second half of the 19th century. in the history of Russian theater comes new era- plays by the great Russian playwright A. N. Ostrovsky appear on stage. Ostrovsky's dramaturgy is the whole theater, and in this theater a galaxy grew the most talented actors who glorified Russian performing arts.

In addition to Ostrovsky's plays in Russian drama, the second half of the 19th century V. plays by A.V. Sukhovo-Kobylin, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, A.K. Tolstoy, L.N. Tolstoy appear. The theater follows the path of affirming truth and realism.

In the second half of the 19th century. interest in Russian is growing significantly modern drama. Revolutionary-democratic criticism, led by Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, supports Ostrovsky’s dramaturgy, which exposes dark kingdom tyrant merchants, corruption and hypocrisy of the bureaucratic machine of the Russian autocracy.

The first performance of Ostrovsky’s play took place on January 14, 1853 on the stage of the Maly Theater, when the comedy “Don’t Get in Your Own Sleigh” was played. The Maly Theater acquired great social significance in the 50-70s of the 19th century. His role in cultural life Russia is extremely large. No wonder the Maly Theater for its high educational and educational role called the second university. It was he who established Ostrovsky's dramaturgy on stage.

Collective artistic creative activity, reflecting the life of the ethnos, its ideals, its views, has absorbed the folk art of Russia. The people created and circulated from generation to generation epics, fairy tales, legends - this is a genre of poetry, original music sounded - plays, tunes, songs, the favorite festive spectacle was theatrical performances - mainly it was a puppet theater. But dramas and satirical plays were staged there. Russian folk art also penetrated deeply into dance, art, arts and crafts. Russian dances also originated in ancient times. Folk art Russia erected historical background for modern artistic culture, became the source artistic traditions, an exponent of the self-awareness of the people.

Orally and in writing

Written literary works appeared much later than those oral gems that filled the precious box of folklore since pagan times. Those same proverbs, sayings, riddles, songs and round dances, spells and conspiracies, epics and fairy tales that Russian folk art has cut to a brilliant shine. The ancient Russian epic reflected the spirituality of our people, traditions, real events, features of everyday life, revealed and preserved exploits historical characters. So, for example, Vladimir the Red Sun, everyone’s favorite prince, was based on a real prince - Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, the hero Dobrynya Nikitich - the uncle of Vladimir the First, boyar Dobrynya. The types of oral folk art are extremely diverse.

With the advent of Christianity in the tenth century, great Russian literature and its history began. Gradually, with its help, the Old Russian language took shape and became unified. The first books were handwritten, decorated with gold and other precious metals, gems, enamel. They were very expensive, so people didn’t know them for a long time. However, with the strengthening of religion, books penetrated into the most remote corners of the Russian land, since the people needed to know the works of Ephraim the Syrian, John Chrysostom and other religious translated literature. The original Russian one is now represented by chronicles, biographies of saints (lives), rhetorical teachings ("Words", one of them - "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"), walks (or walks, travel notes) and many other genres that are not so well known . The fourteenth century gave whole line exceptionally significant folklore monuments. Some types of oral folk art, such as epics, became written. This is how “Sadko” and “Vasily Buslaev” appeared, recorded by the storytellers.

Examples of folk art

Oral creativity served as a treasure trove people's memory. Heroic Confrontation Tatar-Mongol yoke and to other invaders it was sung from mouth to mouth. It was on the basis of such songs that stories were created that have survived to this day: about the battle on Kalka, where “seventy great and brave” gain our freedom, about Evpatiy Kolovrat, who defended Ryazan from Batu, about Mercury, who defended Smolensk. Russia preserved the facts against the Baskak Shevkal, about Shchelkan Dudentievich, and these songs were sung far beyond the borders of the Tver principality. Compilers of epics conveyed the events of the Kulikovo Field to distant descendants, and old images of Russian heroes were still used by the people for folk works dedicated to the fight against the Golden Horde.

Until the end of the tenth century, the inhabitants of Kievo-Novgorod Rus' did not yet know writing. However, this pre-literary period brought to this day golden literary works passed on from mouth to mouth and from generation to generation. And now Russian folk art festivals are held, where the same songs, tales and epics of a thousand years ago are heard. Ancient genres that still resonate today include epics, songs, fairy tales, legends, riddles, sayings, and proverbs. Most of folklore works that have come down to us - poetry. The poetic form makes it easy to memorize texts, and therefore for many centuries folklore works passed down through generations, changing towards expediency, polishing from one talented storyteller to another.

Small genres

Small-sized works belong to small genres of folklore. These are parables: puns, tongue twisters, proverbs, jokes, riddles, signs, sayings, proverbs, what oral folk art gave us. Riddles are one of them artistic manifestations folk poetry that originated in orally. Hint or allegory, circumlocution, roundabout speech - allegorical description in in brief any object - that’s what a riddle is according to V.I. Dahl. In other words, an allegorical image of phenomena of reality or an object that has to be guessed. Even here, oral folk art provided for multivariance. Riddles can be descriptions, allegories, questions, tasks. Most often they consist of two parts - a question and an answer, a riddle and a guess, interconnected. They are diverse in topic and are closely related to work and everyday life: animals and vegetable world, nature, tools and activities.

Proverbs and sayings that have survived to this day from the most ancient times are apt expressions and wise thoughts. Most often they are also two-part, where the parts are proportional and often rhyme. The meaning of sayings and proverbs is usually direct and figurative, containing morality. We often see diversity in proverbs and sayings, that is, many versions of a proverb with the same moral. a generalizing meaning that is higher. The oldest of them date back to the twelfth century. The history of Russian folk art notes that many proverbs have survived to this day shortened, sometimes having lost even their original meaning. So, they say: “He ate the dog on this matter,” implying high professionalism, but the Russian people in the old days continued: “Yes, he choked on his tail.” I mean, no, not that tall.

Music

Ancient types of folk musical creativity Russia are based primarily on the song genre. A song is a musical and verbal genre at the same time, either lyrical or narrative work, which is intended purely for singing. songs can be lyrical, dance, ritual, historical, and they all express aspirations individual person, and the feelings of many people, they are always in tune with the social internal state.

Are there love experiences, thoughts about fate, a description of social or family life- this should always be interesting to listeners, and without inclusion in the song state of mind as many people as possible will not listen to the singer. People are very fond of the technique of parallelism when the mood lyrical hero transferred to nature. “Why are you standing there, swaying, “No night has a bright month,” for example. And it’s almost rare to come across folk song, in which this parallelism is absent. Even in historical songs - "Ermak", "Stepan Razin" and others - it constantly appears. This makes the emotional sound of the song much stronger, and the song itself is perceived much brighter.

Epic and fairy tale

The genre of folk art took shape much earlier than the ninth century, and the term “epic” appeared only in the nineteenth century and denoted a heroic song of an epic nature. We know epics sung in the ninth century, although they were probably not the first, they simply did not reach us, having been lost through the centuries. Every child knows well the epic heroes - heroes who embodied the ideal people's patriotism, courage and strength: merchant Sadko and Ilya Muromets, giant Svyatogor and Mikula Selyaninovich. The plot of the epic is most often filled with real-life situations, but it is also significantly enriched with fantastic fictions: they have a teleport (they can instantly cover distances from Murom to Kiev), they can defeat an army alone (“if you wave to the right, there will be a street, if you wave to the left, there will be an alley.” ), and, of course, monsters: three-headed dragons - Gorynychi Snakes. Types of folk art in Russia oral genres this is not limited to. There are also fairy tales and legends.

Epics differ from fairy tales in that latest events completely fictitious. There are two types of fairy tales: everyday and magical. In everyday life they are depicted in a variety of ways, but ordinary people- princes and princesses, kings and kings, soldiers and workers, peasants and priests in the most ordinary setting. A fairy tales They always attract fantastic forces, obtain artifacts with wonderful properties, and so on. The fairy tale is usually optimistic, which is why it differs from the plot of others genre works. In fairy tales, only good usually wins; evil forces are always defeated and ridiculed in every possible way. Legend as opposed to fairy tale - oral history about a miracle fantastic image, an incredible event that should be perceived as authentic by the narrator and listeners. Pagan legends have reached us about the creation of the world, the origin of countries, seas, peoples, and the exploits of both fictional and real heroes.

Today

Contemporary folk art in Russia cannot represent precisely ethnic culture, since this culture is pre-industrial. Any modern settlement - from the smallest village to a metropolis - is a fusion of various ethnic groups, and natural development each without the slightest mixing and borrowing is simply impossible. What is now called folk art is rather a deliberate stylization, folklorization, behind which stands professional art, which is inspired by ethnic motives.

Sometimes this is amateur creativity, like mass culture, and the work of artisans. In fairness, it should be noted that only folk crafts - decorative and applied arts - can be considered the purest and still developing. There is also, in addition to professional, ethnic creativity, although production has long been put on an assembly line and the opportunities for improvisation are scanty.

People and creativity

What do people mean by the word people? The population of the country, the nation. But, for example, dozens of distinctive ethnic groups live in Russia, and folk art has general features, available in the sum of all ethnic groups. Chuvash, Tatars, Mari, even the Chukchi - don’t musicians, artists, architects borrow from each other in modern creativity? But their common features are comprehended elite culture. And therefore, in addition to the nesting doll, we have a certain export product, which is our joint business card. A minimum of opposition, a maximum of general unification within the nation, this is the direction contemporary creativity peoples of Russia. Today it is:

• ethnic (folklorized) creativity,
• amateur creativity,
• creativity of the common people,
• amateur creativity.

Craving for aesthetic activity will be alive as long as a person lives. And that is why art flourishes today.

Art, creativity hobby

Art is practiced by the elite, where extraordinary talent is required, and works are an indicator of the level aesthetic development humanity. It has very little to do with folk art, except for inspiration: all composers, for example, wrote symphonies using the melodies of folk songs. But this is by no means a folk song. Property traditional culture- creativity as an indicator of the development of a team or an individual. Such a culture can develop successfully and in many ways. And the result of mass culture, like a master’s pattern, presented to the people for feasible repetition, is a hobby, an aesthetics of this kind, which is designed to relieve stress from the mechanical nature of modern life.

Here you can notice some signs of the original beginning, in the artistic folk art drawing themes and means of expression. These are quite common technological processes: weaving, embroidery, carving, forging and casting, decorative painting, embossing, and so on. True folk art did not know the contrasts of changes in artistic styles a whole millennium. Now this has been significantly enriched in modern folk art. The degree of stylization changes as well as the nature of the interpretation of all the old borrowed motifs.

Applied arts

Folklore has been known since ancient times applied creativity Russia. This is perhaps the only species that has not undergone fundamental changes to this day. These items have been used to decorate and improve home and public life since ancient times. Rural crafts mastered even quite complex designs that were quite suitable in modern life.

Although now all these items carry not so much a practical, but an aesthetic load. This includes jewelry, whistle toys, and interior decorations. Various areas and regions had their own arts, crafts and handicrafts. The most famous and striking are the following.

Shawls and samovars

The Orenburg shawl includes shawls, warm and heavy, and weightless scarves and web scarves. Knitting patterns that came from afar are unique; they identify eternal truths in the understanding of harmony, beauty, and order. The goats of the Orenburg region are also special, they produce unusual fluff, it can be spun thinly and firmly. Tula masters are a match for the eternal knitters of Orenburg. They were not discoverers: the first copper samovar was found in excavations in the Volga region city of Dubovka, the find dates back to the beginning of the Middle Ages.

Tea took root in Russia in the seventeenth century. But the first samovar workshops appeared in Tula. This unit is still in honor, and drinking tea from a samovar is pine cones- quite an ordinary phenomenon in dachas. They are extremely varied in shape and decoration - barrels, vases, with painted ligature, embossing, decorations of handles and taps, original works art, and also extremely convenient in everyday life. Already at the beginning of the nineteenth century, up to 1200 samovars were produced in Tula per year! They were sold by weight. Brass ones cost sixty-four rubles per pood, and red copper ones cost ninety. This is a lot of money.

Russian culture in the second half of the 19th century. - a multifaceted environment in which music, theater and folk art can be separately distinguished. Russian music of that time represented folk musical traditions, the use of themes from epics, legends, fairy tales, set to music, adapted for the Russian listener. Among the composers of that time we can highlight P.I. Tchaikovsky, M.P. Mussorgsky, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, A.P. Borodin and others. Russian theater of that time was an art form with which it was possible to express any ideas, and to color it emotionally. Famous playwright second half of the 19th century was A.N. Ostrovsky, and one of famous actresses- M.N. Ermolova. The spark of Russian folk art did not fade at this time. You will learn about all this in more detail from this lesson.

Rice. 2. N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov - Russian composer ()

Rice. 3. A.P. Borodin - Russian composer ()

Rice. 4. M.A. Balakirev - Russian composer ()

Rice. 5. Ts.A. Cui - Russian composer ()

The indicated time is the view of the creative Russian intelligentsia on ourselves, an attempt to get away from Western influence and find something of your own, original. This truly Russian finds its expression in folk epic, national epics, folk art. All this was creatively processed by Russian composers and musicians and presented to listeners in a form adapted for them.

Russian composers created such wonderful operas as “Boris Godunov” (Fig. 6) and “Khovanshchina” by Mussorgsky. These were real classical works using Russian musical instruments and samples of musical creativity.

Speaking of Russian musical art second halfXIXc., it is impossible to ignore the work of the wonderful composer P.I. Tchaikovsky (Fig. 7). He was a real genius of Russian music - almost everything in this area was subject to him. Tchaikovsky is the author of such famous musical works as the ballets “Swan Lake”, “Sleeping Beauty”, “The Nutcracker” (Fig. 8).

Rice. 6. Still from the opera “Boris Godunov” by M.P. Mussorgsky ()

Rice. 7. P.I. Tchaikovsky - Russian composer, virtuoso musician ()

Rice. 8. Still from the ballet “The Nutcracker” by P.I. Tchaikovsky ()

A special place in Russian culture of the second halfXIX V. occupied national theater. At that time it was one of the most important forms of art. Theater at that time was an opportunity to legally express an idea and give it a certain emotional state.

Over a hundred Russian cities had in the second halfXIXV. own acting troupes and theaters. Despite the difference in qualifications of actors and directors of various theaters in different cities, opportunities and productions of works, theatrical life was in full swing in the Russian Empire.

The main theaters in Russia were Moscow theaters, and the leading one was the Maly Theater, in which the main playwright and director was A.N. Ostrovsky (Fig. 9). He wrote about fifty plays for the Maly Theater, personally worked with the troupe, and personally took part in the production. The leading theme of Ostrovsky in his theatrical works there was a fight against violence. In his opinion, no form of violence against the human person was acceptable; Only getting rid of violence against people is the way to save humanity. Among the most famous works A.N. Ostrovsky’s plays include “The Thunderstorm” (Fig. 10), “We Will Be Our Own People,” and “Poverty is Not a Vice.”

Rice. 9. A.N. Ostrovsky - Russian playwright ()

Rice. 10. Still from the play “The Thunderstorm” by A.N. Ostrovsky ()

The acting environment in Russian theaters at that time was very specific. The fact is that most Russian acting names were “dynastic” - acting passed down from generation to generation. The most famous acting families of the second half of the 19th century. - these are the Samoilovs, Vasilievs. The attitude towards actors of that time was ambivalent. On the one hand, these were very popular and respected people, since they brought art to the masses, but, on the other hand, the upper strata of society perceived the actors as actors, since the nobles had fresh memories of them as serfs.

Nevertheless, world-class acting talents were born in Russia. Such people include M.N. Ermolov (Fig. 11) is an amazing Russian actress who became popular from childhood and became more and more talented over the years, and her acting abilities were revealed more and more clearly.

Rice. 11. M.N. Ermolova - Russian actress ()

Folk crafts in the second half of the 19th century. continued to exist. Despite the rapid development of Russia in the 19th century. - the industrial revolution, the development of science and technology, art - folk crafts such as Khokhloma (Fig. 12), Mstera (Fig. 13), Gzhel (Fig. 14) did not disappear.

1. Children's art school No. 12 ().
2. Biofile.ru ().
3. Historyrusedu.ru ().
4. Nashfilm.ru ().

Homework

1. Tell us about the music of the second half of the 19th century. What directions can you highlight in it? List the main Russian composers of that time.
2. What was Russian theater second half of the 19th century? What was its specificity?
3. Why in Russian society, despite its rapid development, has Russian folk art been preserved?