Basements of a complex of apartment buildings of a Moscow merchant society. Samuel Vermeil a brief historical sketch of the activities of the Moscow branch of the society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia

THE DECREE REMAINS IN FORCE (SPEECH AT THE SOLEMN MEETING OF THE ALL-RUSSIAN EXTRAORDINARY COMMISSION FOR THE ELIMINATION OF ILLITERACY AND THE PRESIDIUM OF THE CENTRAL AND MOSCOW COUNCIL OF THE "DOWN WITH ILLTERACY" SOCIETY) LIFE DICTSComrades, when it comes to, for example,

The Trading House of the Moscow Merchant Society is a building in Moscow, built in the rational modernist style by the architect F. O. Shekhtel in 1909-1911. Located at Maly Cherkassky Lane, building 2.

In the 1920s and 30s, the building housed the People's Commissariat of Health.

The building was built in the style of rational modernism, and in its appearance one can see elements of future constructivism and formalism. The composition of the facade is based on rhythmically changing vertical and horizontal divisions in the form of large windows and semi-elliptical vertical pilasters.

The windows occupying most of the façade plane were made possible thanks to the use of the frame structure of the building. The vertical pilasters located between the windows at the fourth floor level are decorated with metal strips with relief and are crowned on the top floor with arched niches in which sculptural antique masks are located.

The last, fifth floor is slightly smaller in height; the building ends with a cornice with rounded corners.

The structure of merchant self-government bodies has its roots in the distant past. In the Moscow state by the 16th century. the population was organized into hundreds and settlements, which were self-governing Traction Unions. But even then the embryo of self-government appeared - the General Meeting of sotskys and elders of all hundreds and settlements began to be convened. From this board came petitions to the Orders or directly to the Tsar regarding their needs.

In the 18th century, starting from the reign of Peter I, merchants were divided into guilds. Even then, a new body arose in Moscow, uniting merchants of all 3 guilds - the “Guild of Moscow Merchants” (GMC). It existed until April 1785, when, by City Regulations, Catherine II granted the merchant class new rights and advantages, allowed them to gather in Classes and form Societies; instead of the posad, she introduced citywide self-government - by creating the "Gradsky Society" she gave merchants the right to be elected to positions that could be passed on by inheritance. In the Guild, executive functions belonged to the Presence of all guild elders and elders, and administrative functions belonged to the Civil Council, the meeting of all merchants. All guild merchants could appear at them, so representation in the assembly was unstable and fickle. This order changed in 1805, when "GMC" was transformed into the "Merchant Department of the House of Gradsky Society." The meeting of the City Society in Moscow actually replaced meetings in the Guild; the councils of the Merchant Society began to be chaired by the mayor, as a rule, from eminent merchants.

By 1863, the MKO not only managed the affairs of the merchant class, but also actually replaced the completely atrophied City Duma, which from the beginning of the 19th century. I stopped gathering altogether. In 1863, the merchant class achieved complete self-government. At the head of self-government were elected merchant councils and an assembly of elected representatives of honorary citizens and merchants. In 1918, the MKO suspended its functions, and was revived by an initiative group in 1995.

The territory inside Kitay-Gorod was traditionally considered a merchant area in Moscow - from time immemorial there were numerous rows and markets, shops, warehouses and wholesalers' offices. At the beginning of the 19th century, a plot of land between Cherkassky Lane and the Kitaygorodskaya Wall near Lubyanka Square belonged to retired lieutenant N.D. Pashkov, who donated it to the Moscow merchant society. The merchants along the perimeter built the courtyard with stone two-story shops, which rented them out. On September 15, 1881, there was a strong fire, which they could not put out - the glow of the fire obscured the street lamps even in Zamoskvorechye. In 1882, on the site of the fire, stone buildings were erected according to the design of the architect B.V. Freudenberg, using old German Gothic motifs of Hanseatic trade buildings in their design. Later, the complex of buildings on the side of the courtyard facades was built on one floor while maintaining the general pseudo-Gothic style. Apartments were rented out in the new premises.

Market on New Square. On the left, behind the colonnade of the Church of St. John the Evangelist is the house of the Moscow Merchant Society (before the superstructure), on the right are the shops built on the inside of the Kitai-Gorod wall.

It should be noted that Stalin’s redevelopment of the city in the early thirties played a cruel joke on the building. At that time, the Soviet press especially emphasized the appearance of a new spacious avenue, which arose on the site of the demolished Kitai-Gorod wall and ran from Lubyanka to Varvarskaya Square. But the front side of Freudenberg's building faced the alley, and its rear part was closed by a wall! Now, the wide Lubyanka Square faces the four rear buildings of this complex with a complex layout, one of which, moreover, is plastered and painted beige instead of brick red. This architectural absurdity is partly compensated for by the neighboring house, which also belonged to the Moscow Merchant Society. It was built in 1909-1911. Fyodor Osipovich Shekhtel, and he clearly demonstrates the change in artistic tastes at the turn of the century - the building is decorated in the spirit of Art Nouveau and is one of the textbook examples of this style within the architecture of public buildings.

The neighboring MKO house, built by Shekhtel.

The front facade from Bolshoi Cherkassky Lane. Part of the building belongs to the Central Election Commission, and smiling FSO employees politely asked me to erase the photographs. I pretended to do the laundry :)

I remember how back in the eighties, luxurious Gothic lamps (even if they were no longer working then) hung on figured cast-iron brackets in pointed arches, which have now disappeared to God knows where.

The Trading House of the Moscow Merchant Society is a building in Moscow, built in the rational modernist style by the architect F. O. Shekhtel in 1909-1911. Located at Maly Cherkassky Lane, building 2.

In the 1920s and 30s, the building housed the People's Commissariat of Health.

The building was built in the style of rational modernism, and in its appearance one can see elements of future constructivism and formalism. The composition of the facade is based on rhythmically changing vertical and horizontal divisions in the form of large windows and semi-elliptical vertical pilasters.

The windows occupying most of the façade plane were made possible thanks to the use of the frame structure of the building. The vertical pilasters located between the windows at the fourth floor level are decorated with metal strips with relief and are crowned on the top floor with arched niches in which sculptural antique masks are located.

The last, fifth floor is slightly smaller in height; the building ends with a cornice with rounded corners.

Apartment building of the Moscow Merchant Society- a historical apartment building in Moscow, the main facade faces Neglinnaya Street, occupies a block between Kuznetsky Most and Pushechnaya streets. Built by order of the Moscow Merchant Society by architect A. S. Kaminsky in - years. The building is a valuable city-forming object.

Story

The territory on which the three-story house is currently located, occupying the front part of the entire block along Neglinnaya Street from Kuznetsky Most to Pushechnaya Street, in the Middle Ages bordered the Cannon Yard. In the 17th century, the plot belonged to the okolnichi prince P. Lvov, then to his descendants. In the 1770s - 1780s there was a state drinking house here, and by the end of the 18th century there were courtyards for the clergy of the Military Hospital near the Church of the Resurrection, which were demolished during the expansion of the Neglinnaya River canal. In 1822, the plot was acquired by the merchant A. Bekkers, whose family owned it until the 1860s. In the early 1820s, an extended two-story building was built along Neglinny Proezd, facing Kuznetsky Most at an angle. In the 1820s, the house housed the confectionery shops of Pedotti, Duble, Tremblay, a drawing shop, I. Grabe's perfume shop, as well as a number of fashion stores. In 1859, a store of musical instruments and sheet music was opened in the building by A. B. Guthel, who became one of the largest music publishers in Russia. In the mid-1850s, the dentist L. Adelgeim, the father of the tragic artists the Adelgeim brothers, settled in the house.

View of the building in the 1910s. From the corner - the entrance to the Faberge store

After the Bekkers, ownership passed to honorary citizen K.S. Popov, and in 1874 the site was acquired by the Moscow Merchant Society. The house housed the Merchant Council, which in 1887 entrusted the senior architect of the Society, the experienced architect A. S. Kaminsky, with the construction of a new building. In the winter of 1888, the almost completed building suddenly collapsed, and under its rubble, 11 people died and 11 more were seriously injured. The investigation revealed numerous violations during the work, as a result of which A. S. Kaminsky was sentenced to “church repentance and six weeks in a guardhouse,” which was then replaced by house arrest.

The collapsed building was completed in 1889. The house is a prime example of large business buildings in the classical style. The symmetrical axial composition of the building has three actively selected vertical axes, corresponding to the three main entrances from Neglinnaya Street. The main accent of the main facade is three two-story loggias framed by Ionic columns. The side façade facing Kuznetsky Most is emphatically secondary to the main one; it uses only design elements of the connecting parts of the façade along Neglinnaya Street. The transition of the facade to the side wing is decorated with a cut corner and a separate entrance and attic located above the corner part located in this place. In the design of the corner of the building, sculptural images of women’s heads were used, already dating back to the decorative techniques of Art Nouveau at the beginning of the 20th century.

After the construction of the apartment building, a Faberge company store was located on its corner. There was also a furniture store of the company P. A. Shmit (later N. P. Shmit was here), the offices and editorial offices of the publisher A. Ya. Lipskerov were located - the popular Moscow newspaper “News of the Day” and the magazine for cyclists “Cyclist”, the office of the newspaper “The New Path”, a bookstore with a library of the “Paris Press Agency”, D. Feineman’s dental office, the music store “E. Eberg and Co., confectionery stores Flay and Duble, jewelry stores Ovchinnikov, F. Laurie and A. Ustallo. In 1906, the facade of the building was slightly changed by the architect A. E. Erichson, in 1907 - by V. V. Sherwood. These reconstructions had virtually no effect on the composition and general appearance of the building, affecting only some decorative elements.

In the 1920s, the building housed the bookstore of the Molodaya Gvardiya publishing house and the Moscow Real Estate Administration (MUNI) of the Moscow City Executive Committee. In 1921, the Moscow office of A. Hammer was opened on the ground floor, and later the Moscow branch of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments was located. In the early 1990s, the popular kebab shop Polevoy Stan operated on the ground floor of the house. Currently, the former house of the Moscow Merchant Society is occupied by the Moscow Department of Culture. numerous restaurants and shops. The interiors of the building have been preserved much worse than their appearance - the main staircases, the design of landings and arched windows on the second and third floors have survived to this day. The building is classified as a valuable city-forming object.

see also

Notes

1. Register of Cultural Heritage Sites. Open data portal of the Moscow government. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
2. , With. 381.
3. , With. 87.
4. , With. 75.
5. Kuznetsova S. The Golden Age of Russian hackwork // Money. - March 24, 2008. - No. 11.
6. Shevatov B. A. Moscow architect Alexander Kaminsky and his latest masterpiece // Architecture and construction of Moscow. - January 16, 2004. - No. 6. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
7. , With. 217.
8. , With. 221.
9. , With. 127.
10. , With. 204.
11. A big deal. Russian word (September 5, 1906). Retrieved February 11, 2011. Archived January 23, 2012.