Features of state historical and cultural expertise and its role in the formation of the phenomenon of “historical and cultural monument”. Vorontsov Palace and Park Ensemble

Currently, the importance of historical and cultural monuments in the formation of worldview, national self-awareness and collective and individual identity is constantly increasing. This phenomenon resists the pressure of globalization and internationalization, the dominance of electronic, including social, networks and telecommunications. The accessibility, mass character and soullessness of these phenomena lead to the leveling of the consciousness of individuals and, ultimately, find expression in social explosions based on nationalism, religious extremism and social inequality. Cultural heritage in this situation is the object of intense ideological, religious, political and economic struggle, often involving huge masses of society, heterogeneous in their social status, origin, upbringing and position.

In this regard, a fair question arises about how a specific type of cultural property is nominated to give it the status of historical and cultural monuments.

The current regulatory framework is as follows. According to the Law of the Russian Federation of June 25, 2002 No. 73-FZ “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation” (hereinafter referred to as the law on OKN), decisions “on the inclusion of an object of cultural heritage federal significance to the unified state register of objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation, on the exclusion of an object of cultural heritage from the specified register, on the movement of an object of cultural heritage or on changing its internal or appearance, about changing the category of historical cultural significance an object of cultural heritage of federal significance or on the reconstruction of a lost object of cultural heritage of federal significance" are adopted by the authorities of the Russian Federation, in some cases - with the participation of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments. In addition, the powers of the authorities of the Russian Federation include the following: “classification of cultural heritage objects as especially valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation”; “formation of a list of cultural heritage objects that are not subject to alienation and are in federal ownership”; “classification of cultural heritage sites as historical and cultural reserves of federal significance.” “The federal body for the protection of cultural heritage objects and the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation authorized in the field of protection of cultural heritage objects carry out work to identify and record objects that are valuable from the point of view of history, archeology, architecture, urban planning, art, science and technology , aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, social culture(hereinafter referred to as objects of historical and cultural value) and recommended for inclusion in the register. These works are carried out in accordance with state target programs for the protection of cultural heritage sites, as well as on the basis of recommendations from individuals and legal entities.” “Objects that represent historical and cultural value and in respect of which a conclusion of the state historical and cultural examination (hereinafter referred to as the historical and cultural examination) was issued on their inclusion in the register as objects of cultural heritage are classified as identified objects of cultural heritage.” “The register may include identified objects of cultural heritage, from the moment of whose creation or from the moment of historical events associated with which at least forty years have passed, with the exception of memorial apartments and memorial houses that are associated with the life and work of outstanding personalities who have special services to Russia, and which are considered identified objects of cultural heritage immediately after the death of these persons." Regarding cultural heritage sites that represent outstanding universal historical, archaeological, architectural, artistic, scientific, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological value, based on the conclusion of a historical and cultural examination, proposals can be made to include cultural heritage sites of federal significance on the World Heritage List. To make a decision on including a cultural heritage object in the register of the Government of the Russian Federation or an authority state power subject of the Russian Federation, a number of documents are submitted, including: the conclusion of a historical and cultural examination; information about the category of historical and cultural significance of the object; description of the features of the object that served as the basis for its inclusion in the register and are subject to mandatory preservation (hereinafter referred to as the subject of protection). The subject of protection of a historical and cultural monument, along with other register data, is included in the “passport of a cultural heritage object,” which is the main document that records its condition at the time of inclusion in the register. Similarly, on the basis of the conclusion of a historical and cultural examination in accordance with the law on OKN, the Government of the Russian Federation is changing the category of historical and cultural significance of a cultural heritage object. Exclusion from the register of a historical and cultural monument is also carried out by the Government of the Russian Federation on the basis of the conclusion of a historical and cultural examination. Thus, historical and cultural examination is carried out in order to: justify the inclusion of a cultural heritage object in the register; defining the category and justifying changes in the category of its historical and cultural significance; exclusion of a cultural heritage object from the register; classifying a cultural heritage object as a particularly valuable object of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation or as an object of world cultural heritage. The Law on OKN formulates only the most general principles for conducting historical and cultural examination, including: scientific validity, objectivity and legality; the presumption of safety of a cultural heritage object during any planned economic activity (hereinafter referred to as the principle of presumption); compliance with safety requirements in relation to a cultural heritage site; the reliability and completeness of the information provided by the interested party for the historical and cultural examination; independence of experts; publicity Of these principles, the only significant one is the principle of presumption. The remaining principles are either obvious or declarative in nature, such as transparency or the independence of experts. Also of interest is the provision of the law on OKN, which classifies as objects of historical and cultural expertise not only the historical and cultural monuments themselves (more precisely, “objects that have the characteristics of a cultural heritage object” and “land plots subject to economic development”), but also documents justifying: inclusion of cultural heritage objects in the register and their exclusion from the register; changing the category of historical and cultural significance of a historical and cultural monument; classifying an object of cultural heritage as a historical and cultural reserve, especially valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation, or objects of world cultural and natural heritage. This provision means that documents of this kind are not the result of the historical and cultural examination itself, but can be created by some third parties and will be its objects instead of historical and cultural monuments as such. Further, the law on OKN does not establish who conducts the historical and cultural examination, but only determines those who organize its implementation at the federal and regional levels. And finally, paragraph 2 of Art. 32 establishes that the conclusion of a historical and cultural examination is the basis for a decision by the relevant body for the protection of cultural heritage objects. In case of disagreement with the conclusion, the relevant body for the protection of cultural heritage sites own initiative or, at the request of an interested person, has the right to order a re-examination.

From the consideration of the regulatory framework it follows that the fact of conferring the status of an object of cultural heritage is: for a historical and cultural monument - inclusion in the register, for a particularly valuable object of cultural heritage - inclusion in the code, for an identified historical and cultural monument or an object of archaeological heritage - inclusion in the list . That is, it is not the very existence of the monument as a material object and carrier of a cultural tradition, but an entry in the register that confirms that this or that object is a monument of history and culture. If an object of cultural heritage no longer exists due to its complete destruction, but is included in the register, it will still be considered existing until a historical and cultural examination is carried out and appropriate decisions are made to exclude it from the register. Is it real existing monument, not included in the register or at least in the list of identified objects of cultural heritage, formally is not even a cultural value. As a result, it is not the object itself that is a monument, but only an entry in the register that makes it a monument. This situation seems absurd, but it's true modern practice, and only the act of inclusion in the register is confirmation that the object is a cultural value. This provision is true for all objects of cultural heritage, and even archaeological monuments, which, according to the law on OKN, are certainly objects of cultural heritage of federal significance, are considered only identified objects of cultural heritage before being entered into the register, albeit from the day of their discovery. And even they become identified only after being included in the list.

In this regard, it is important to understand how the Unified State Register of Cultural Heritage Objects (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation is formed and who nominates an object for the status of a historical and cultural monument. As stated above, formally, this is a federal body and bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as individuals and legal entities that recommend objects that have signs of historical and cultural monuments to be recognized as objects of cultural heritage. However, in fact, the main and determining factor in nominating a monument for recognition as an object of cultural heritage of one or another historical and cultural significance is the conclusion of the state historical and cultural examination. It also plays a major role in the exclusion of a cultural heritage site from the register. At the same time, “the exclusion of an object of cultural heritage from the register is carried out in the event of complete physical loss of the object of cultural heritage or loss of historical and cultural significance.” In the first case, such a decision is objective evidence of the disappearance of an object of cultural heritage, which is actually possible in the case of the complete destruction of a wooden monument in a fire or other fairly rare cases of complete loss of an object of cultural significance (avalanche, mudflow, explosion, etc.). Since usually only partial loss occurs, this cannot be a reason for excluding a historical and cultural monument from the register. The second condition can be either a real reflection of the situation that has arisen due to the improper use of the monument, or a field for all sorts of machinations of an ideological, economic, political or social nature. monument history culture value

A striking example of a violation of the principle of presumption and objectivity in conducting a historical and cultural examination can be the change in the status of such a unique structure as the stadium named after. CM. Kirov in St. Petersburg, when its status was first changed from a federal monument to a regional one, and as a result of the next examination, it generally lost the status of a historical and cultural monument due to accidents and loss of historical and cultural significance. Then the monument was simply demolished (officially, dismantled). Obviously, in a short period of time, which is about one or two years, nothing extraordinary happened to the monument. But a political decision was made to build a new stadium, and they did not look for another place for construction. It would have been easier to destroy the existing monument without even thinking about how it would be possible to deliver tens of thousands of visitors to the new stadium in a short time and how to maintain public order in the vast territory. It is well known that even in the central parts of large cities, for example, around the Luzhniki stadium in Moscow or Petrovsky stadium in St. Petersburg, post-match acts of vandalism and hooliganism periodically occur, despite the fact that entire regiments of riot police and police are drawn to these objects .

Based on the above, we can conclude that historical and cultural examination is the most important reality, which determines whether an object is a monument of history and culture or not, and, in fact, determines the status of the monument. What could this mysterious and all-powerful state historical and cultural examination be? According to the Regulations on State Historical and Cultural Expertise (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations), it is carried out on the initiative of an interested government body, local government body, legal entity or individual (hereinafter referred to as the customer) on the basis of an agreement between the customer and the expert, and when the examination is carried out by several experts the customer enters into a contract with each of them. The meaning of concluding agreements with each of the experts is unclear. Apparently, the agreement should have an anti-corruption character, so fashionable in the legislation of a corrupt society. And who are the “judges”? Experts can be: a) individuals with higher and (or) postgraduate professional education in the area of ​​expert activity (in exceptional cases - specialized secondary vocational or additional education) and practical work experience in the field of at least 10 years; possessing the scientific and practical knowledge necessary to conduct the examination, as well as knowledge of international acts and legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of conservation, use, popularization and state protection of cultural heritage objects; able to conduct the necessary research and draw up relevant documents and expert opinions based on their results; b) legal entities with which at least three experts have labor relations - individuals. At the same time, a number of anti-corruption restrictions are imposed on the experts selected to conduct the examination, such as the absence of family ties with the customer, his official or employee (but there are no restrictions on unregistered marriage), labor relations, mutual property obligations, securities, shares, participation shares and shares in authorized (share) capital), interest in research results or a decision arising from an expert opinion, in order to obtain benefits in the form of money, valuables, other property, property services or property rights for oneself or third parties. All these points can be freely circumvented, including for criminal purposes, and the last point is simply impossible to fulfill, since any conclusion (positive or negative) leads to the benefit of certain third parties. And, willingly or unwillingly, the expert, when making a decision, is interested in it, no matter what it is dictated by (adherence to one or another ideal, admiration for one or another school, the fight against one or another ideology, national interests, economic benefit, etc.). In any case, the expert is a member of society, does not exist outside of it, and certainly does not stand above it. The provision is replete with various declarative clauses about the obligations of the expert and the fact that he must refuse to conduct an examination if this violates the principles of its conduct. However, there are no specific penalties or liability for the expert for failure to comply with these restrictions. Considering that even deeply religious people have perjured themselves many times, swearing on the Bible, then these declarations are reminiscent of the saying about “ravenous sheep and good wolves.” Paragraph 10 of the Regulations looks completely strange: “The expert’s conclusion, if the specified circumstances became known to him after the examination conclusion was drawn up, is considered void. If the conclusion of such an expert influenced the result of the expert commission, the examination is carried out again.” The specified circumstances mean circumstances that prevent his involvement in the examination or do not allow him to comply with the principles of its conduct. The unusual nature of this legal norm is that it is effective only if it becomes known to the expert and not to anyone else.

The examination may be carried out by one expert, but on all important issues it is carried out by a commission of three or more experts. This norm, introduced to create greater objectivity, is in fact a norm of removing personal responsibility from the expert (by creating an alibi for him), despite the fact that each member of the commission acts in a personal capacity. The regulation in no way determines who and how appoints experts to conduct a specific examination, but only paragraph 5 sends it into the unknown: “The procedure for organizing the examination is determined accordingly Federal service for supervision of compliance with legislation in the field of protection of cultural heritage and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation authorized in the field of protection of cultural heritage objects." From clause 30 of the Regulations, as from the law on OKN, it follows that the body for the protection of cultural heritage objects may not agree with the expert’s conclusion, and a list of grounds for disagreement is given: non-compliance of the expert’s conclusion with the legislation of the Russian Federation; inconsistency of the examination conclusion with the principles of its conduct established by the law on OKN; the presence in the examination report, documents and materials attached to it of unreliable information that influences the conclusion of the examination; identification of circumstances in relation to the expert who signed the examination report that prohibited him from conducting it; violation of the established procedure for conducting an examination; non-compliance of the expert opinion with the requirements for its execution; lack of documents and materials attached to the examination report; expiration of a two-year period from the date of execution of the expert opinion. All these grounds are of a formal nature, have no relation to the essence of the issue on which the examination was carried out, and are only a “fig leaf” for the implementers of the law on OKN. The two-year validity period of the examination is generally nonsense, since it cannot have any reasonable explanation in comparison with the lifespan of a historical and cultural monument and is reminiscent of the inscription on the packaging of sea salt: “age at least 5 million years” and further - “expiration date 1 year” . It is necessary to take into account that before the enumeration given in paragraph 30 of the Regulations, the phrase “reasons for disagreement, in particular, include.” , which means this list is not exhaustive.

The provision repeats the norm of the law on OKN, which states that the body for the protection of cultural heritage objects has the right to order a re-examination. IN in this case a collision occurs. It is unclear what grounds there might be, other than government pressure on experts, for the re-examination to give different results and be more correct than the initial one. Or everything is like George Orwell’s in “Animal Farm”: “all animals are equal, but some animals are equal to others.”

For a long time, despite the provisions of the Law on OKN, articles relating to historical and cultural expertise were not in effect. The approval of the Regulations on historical and cultural examination did not allow it to begin due to the lack of experts. In this regard, in 2010, another by-law was issued - order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation dated August 26, 2010 No. 563 “On approval of the Regulations on the procedure for certifying experts for conducting state historical and cultural examination” (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on October 14. 2010 No. 18718) (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations on Certification). The adoption of this document made it possible to certify experts for conducting historical and cultural examinations and to begin conducting them in 2011. Unfortunately, due to the dissolution of Rosokhrankultura, the Regulations on Certification have ceased to apply, and currently the number of certified experts is very limited. Considering that, according to clause 10 of the Regulations on Certification, “the validity period of an expert’s certification is three years,” after three years there will again be a need to certify even previously certified experts in conducting historical and cultural expertise. In addition, there is still no strict methodological all-Russian database what the conclusion of a historical and cultural examination should look like and what mandatory points it should include.

From the analysis of issues related to state historical and cultural expertise, it is necessary to draw several conclusions:

• - historical and cultural examination is not state, since the expert or commission of experts is not a state; the fate of a cultural heritage site may in fact depend on the will of one person or a small group of people, whose opinion may not coincide with the opinion on this issue huge amount other individuals;
• - a monument becomes a monument of history and culture not because it is a material manifestation of cultural heritage and cultural value, but because there is a corresponding entry in the register made on the basis of a resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation or a decree of the President of the Russian Federation, although the latter not provided for by the Law on OKN;
• - issues of preserving cultural traditions do not generally fall into the field of view of historical and cultural expertise, that is, when considering issues related to historical and cultural monuments;
• - a historical and cultural monument (cultural heritage object) is a specific type of real estate cultural value provided that it is registered by the authorities of the state in the lists, code or register in the manner prescribed by law.

Bibliography

• 1. Averyanova L. Insulting a legend. - URL: http://lenta.ru/articles/2008/11/18/banners/ (access date: 09/30/2011).
• 2. Vishnevsky B. Destruction without violations // Novaya Gazeta. - 2010. - No. 58. - August 12. - P. 22.
• 3. Law of the Russian Federation of June 25, 2002 No. 73-F3 “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation // SZ RF. - 2002. - No. 26. - Art. 2519.
• 4. Land near the stadium. They want to re-register and divide Kirov. - ИКБ: http://www.zr.nevastroyka.rU/1/1995/ (date of access: 09/30/2011).
• 5. Kozlov D. Shusharin I. Can’t demolish, reconstruct? - ИКБ: http://voopik.spb.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=321:130106- --&catid=81&Itemid=46 (date of access: 09/30/2011).
• 6. Kuznetsova Yu.S. Lardugin A.A., Shukhobodsky A.B. Privatization of cultural heritage sites of federal significance: restoration yearbook. - St. Petersburg, 2008. - pp. 63-64.
• 7. Kuznetsova Yu.S. Economics of privatization of cultural heritage sites of federal significance. (Graduation qualifying work). - SPb.: State. Univ. Inform. technology, mechanics and optics. - St. Petersburg, 2008. -129 p.
• 8. Likhanova T. “The Belly of St. Petersburg” does not need a surgeon // Novaya Gazeta. - 2010. -No. 39. - June 3. - P. 12-13. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 15, 2009 No. 5b9 “On approval of the Regulations on state historical and cultural expertise” // SZ RF No. 30. - Art. 3812.
• 9. Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation dated August 2, 2010 No. 5bZ “On approval of the Regulations on the procedure for certifying experts for conducting state historical and cultural examinations” (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on October 14, 2010 No. 18718). - URL: http://www.rosohrancult.ru/documents/list.php?SECTION_ID=3171 (access date: 09/30/2011).
• 10. Stadium named after. CM. Kirov. - URL: http://blazhin.spb.ru/Peterburg/Piter30.htm (access date: 09/30/2011).
• 11. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On approval of the List of objects of historical and cultural heritage of federal (all-Russian) significance” dated February 20, 1995 No. 17b // SZ RF. - 1995. - No. 9. - Art. 734.
• 12. Orwell George. Animal Farm (1945). - Signet Classics; 50th Anniversary edition, 199b.

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Most often, when describing a region, we talk about its economy: natural resources, industries of specialization, location of enterprises, etc. But is all this the main thing for the North? After all, you can harvest timber, smelt metal, and fish in other places. Is there anything unique in the North that exists only here, not found anywhere else?

Even in ancient times, people divided everything that surrounds man into two parts: nature (which arose without human participation) and “second nature” - culture, the creation of man. In the broad sense of the word, culture is everything that is created by man: cars, cities, roads, as well as “intangible” creations: customs, traditions, laws, rules of conduct, etc.

The cultural heritage of the North is enormous. It is difficult to list all its aspects. For example, the North played the role of a “reserve” of oral folk art: here are preserved (and were recorded in the 19th century) epics, tales, legends compiled back in the days Kievan Rus and disappeared in other areas of our country.

What role did monasteries play in the development of Russian culture?

The settlement and economic development of the North by Russians was largely associated with the construction of monasteries. At its origins stood the disciples of Sergius of Radonezh, the founder of the famous Russian monastery - the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

Monasteries in the North were the centers of political, economic and cultural life of the region. In the harsh conditions of the North, they created exemplary farms that amaze us even now with their level of organization, wise decisions, technical discoveries, and love for the land. One of many examples - already familiar to you Solovetsky Monastery; the other is the island of Valaam, located in the northwestern part of Lake Ladoga. The monasteries of the North are called the “architectural pearls” of Russia. Majestic buildings, unique landscapes, the harmony of man and nature encouraged thinking about the value and purpose of life and gave rise to creative impulses.

What artistic crafts glorified the North?

Folk arts and crafts in the North are one of components folk culture, preserved here since ancient times. One of the most famous crafts is lace making.

Rice. 96. Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

By the middle of the 15th century. became widely known in Rus' as a center of icon painting, and a craft settlement grew under it; there was one of the largest Russian libraries here. The monastery now houses the richest collection of ancient Russian icons.

Rice. 97. Valaam

During the XVII-XIX centuries. Through hard work, the monks transformed this island: roads were built, gardens were planted, efficient farming and handicrafts were organized.

Lace was woven in many places in Russia. In addition to Vologda, the cities of Central Russia were famous for lace making - Yelets, Mtsensk, Tarusa and others. Vologda bourgeois Anfisa Fedorovna Bryantseva came up with the idea new way weaving patterns on bobbins and taught this to hundreds of craftswomen, who gave later life now famous all over the world Vologda lace.

Rice. 98. Art crafts of the North

1. By different sources information, identify the centers of these artistic crafts.
2. Think about whether the natural conditions of the region where they arose and developed could have influenced the characteristics of folk crafts?

Among other artistic crafts, openwork carving on birch bark, wood, bast weaving, bone carving, clay toys, blackening on silver, etc. are known far beyond the borders of the region.

Can “hatchet work” inspire admiration among people?

The pride of the North and all of Russia is Russian wooden architecture. The most famous monuments wooden architecture are collected on the territory of the open-air museum on the island of Kizhi. Kizhi is a small island in Lake Onega. Since the 15th century. there was a Novgorod settlement here - Spassky Kizhi Pogost. In 1714, the Transfiguration Cathedral was built - a unique 22-domed wooden church, created only with the help of an ax without a single nail. Its height is approximately equal to the height of a modern twelve-story building.

Rice. 99. Kizhi. Transfiguration Cathedral

The famous explorer of the Russian North, historian and architect A.V. Opolovnikov describes this temple as follows: “The very first acquaintance with Kizhi, when you swim up to the island, and from a distance it seems that the church is standing right on the water, puts even the most sober person in a poetic mood. Sometimes, especially at sunrise or sunset, it seems that this church is not the creation of human hands, but a miracle of nature - an unprecedented flower or a magical tree that has grown in this harsh northern region. If we recall the comparison of architecture with “frozen music,” then the Church of the Transfiguration in Kizhi sounds like a broad Russian song, like a solemn heroic chorale or poetic improvisation, born in rare moments of inspired insight, and finally, like a joyful hymn to the glory of man...”

Rice. 100. Small Karelians

The Museum of Wooden Architecture in Malye Karely is called the “encyclopedia of folk architecture of the North.”

What was the difference between northern rural huts and a city house?

The traditional rural hut and city house are another page in the culture of the region. Let's remember what kind of huts were built in the North. The houses are beautiful, but austere, there is no excess in decorations, a sense of proportion is present in everything. Many houses had walkways - galleries - this again takes into account the natural conditions of the North. To the south, houses became more ornate, decorated with intricate carvings, platbands, and decreased in size.

Wooden urban architecture in the 19th century. adopted this elegance and intricacy in decorating houses with various patterns, which added beauty to the cities of the North, especially Vologda.

conclusions

In terms of the richness and diversity of its cultural heritage, the European North occupies an outstanding place in Russia. How much poorer would our history and culture be, our national identity without these temples, cities and villages, masters and traditions!

Familiarization with the heritage of the North, understanding it makes us not “Ivans who do not remember kinship,” but cultured people, true Russians, conscious citizens of our country.

We can be proud of the glorious deeds of our ancestors, but we can prove that we are worthy to be called their descendants and successors of their work only by creatively continuing and developing their traditions.

Questions and tasks

1. Tell us about the features of historical and cultural monuments of the European North. What natural and historical factors determined their development? Give geographical description one of the natural or cultural monuments of the North based on various sources information.
2. Create a tourist route around Karelia, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk or Vologda regions. What type of tourism is preferable here? What time of year?
3. Suggest a version of the northern “Golden Ring” tourist routes similar to Central Russia. What objects will you include in it? What makes them unique? Which transport is best to use? How were the roads to the places you chose in the distant past? What types of transport would you prefer to recreate images of the past and a more complete emotional perception of cultural monuments?

Monuments of history and culture- a social phenomenon reflecting the process social development. They preserve traces of historical events for the memory of the people, “tell” about the life of past generations, the centuries-old history of our Motherland.

In the post-war years in our country, the scope of construction work acquired unprecedented proportions. This increased the threat of destruction of both known and yet unidentified historical and cultural monuments. It has become very difficult to organize their effective protection by state inspection and scientific institutions. There was a need to involve the broad masses of local historians in the protection of historical and cultural monuments. This protection was declared a national matter and included in the Constitution as a duty and obligation of all citizens of the USSR (Article 68). The Law on the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments was also adopted. It says: “Monuments of the history and culture of the peoples of the USSR form an integral part of the world cultural heritage, testifying to the enormous contribution of the peoples of our country to the development of world civilization. In the USSR, monuments serve the purposes of development of science, public education and culture, the formation of a high sense of patriotism, ideological, moral, international and aesthetic education. The protection of monuments is an important task of government agencies and public organizations. Caring attitude to monuments of history and culture is the patriotic duty of every citizen.”

In order to attract broad sections of the population to the protection of historical and cultural monuments and coordinate the work of local historians, Societies for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments were created in each republic. In the RSFSR, the Society was organized in 1966. School local history groups and societies began to provide great assistance in the protection of monuments.

An important task of historical local history is the recording and protection of ethnographic and art monuments, which is also almost impossible without the involvement of the broad masses of local historians.

New functions have promoted historical local history to one of the leading places in the general system of local history sciences. One of its main tasks was to identify and protect historical and cultural monuments and assist specialists in their study.

In accordance with the Law on the Protection and Use of Monuments... “historical and cultural monuments are buildings, memorial places and objects associated with historical events in the life of the people, the development of society and the state, works of material and spiritual creativity, representing historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural value."

4. The following main types of historical and cultural monuments are distinguished:

Historical monuments;

Archaeological monuments;

Monuments of urban planning and architecture;

Monuments of art;

Documentary monuments;

Monuments of ethnography.

Historical monuments are diverse. Their classification is based on the following features: subject essence (the content of historical information in the monument); age, origin, external characteristics. According to the substantive essence of the reflected events They distinguish between pre-revolutionary and revolutionary historical monuments, military-historical and Soviet period, archaeological and ethnogeographical. By origin monuments can be divided into two groups:

Monuments - contemporaries and “participants in events” (photos, places of military operations, various structures)

Monuments created for the purpose of perpetuating memorial complexes, busts, architectural structures, Hills of Glory, etc..

According to external characteristics Historical monuments are usually classified as follows:

Archeological monuments(settlements, burials, mine workings, temples, sanctuaries, rock paintings)

Monuments of ethnography. They reflect the ethnic cultural and everyday characteristics of peoples (tools and results of labor, items of folk craft and artistic folk art)

Architectural monuments. They are eyewitnesses and participants in historical events of the past region, they are objects of artistic creativity and were created by the labor of our ancestors

Basic organizational forms of local history work classified as follows: state, public (voluntary), school

The main centers of concentration of local history work are:

Local history museums with thematic exhibitions;

Voluntary regional local history scientific societies;

Amateur tourist associations;

Regional, regional, district libraries;

Vinnitsa Trade and Economic Institute of Kyiv National Trade and Economic University

The use of historical and cultural heritage monuments of the Vinnytsia region as a prerequisite for the development of cultural and educational (architectural) tourism in the region

Grin V.V.

The article analyzes the importance of historical and cultural monuments for the development of tourism. The emphasis is on the problem of preserving monuments, their intended use in Ukraine and in particular in the Vinnytsia region. Monuments of historical and cultural significance in the Vinnytsia region, which require immediate restoration, preservation and financing, are analyzed in detail. Particular attention is paid to the architectural monuments of the region, which is the basis for the formation and development of cultural and educational (architectural) tourism. The conditions and state of preservation of monuments of this type are described. Keywords: historical and cultural heritage, cultural and historical resources, educational tourism, architectural monuments, palaces.

Educational or cultural tourism has always been an important segment of travel. The main motive of this type of tourism is to get acquainted with historical and cultural values ​​and unique natural sites.

Cultural tourism is an important component of filling the budgets of both local communities and its members, and states. However, in most regions of Ukraine this direction is still in its formation stage. Historical and cultural monuments continue to remain isolated from the general tourist space. There are many reasons for this, but material ones are not the main one. Such areas of work as mutual information between the historical, cultural and tourism spheres, as well as the lack of skills in cooperation remain completely unresolved. However, from the very beginning, we should talk about what exactly our state can offer tourists as an object for inspection and find out why the majority historical monuments have become unsuitable for use in the field of cultural tourism due to misuse.

Vinnytsia region is rich in cultural and historical heritage. However, modern tourists, unfortunately, are not fully familiar with them. The reason for this is the insufficient use of a number of monuments and their funding. There is an urgent need for a detailed study and clarification of the prospects for using these objects in the field of tourism. From the above, the problem statement follows.

Analysis of the latest research and publications. A number of scientists have studied this issue: V.A. Kvartalnyov, I.V. Smal - considered the importance of cultural tourism for the development of the industry and the preservation of values; P. Mokritsky, M.Yu. Kostra, L. Makhorin and others.

The purpose of the article is to find out the areas of use of the studied historical and cultural monuments of the Vinnytsia region now, as well as to analyze the significance of these objects for the development of tourism in the same region.

The significance lies in the possibility of using the results of this work in further scientific research Vinnytsia region, as well as in the practical application of the stated proposals for the use of promising monuments of historical and cultural significance directly in the field of tourism, namely the development of cultural and educational (architectural) tourism in the region.

Presentation of the main material. The problems of using historical and cultural heritage are among the most painful in the Vinnytsia region.

There are more than 4,000 cultural heritage sites in the region under state protection.

The treasury of the cultural heritage of the Vinnytsia region includes monuments of archaeology, history, architecture, urban planning and monumental art. In addition to scientific and educational, cultural heritage plays a role important role in the matter of national priority education, clearly shows the originality of the culture of the Ukrainian people, the continuity of the modern with the past.

tourism architectural monument

The architectural heritage of the area spans the heels of the 15th - early 20th centuries. The most typical architectural monuments are from the Baroque, Classical, and Historic eras.

There are 1.8 thousand historical monuments, 1.5 thousand archaeological monuments, 201 monuments of monumental art, 582 architectural and urban planning monuments in the Vinnytsia region on the state register. According to the resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, 189 cultural heritage monuments are designated as monuments national importance. Among them

historical monuments, 14 archaeological monuments, 3 monumental art monuments, 166 architectural and urban planning monuments and one national historical and cultural reserve.

The territory of the Vinnytsia region began to be populated in the Early Paleolithic era. Therefore, to this day, the territory of the region constantly attracts archaeologists and scientists who, based on the study of excavated remains, strive to understand the life of our ancestors, and most importantly, to give an explanation modern traditions and features of life, architecture, beliefs.

The Vinnytsia region is also known for archaeological monuments of the Neolithic period, in particular the Bug-Dniester culture of the 1st-Uth millennium BC. The most characteristic monuments of this culture were studied by V. Danilenko near the village. Ski-bintsy of Trostyanets district. Other settlements related to the history of the Neolithic tribes have also been identified. Sokolets, Gaysinsky district, village. Sam - Chins of the Nemirovsky district, Khmelnik, etc.

U-W millennium BC represented in our region by the well-known Trypillian culture (Voroshilovka village, Tyvrovsky district, Pechora village, Tulchinsky district, Borisovka village, Ilyinets district, etc.). The settlements near the village have been most fully studied. Ticks of the Tyvrovsky district (1969-1992).

At the same time, in the Vinnytsia region there are a number of monuments that have survived to this day. Like living witnesses rich history region, they testify to the work of outstanding architects and builders who created not only living quarters for the then nobility, but also built cultural, educational, healthcare facilities, and became monuments of art.

Outstanding cultural and architectural monuments of the region include the palaces of the Pototsky family in Tulchin, Pechora, Nemirov, the palace of Konstantin Ksido in Khmelnyk, the Chernyatinsky palace of I. Vitoslavsky, the Chernomynsky palace, which is distinguished by its great resemblance to the residence of US presidents - the White House, the Kotsyubinsky estate museum and Pirogov, the graves of outstanding composers Leontovich and P. Nishchinsky and the grave of B. Khmelnitsky’s comrade-in-arms Danil Nechay. Also in the village. Brailov, Zhmerinsky district, preserved the von Meck Palace, which was visited several times by the Russian composer P.I. Tchaikovsky, with the name of the inventor of the aircraft O.F. Mozhaisky is connected to a house in the village. Voronovitsy and many others.

Historical monuments are represented by mass graves of soldiers who died during the civil war of 1918-1920, graves of victims of the Holodomor and political repressions of the 30s of the XX century, mass graves soldiers who died during the Great Patriotic War, graves of victims of fascism.

The largest number of historical monuments in the Vinnytsia region dates back to the period of the Great Patriotic War.

All monuments of monumental art are located separately. Monuments of monumental art of national importance include monuments to N. Pirogov in Vinnitsa, N. Leontovich and A. Suvorov in Tulchin, busts of twice Hero Soviet Union I. Boyko in the village. Zhornishche Ilyinets district, twice Hero of Socialist Labor to T. Marcin in the village. Golu-beche Kryzhopolsky district and P. Romanenko in the village. Pine of Vinnitsa region.

It is advisable to take a closer look at the main historical attractions presented in the Vinnytsia region and indicate which of them suffer from improper use.

Archaeological and historical research shows that the territory of the Podolsk region is rich in numerous architectural monuments, namely palaces, architectural structures, and monuments of sacred architecture.

Vinnytsia region is rich in cultural heritage. In terms of the number of architectural and urban planning monuments, the region occupies one of the leading places in Ukraine. Currently, 3,500 monuments in the region are under state protection, including 189 monuments of national importance, most of which are concentrated mainly in historical cities.

Before examining the architectural objects, those that are of greatest historical, cultural and educational significance are selected.

The first object that will be considered is the Potocki Palace in the city of Tulchin. At the beginning of the 18th century. this city becomes the property of one of the richest families in Poland - the Potocki family. In 1782, the main decoration of the city became the beautiful two-story palace of Stanislav Potocki, built in classic style and turned to face the city.

A number of foreign architects took part in the construction and decoration of the palace, namely: the French architect La Croix designed the palace; interior work Merckx is Dutch, and the creator of the “Good” park was Miller.

Canvases outstanding masters Europe were located in art gallery palace, and also at the palace there was a theater with a repertoire of 5-7 operas and 2-3 concerts, Italian was the main language in which they sang.

The palace ensemble of Count Pototsky, thanks to the skill and talent of thousands of Tulchin builders, brings him and the city of Tulchin popularity and glory.

In 1874, the Tulchin estates were sold to the military appanage department by Prince P. Oldenburgsky, who owned this land for some time. Since then, Russian military units have been constantly stationed in the estate, providing apartment buildings for officers of the Russian army. For a long time, the Tulchin Pototsky Palace remained unnoticed by art historians and scientists. In 1955 in Warsaw, at a large exhibition dedicated to Polish education and organized People's Museum, an image of the palace appeared, which helped draw the attention of progressive humanity and researchers to this extremely important object in the history of Central European classicism. Only then did the question of starting mandatory registration work arise, and the state began to allocate funds for the reconstruction of the palace.

Since 1984, the palace in Tulchin began to be used for public purposes, namely the location of a cultural school on the former estate.

The majestic history of the Potocki Palace in Tulchin makes it possible today to reveal the possibilities of this architectural ensemble for descendants, tourist groups, foreign guests, although the state of preservation of the monument is not at the highest level.

The palace in Chernyatyn is the next point. Monument architecture of the 19th century century - the palace in which the Polish magnate Vitoslavsky lived, which in the past was the crown train, adorns the village of Chernyatyn, Vinnytsia region.

The park in which the Vitos Lavsky Palace is located was created by the famous Irish botanist and master of landscape art - Dionysius Makler. Unfortunately, almost nothing remains of the park. The beautiful pavilions and gazebos were destroyed, and over time the rich library of the palace disappeared, however rare books from this library are kept by bookplate collectors.

An interesting feature of the construction of this object is that only the southern and western facades have Gothic decor, and the courtyard facade is absolutely devoid of any decorations.

The Chernomyn Palace is also one of the unique objects of the Vinnytsia region. The Palace of the Counts of Chernomyn, which is very similar to the world famous American White House. It is located in the village of Chernomin, Vinnytsia region. Built in 1810-1820.

The main person in the construction work was the Italian architect Francesco Boffo, who is famous for his creation as the palace of Count Vorontsov in Odessa. There are also several other names characteristic of Chernomynskaya’s palace: “Palace with twenty-dollar bills”, “Crown of Broken Love”. Today, the premises of the palace are used as a school in the village, and the outbuilding is used as a hospital.

This palace claims a place in the list of the “golden ring” of route excursions of Polish tourists to the most famous palaces and buildings of Right Bank Ukraine - the former lands of the heyday of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth culture.

The list continues with the Mozhaisky Palace. Polish magnate M. Groholsky in the middle of the 18th century became the owner of the town of Voronovitsy, Vinnytsia region.

The palace was built during 1770-1777, in the style of early classicism. Architectural construction techniques are borrowed from the Italian architectural era of Palladio - palaces with slightly curved side wings. The architect of the construction of this palace was the Polish architect Dominic Merlini, who during 1774-1777 was a royal architect and developed palace projects for Polish magnates who lived in Ukraine. The center of the composition of the estate is a three-story palace located at the highest point of the area. With the help of widely spaced semi-oval wings, the house seemed to “embrace” those approaching the palace.

The last owner of the estate from the Groholsky family left these territories and moved to Austria. 1869 Captain of the second rank M.F. becomes the owner of the estate. Mozhaisky, however, unfortunately the same year he dies, and ownership of the estate passes to his brother - A.F. Mozhaisky.

During 1869-1876 future inventor the first aircraft lived in the village of Voronovitsa, and therefore the air glider model was first tested here.

During 1869-1918, the period of ownership of the Mozhaisky estate, the palace building underwent some changes. By 1891, the balcony and loggia along the park facade were removed, and the greenhouse was dismantled. At the beginning of the twentieth century. the fence surrounding the area was completely removed. Despite changes and time, which is almost two hundred years, the exquisite three-story building among the green space of the Ukrainian village still makes a great impression.

Palace of Princess Maria Shcherbatova. The palace of Princess Shcherbatova, which is located in the city of Nemirov, was built in the 19th-20th centuries. The palace was built on the site of a medieval castle and a later estate of the magnates Potocki family. The estate was inherited by Princess Shcherbatova from Count B. Pototsky, who was her grandfather.

Architects G. Griner and E. Kramar built the palace by order of the princess. It was built in the neoclassical style and consists of two floors. The palace is surrounded by a large park with an area of ​​85 hectares. Park developed Belgian master landscape gardening art Van Geert.

The palace building of its time was used to meet the needs of the population and performed various functions, for example, during the First World War, the palace housed an infirmary, in which the princess herself worked as a nurse. At the moment, the Avangard sanatorium is located in the palace premises, but guests of the city can freely observe and admire the well-preserved interiors. On the walls you can see paintings by Ukrainian masters, the collection of which was collected by Princess Shcherbatova herself, and in the hall, in the most prominent place, hangs a portrait of the princess herself.

And this is not a complete list of architectural objects and structures, but only that part that plays an important role in the today's life of the Vinnytsia region. These objects are the most voluminous and attract the most attention.

No less attractive architectural monuments are sacred buildings - churches, cathedrals, monasteries, etc. Here, an important indicator of values ​​is not so much the age of architectural monuments, but the stylistic features that indicate the age of a building, even the artistic value of an object. Complexes of religious buildings are mainly located in large cities.

Having such a long history that is rich in events, Podolia is rich in a variety of cultural and historical attractions.

Conclusions and offers. Taking into account the content of the Constitution and the Law of Ukraine "On the Preservation of Cultural and Historical Heritage", it is worth noting that the preservation of monuments occurs at the legal stage, and our state needs to establish mechanisms for the implementation of regulatory documents.

The share of historical and cultural lands in the structure of the land fund is only 0.08% of the total area of ​​Ukraine. And on the very lands of cultural heritage sites there are more than 140 thousand monuments of history, archeology, architecture, and ethnography. In particular, total historical monuments are 51,364 units, archeological - 57,206. As of 01/01/20013.

In Ukraine, 727 land owners and land users are registered, represented by organizations, enterprises and institutions of historical and cultural significance, in whose use there were 6.8 thousand hectares, of which 94% are directly lands of historical and cultural significance.

Thus, given that, according to official statistics, tourism ranks second in the overall structure of purposes for the entry of foreign citizens into the territory of Ukraine after private tourism, the restoration and preservation of cultural and historical monuments will be fully justified and will bring profit to the state and local governments from Ukrainian and foreign tourists.

And, despite the idea that various colleges located in the premises of castles and fortresses keep the buildings in more or less good condition, it is worth noting that this idea is erroneous and short-sighted. Since, by adapting luxurious mansions under the dining room and study rooms, very much is lost a large number of valuable bas-reliefs, frescoes, mosaics, interior and decorative elements, which will subsequently be difficult, or impossible, to restore.

So, state policy in the field of tourism should be aimed not just at the restoration of monuments of cultural and historical significance, but at their long-term storage by means of tourism on a commercial basis, as well as their use for tourism needs. The problem of preserving monuments is relevant today not only in the Vinnytsia region, but also throughout Ukraine.

1.Gizhko N. Pearls of Vinnitsa / N. Gizhko. - Vinnitsa PE Phoenix, 2007.

2.Encyclopedia architectural heritage Ukraine: thematic dictionary. - M.: Ukrainian Academy of Architecture, 1985. - 306 p.

.Podolny A.M. Vinnitsa. Historical sketch/ A.M. Podolny. - Vinnitsa Book Vega, 2007. - 9 - 281 p.

.Rebik M. The walls spoke / M. Rebik - M.: Ukraine, 1970. - 13 p.

.Yavorskaya A.G. Protected objects of Vinnytsia region: Textbook / A.G. Yavorskaya, I. And Ukrainian, V.L. Romanchik etc. - Vinnitsa Veles, 2003. - 104 p.

.14 trips to Vinnytsia region. Guide. - M.: Grani-T, 2009. - 7-100 p.

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Http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/ape/2010_3/APE-2010-03/208-212. pdf

The region is extremely rich in historical and cultural monuments, including the Valaam Monastery, Kizhi, monasteries and remains Stalin's camps on the Solovetsky Islands. Numerous islands and rich undersea world White Sea, swimming and hiking in untouched corners of virgin nature. You will be able to see beluga colonies up close.
You will get a unique chance to visit the real pearls of this area: the Pinezhsky, Nizhnesvirsky, Lapland and Pechora-Ilychsky nature reserves, part of the World Heritage Site “Virgin Komi Forests”.

Arkhangelsk region, Plesetsk and Kargopol districts

Founding history
In the Arkhangelsk region, many typical cultural landscapes of the Russian North have been preserved: endless open spaces and wooden churches, “holy” groves and worship crosses...
The territory of Kenozero has been inhabited by humans since at least the 4th millennium BC. Neolithic settlements belonging to the so-called Kargopol Early Metal culture were discovered on the territory of the park.
The colonization of these lands by the Slavs took place in two stages. In the X-XIV centuries, the region was populated by people from the Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal lands, and later, in the XV-XVIII centuries, the Dvina lands were included in the Moscow state and the final development of the North by Russians took place.
The interaction of the cultures of the Slavs and the local Finno-Ugric tribes that replaced the proto-Sami gave the region a vibrant economic, cultural, and ethical-aesthetic identity. The population's caring attitude towards nature can be traced in rituals, beliefs and other cultural elements dating back to pre-Christian pagan times. An example of this is the preservation today of “holy” groves, stones, and individual trees.
The park was founded in 1991 to protect and organize the recreational use of coniferous mid-taiga forests of the Russian North, as well as a number of historical and cultural monuments. In 2004, it was included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.


The territory of the park has a pronounced flat topography with numerous bays - lakhta. The high landscape and biotopic diversity that characterizes the territory is due to the fact that here lies the border of the Baltic Shield and the Russian Platform, the watershed between the basins of the White and Baltic Seas, and the contact zone of several floristic and faunal complexes.
Kenozerie is characterized by a large number of lakes of glacial and glacial-tectonic origin. The largest of them are Kenozero in the north and Lekshmozero in the south of the park.
The climate of the region is moderate continental with long cold snowy winters, short springs with unstable temperatures, moderately warm humid summers, and long stormy autumns. The average air temperature in January is -12°C, in July + 16.5°C.
More than 70% of the park's territory is occupied by forests, including about 5 thousand hectares of indigenous taiga forests. Secondary and derivative forests, with pines, spruces, larches and birches, also decorate the territory.

Diversity of flora and fauna
Due to the wide variety of habitats - from wet depressions to sandy ridges - the local flora is also highly diverse. It has 534 species. Orchids deserve special attention, most of which are included in the Red Book, including lady's slipper and calypso bulbosa. The fauna of the park is represented by 50 species of mammals, 5 species of amphibians and 4 species of reptiles. It is home to such typical mid-taiga species as squirrel, mountain hare, bear, elk, as well as species more typical of deciduous forest and even steppe natural areas(little mouse, common vole, quail), and animals of the northern taiga and tundra (forest lemming, wolverine).
Kenozerie is included in the catalog “Key Ornithological Territories of International Importance in European Russia”, which is due to its important role in the conservation of avifauna of Northern Europe. Among the 263 species of birds identified here, there are those included in the Red Book - lesser goose, osprey, white-tailed eagle, etc.
The park's reservoirs are home to 28 species of fish, including grayling, whitefish, burbot, vendace, perch and pike.

Cultural heritage
Territory national park saved centuries-old history and the culture of the Russian North, embodied in natural complexes and numerous architectural monuments, monumental painting, icon painting, archeology, and rich ethnographic material.
Unique monuments include water-land routes - portages, along which the Russians developed the territory.
In a small area within the park there are more than 100 architectural monuments, including traditional wooden churches and chapels of the 17th-18th centuries. Their artistic value The preserved painting in the interior enhances: iconostases, church utensils, as well as picturesque “heaven” - the brightest phenomenon characteristic only of of this region(monumental paintings on biblical themes in the designs of church vaults).

What to watch
During your visit to the park, you will be able to get acquainted with its many chapels, each of which has its own characteristics. For example, the 18th-century St. Nicholas Chapel is a symbol of the park, and another, the 19th-century “cross” chapel of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, is the smallest chapel in Russia.
At the center of folk crafts you can take part in a master class on weaving birch bark and listen to a performance by a folklore ensemble, and at the Rukhlyadny Barn museum you can get acquainted with the history of ancient things.

Kostroma region, Kolovogrivsky district

History of creation
“Kologrivsky Forest” is the youngest nature reserve in Russia, it was created in 2006.
The uniqueness of this corner of nature is that there is a relict forest here, which, according to experts, has not been touched by man or civilization in general over the past 200 years. In addition, unique stands of Siberian larch have been preserved on the territory of the reserve. This tree species is typical for the southern taiga, but not for the European part of Russia.

Physiographical features
The reserve is located in the northeastern part of the Russian Plain.
All rivers of the reserve are left tributaries of the Volga, the largest of which are Kostroma and Unzha.
Quite large areas of the reserve are occupied by swamps and wetlands, which is primarily due to the flat, leveled topography.
The climate in the reserve is temperate continental, with relatively warm summers and cold, snowy winters. The lowest temperature recorded was -53ºС, the maximum reached +36°С.

Diversity of flora and fauna
A large area of ​​the reserve is occupied by forests, as its name suggests. These are mainly spruce forests with some fir. Unique stands of Siberian larch, which is not typical for this zone, have also been preserved.
The largest area of ​​indigenous dark coniferous forest is the former natural monument “Kologrivsky Forest”, located in the Vonyukh River basin and forming the core of the reserve.
The vegetation of the reserve has not yet been fully studied, but it is already possible to name several Red Book species that are found here: lady's slipper and Traunsteiner's fingerroot.
At least 60 species of animals and about 170 species of birds have been registered in the Kologrivsky Forest Nature Reserve. But above all, the reserve is famous for the so-called “Kostroma Five”. This is a bear, lynx, elk, wild boar, wolf.
Birds listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation include the golden eagle, peregrine falcon, short-eared snake eagle, greater spotted eagle, and osprey.

Nenets Autonomous Okrug

History of creation
The Nenets Nature Reserve is one of the youngest in our country, it was created only in 1997. The reserve occupies the northeastern tip of the Malozemelskaya tundra, the water area and islands of the Barents Sea, so the territory is divided into 12 clusters, combined into three sections.
The most important goals of the reserve are the protection and study of typical, slightly disturbed ecosystems of the Eastern European tundra and coastal waters of the Barents Sea.

Physiographical features
The terrain of the territory is flat; as you move to the south, the terrain rises slightly. Almost the entire territory is occupied by a heavily swampy lowland with numerous lakes and streams of various sizes.
There are many lakes of thermokarst and glacial origin, and small rivers and streams are typical. More than half of the territory is occupied by the waters of the Pechora Bay and the Barents Sea.
The climate of the territory is subarctic marine. In winter, arctic air intrusions drop temperatures to -46ºC. There are blizzards on about a third of the days a year, and snow remains for almost eight months.

Diversity of flora and fauna
The vegetation of the reserve is represented by arctic and typical tundra. Swamps are common, of which the lowland ones are richer in species composition than the upland ones.
Rare plant species listed in the Red Book grow on the territory of the reserve. These are Rhodiola rosea “golden root”, eight-petalled dryad, alpine butterwort and other species.
The reserve is home to the white arctic fox, Ob and hoofed lemmings, fox, ermine, mountain hare, wolverine, and elk. Of the mammals listed in the Red Book, the Atlantic walrus, which renews its rookeries here, and the polar bear, which annually enters the territory, are noted in the reserve.
Of the marine mammals, noteworthy are the beluga whale, bearded seal, seal, walrus, and the more rare harp and gray seals, and baleen whales.
One of the bird migration routes passes through the reserve. The diversity of birds is especially great in summer. During the nesting and molting period, the Red-listed little (tundra) swan, the lesser-fronted goose, the barnacle goose and the white-billed loon can be found.
Coastal areas of the sea serve as feeding grounds for juvenile salmon, omul and other whitefish.

What to watch
The reserve is worth visiting to get acquainted with harsh nature this region, go birdwatching or learn to recognize rare plants. The staff of the reserve will conduct exciting excursions for you and answer all the simplest and terribly complex questions.

Arkhangelsk region, Pinezhsky district

History of creation
The Pinezhsky Nature Reserve was created to preserve the taiga ecosystems of the European part of Russia, to study unique karst formations, rare animals and plants.
The reserve was formed in 1974, and its total area is 51.5 thousand hectares.

Physiographical features
The reserve is located in the middle reaches of the Pinega River, a tributary of the Northern Dvina. The territory is formed by swampy outwash valleys, elevated areas and karst plains with numerous lakes and caves.
Gypsum rocks and caves, surrounded on all sides by swamps, make an incredible impression. In total there are more than 70 caves, some of which reach a length of 7 km.
The climate of the reserve is cold and humid. Winter is cold, lasting almost six months, the average temperature in January is -15ºС. Summer is moderately warm, cloudy, the average temperature in July is +14ºС.

Diversity of flora and fauna
The flora of the reserve is unique and relatively rich - a third of the plant species are relicts and endemics, including alpine cornflower, rigid-leaved saxifrage, cold astragalus and others.
Forests occupy almost 90% of the reserve's territory, mainly spruce forests. More than a quarter of the reserve's forests are indigenous, the rest are intact and derivative.
The fauna of the reserve is mainly typical of the taiga of the European part of the country. Elk and brown bear, ermine, weasel, lynx and fox live here.
Karst landscapes support increased diversity of bird and insect species. These groups, along with typical taiga representatives, include Arctic and Siberian species; the distribution of some species is associated exclusively with karst landforms. For example, the mountain wagtail nests only in the valley of the karst Sotka River.

What to watch
The buffer zone contains all the typical landforms of the reserve, species of plants, birds and animals. There is an interesting water and hiking route here, which allows you to get acquainted with the peculiarities of the protected nature.
Not long ago, the Karst Museum opened in the reserve. Here they will tell you that in a small area of ​​the reserve there are more than 80 caves, that they have sub-zero temperatures all year round, and instead of stalactites and stalagmites there are icicles!

Vologda region, Kirillovsky district

Founding history
The Russian North is not just the name of one of the national parks, it is a huge territory where beautiful northern nature and Russian traditional culture harmoniously combine.
Among the numerous cultural, architectural and engineering monuments in the park, eight are of national significance. This is a pile settlement on the Modlon River, the Karavaevskaya site, the ensembles of the Kirillo-Belozersky, Ferapontov and Goritsky monasteries, the Church of Elijah the Prophet near the village of Tsypino, the Volga-Baltic waterway and the North Dvina water system.
Myself national park was created in 1992 with an area of ​​166.4 thousand hectares. The objectives of the park include the preservation of natural complexes and historical and cultural sites, the creation of conditions for tourism and recreation in natural conditions, environmental education and a number of other tasks.

Physiographical features
The park contains glacial uplands and glaciolacustrine and lacustrine lowlands. In total, 7 landscape areas are distinguished, formed by global glacial processes about 23 thousand years ago.
Within the park, part of the global watershed passes along the Kirillovskaya ridge, separating the basins of internal drainage (Caspian Sea) and the Arctic Ocean (White Sea).
The park's territory is replete with lakes, of which there are 106, and rivers of the Volga and White Sea basins. The Cherepovets Reservoir is located in the southern part of the park. The lakes abound in fish, some of them contain crayfish, which indicates their ecological well-being. The most interesting lakes: Siverskoye, with an area of ​​950 hectares and a depth of 27 meters; Borodaevskoye, bordered by a lake terrace, with 15 islands; Ferapontovskoe - there are 2 small islands on it, one of which, according to legend, is man-made - they say it was built in the shape of a cross on the orders of Patriarch Nikon.
The park is located in the temperate climate zone, where seasonality is well expressed. Average January temperatures average -11.8ºС, July temperatures +16.9ºС. The absolute minimum temperature is -46ºС, maximum +36ºС.

Diversity of flora and fauna
Despite long history human development, the flora of these places has been preserved and still amazes us with its diversity. Coniferous forests predominate, incl. pine, spruce. Small-leaved forests are represented mainly by birch and aspen forests, as well as forests of gray alder. Swampy forests - grass and sphagnum - are widespread.
The northern border of the distribution of oak, maple, linden, hazel, and apple trees runs through the park.
Herbaceous plants are highly diverse. The orchid family is widely represented (23 species). Mushrooms are quite widely represented. About 60 species recorded in the park are rare and protected. The Red Data Book of the Russian Federation includes the lady's slipper, the leafless mugwort, the lacustrine muskwort, the Baltic palmetto and other species that live here.
The fauna includes a number of typical taiga animals: elk, chipmunk, wood grouse, hazel grouse, great owl, nutcracker and other species. Common species include brown bear, viviparous lizard, common viper, squirrel, ermine, weasel, pine marten, mink, finch and many others. There are 29 species of fish found in the reservoirs.
About 110 species of animals, including species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, require special protection. Habitats are very valuable rare species animals, areas of seasonal concentration of ungulate mammals, shorebirds and waterfowl, as well as areas of capercaillie currents.

Cultural heritage
Numerous archaeological finds indicate the development of this territory by man during the Mesolithic - Middle Stone Age. It is from this period that one of the oldest known settlements in the Russian North dates back to Pogostishche 1 on the Moldon River (5 thousand BC). The Neolithic era (New Stone Age) is represented by approximately 20 monuments, including a unique pile settlement on the river Modlone.
The park features unique historical and cultural monuments, including ancient migration and trade routes, various archaeological sites and historical villages located along them, monastic centers, numerous monuments of civil and ecclesiastical architecture, ethnography, and engineering art. The most famous include the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery (founded in 1397), Ferapontov Monastery (1398), Nilo-Sorskaya Hermitage - the first in Rus', Goritsky Resurrection convent- place of exile for noble Russian women.
What gives monuments special value and charm is the fact that they are located in a natural environment, in unity with nature and the historical environment.

What to watch
In addition to visiting the unique historical and cultural monuments mentioned above, there are wonderful natural monuments in the park, including: Mount Maura, Shalgo-Bodunovsky forest and Sokolsky Bor. The latter attracts tourists with its healing air, an abundance of berries and mushrooms, and excellent conditions for fishing and walking. The osprey lives in Sokolsky Bor - a bird of prey from the owl family, one of the most beautiful birds peace. Fishermen call it a fish eagle - the osprey feeds on fish, and only live ones. If an osprey hunts on a lake, it means there are a lot of fish in it and the water is clean.
You will certainly enjoy the excursions specially developed by the park: “Northern Orchids”, “Observation of Large Animals” (bear and wild boar), “Observation of Birds of Prey” (osprey).