Lithuanian surnames starting with h and x. Origin of Lithuanian surnames

March 13, 1938 The trial in the case of the “Anti-Soviet Right-Trotskyist Bloc” was completed. (The trial in the case of the “Anti-Soviet right-wing Trotskyist bloc” took place from March 2.)

The main accused were N.I. Bukharin and A.I. Rykov.

They, as well as the People's Commissar of Finance G.F. Grinko, the leaders of the Uzbek Communist Party Ikramov and Khodzhaev, former head government of Soviet Ukraine Rakovsky, People's Commissar of Agriculture Chernov and others (17 people in total) were sentenced to death penalty. Subsequently, all those convicted, except Genrikh Yagoda, were rehabilitated. The Third Moscow Trial, officially the Trial of the anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rights and Trotskyists", also known as the Trial of Twenty-One or the Great Trial, was the third and last of the so-called Moscow Trials, a public trial of a group of former state and party leaders of the Soviet Union. It took place in the spring of 1938, during the Great Terror in the USSR. Progress of the trial The case was heard in the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR from March 2 to 13, 1938, with V.V. Ulrich presiding and state prosecutor A.Ya. Vyshinsky.

The main defendants were prominent party figures who, since the late 1920s, had been accused of right-wing deviation and constituted (at least then) one or another opposition to Stalin’s course: these were A. I. Rykov, N. I. Bukharin, as well as former Trotskyists N. N. Krestinsky, Kh. G. Rakovsky. The most important accused was also the former People's Commissar of Internal Affairs G. G. Yagoda. One can single out a number of defendants who were primarily charged with the murder of Maxim Gorky and his son: Yagoda, Gorky’s secretary (and OGPU employee) P. P. Kryuchkov, doctors L. G. Levin, I. N. Kazakov and D. D. Pletnev. In addition to the named persons, A. P. Rosengolts, V. I. Ivanov, M. A. Chernov, G. F. Grinko, I. A. Zelensky, S. A. Bessonov, A. Ikramov, F. G. were put on trial Khodzhaev, V. F. Sharangovich, P. T. Zubarev, P. P. Bulanov and V. A. Maksimov-Dikovsky. There are 21 defendants in total. A special “List of Persons” was compiled, whom the leadership of the NKVD proposed to condemn to death in a closed meeting of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR (signed by Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov on November 1, 1937). The majority of those accused in the show trial in the case of the “anti-Soviet right-wing Trotskyist bloc”, which will take place in 4 months, have been deleted from it.

The defendants were accused of “treason, espionage, sabotage, terrorism, sabotage, undermining the military power of the USSR, provoking a military attack by foreign states on the USSR - that is, crimes under Art. Art. 5812, 58², 587, 588, 589 and 5811 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR.” The accusation included the following points: the formation of a conspiratorial group called the “right-Trotskyist bloc”, which set itself the stated goals, as well as the restoration of capitalism and the separation of the Union republics and Primorye from the USSR; connections with foreign intelligence services, in particular with the fascist German ( directly or through L. D. Trotsky), preparing armed aggression against the USSR, receiving help from foreign governments and anti-Soviet and Trotskyist emigration; targeted sabotage in production and agriculture; organizing kulak uprisings in the rear of the Red Army in the event of a future war;

assassinations of figures Soviet state: S. M. Kirov, V. R. Menzhinsky, V. V. Kuibyshev. murder of Maxim Gorky and his son M. A. Peshkov. assassination attempt on Lenin in 1918, preparation of assassination attempts on Stalin and N. I. Ezhov. In addition In addition, Bukharin was accused of organizing a conspiracy against the Soviet government in 1918 in order to “disrupt Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, overthrow the Soviet government, arrest and kill V.I. Lenin, I.V. Stalin and Ya.M. Sverdlov and form a new government from Bukharinites... Trotskyists and “left” Socialist Revolutionaries.” A number of defendants (Zelinsky, Ivanov, Zubarev) were accused of collaborating with the Tsarist secret police. Only three had defenders: Levin was defended by a member of the Moscow Collegium of Defenders I.D. Braude, Pletnev and Kazakov - a member of the Moscow Collegium of Defenders N.V. Kommodov; the rest of the defendants, at the end of the preliminary investigation, and then at the trial, refused defense lawyers, declaring that they would defend themselves. At the trial, testimony was heard from witnesses who spoke about Bukharin’s involvement in the group of “left communists” in 1918, and the testimony of experts, which boiled down to that that the accused doctors actually had the opportunity to hasten Menzhinsky’s death (the examination was based on the words of the same doctors). The bulk of the evidence consisted of materials from previous trials and the testimony of the accused themselves.

The latter admitted their guilt, except for N.N. Krestinsky, who at the morning meeting on March 2 entered into an argument with Vyshinsky and renounced his own testimony at the preliminary investigation as data “not voluntarily.” The next day, Krestinsky admitted his guilt and confirmed his testimony, calling his refusal a “Trotskyist provocation.” Krestinsky. I was not a member of the Trotskyist center at all. Vyshinsky. So you gave incorrect testimony? Krestinsky. I stated that these testimonies were not true. Vyshinsky. When I interrogated you during the preliminary investigation, did you tell me the truth? Krestinsky. No. Vyshinsky. Why did you tell me lies? Did I ask you to tell a lie? Krestinsky. No. Vyshinsky. Did I ask you to tell the truth? Krestinsky. They asked. Vyshinsky. Why, when I ask you to tell the truth, do you still tell a lie and force the investigator to write it down, then sign it? Why? Krestinsky. I gave incorrect testimony before you, during the preliminary investigation. Vyshinsky. ...and then held on? Krestinsky. ...and then I held on, because from my personal experience I came to the conviction that before the court hearing, if there was one, I would not be able to discredit this testimony of mine. Subsequently, the accused repeated their testimony obtained during the preliminary investigation, repented of their crimes to the people, and so on. More details at the link below

There are many nationalities in the world, and each of them has its own characteristics: in appearance, mentality and lifestyle. This applies to all aspects, including the hereditary family name. Having heard a certain surname, one can already tell what nationality this or that person belongs to and what culture he is a representative of. In this article we will talk in more detail about Lithuanian surnames and consider their origin.

Where did it all start?

Modern Lithuanian surnames are divided into two groups: those that were formed directly on the territory of Lithuania, as well as others that arose outside the country, but over time penetrated into Lithuanian. Until the 15th century, this people did not have a surname as such; everyone called each other only by name. The situation changed when Christianity came to the territory of the Baltic country at that time.

In the Middle Ages, church politics began to be actively pursued, and this also affected ancient Lithuania. In this regard, the imposition of Christian names begins, because Lithuanian, in fact, were pagan. As a result, in order not to lose their identity, the Lithuanians came up with surnames, which their ancient ancestral names turned into over time. At first they appeared only among representatives of wealthy families, but they came to the peasantry much later.

How did surnames come about?

Since the 16th century, the Church Slavonic language was established in Lithuania, but the use Latin language began to decline. In the 18th century, after the general census, village residents also began to have surnames, which began to be given to children by the name of their father, and, accordingly, this family name continued to pass from generation to generation. The suffix “-ovich”, “-evich” was added to the name.

In Russia, for example, the suffix “-ich” was given only to those who were close to the tsar and royal family, but in Lithuania they assigned it to everyone. The Lithuanian nobility did not like the sound of surnames like this: they saw the influence of Russia in this, so over time they began to actively change this suffix to the one that the Poles used - “-sky”. By the way, this prefix to the surname was also used East Slavs, but the difference was that the Poles relied specifically on local names. Let’s say a Pole lived in the village of Volya, and for this reason his surname became Volsky. However, it has been noticed that many Lithuanian surnames have Slavic suffixes and roots.

Meaning

The Lithuanian language has survived to this day almost unchanged, so it won’t be difficult to understand what this or that surname means. However, this is not always possible, and in some cases certain difficulties arise. What do Lithuanian surnames mean? For example, Leitis means that the ancestor who gave his family the name was once in the Leith service, that is, he served under the Grand Duke, Vilkas in translation sounds like “wolf”, with the surname Pilsudski - they once lived in the area of ​​​​Pilsudy. Gintautas means “protecting the people.”

Ancient Lithuanian personal names used to have two bases, and, as a rule, in translation they denoted any qualities of a person or words that carried deep meaning. The most popular of them were such as taut - people, min - thought, kant - patient, gail - regret, vil - hope.

The most popular Lithuanian surnames (male)

The English Wikipedia provides a list of the most popular Lithuanian surnames. Here is the original version and its translation into Russian. Kazlauskas - Kozlovsky, Petrauskas - Petrovsky, Jankauskas - Yankovsky, Stankevičius - Stankevich, Vasiliauskas - Vasilevsky, Žukauskas - Zhukovsky, Butkevičus - Butkevich, Paulauskas - Pavlovsky, Kavaliauskas - Kovalevsky.

You can also note such beautiful Lithuanian surnames as Astrauskas, Bluejus, Rudzitis, Simonaityte, Vaitonis, Mazeika, Kindziulis. As you can see, surnames often end in -s.

Original Lithuanian surnames

What do surnames with endings in “-aytis” and “-enas” mean? For example, such as Deimantas, Budrys, Petkevicius. They arose according to the following scheme: during the large census, the surname was given to the children by their father’s name. For example, the son of Vytas became Vytenas. But it should be noted that Lithuanians used such surnames only in colloquial speech. Officially, they were recorded in documents according to Slavic metrics.

Purely Lithuanian endings The surnames, therefore, are as follows: -aitis (Adomaitis), -is (alis), -as (Eidintas), and there may also be an ending -a (Radvila).

The influence of Slavic culture, and they are no longer natively Lithuanian.

Female surnames: rules of formation

If we consider modern female Lithuanian surnames, they have received a significant difference from male ones. They have the suffixes -ut-, -ayt-, and -yut-, the father's surname is displayed in the root, and the ending e- is often present. For example, male version A woman’s surname Butkus will already sound like Butkute, Orbakas turns into Orbakaite.

Surnames married women already have slightly different differences from the one that the husband has. The husband will have the last name Varnas, and the wife will have Vernene. Thus, we see that the suffix -en is added, or, in some cases, -uven, -yuven, as well as the ending -e. It should be noted that the rules regarding education female version surnames, valid only in Lithuania. If the family lives in Russia, it will sound the same for both spouses. But if the girl is free, then on the territory of our country her surname will sound as if she lived in Lithuania. As you can see, there are many nuances here that you simply need to delve into.

Do surnames decline?

The Lithuanian language has a developed system case declension. Lithuanian surnames often end with the letter -s, but there are two options: either this letter is an integral part of it, or it simply indicates Nominative case. That is, in other cases, when declension, this very letter -s disappears. For example, the surname Landsbergis, in the genitive, already sounds like Landsberg. Many Latvians attach this letter to Russian surnames, for example, “Lenin” in their language sounds like Lenins, as the rules of grammar require it. Women's surnames are the same as men's. In the Latvian language everyone declines. But if they are used in Russian translation, then a different rule applies: for women they do not bow, but for men it’s the other way around.

Nuances in the difference

Let's look at an example popular surnames, how they will sound in two versions: male and female, thus, the same generic name among spouses sounds differently.

Kazlauskas - Kazlauskienė, Petrauskas - Petrauskienė, Jankauskas - Yankauskienė, Stankevičius - Stankevičienė, Vasiliauskas - Vasiliauskienė, Žukauskas - Žukauskienė, Butkus - Butkienė, Palauskas - Palauskienė, Urbonas - Urbonieniė, Kavaliauskas - Kavaliauskienė.

In the course of this article, we found out what surnames mean, and also figured out the history of their origin and how Lithuanian surnames are declined. They contain the richness of one of the Baltic languages, which is famous for the fact that it has survived to this day unchanged.

Since in the XIV-XV centuries, during its heyday, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania actually owned half of the Russian lands, close administrative and cultural ties led to the spread in our country of names, words and expressions characteristic of the neighboring state. It is surnames of Lithuanian origin that make up the majority of such Baltic borrowings. Residents of Pskov and Novgorod felt a particularly strong influence from their neighbors.

For example, in the north-west of Russia the surname Paskalov is found, derived from the nickname Pascal. The word paskala is translated from Lithuanian as “whip”. That is, this could be called a person with a sharp tongue, whose critical remarks are quite painful. And his descendants later received a surname derived from this nickname.

There is virtually no doubt that the ancestors of the Litvinovs, Litvins, Litvintsevs, Litovkins and Litvyakovs have corresponding roots.
The famous linguist Zigmas Zinkevicius, author of numerous scientific works on this topic, wrote that in XVI-XVII centuries representatives of the Lithuanian nobility often changed their surnames, adding the ending -skiy to them. To be called in imitation of the gentry (the privileged Polish class) was considered prestigious. Thus, the old Oginski family once owned the Uogintai estate, located on the territory of the Kaisiadorsky district. This is where the surname came from.

After Lithuania joined Russian Empire The process of forced Russification of this Baltic country began. In the 19th century, printing in the Latin alphabet was banned, and the Lithuanian language was transferred to the Cyrillic alphabet. Last names also changed. For example, Jonas Basanavičius was already listed in official documents as Ivan Basanovich. And after moving to Russia, the suffix -ich could well have disappeared from the surname of his descendants - here you have the Basanovs.

Many Lithuanians, after moving to St. Petersburg, Moscow or other cities in our country, did not want to differ from the bulk of the population, so they often changed their surnames. So, Kazlauskas became Kozlov, Petrauskas - Petrov, Yankauskas - Yankovsky, Vasiliauskas - Vasilyev, Zhukauskas - Zhukov, Pavlauskas - Pavlov, Kovaliauskas - Kovalev, Simonaitas - Simonov, Vytautas - Vitovsky, Shchegolevas - Shchegolev, Vilkas - Volkov or Vilkin, etc. P.

As a rule, surnames formed from similar names and nicknames were simply Russified. It was enough to replace the characteristic suffix -as with the traditional Russian ending-s. If the Lithuanian surname ended in -is, then during the “translation” they added -in to it. For example, the Lithuanian word “laukas” means a kind of “star” that appears on the forehead of various livestock: cows, oxen, horses. From this word the surname Lokis was formed (the diphthong “au” was transformed into one sound “o”), and on Russian soil the descendants of its bearer turned into the Lokins.

Representatives of the Lithuanian nobility, fleeing civil strife or in search of profit, often moved to Russia and entered the service of the Moscow kings. They became the founders of such ancient noble families as the Pronsky, Belsky, Glinsky, Khovansky, Mstislavsky, Khotetovsky.

The system of Lithuanian surnames, of different origins and heterogeneous, was formed by the 18th century. Lithuanian female surnames were distinguished by their ending, which belonged to feminine. Over time, the suffix version of education also became established female surnames. Many examples can be given: from the male surname Dyarkinte the female surname Dyarkintas was formed, or from the male surname Raude the female surname Raudis was formed. IN modern times Lithuanian women's surnames differ significantly from men's. They are formed using the father's Oson surname and the suffixes ut, ait, and yut, as well as the ending –e. Examples: the surname Orbakas for a woman sounds like Orbakaite, the male surname Butkus is converted into the female surname Butkute, and the surname Katilyus is converted into Katilute. Married Lithuanian women take their husband's surname with minor changes. The suffix en is added to it, in in rare cases- suffixes - uven and juven, also ending -e. Examples of surnames: Varnene is derived from Varnas, Grinyuvene is derived from Grinius.

Lithuanian surnames - formation, appearance, origin of Lithuanian surnames

Recently in Lithuania, a widely used three-member anthroponymic system was used in all official documents. It consisted in adding the surname and first name of the father to the personal name. The father's name was used exclusively in genitive case, and in the Russian anthroponymic system it corresponded to the patronymic. Now in Everyday life
, a two-member anthroponymic system used by Lithuanians. It represents a personal name and surname. It’s interesting, but in cases where Russians obtain citizenship in Lithuania, they lose the middle name written in their passport. Often, after arriving in Russia, there are embarrassments when a Lithuanian citizen does not have a patronymic, but his first and last name are Russian.

In modern times, about 50 percent of Lithuanian personal names in Lithuania belong to the national or ancient Lithuanian Biruta. The rest of the surnames are of various origins. In most cases these are Christian surnames. Of course, male Lithuanian surnames and female surnames are significantly different.

We talked about this above. Lithuanian surnames - when were the majority of Lithuanian surnames formed? surnames are of Slavic origin. They came to Lithuania together with the Slavs.
It’s interesting, but until the 15th century, Lithuanians called themselves only by personal names. Names according to word formation were divided into three main types. The first type included two-basic names. For example, Gedi is minas. The second type includes single-base names that were formed using one component belonging to two-base personal names. In this case, some suffixes could be used. The third type included single-base personal names. They were formed from common nouns. These words could be nicknames. There are many examples of such names: Vilkas comes from fishing Vilkas - wolf. And the name Lokis comes from the word bear. In ancient times female names differed mainly in the generic ending. First of all, two-basic personal names had a noble onomastic meaning. That is, the names reflected some human qualities . They were very highly regarded by the people. You can give an example of the surname Gintautas. It means protecting the people. The most common stems of Old Lithuanian personal names are tauta- (tauta - people), min- (mintis - thought), kant- (kantrus - patient), gail- (gailetis - regret), vil- (viltis - hope). After some time, the connection between two-basic personal names and common nouns was lost. Personal names began to be formed from mechanical components. Because of this, the meaning of most two-base names has become difficult to explain. Like Germanic, Balsky personal two-basic names lost their semantics very early, but, it has become difficult to call a person by just one name. A two-part naming method emerges. In this case, personal names receive special definitions. And after baptism, the famous courtiers of Prince Vytautas began to call themselves by two personal names, one of which was Christian, and the other was ancient Lithuanian.
And in contracts of the 15th century, historians have discovered personal names written with surnames. The introduction of Christianity had a significant role in the formation of Lithuanian surnames. It was the personal names of Lithuanians that became Christian, and the ancient Lithuanian names formed the basis of the emerging Lithuanian surnames. of course, at the end of the 19th century, the displacement of Christian personal names by national or ancient Lithuanian personal names began. In the 15th and 16th centuries, a two-part naming method developed. But there were also other ways of assigning a name until the 18th century. For example, there was a single-term method, a two-term and a three-term method. Some personal names also began to turn into surnames, as well as suffixed patronymics and epithets.
The most common suffixes in the 17th century were the suffixes aitis, onis, utis, enas and unas. Slavic suffixes such as evich, ovich, evski, ovski and ski were also common. Since 1697 translated into

Polish language both Lithuanian suffixes and surnames themselves. Nicknames were common in the 16th century. but over time they turned into surnames. Interestingly, the Lithuanian anthroponymic system contains about 3000 personal names. Therefore, it is very difficult to understand the names and surnames of the inhabitants of this country. There is no such people on the planet as the Lithuanians, who have so many unique ancient names and surnames in their collection. Last name is one of the most basic identifiers of a person, which indicates his belonging to a certain family, clan, people, culture, social class

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different cultures

• In both languages, surnames are formed and declined in completely different ways. Let's listen to Lithuanian surnames.
• Origin

Conventionally, all Lithuanian surnames can be divided into 2 large groups:

Actually Lithuanian. Borrowed. began to be used more and more widely. However, the Lithuanians did not want to give up their original names so easily, and gradually they transformed into surnames. In the 15-16 centuries, only rich and noble families with some weight in society could have surnames. But the widespread distribution of surnames began only in the 18th century.

Basic meanings of surnames

The Lithuanian language has hardly changed over the past centuries. However, despite this, it is still difficult to understand some Lithuanian surnames.

If a surname has the suffixes –enas or –aytis, then it obviously came from the name of a distant ancestor, because the meaning of such a suffix is ​​the son of someone. That is, Baltrushaitis is literally the son of Baltrus, and Vytenas is the son of Vitas.

If a Lithuanian surname has the suffix -sky, which is familiar to the Russian ear, then it indicates the place of origin of the family. Famous family Piłsudski, for example, came from the Samogit region of Piłsudy. But the Oginsky family most likely received their surname in honor of the Uogintai estate given to him in 1486 for his high services to the fatherland.

Of course, in Lithuanian surnames, like in all others, the occupation of the ancestor is often encrypted. For example, the surname Leitis indicates that the ancestor was in the “Leith service”, that is, he was the caretaker of the military horses of the Grand Duke himself and his closest subjects. Such a caretaker was subordinate only directly to the prince and to no one else.

Some Lithuanian surnames are derived from the names of animals. For example, Ozhialis comes from “ozhka”, which means “goat”, and Vilkas from “vilkas”, that is, “wolf”. In Russian it would sound like Kozlov or Volkov.

In interpreting Lithuanian surnames, a certain amount of caution must be observed, because etymology is a delicate matter, and sometimes the origin of a surname can have several versions.

Men's surnames

Let's name the 10 most common surnames in today's Lithuania. This:

• Kazlauskas.
• Petrauskas.
• Jankauskas.
• Stankevicius.
• Vasiliauskas.
• Žukauskas.
• Butkevicius.
• Paulauskas.
• Urbonas.
• Kavaliauskas.

All male surnames end in –s. This is their main feature.

Women's surnames

If the surname ends in -e, then this indicates that it belongs to a woman. Women's surnames may also differ from men's surnames by a suffix, which will directly depend on whether the woman bears the surname of her father or husband.

From paternal surnames, female surnames are formed using suffixes:

• -it.

The ending -e is added to the suffix.

For example, Orbakas - Orbakaite, Katilyus - Katilyute, Butkus - Butkute.

The following suffixes are added to the root of the husband's surname:

• - less often;
• -uven;
• -juven.

The ending is still the same. Examples: Grinius - Grinyuvene, Varnas - Varnene.

In 2003, the formation of female surnames was somewhat simplified at the legislative level and women were allowed not to form a surname using these suffixes.

A woman's surname can now be formed like this: Raudis - Raude.

Declension

All Lithuanian surnames are declined according to case (like all nouns). The cases are almost similar to Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and locative (analogue of prepositional).

Let's look at the case declension of the surnames Kyaulakine and Kyaulakis.

Kaulakienė (female)

Them. P. – Kaulakienė

R.P. – Kaulakienės

D.P. – Kaulakienei

V. P. – Kaulakienę

T.P. – Kaulakiene

M.P. – Kaulakienę

Kaulakys (male)

Them. P. – Kaulakys

R.P. – Kaulakio

D.P. – Kaulakiui

V.P. – Kaulakį

T.P. – Kaulakiu

M.P. – Kaulakį

Declension, as in the Russian language, is carried out by changing endings. When translated into Russian, female Lithuanian surnames are not declined, but male surnames are declined according to the rules of the Russian language.

Until recently, in official documents of Lithuanians, the given name, surname and given name of the father were written in the genitive case. Today there is no middle name in the passport. All Russians moving to Lithuania also lose their middle name.

Most Lithuanian surnames, as we see, have ancient roots, so studying surnames can provide extensive information about the history and culture of the Lithuanian people.