Lithuanian female surname endings. Lithuanian surnames

In New Guinea as a component funeral ritual people ate the brains of the dead. This led to a disease called kuru, a central nervous system disorder that caused mad cow disease in cows.

Known in medical parlance as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, mad cow disease affects the central nervous system livestock. This disease belongs to the group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), neurodegenerative diseases that affect animals and humans.

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In animals, other related diseases include scrapie (in sheep) and feline spongiform encephalopathy (in cats). A person develops diseases such as Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome and sporadic fatal insomnia. Mad cow disease syndrome is believed to result from the presence and exposure to prions, which are infectious agents that contain an abnormal form of protein.

Transmission of these infectious agents occurs through protein misfolding. They are mainly present in the brain, spinal cord, small intestine and blood of livestock. They can also be found in the lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow of the affected organism. In addition, some scientists are of the opinion that proteins present in the body are converted into prions due to the presence of a certain type of virus. However, this theory has not yet been confirmed by research. Prions damage the central nervous system by forming spongy holes. This leads to degeneration of nerve cells, which ultimately leads to the death of the body.

Research and laboratory data suggest a strong association between mad cow disease syndrome and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. It is a neurodegenerative human disease that is usually fatal. It is associated with the consumption of contaminated meat or meat products.

The earliest symptoms include depression, insomnia and anxiety.
The person may appear withdrawn and in a state of confusion.
There are significant changes in a person's personality and behavior.
A person may also experience muscle spasms, i.e. involuntary muscle contractions that cause severe pain.
As the person's condition worsens, they lose muscle control and coordination, and may experience problems with vision (blurred vision) and memory.
Temporary memory loss is another symptom that makes it difficult for the patient to recognize people. This symptom also makes it difficult to perform everyday tasks.
The patient may experience a tingling sensation in the feet, palms, face and legs.
He may develop dementia, which makes him weak mentally and physically.
At the last stage of the disease, the patient may fall into a coma, which ultimately leads to death. The onset of the last stage occurs within a period of 6 months to one year after the onset of symptoms.

Mad cow disease invariably develops in cattle.

Decreased ability to stand and walk.
Problems with muscle coordination.
Slight change in behavior.
Sudden weight loss.
Significant reduction in milk production.

How is mad cow disease spread?

As already mentioned, the causative agent of this disease is prions. They cannot be transmitted from one organism to another through physical contact, but can enter the body of humans and animals in the following ways:

At slaughterhouses, animal remains are disposed of without any testing. The waste/by-products are fed to livestock as a cheap source of protein. If animal remains contaminated (with prions) get into the feed, the prions are transmitted to the livestock.
When a person begins to consume meat contaminated with the causative agent of mad cow disease syndrome, this also exposes him to the risk of infection.
There are cases where variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has developed in people, including vegetarians, without any known cause. It is believed that the development of this disease in humans may be a consequence of a genetic mutation that is inherited.
In addition, transfusion of contaminated blood, transplantation of tissue containing prions, and the use of contaminated surgical instruments can lead to the development of this disease in humans.

Diagnosis and treatment

There is no special technology or physical test to diagnose this disease. However, your doctor may recommend a complete blood count along with an MRI and PET scan, and may also order a brain biopsy to check for changes in the brain.

Unfortunately, there is no effective treatment or cure for this disease. Researchers continue to search for a drug that could help cure this disease in both humans and animals. However, the patient may be prescribed certain medications to control symptoms. Love, care and moral support can help cope with the disease.

To avoid the development of this disease, it is recommended to take certain preventive measures. You should limit your consumption of red meat. Heating, cooking and exposure to radiation or chemical reagents does not allow the destruction of prions. Therefore, cooking contaminated meat does not guarantee its safety for consumption. Also in a good way To prevent the development of this disease is to switch to a vegetarian diet. If any of the above symptoms appear, you should consult your doctor as soon as possible.

A tick bite can cause serious health problems and sometimes even life-threatening consequences. Every year, many cases of tick-borne diseases are reported. How to protect yourself from these insects, and how does a tick bite manifest itself in a person?

What diseases do ticks carry?

According to scientists, about 48,000 species of these insects live on the planet. Ticks carry serious infectious diseases. Common diseases transmitted through a tick bite include Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, and tularemia.

In total, medicine knows about 60 diseases that can be transmitted by ticks. The most dangerous thing is tick-borne encephalitis, which manifests itself as inflammation of the brain, which can lead to death.

Even though there is great amount There are only a few species of ticks that pose a danger. Most insects do not carry infectious diseases.

However, this does not mean that the bite of a tick that is not a carrier of the disease will not cause harm to a person. It can cause severe skin irritation and an allergic reaction requiring medical attention.

How to recognize a tick bite

Tick bites can be detected even before the insect has time to fall off. When a tick attaches itself to the skin, a bright red spot forms around the bite site, the diameter of which does not exceed 1 cm. This is the body’s typical reaction to a bite. A person bitten by a tick does not experience pain. But the inflammatory reaction manifests itself due to the influence of substances contained in the tick’s saliva.

The tick is attached to the skin by special outgrowths. Most often, bite sites are located on the stomach, groin area, lower back, armpits, chest, and ear area. In most cases, mites move throughout the human body for a long time, choosing places with delicate skin, since the insect cannot bite through thick skin.

Lyme disease infection manifests itself specific type bite sites. The red inflamed spot increases, sometimes reaching a diameter of 20 cm. After some time, a small elevation of a more intense shade appears on it, the central part becomes bluish or White color, first a crust appears, and then a scar. After 10-15 days, this scar disappears.

Symptoms of a tick bite

When a tick bites, a person does not feel pain. Therefore, he may not notice the attached tick for a long time. Symptoms often first appear several hours after the bite. These are drowsiness, weakness, chills, aching joints, photophobia.

The severity of symptoms depends on the number of bites. The more there are, the more pronounced the signs of a bite are. They are more difficult for children, the elderly, and those who suffer from immunodeficiency or acute diseases.

In addition to the listed symptoms, you may experience:

increased body temperature;
decreased blood pressure;
tachycardia (rapid heartbeat);
skin itching and rashes;
swollen lymph nodes;
nausea, vomiting;
headache;
wheezing, difficulty breathing;
rarely - hallucinations and other disorders of the nervous system.

High temperature in those bitten by ticks

Since the main symptom of infectious diseases is fever, it will be useful to Special attention for a symptom such as high fever.

If a person develops a fever after a bite, this means either the development of an infectious disease or the occurrence of an allergic reaction.

If an increase in temperature is observed within the first minutes or hours after the bite, this indicates an allergy. But an increase in body temperature after a few days is a symptom of infection.

The following features of the course of fever help doctors suspect the development of a particular infectious disease:

With tick-borne encephalitis, the temperature rises 2-4 days after the bite, lasts 2-3 days, then returns to normal. However, after 8-10 days it may rise again. Rarely does the picture of fever turn out to be different.
With Lyme disease, or borreliosis, a high temperature is observed in the middle of the disease. An increase in temperature is accompanied by headaches, migraines, joint and muscle pain.
With other infectious diseases, the nature of the fever may be different.

Burr (also called rhotacism or dyslalia) is the incorrect pronunciation of the sound “r”. Most often, burring occurs in children, but sometimes in adults. Where does it come from?

What is burr?

Sometimes burr is also called the incorrect pronunciation of several sounds from one or different groups. For example, whistling and hissing, back-lingual, replacing voiced consonants with soft ones, and soft ones with hard ones. But more often they still talk about the incorrect pronunciation of the letter “r”.

Normally, when pronouncing the letter “r”, the tongue should rise to upper sky, in the area of the front teeth, and produce vibration, creating a corresponding sound. In case of burring, this process is disrupted. The reasons may be the following.

Incorrect articulation

This is due to the incorrect position of the lips or tongue in the process of pronouncing the sound “r”. For example, this can occur as a result of improper vibration of the small uvula of the palate, displacement of the tongue or lips, improper interaction of the tongue and soft palate when constructing sound.

Physiological reasons

These include, in particular, dysfunction of the hearing aid. The reason for this may be a congenital pathology or an inflammatory process, leading to hearing loss. The child simply does not hear how to pronounce “r” correctly.

It can also be various injuries to the tongue; malocclusion; absence of one of the front teeth in the upper or lower jaw; congenital structural features of the tongue, gums, teeth. Quite often, the cause of burr is pathologies of the speech apparatus, such as a too short frenulum of the tongue.

Certain disorders can form during intrauterine development; others may be acquired during life.

Genetic predisposition

Pathology can be inherited. For example, a hereditary characteristic may include sparse teeth and a protruding lower jaw. Also, if a father or mother burrs, then the child will most likely also pronounce “r” incorrectly.

Pedagogical neglect

Most children start out speaking incorrectly, but as they get older their speech becomes clearer. At the same time, a lot depends on the adults around them. If parents do not try to correct the speech defects of their offspring and do not show them how to pronounce certain sounds correctly, then the burr defect may persist for life.

Bilingualism

If the family speaks different languages or the family speaks the same language, but kindergarten or school - on the other, the child involuntarily begins to mix them up, which leads to incorrect pronunciation.

The harm of burring and how to fix it

At first glance, there seems to be nothing wrong with burr. But meanwhile, it can cause a person a lot of trouble. In childhood, a burry child may be laughed at and imitated. The speech of a burry person is difficult to understand. He is practically barred from entering a profession where it is important to speak correctly - for example, a teacher, announcer, official, politician.

Burry people often develop psychological complexes. They are embarrassed by their speech impediment and may stutter and blush, especially when talking to an unfamiliar interlocutor in a public situation. This leads to various social difficulties.

It is best to start the fight against burring in childhood. First of all, you need to determine the cause by examining the child with a dentist, ENT specialist and speech therapist. If there are no physiological or organic disorders, then a set of speech therapy exercises usually helps, which teach how to correctly pronounce the letter “r” and other sounds. If there are disorders of the hearing or speech apparatus, then drug therapy or even surgery may be required. The dentist will correct the bite and, if necessary, operate on the frenulum. This will make speech clearer and more correct.

Adults can also be helped. But again, you must first identify the cause of the burr. By the way, there are special exercises, which help correct burr at home.

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The concept of “man” has so much big story studying that scientists are still finding more and more new components of it. In our article we will try to briefly describe the main characteristics of a person: biological, social, external, psychological, dominant and recessive.

Biological and social characteristics of a person

bodily characteristics adapted to work
a highly developed enlarged brain capable of conceptually reflecting the world around it
consciousness that helps to understand the world around us
thinking and language that gives a person the ability to communicate and convey accumulated experience
an upright walking method that frees a person's hands
the structure of the teeth, changing the shape of the skull.

The social in a person is manifested, first of all, in the peculiarities of joint life activity and verbal communication of people. Social signs person are characterized by the following points:

attitude towards work and activity
conscious attitude towards nature
targeted and planned social activity
reproduction and preservation of social and cultural values
creation of a family as a social unit of society
upbringing and education of the younger generation
development of abilities and talents
support of their own kind with obvious deviations from the norm

External and psychological signs of a person

A person’s personality is understood as a set of external characteristics that distinguish him from other people and confirm his belonging to the human race. There are many classifications of external signs of a person, we will look at the main ones:

Own and related. Own characteristics belong to a person according to his physical nature and include: general physical (height, age), demographic (gender, nationality, race), anatomical (external structure of the head, limbs, torso), functional (gait, gestures, speech, habits, posture). Associated features are those elements that form the personality (clothing, personal items, jewelry).
Group and individual. These are cumulative external signs person, which are characteristic either for a group of people or for one person.
Permanent and temporary. These signs can either be with a person from birth to death, or appear and disappear (like hair, warts).
Natural and artificial. Such signs are either inherent in a person by nature (wrinkles), or appear as a result of changes in signs of a person’s appearance (tattoos, piercings).

In psychology, the main signs of a person that characterize a person’s mental appearance are divided into 8 groups:

sensory-perceptual (vision, taste, smell, hearing, touch)
physiological (thirst, hunger, sexual desire, pain, need)
reactionary (trembling, palpitations, dizziness, nausea, weakness, horror, pallor)
emotional (fear, joy, anger, love, despair)
verbal (message, request, demand, scolding, complaint)
intellectual (imagination, thinking, faith)
physical (work, rest)

Recessive and dominant human traits

Since a person is not only a biological, but also a social being, his genetics differs from the genetics of other living organisms. Genetics, which studies the inheritance of human characteristics, identifies recessive and dominant traits in people.

Dominant human characteristics carry the possibility of inheriting diseases in 50% of cases. That is, if one parent is healthy and the other is sick, then the probability of having a healthy or sick child is 50/50. Dominant traits include:

skin (dark, thick, piebald spotting and pigmented spots in the sacral area);
vision (myopia, farsightedness, cataracts, strabismus);
height (dwarfism);
hands and feet (polydactyly, brachydactyly, left-handedness, thin, hard and flat nails, thick and flattened finger, elliptical patterns on the fingers, varicose veins, second toe longer than the big toe, increased mobility of the big toe);
facial features (freckles, round face and chin, dimples on the cheeks and chin, thick unconnected eyebrows, long eyelashes);
nose (round, straight and with a hump, round nostrils, high and narrow bridge of the nose);
mouth (the ability to bend the tongue back, roll up, teeth at birth, protruding teeth and jaws, gap between incisors, predisposition to caries, full lips, Habsburg lip);
ears (sharp tip of the ear, loose lobe);
blood (groups A, B, AB, presence of Rh factor).

Recessive human traits carry the possibility of inheriting diseases in 25% of cases. Typically, with such inheritance, both parents are considered healthy, but have a potential pathological gene, which is passed on to their children according to the following scheme: 25% of the offspring will be healthy, 25% of the offspring will be sick, and 50% of the offspring will be, like their parents, latent carriers of the pathological gene. Recessive traits include:

skin (thin skin, albinism, fair skin);
vision (night blindness, color blindness);
hands and feet (right-handedness, circular patterns on fingers, second toe shorter);
hearing (congenital deafness);
processes in the body (diabetes mellitus, hemophilia);
facial features (square face and chin, thin connected eyebrows, short eyelashes);
nose (pointed, snub-nosed, narrow nostrils, low, wide, straight and bent bridge of the nose);
mouth (thin lips);
ears (fused lobe);
blood (blood type O, lack of Rh factor).

Of all known diseases, 1000 are transmitted by a dominant trait, and 800 by a recessive trait. These signs can explain the transmission of diseases from generation to generation, as well as the sudden manifestation of the disease after its long absence in the family.