Case table with prepositions and endings. How many cases are there in Russian? Case definition

Parts of speech are studied in elementary school. Some of them are combined into special groups based on special characteristics. Pronouns, numerals, nouns and adjectives are included in the group of inflected parts of speech, that is, those that change according to numbers and cases. You need to understand what declension is in order to correctly write the endings of the forms of one word that changes according to cases.

How to determine the case of a noun - learning to determine the declension

The Russian language divides all nouns into 3 declensions:

• Type 1 – words m.r. and zh.r. ending in -a or -ya. For example, rainbow, road, snake, track.
• Type 2 – words m.r. and s.r. ending in -o or -e or having a zero ending. For example, education, house, oatmeal.
• Type 3 – zh.r. words ending in a soft sign. They have a zero ending. For example, doe, tribute, spruce, night.

Words of the same type of declension have the same endings when changed by case. Therefore, when doubts arise when spelling case endings, you need to look at the change rules for the entire declension group to which the word belongs.

How to determine the case of a noun - features of cases

• We ask the question to the noun from those members of the sentence with which it is connected.
• Nominative case – questions Who? What? For example, healer, forest. You can use an additional word: ( There is) Who? – medicine man, (there) what? - forest.
• For questions whom? what? the genitive case answers with an additional word No. For example, ( no) who? - healer, (no) what? - forests.
• Dative. Questions are asked about the noun to whom? what? with an additional word give. For example, (give) to whom? - to the healer, (give) what? – forest.
• Accusative. Using questions whom? What? with an additional word I see. For example, ( I see) who? - healer, (I see) what? - forest.
• Instrumental. Asking questions by whom? how?. You can use an additional word admire. For example, ( admire) who? - healer, (admire) what? - forest.
• The last, Prepositional case, answers questions about whom? about what? using the word think. For example, think about whom? - healer, what to think about? - forest.

How to determine the case of a noun - how to distinguish the Nominative case from the Accusative case

Some forms of the Nominative and Accusative cases are sometimes the same because they answer the same question What?

Let's consider the proposals:

• The snow was falling in large flakes.
• When we went outside, we saw snow.

Word snow answers the question What? in both sentences, has the same form, but different syntactic meaning.

In the first case, snow is the subject, in the second it is the circumstance. That is snow performs the action in the first sentence, and in the second the action is performed on it.

Noun snow in sentence 1 it is in the Nominative case, in sentence 2 it is in the Accusative case.

We looked at the questions and auxiliary words of each case. We considered the case of coincidence of word forms of the Nominative and Accusative cases. We looked at how the syntactic role helps determine case in case of difficulties.

In Russian everything six independent cases, and nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns are declined (changed by case). But schoolchildren often have difficulty determining case. Students cannot always correctly put a question to a word, and this leads to mistakes. Particular difficulties arise when a word has the same form in different cases.

There are several techniques that will help you accurately determine the case of a word.

1. Statement of the question.

Please note that the question must be case, and not semantic. For questions where? Where? When? Why? case cannot be determined.

Both candidates(who? – R. p.).

What happened in 1812?(in what? – P. p.).

After the concert five(I. p.) spectators(whom? – R. p.) stayed in the hall(in what? – P. p.).

In ten minutes(through what? – V. p.) he (I. p.) returned.

She is happy with the new car(how? – etc.).

2. Exist auxiliary words, which can help in determining case:

To distinguish homonymous case forms, the following techniques are used.

3. Replacing the singular with the plural.

To go on the road(ending -e in both D. p. and P. p.).

Walk on the roads(Why? – D. p., in P. p. – about roads).

4. Replacing the masculine gender with the feminine gender.

Met a friend(the ending -a in both R. p. and V. p.).

Met a friend(whom? – V. p., in R. p. – girlfriends).

5. The magic word is mom.

Particular difficulties arise when distinguishing the forms of accusative and genitive, accusative and nominative cases. As always, he will come to the rescue "Mother". This is the word that can be substituted into a sentence. Framed, look at the ending: mom A – nominative, mom Y – Genitive; mom U – accusative.

Perish yourself, and comrade(ending -a in both R. p. and V. p.) help out.

Die yourself, and mom(V.p.) help out.

6. Knowledge of characteristic prepositions also helps to determine case.

As you can see, there are prepositions characteristic of only one case: without– for genitive case (no hitch); by, to – for dative case (through the forest, towards the house), oh, oh, at – for prepositional case (about three heads, in front of you).

Let us remember that the case of the adjective is determined by the case of the word being defined. In order to determine the case of an adjective, it is necessary to find in the sentence the noun to which it refers, because the adjective is always in the same case as the word being defined.

I'm happy with the new coat. Adjective new refers to a noun coat in T. p., therefore, new – etc.

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Changes in words in Russian by case called declination. Case-- this is a certain form of this word. There are six cases in the Russian language.

Nominative singular is the initial form of a noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral or verbal form - participle. For nouns in the nominative case we will ask questions Who? or What?: boy, tree. The nominative case usually belongs to subject in a sentence.

Genitive answers the questions whom? or what?, no boy, no tree.

Dative answers the questions to whom? or what? I'll give it to the boy, I'll give it to the tree.

Accusative answers the questions whom? ** or ** what? I see a boy, a tree.

IN instrumental case nouns we will ask questions by whom? or how?, admiring the boy, the tree.

IN prepositional case valid questions to a noun about whom? or about what?, I think about the boy, about the tree.

Case, in Russian, is a category of grammar that interacts nouns with other words in a text or sentence. Cases directly depend on the inflected noun to one degree or another, and, as a rule, the endings of these words change. There are six cases in total in the Russian language, namely:

1) nominative (answers the questions: who? or what?)

2) genitive (answers the questions: whom? or what?)

3) dative (answers questions to whom? or what?)

4) accusative (answers the questions: who? or what?)

5) instrumental (answers the questions: by whom? or with what?)

6) prepositional (answers the questions: about whom? or about what?)

In Russian, case is a grammatical category that is used to express the attitude towards an object denoted by a noun. There are 6 cases in modern Russian. Here is a table where you can see all the cases, as well as their endings for various genders in the singular and plural.

Case is a grammatical category characteristic of nouns and adjectives. Words can change by case and this change is called declension. That is, nouns (and adjectives) are declined according to cases. This declension depends on other words that stand next to the given word and determine its case.

There are a total of 6 cases in the Russian language:

Nominative - who?/what? - friend, bag

Genitive - who?/what? - friend, bags

Dative - to whom?/what? - friend, bag

Accusative - who?/what? - friend, bag

Creative - by whom?/what? - friend, bag

Prepositional - about whom?/about what? - about a friend, about a bag

Case in the Russian language is a separate grammatical category through which one expresses one’s attitude towards an object. In general, there are cases determined based on the questions asked, but here is the table:



Pay attention to auxiliary words that help determine case.

The one presented below will allow you to study and remember such an important topic in the Russian language as case.

Case is the form of a word, when the word changes according to cases - inflected.

But not all parts of speech can have a case and are declined according to cases.

For example, we can decline nouns, adjectives, pronouns, but we do not decline verbs by case.

There are only six cases in the Russian language, each case has its own questions for animate and inanimate objects, and also has different endings for the singular and plural.

Table of cases of the Russian language with questions and examples below:





Case is the form of a word in which it is used in Russian. There are six cases in the Russian language and each of them is characterized by its own formulation of the question to which it answers. Here is a table of cases with prepositions and endings used -



Case is the grammatical basis of a word, shows the syntactic role of the word and links words into sentences. To change by case means to inflect a word.

In order for sentences to be logically connected and nouns to be easily perceived, numeral adjectives must take the necessary form. To do this, you need to be able to decline correctly, and here we turn to CASE for help.

Nouns are very widely represented in the Russian language. They can act as main and secondary members of a sentence. By using noun cases, speakers and writers can relate these parts of speech to others in the context of a sentence. Another category of a noun is directly related to cases - its declension. By the way, the spelling correctness of what is written depends on the correct definition of which.

Case category

The case of nouns is a grammatical category that indicates the relationship of a given part of speech to other words in a sentence. These connections can be realized not only with the help of case forms - prepositions help in this, as well as intonation and even word order.

In modern Russian there are only 6 case forms.

Once upon a time in the Old Russian language there was another, seventh, vocative case. But it lost its significance during the development of linguistic culture. Echoes of the vocative case remain in common parlance. Previously, it was comparable to the nominative and denoted the address: father, man. At the present stage of development of the Russian language, it is realized in the following colloquial addresses: Sing, Vasya, Tan, etc.

The meaning and form of expression of cases. Nominative

In addition to grammatical meaning, the cases of nouns have a lexical meaning. Let's sort them out.

Nominative. This is the basic form of a noun. Used in academic literature (dictionary entries). In this case there is always a subject, as well as a word in them. p. can be an integral part of the predicate.

Example: The roses bloomed on time. Subject roses is in the nominative case.

Another example: This tree is birch. Subject tree(Name p., predicate birch- the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate, stands in Im. P.).

Meanings of the genitive case

Genitive. Can associate nouns with different parts of speech. So, if the genitive case connects two nouns, then it will mean:

• a substance whose measure is indicated: liter of kvass;
• affiliation: mom's shoes b;
• object of some action: boiling water;
• definition relations: beauty of the fields.

The genitive case is used for the comparative degree of adjectives: stronger than (who?) a bull. With a cardinal number: thousand (what?) rubles.

As for the verb and verb forms, this case is used in the following cases:

• denotes a specific object when associated with a transitive verb: write out a receipt;
• used after verbs such as to fear, to achieve, to lose me and others: seek (what?) permission.

The genitive case is used when reporting an exact date. For example: She was born on the sixth (what?) March one thousand nine hundred and eighty-two.

Meanings of the dative and accusative cases

Other cases of nouns are not so rich in lexical meanings and grammatical connections. Thus, the dative case is associated with verbs and some nouns (verbal). Has a side object value: to help parents(compare: help around the house- direct object).

The accusative case indicates that we have a direct object: I'm writing a poem.

Instrumental and prepositional cases

A noun in the instrumental case will have the following meanings:

• weapon or method of action: punch (with what?)(way), hit (with what?) with a hammer(weapon);
• subject performing the action: written (by whom?) by mother; washed with (what?) a rag;
• is part of the nominal part of the predicate: she was (what?) a doctor.

The prepositional case is special, as is clear from its name. It always requires a preposition. May refer to:

• topic of conversation, thoughts, etc.: let's talk (about what?) about Goethe's work; I think (about whom?) about a beautiful stranger;
• temporal and geographical indicators: met (when?) last weekend; work (where?) in a cafe.
• used to indicate a date, but not a full date, but indicating the year: I was born (when?) in nineteen ninety.

Declension of nouns

To write spelling correctly, you need to know not only cases. The declension of nouns has a primary role. There are three types of declension in the Russian language, each of them requires certain endings. To determine whether nouns belong to one of them, case, gender must be known first.

Nouns like homeland, earth, frame, belong to the first declension. They are united by belonging to the feminine gender and endings -а/-я. Also included in these declensions are the few masculine nouns: Vitya, grandfather, dad. In addition to gender, they are united by the endings -a/-я.

The group of masculine nouns is much larger: son-in-law, wolf, sofa. They have a zero ending. Such words belong to the second declension. The same group includes neuter nouns with inflection -о/-е: sea, building, crime.

If you have a feminine noun ending in a soft sign (zero ending), it will belong to the third declension: rye, youth, daughter, brooch.

Nouns can have an adjectival declension, that is, they change by case like adjectives and participles. This includes those who have made the transition from these parts of speech to a noun: living room, greeting.

To determine which cases of nouns are used in a sentence, you need to find the word to which the noun refers and ask a question.

For example, let’s determine the cases and declensions of nouns in a sentence: The motorcyclist was riding on flat ground.

Subject motorcyclist does not refer to any other word, because it is the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the nominative case. We determine the declension: the zero ending and the masculine gender indicate that the word has 2 declensions. Noun with preposition by area depends on the word was driving. We ask a question: drove (where?) around the area. This is a matter of prepositional case. Terrain- feminine, ending in b, therefore the third declension.

Declension of singular nouns

To determine with what ending you need to write a noun, you must know gender, number, case and declension. Declension can be hard or soft: a word can end in a soft or hard consonant. For example: lamp- solid type; pot- soft.

Let's give examples of declension of singular nouns and pay attention to endings in some forms.

First declension

Pay attention to the dative and prepositional cases. They require the ending -e. In a noun ending in -iya, on the contrary, in these cases the ending -i should be written.

Second declension

Here we pay attention to the prepositional case: it requires the ending -e. If a noun ends in -й/-и, then it is necessary to write -и in this case.

Third declension

We pay attention to the genitive, dative and prepositional cases: they require the ending -i. It should also be remembered that after sibilants in the singular in this declension it is necessary to write a soft sign. It is not needed in the plural.

Declension of plural nouns

Let's look at the cases of plural nouns.

Nouns in the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases have identical endings.

The endings -и/-ы or -а/-я have plural nouns. The first can be found in all three declensions, the second - in some nouns of the second declension: director, watchman, professor.

To distinguish the lexical meanings of plural nouns, different endings are used: sheet, But leaves (of a tree) And sheets (of a book).

Nouns like treaties, elections, engineers, officers, designers You only need to write with the ending -ы. A different inflection is a violation of the norm.

Indeclinable nouns

The Russian language has a unique group of nouns. When changing by case, they have endings of different declensions. The group includes those words that end in -my (for example, time, stirrup), as well as the word path.

Like nouns of the 3rd declension, these words in the singular, genitive, dative and prepositional cases require the ending -i.

Immutable nouns

Another special group of nouns is unchangeable. They are not put in number and case form. They always have the same form: without kimono(R.p.) - about kimono(P.p.); new kimono(units) - purchased kimonos(plural).

How to determine in this case how the noun is grammatically expressed? We look at the number and case according to the word to which it refers. Examples:

1. Pedestrians were hurrying along the new highway.

2. New highways have been built.

In the first sentence we determine the number and case of the adjective new(units, d.p.). In the second - also by adjective new(plural, im.p.).

Unchangeable nouns are, as a rule, foreign words, like common nouns ( citro, cafe), and own ( Baku, Hugo). Complex abbreviated words (abbreviations) are also unchangeable. For example: Computer, nuclear power plant.

Some linguists believe that the Russian language is rich in cases. This means that there are not six of them, as schoolchildren study, but more. And, as it turns out, they have every reason to hold this opinion. So, how many cases are there in Russian? Let's try to figure this issue out.

Case system

The term “case” translated from Greek means “fall”, and from Latin it means “to fall”.

Case (declension) is a grammatical category designed to show the syntactic role of nouns and their interaction with other words of the sentence. In addition to the noun, adjectives, participles, numerals, and pronouns also change by case. It is worth noting that the case of these adjectival words depends on the declension of the noun being defined. It is expressed by changing the ending.

How many cases are there in Russian?

Considering the morphology of the Russian language, as a rule, six main cases are called:

• Nominative (original declension form).
• Genitive.
• Dative.
• Accusative.
• Instrumental.
• Prepositional.

The listed cases are called basic due to their widespread use. In addition, it is worth noting that their prevalence is due to the fact that the parts of speech that were mentioned earlier have grammatical forms for the listed cases.

To correctly declension words, you need to know that all cases answer questions. In addition, each of them expresses several meanings. Let's take a closer look at each.

Nominative

Corresponding questions are “who?”, “what?” To recognize this case, you need to add the word “is” to the noun. For example: there is (what?) a light bulb. Used without prepositions. The singular number has the following endings:

• 1st declension: -a, -i.
• 2nd declination: -o, -e or zero.

And in the plural: -ы, -и, -а, -я.

Since the nominative case is the original case form of the word, its responsibilities include:

• give a name to the subject of an action or state ( Mother is cleaning, the children are tired);
• define, characterize an object, person or action (n your daughter is a doctor; war is a disaster);
• name the subject of the message, subject, action, property (used in sentences of this type: Morning. Sun.);
• Express an appeal to the interlocutor ( Baby, how old are you??).

Genitive

The corresponding questions are “who?”, “what?” To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word “no” to the noun. For example: there is no (what?) snow. Used with prepositions near, at, after, without, about, from, for, around, to, from, with. The singular number is determined by the following endings:

• 1st declension: -ы, -и.
• 2nd declension: -a, -i.
• 3rd declension: -i.

Has the ending: zero, -ov, -ev, -ey.

The genitive case may indicate:

• Item affiliation ( son's car).
• Carrier properties ( blue sky).
• The object to which the action is directed ( watching TV).
• The subject performing the action ( mom's arrival).
• Parts of the whole ( piece of cake).

Dative

Words in the dative case answer the questions “to whom?”, “what?”. To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word “dam” to the noun. For example: I'll give it to (who?) my sister. Used with prepositions to, by. In the singular, words in the dative case end in:

• 1st declension: -e, -i.
• 2nd declension: -у, -у.
• 3rd declension: -i.

Plural declension is characterized by endings: -am, -yam.

Words in the dative case are intended to indicate:

• Action recipient ( gave the magazine to a friend, wrote a letter to my mother);
• Subject of an action or state ( the guys couldn't sleep).

Accusative

The corresponding questions are “who?”, “what?”. To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word “see” with the noun. For example: I see (who?) my mother. Used with prepositions in, for, on, about, through. The singular number corresponds to the endings:

• 1st declension: -у, -у.
• 2nd declension: -o, -e.
• 3rd declination: zero ending.

Plural: -ы, -и, -а, -я, -еy.

The accusative case, in turn:

• Indicates an action object ( clean the room, sew a dress).
• Expresses quantity, space, distance, measure of time (drive a kilometer, weigh a ton, wait a year, cost a penny).

Instrumental case

The questions correspond to “by whom?”, “with what?”. To recognize this case, you need to add the word “proud” to the noun. For example: I’m proud of (who?) my son. Used with prepositions for, above, under, before, with

• 1st declension: -oh (-oh), -ey (-ey).
• 2nd declension: -om, -em.
• 3rd declension: -ju.

Plural: -ami, -yami.

Intended to indicate:

• Permanent or temporary employment in any activity ( serves as a soldier, worked as a plumber).
• Subject of action - for passive constructions ( the house was demolished by workers).
• Action object ( breathe oxygen).
• Instrument or means of action ( treat with peroxide).
• Locations ( walk the path).
• Method, mode of action ( sing in a bass voice).
• Measures of time or quantity of something ( carry buckets).
• Item parameters ( the size of a fist).
• Compatibility of persons and objects ( brother and sister).

Prepositional

The corresponding questions are “about whom?”, “about what?”. To recognize this case, you need to add the word “think” to the noun. For example: I think (about whom?) about my beloved. Used with prepositions in, on, about, about, about, at. The singular number has endings:

• 1st declension: -e, -i.
• 2nd declension: -e. -And.
• 3rd declension: -i.

Plural cases end in: -akh, -yah.

Prepositions used with nouns in the prepositional case help determine what it means. Namely:

• Action object ( think about a girl).
• Place of action, states ( sit on the chair).
• Time after performing some action ( upon arrival).

Additional cases

In the Russian language, in addition to the six main cases, there are several forms that have a controversial status and are close to the case. They are also called cases of nouns, since they are intended exclusively for their declension. These include: the second genitive (partitive or quantitative-disjunctive), the second prepositional (local, locative), the second accusative (invertive, inclusive, collective), vocative form (vocative), counting, expectative, and partitive cases. The peculiarity of these forms is that each of them occurs in a limited range of words. Moreover, they can exist in certain contextual conditions. Let's study these cases a little. Examples will help us understand them better.

The second is intended for the declension of some masculine singular words related to the second declension: a cup of tea, a spoonful of sugar. The ending of this case, namely “-у”, is more often used in colloquial speech and is not obligatory (you can say bag of sugar or bag of sugar). Exceptions are certain cases: let's drink some tea. Quite a lot of masculine nouns are not used in the partitive form: ice cube, piece of bread.

The second prepositional declension has special endings for a group of nouns that are singularly masculine. Case is used, for example, in the following words: on the shore, in the closet, in battle. Also, the locative is characterized by a shift of stress to the ending in certain nouns of the 3rd declension that are feminine and singular: in silence, aground, in the oven.

The second occurs with some verbs ( sign up, ask, choose, go, prepare, get out, mark etc.) after the preposition “in”. In addition, its endings are the same as in the plural: ( sign up to become a pilot).

The expectative case practically coincides with the genitive case, but it can be distinguished due to the declension of some words with the same grammatical form in the form of the accusative case: wait for (who? what?) telegram And wait for (who? what?) brother.

The counting case is slightly different from the genitive case and is used when counting: two steps, three dining rooms.

The vocative case is almost identical to the nominative form, but differs in the formation of an independent figure of speech, similar to an interjection: Van, Mash, Sing, Tan. That is, it is more often used in colloquial speech to address the interlocutor.

The negation case is a type of the accusative case, but is used only with negation of the verb: have no right, do not know the truth.

How many cases of an additional nature are there in the Russian language? According to our calculations, there were seven of them. But the most interesting thing is that some linguists consider only two full-fledged cases: locative (second prepositional) and inflective (second accusative). Others argue that the expectative case also has some meaning. But since the deprivative and second genitive cases can very often be replaced by the genitive, they can only be called variants of the genitive form of declension. Vocative and counting are also often not considered cases. In the first case, it is simply a noun in the nominative case, and in the second, it is a noun formed from an adjective.

Let's sum it up

After reviewing the information described above, you can answer the question of how many cases there are in the Russian language. So, at school we study the six main cases. They are used daily in any type of communication: conversation, correspondence, etc. But, besides them, there are seven more forms of declension, which are found mainly in colloquial speech. How many cases are there in total? We can safely say that there are thirteen of them. Considering that additional forms of declension are variants of the main ones, they are not offered for study at school to simplify the educational process. But you can offer familiarization with them outside of class for general development.