Zvorykin Kataev’s contribution to the development of electronic television. Literary and historical notes of a young technician

A STORY ABOUT MASSAGE TELLED TO ME BY ONE CAST WITH THE HELP OF SIGNS DRAWN IN THE AIR

It's a shame that it was on the weekend that I woke up at bad mood. I got up late, slept a total of twelve hours, and felt somehow depressed. The day passed in meaningless wanderings from the computer to the refrigerator; endless snacking and tea drinking caused discomfort in the stomach. Only when it began to get dark, the streetlights were turned on, and I could look at the world in their softening light, did I decide to go outside. Probably, everything was already a foregone conclusion when I turned onto Ostozhenka and walked in the direction of the bookstore, thinking of buying a volume of Osho. I didn't like this rich guru with a dubious reputation, but his books had a sedative effect. I had to stop in front of a zebra crossing because not a single driver wanted to slow down and let a pedestrian pass. The traffic flow was dense, fast and endless. According to my own feelings, I stood there for about ten minutes. I started looking around - not a single soul. My eye was caught by a sign on a building located on the territory of the Chaika swimming pool. A matte black banner on which “massage” was cut out, and a backlight was built inside - it turned out that the word was not printed, but illuminated. To achieve this quality, it was necessary to attract competent specialists. Although the sign was not in plain sight, I would have paid attention to it earlier: apparently, they opened recently. Massage... why not? In any case, this book equivalent of valerian is more pleasant than Osho.
I opened the door and found myself in a hall with a reception desk. The first thing that struck me was the interior. A designer by profession, I looked and couldn’t even imagine how it was done. In a room whose dimensions could not be determined, pieces of the finest white material were attached to transparent fishing lines; most likely chiffon. Arranged in islands, the fabric inflated like sails; Moreover, each “airship” sailed in its own direction. The fluttering of pieces of matter could be heard, but - the most amazing thing! – there was not even the slightest fan noise. And you were in the center of this quiet heavenly sea, not visible into the distance from any angle due to the most complex drapery scheme.
I approached young man in a good suit behind the counter, and, forgetting about professional pride, expressed her delight at the design solution.
- Can you explain to me how the air moves silently?
- This is done due to traction. We had to update the entire building's ventilation system to achieve this. I spent several years implementing this idea.
- So you came up with this?
- Yes. I am the owner of this salon. I am very glad that you came to us.
- Me too. Can I see the list of services?
- We only do massage.
He smiled and I felt uncomfortable. What is this, a bad joke, or did he really take me for a pervert? However, the owner of the establishment himself hastened to smooth out the awkward situation.
- Joke. You see, we have a special approach to business; It’s customary to say “individual,” but the word “humane” will more accurately express the essence. I assume you need a relaxing massage?
- You guessed.
He nodded.
- At first you think that fatigue is caused by work; then you shift the blame to all sorts of troubles in life; and in the end you come to the understanding that fatigue exists on its own, as a part of life.
I suddenly felt very sad from his words: as if a stranger had told you your own secret, which you had kept from your best friends, and even from yourself. I felt the urge to run away; Fortunately, my premonition told me that the price of a massage would be fabulous. The owner spoke again.
- In fact, such a situation occurs at every step. It's unavoidable. But few people know that it’s all about muscle tension and constant micro-cramps. You need to completely calm the body, and such a task is impossible without outside help.
- How much will it cost me?
- Those who come to us once inevitably become regular customers, so the first session is a gift from the establishment.
- Amazing.
I didn't want to continue the conversation and asked if I could have coffee.
- You can, but why? You wanted to relax. Go into the office.
He pointed his hand at the canvas fluttering behind him. Finding myself behind it, I saw a boiling white door; I was once again surprised by the ingenious traction system; and entered the massage room.
It also had its charms. The walls of the room were painted with pastel colors in the style of abstract expressionism. There was a large massage table in the center; but not on the legs, as usual. It was real car for massage: monolithic, with drawers without handles; with a wide and clearly comfortable bed. Nothing here reminded us of everyday life and routine. A strong but slender girl massage therapist looked at me friendly and asked me to be completely naked.
- Hang your clothes on hangers.
I looked in the direction where she was pointing her finger, but all I saw was a bare wall; then, looking closer, I noticed several hooks with hangers on the wall, which seemed to have been forgotten to be removed when they painted the room. I undressed and went to the massage table. The bed was covered with something like gauze. The girl explained to me.
- This is a special material that absorbs any moisture, oil, and remains completely dry.
- How's the diaper?
- If our children had such diapers, we would become the most peaceful planet in the universe.
I liked the answer. I lay on my stomach and admitted that there was some truth in her words: the material was soft, like velvet; in an inexplicable way he literally embraced my body.
I exhaled and prepared to enjoy myself. The masseur, barely touching, applied warm oil to my skin. I wondered where she got it from; Do the drawers in the massage table also open silently? And then I heard the smell of the sea; not as artificial as in eau de toilette or oils, but the real one, which is transmitted along with salt in the wind. I dreamed so much about the sea, my God, and it just came. I imagined a huge deserted beach, a calm surface of the water; how I walk along the edge of the shore and look at the wet colored shells, while the lonely sailboat that brought me to this Paradise Island , floats beyond the horizon... Gradually, the massage therapist’s movements became more noticeable - she had magic hands! She painted bizarre patterns on my back, and I realized that her brushes were touching not only the outside of my back, but also everything inside me. The tension went away, and at some point I felt like I was inside my mother’s womb. Only now has it become obvious to me what a great burden we carry with us every second of our existence. I listened to my even breathing; I felt the flying currents of air, making me part of the living world; and suddenly I realized that all this time not a single, even the slightest, sound was heard around. Then the massage therapist moved her palms over my head and lightly pressed the area at the crown of my head. A hole formed in that place, and all my thoughts - the so-called everyday ones, and those that are whispered in the dark corners of my consciousness - were carried away through this hole into the unknown. With active movements they covered me with a new portion of thick oil: from my neck to my toes, and then, turning me over on my back, from my toes to my forehead. I couldn’t move or open my eyes and I didn’t want to. I heard the sounds of rustling leaves and the smell of spring forest. I saw a flowering meadow surrounded by trees, and a girl and a guy walking along it. They walked for a while holding hands; then they stopped and began to kiss passionately. This turn of events caught my attention like a magnet. It seems that at this time they massaged me in the abdomen and groin area. The guy pulled off the straps of his dress, pulled it down, and began to caress his companion’s breasts with his mouth. They fell on the grass; the girl put her hand, trembling with impatience, into his trousers; He quickly pulled off her panties. I heard every sound and smell accompanying their intercourse; like air, touched their bodies. It seemed that all my strength was concentrated between my legs, and empathized with the unfolding picture, of which I was not a simple witness, but an invisible participant. The lubricant secreted by the body during sexual arousal flowed in an endless stream - as if the river of lust, in which the human race originates, flowed through me. What happened next happened as a matter of course. An elastic phallic object penetrated my hole and began to smoothly deepen. There were no frictions; there was only endless uninterrupted entry. When the object was in the navel area, the excitement seemed to reach its peak; but he continued to move, raising the peak into previously unknown spheres. First, the solar plexus burst, and tears poured out of the eyes like a shower; then my chest tightened and my breathing stopped; when the phallus approached my neck, I was already on the verge of madness; but finally, a terrible energy burst out of my mouth along with a long, frantic scream.
I was spread out like the skin that the frog princess had shed. The visions disappeared without a trace, and emptiness swallowed up my being; only a hot lump, lying in the place where the chest used to be, rhythmically tapped out mystical (and perhaps otherworldly) sounds. Apart from this, nothing disturbed the absolute calm and silence. But then the tip of the blade burned with cold and interrupted the only obstacle hinting at some kind of path; the blood was instantly absorbed into the material specially designed for this. The weightless, dumb and unknown rose above everything, and, moving away, turned into mist; while the distant girl folded and put away the remains of the flesh in one of the countless drawers of the massage table.

Relaxing massage for men: the benefits are endless! So is a relaxing massage really underrated? In some ways, of course, yes. Let's explain why. The problem is that many people underestimate the importance of maintaining their own health. Which a professional relaxing massage for men and women can take care of much better than mountains of pills when the illness has already overcome you. A relaxing massage can help you avoid many illnesses, the effects of stress, sedentary work, and will help you recover from serious illness. physical activity, will improve the functioning of the immune system, and will simply help you to always be in an even, positive mood. As you can see, a relaxing massage is, if not a panacea for all illnesses, then, in any case, it is the most, almost fabulous, “ living water”, which can improve the quality of life by an order of magnitude. True, there is one secret: it is best to attend relaxing back massage sessions regularly - then you can expect the effect. In addition, a relaxing back massage should be professional. These are not “decorative” strokes, but a full-fledged massage that deeply works the muscles, benefits the joints, disperses stagnant blood through the vessels... Yes, “symbolic” stroking the back in bed is not at all the massage we are talking about! Don't be lazy - come for a relaxing back massage. Relaxing massage sessions for men and women at the Amsterdam salon are something worth adding to your to-do list for every week. Many people think that a relaxing back massage is a pleasant “bed” entertainment, and nothing more. Someone will say: there is not enough time for regular visits to the salon. But visiting a massage parlor is not an empty whim or whim. This is part healthy image life. Do you value your health and well-being? This means that it is worth appreciating the benefits of a relaxing massage in the Amsterdam salon. Professional masseuses will thoroughly stretch every muscle of your body, bringing your muscles “to life” after hard work or, conversely, correcting the consequences of a lack of physical activity. If you wish, you will only receive a relaxing back massage.

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🔥GOOD AFTERNOON, DEAR GUESTS🔥 I AGAIN WELCOME YOU TO THE PAGE OF OUR EXCLUSIVE MASSAGE SALON 🔥"AMSTERDAM"🔥 THE WEATHER IS WINTER😱 OUTSIDE THE WINDOW THERE IS A PIERCING WIND, AND OUR GUESTS LIKE EVERYONE YES IT'S HOT🔥🔥🔥 ✔AND TODAY AS PROMISED IN PAST POSTS I WANT TO CONTINUE TO SHARE WITH YOU, OUR DEAR 🤵♂️♀️🔥💝 USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT MASSAGE, 🔥EROTIC MASSAGE🔥 ABOUT WHAT YOU, OUR KNIGHTS CAN FIND FOR YOURSELF BY VISITING OUR SENSUAL SALON "🔥AMSTERDAM"🔥 ✔I have already told you about the history the arrival of this 💋UNEARTHLY ART 💋 to our region. And today I would like to make a clarification on beneficial features😍 RITUAL 😍EROTIC MASSAGE ON YOUR BODY😍🔥 ✔🔥🔥In addition to relaxation and undoubted pleasure 💋🔥EROTIC MASSAGE 🔥💋 is certainly useful from a medical point of view. ✔🔥🔥Like classic manual massage, 💋🔥EROTIC massage has a beneficial effect on the skin, muscles and internal organs. ✔🔥🔥He awakens the flows internal energy, has a strong impact on our mental state, on MINDFUL 💋💝 health ✔🔥🔥Allows you to liberate sexual energy and helps direct it in the right direction ✔🔥To the end of this post, I would like to add, of course, that EROTIC MASSAGE IS THE ART OF GIVING PLEASURE 🔥🔥 EROTIC MASSAGE - REGARDLESS OF AGE, EXPERIENCE, ETC. GIVES AN AMAZING FEELING OF HARMONY AND SATISFACTION We are waiting for you! We are located in Vladivostok. We work for you seven days a week from 10:00 to 00:00. For all questions and information of interest, please contact the specified number phone number in the profile header or direct message.

DEAR GUESTS😍🤗💥 I WELCOME YOU AGAIN TO THE PAGE OF OUR EXCLUSIVE MASSAGE SALON "🔥AMSTERDAM"🔥 And undoubtedly for your like💝 I will continue to broadcast to you what you simply NEED Friday evening information💝💥 Of course, as you might have already guessed, we will talk about MASSAGE, OUR BEAUTIFUL SALON "🔥AMSTERDAM🔥" AND ABOUT YOU, MY DEAR ones💝💝💝💝💝💝💝💝💝💝💝💝 ✔🔥We all often come across tiring fatigue that haunts us like an evil rock🤔 And what would seem to be the problem?🤔 AND THE PROBLEM LIES FAR FAR IN OUR SUBCONSCIOUS😎 IF YOU ARE A LONELY MAN,🤵 YOUR HARD WORKING DAY IS SPENT IN PRODUCTION AND EXHAUSTS YOU PHYSICALLY 😓 OR YOU ARE BUSY IN BUSINESS AND TIME IS UNFORTUNATELY KILLING YOUR MORAL STRENGTH... 🤔🤵 DISCHARGE IS NECESSARY... A KIND OF FILLING💝 WITH VITAL FORCES... REST.. ABSOLUTE RELAX... BUT, DUE TO YOUR STATUS, NOBODY CARE TAKE CARE OF YOUR HARMONY, REMOVE GET TIRED!!! WE HAVE AN UNCONDITIONAL SOLUTION TO THIS PROBLEM🔥💥 BECOME OUR GUEST 💝 AND OUR CHARMING 💝💝AND PASSIONATE MASTERS 💋💝WILL MAKE YOUR EVENING UNFORGETTABLE, YOUR BODY WILL BE RELAXED 🔥 AND THE SPIRIT WILL BE FILLED WITH VITAL FORCES🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥 WE ARE WAITING FOR YOU!!! WE ARE LOCATED IN VLADIVOSTOK. WE WORK FOR YOU 7 days a week from 10:00 to 00:00. FOR ANY QUESTIONS AND REQUIRED INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT THE PHONE NUMBER SPECIFIED IN THE PROFILE HEADER OR DIRECT

🔥💥WELCOME YOU, DEAR GUESTS, TO THE PAGE OF OUR 🔥🔥EXCLUSIVE MASSAGE SALON 🔥"AMSTERDAM"🔥 TODAY I WOULD LIKE TO TALK, AND OR MORE PRACTICALLY, TELL YOU IN MORE DETAIL ABOUT SOME OF THE IMPACTS THE GREAT PROGRAMS OF OUR GUESTS💋💝🤵 AND AS THE STATISTICS SHOW THIS IS WITHOUT ANY DOUBT THE PROGRAM FROM OUR SALON 💋💥🔥"EUPHORIA" AND "RASPBERRY🔥💥💋 QUESTION: WHY?🤗😍♂️♀️🔥💥 THE ANSWER IS DRAWN BY ITSELF🤗 BECAUSE THE PROGRAMS INCLUDE ABSOLUTELY NUDE MASTERS🔥 BODY TO BODY MASSAGE🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥 AND UNDOUBTEDLY CHARMING THE HEAD AND BODY EXCLUSIVE EROTIC PART OF THE RITUAL🔥💥 🔥💥EROTIC MASSAGE IS ABSOLUTELY A WHOLE SCIENCE ABOUT PLEASURE 💝💋 TOUCHING, AROMATIC OILS, PLEASANT MUSIC... ALL THIS IS, OF COURSE, JUST A SMALL PART OF THE UNEARTHLY THE PLEASURE YOU RECEIVE BY GIVING YOURSELF SUCH A WONDERFUL GIFT AS A VISIT TO OUR SALON "🔥AMSTERDAM"🔥 ✔🔥DEAR GUESTS, IF YOU WANT TO AWAKEN A VOLCANO OF UNCONTAINABLE SENSITIVITY IN YOURSELF, THIS IS THE COMPLETE BASIS BECOME OUR GUEST TODAY🔥💥💋 WE ARE WAITING FOR YOU IN VLADIVOSTOK WE WORK FOR YOU 7 days a week from 10:00 to 00:00. FOR ALL QUESTIONS AND INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT THE PHONE LISTED IN THE PROFILE HEADER OR DIRECT.

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GOOD MORNING, FRIENDS🔥🔥🔥🔥 As always, I welcome you to the page of the EXCLUSIVE MASSAGE SALON 🔥"AMSTERDAM"🔥. In gratitude for my efforts, I ask for your like💋💝💋 And so...🔥💥 My dears, it’s no secret that the main audience of our Salon is, of course, our beloved 🤵KNIGHTS - MEN💝💋 Here it is for you, my dear today, as always, useful and urgently needed information on Friday morning🔥🔥🔥 After all, the weekend is just around the corner, and I think not everyone took care of their wonderful evening🔥💥🔥💥💥💥💥 AND THIS MEANS THAT TO YOU, MY DEAR - DIRECTLY TO VISIT US🔥💥 IT’S HOT HERE TODAY🔥💥 AS ALWAYS AS ALWAYS🔥💥 ✔🔥 Massage ritual... Yes, that’s probably what I would call it💋🔥 In our salon 🔥" AMSTERDAM"🔥 ✔🔥 Will allow you fully feel the surge of vitality and unique sexual 💥 energy with every cell of the body ♂️♀️🔥💝 ✔🔥 Professional girls masseuses 👑 Queens of your relaxation 💝💋 are undeniable specialists in their field 🔥💥 WE ARE WAITING FOR YOU TO VISIT!!! WE ARE LOCATED IN VLADIVOSTOK, WORKING FOR YOU 7 days a week from 10:00 to 00:00. FOR ALL QUESTIONS AND NECESSARY CONSULTATIONS, PLEASE CONTACT THE PHONE NUMBER OR DIRECT TELEPHONE NUMBER SPECIFIED IN THE PROFILE HEADER. #

🔥GOOD EVENING, DEAR GUESTS🔥🔥🔥 🔥💥WELCOME YOU TO THE PAGE OF THE EXCLUSIVE MASSAGE SALON 🔥"AMSTERDAM"🔥 Today is Thursday😊 And you can already think about how to spend your 🔥 HOT 🔥 weekend AND CON I AM EXTREMELY RECOMMENDED TO YOU OUR EXCLUSIVE SALON MASSAGE 🔥"AMSTERDAM🔥 💥✔Let's talk about what you will get by visiting our salon?..💋 🔥💥NEW ATMOSPHERE SURROUNDED BY WONDERFUL MASTERS OF THEIR CASE💥 🔥💥ABSOLUTE RELAX, TENSION RELIEF WORK DAYS 💥 🔥💥The choice of your evening program is up to you YOU💥 AND ONLY YOU DETERMINE ITS RELAXATION OR HOTness💥💥💥💥💥💥💥💥💥 IN ANY CASE YOU WILL GET A LOT OF PLEASURE💥💋💋💋 🔥AND THIS IS ONLY A SMALL H THERE ARE OPPORTUNITIES THAT WILL OPEN FOR YOU WHEN YOU VISIT US🔥💥 💋 WE ARE WAITING FOR YOU IN VLADIVOSTOK. WE WORK FOR YOU DAILY FROM 10:00 TO 00:00. FOR ALL QUESTIONS AND DETAILED INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT THE PHONE NUMBER LISTED IN THE PROFILE HEADER OR DIRECT💝

🔥GOOD AFTERNOON, OUR DEAR GUESTS💋🤗😍🤗🤗🤗 💥Ahead of the WEEKEND AND OF COURSE HOLIDAYS 💥 WE INVITE YOU TO OUR COZY EXCLUSIVE MASSAGE SALON🔥 " AMSTER DAM"🔥 ✔💥IN OUR SALON YOU WILL PLUG INTO THE WORLD OF YOUR PLEASURE ✔PROGRAMS AT YOUR CHOICE, FROM RELAXING RELAX TO🔥 EMBODIMENT OF YOUR MOST SECRET DESIRES💥💋💝😍🔥 ✔A CERTIFICATE TO OUR SALON WILL BE AN UNFORGETTABLE GIFT FOR YOUR FRIENDS🔥💥 ✔ HOT IE MASTERS - BEAUTIES WILL NOT LEAVE YOU WITHOUT A SWEET AFTERTASTE FROM VISITING OUR SALON🔥 ✔EXCLUSIVE ADDITIONS TO THE MASSAGE WILL PLEASURE YOU WITH THEIR SOPHISTICATION🔥 ✔ BODY TO BODY MASSAGE...🔥🔥🔥 WHAT COULD BE HOTTER?😉💋😍 WE ARE LOCATED IN VLADIVOSTOK. WE WORK FOR YOU 7 days a week from 10:00 to 00:00. FOR ALL QUESTIONS AND NECESSARY CONSULTATIONS, PLEASE CONTACT THE PHONE NUMBER OR DIRECT TELEPHONE NUMBER SPECIFIED IN THE PROFILE HEADER.

😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍 OUR FAVORITE GUESTS🤵😉💋💋💋 WELCOME YOU TO THE PAGE OF THE EXCLUSIVE MASSAGE SALON AND 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥"AMSTERDAM"🔥🔥🔥🔥 AND TODAY I WANT TO INTRODUCE YOU With the information unit of our salon, the price list for services and the description of the recreation programs provided for you💥💥💥💥💥💥💥 1. project -express - a program for those who want to get a charge of explosive energy and sexuality. The program includes a massage of erogenous zones🔥💥 Master - TOPLESS🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥 COST OF THIS PROGRAM: 15 MINUTES = 1000 rubles. 30 MINUTES = 1500 rub. 2. ✔🔥💥 MARCH CAT - The program includes a classic full body massage, as well as a lingam massage.🔥 Master - dressed. Performed on a massage table. COST OF THIS PROGRAM: 60 MINUTES = 1500 rubles. 90 MINUTES = 2000 rub. 120 MINUTES = 2500 rub. 3.✔🔥💥 "RELAX" - The program includes a classic full body massage and a lingam massage. The hands and 😍 chest of the massage therapist are involved. Master - TOPLESS. Performed on a massage table. COST OF THIS PROGRAM: 60 MINUTES = 2000 rubles. 90 MINUTES = 2500 rub. 120 MINUTES = 3000 rub. 4. ✔🔥💥 "ENJOY" - The program includes a classic full body massage and a lingam massage Master COMPLETELY NAKED 🔥 Performed on a massage mat. COST FOR THIS PROGRAM: 60 MINUTES = 2500 rubles. 90 MINUTES = 3000 rub. 120 MINUTES = 3500 rub. 5.✔🔥💥 "EUPHORIA" - The program includes a classic, relaxing full body massage, BODY MASSAGE..🔥🔥🔥 lingam massage. using ice cubes💋 Master COMPLETELY NAKED🔥💥 Performed on a massage mat. COST OF THIS PROGRAM: 60 MINUTES =3000 RUB. 90 MINUTES = 3500 rub. 120 MINUTES = 4500 rub. 6. ✔🔥💥 "RASPBERRY" - The program includes a classic relaxing full body massage. 🔥🔥BODY MASSAGE ON THE BODY🔥🔥🔥 EXCLUSIVE EROTIC PART + LINGAM MASSAGE + SECRET ADDITION🔥💋 Performed on a massage mat COST OF THIS PROGRAM: 90 MINUTES = 5000 rub. 120 MINUTES = 6500 rub. 🔥AND OF COURSE WE HAVE A TON OF PLEASANT ADDITIONS TO YOUR MASSAGE FOR YOU🔥

V. Zvorykin

Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin was born 17 (29) July 1889 in the city of Murom Vladimir province in a merchant family.

Father - merchant of the 1st guild Kozma Zvorykin, who traded bread, owned steamships and was the former chairman of the Murom Public Bank. In his autobiography, V. Zvorykin himself characterizes his father as a man of progressive ideas, who was also the head of Murom for one term.

  • From childhood, the father tried to accustom his children to socially useful work, writes Zvorykin. He himself, according to him, showed an interest in technology from his youth. After graduating from the Murom Real School, in 1906 he entered the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology. Takes part in student unrest. Moreover, having been captured while distributing leaflets calling for democratic reforms and elections to the Second Duma, he spends two weeks in prison with his student friends. The student period is also significant for the future engineering genius fateful meeting with Professor Boris Rosing, author of pioneering work on electronic image transmission at a distance. The young engineer begins to devote a lot of attention to his work as Rosing's assistant in a special laboratory. In addition to Rosing’s scientific ideas, the autobiography tells, the student Zvorykin was greatly impressed by his foreign trip to industrial plants in Germany, Belgium, France and England, which took place under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce.
  • Having received a diploma in electrical engineering in 1912, Zvorykin went to study at the Paris College de France with the outstanding physicist Paul Langevin. Then, despite his father’s absentee attempts to involve his son in the common Murom cause, he continued his studies at the University of Berlin. Shortly after returning to Russia via Denmark and Finland during World War I, Zvorykin was drafted into the army. For a year and a half in Grodno, he was responsible for setting up and equipping radio stations. Meets the February Revolution in Petrograd with the rank of lieutenant, working as a teacher at an officer radio school.
  • After the October Revolution, the Bolshevik government nationalized my father’s business and the magnificent family house above the Oka River in Murom. Established scientific and industrial ties have been destroyed.
  • The talented young man recalls that he “had friends in a large cooperative organization that had its representative offices in America and the Siberian city of Omsk.” He managed to receive an invitation from these friends to go there to carry out an official assignment. Having stocked up with a lot of official papers, he goes to Siberia. Wandering around Russia (by train to Nizhny Novgorod, then along the Kama by steamship to Perm, from there again by train to Yekaterinburg and again by train to Omsk), the young man eventually arrives at a meeting with representatives of the Siberian government of Russia. The government sends him to the United States to negotiate the supply of radio equipment. Since Omsk was cut off on all sides except the north by warring factions, Zvorykin joins Arctic expedition and is melted over the course of a half-month through the Kara Sea by steamer along the Irtysh and Ob rivers to the island of Vaigach. At the end of the journey he reaches a radio station located between the islands of Vaygach and New Earth and built to report on ice conditions in this part of the ocean. After waiting for the icebreaker, a few weeks later Zvorykin reaches Arkhangelsk, occupied by the troops of the allied Entente. Having received visas and made stops along the way in Norway, Denmark and England, on the eve of 1919 he finally arrived in the United States.
  • “Soon after arriving, I found the office of a cooperative organization, to which I owed a business trip and a trip,” the researcher recalls. There, a young engineer is studying radio equipment. But “in the spring, an order was received from the Siberian government for me to return to Omsk. They needed a radio specialist, and I also had to bring some radio equipment parts.” And he goes back. The main map of his route is as follows: Seattle - Yokohama - Vladivostok. And in January 1919, Zvorykin symbolically completed his trip around the world, returning to Omsk, this time through the Pacific Ocean, Japan, Vladivostok and Harbin. An adventure that seemed so incredible that initially Albert Abramson, the biographer of the outstanding inventor, did not believe in the authenticity of Zvorykin’s story.
  • After some time, Zvorykin - already during the reign of Admiral Kolchak - left for the USA again. This time free from obligations to anyone.
  • He arrives without recommendations, and with virtually no knowledge English language. As news from his homeland, he brings with him a jar of myrrh - a blessed oil used in church service, which is Russian Orthodox Church asked to hand it over to the head of the Russian Church in the USA.
  • The future world genius was lucky: sensing his potential, Zvorykin was initially taken under the wing of the Russian Ambassador to the USA B.A. Bakhmetyev. (The fate of Bakhmetyev himself is noteworthy: the United States is in no hurry to recognize the Bolshevik government. And former professor St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute Bakhmetyev still manages the activities of the embassy, ​​information bureau and purchasing commission of Russia in the United States.) Zvorykin is assigned to the staff of the purchasing commission based in New York. In his autobiography, the manuscript of which is kept in the Pittsburgh Museum, you can read: “... Worked as an accountant.”
  • The newly minted emigrant persistently sends dozens of letters to various companies offering his services as a radio electronics specialist. As a result, he is invited to work at the Westinghouse research laboratory (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). (I worked in this company large group emigrants from the former Russian Empire. In particular, Stepan Timoshenko, a specialist in the strength of materials, whose books have been translated into many languages.) The young radio engineer’s desire to work in his specialty is so great that, according to historians, he was not embarrassed by the size of the salary, half that of the procurement commission. Zvorykin did not immediately have the opportunity to study television in the Pittsburgh laboratory. He worked fanatically: the Westinghouse security guards were ordered by management to send the scientist home if the windows of his laboratory were lit after 2 am.
  • In 1923, Zvorykin finally got the opportunity to begin implementing the idea of ​​​​creating electronic television. And in the same year, he drew up a patent application in which he fully described the electronic television system. The US Patent Office refused Zvorykin on the grounds that the photosensitive plate for the transmitting tube (that is, a television camera) described in the application does not exist in reality and there are serious doubts about the possibility of its creation under existing conditions. Then he takes a time out and completely switches to the official task of Westinghouse - the development of photovoltaic cells, which have begun to be actively introduced into engineering and industrial construction. It was this, as he himself admitted, uninteresting work that made his name known in Pittsburgh itself (in 1926 the University of Pittsburgh awarded him doctorate), and beyond.
  • At the same time, the inventor did not stop doing his work related to television.
  • “By that time,” he later recalled, “I realized that work on an idea that could lead to commercial success must be camouflaged until the possibility of making a profit became obvious to business people.” In order to move from experiments to pilot production, a representative of large business was needed.
  • And such a representative appeared in the person of compatriot David Sarnov, president of Radio Corporation of America (RCA). Sarnov was born into a poor Jewish family in the town of Uzlyany (modern Belarus) and was brought to the United States by his parents at the age of nine. David Abramovich spoke both Russian and English perfectly; was a completely assimilated American. Behind Sarnov is the path from an ordinary employee of the Marcorni company to the head of a huge corporation.
  • After talking with Zworykin, he, unlike other American bosses, believed in his ideas and long years became his boss and patron. Sarnov subsequently recalled that in response to a question about the estimated cost of the project, Zvorykin asked for a “modest” $100,000. In fact, the design work cost a hundred times that amount, and the company began to receive its first income from television when the total investment exceeded $50 million. In 1929, Zvorykin began working at the RCA branch located in Camden (New Jersey). In 1931, he created the final design of the transmitting tube iconoscope, which became the basis for the future electronic television system. After a series of practical tests carried out in Camden, a 2.5 kW television transmitting station is installed on the tallest building in New York - the Empire State Building. RCA factories begin to produce televisions with a picture tube designed by Zvorykin. Residents of New York and surrounding areas within a radius of up to 100 km are becoming the first subscribers to electronic television. By 1933, Zvorykin and his employees completed the creation of an electronic television system. The birth of the television can be dated back to 1933, when Vladimir Zvorykin spoke at the annual conference American Society radio engineers. In his report “Iconoscope - modern version electric eye,” the scientist summed up the results of many years of work. He invented a device capable of transmitting the resulting image of an object to the screen of a cathode ray tube, that is, a kinescope. New development became one of the most outstanding inventions of its time and is deservedly called the “miracle of the twentieth century.”
  • For the sake of objectivity, we note that not only Zvorykin claimed the title of inventor of television. In the late twenties, yesterday's schoolboy Philo Farnsworth, a self-taught person from Idaho, who, with the support of philanthropists Leslie Gorell and George Everson, founded his own laboratory in San Francisco, is developing a system for transmitting signals at a distance. Farnsworth’s contribution to the creation of electronic TV is “weighty and undeniable,” writes the modern Russian magazine Popular Mechanics. But the Image Dissector of the 1928 model, developed by him, was of little use for creating television equipment. Zworykin managed to do what Philo Farnsworth and his equally talented like-minded friend and competitor, Hungarian Kalman Tihanyi, who filed an application for his invention with the US Patent Office in 1928, failed. All issues related to the recognition of the priority and authorship of Vladimir Zvorykin are described in detail in the book by television history researcher Albert Abramson. It also says that RCA President David Sarnov, in order to avoid conflicts in this issue and, guided by commercial interests, bought his patents from Farnsworth for $1 million. He also acquired the patent of the Hungarian inventor.
  • In the second half of the 1930s, the threat of war became increasingly obvious. Many leading American corporations receive military orders. During these years, Zvorykin was mainly engaged in the problems of electronic optics, working together with I. Langmuir, J. Morton, L. Malter... Research in the field of electron-optical transformations led to the creation of a night vision device operating in the infrared range. During World War II, night vision devices designed by Zvorykin were used by the US Army to equip tanks and vehicles, and also as sights. It was he who developed the first television-controlled aerial bomb, which had an iconoscope that transmitted a picture to the operator. A little later, it was his laboratory that prepared a night vision device, which was immediately adopted by snipers, tank crews and operators. Albert Abramson, in his voluminous study, writes a lot about guided missiles and underwater torpedoes, developed with the active participation of Vladimir Zvorykin. The list of applications of inventions can be continued endlessly.
  • Years of living in the USA did not alleviate the homesickness. Vladimir Zvorykin strives to go to Russia. For the management of the RCA company, Zworykin's trip to the USSR is seen as an opportunity to receive Russian orders for its products: the United States was experiencing a severe economic crisis - receiving orders for products from other countries was welcomed. Zvorykin himself dreamed of meeting his sisters and brother. A few months before his first trip to Soviet Union company with official visit visited by representatives of the Soviet Union, specialists in the field of radio electronics S.A. Vekshinsky and A.F. Shorin. In a private conversation, the famous engineer was assured that the Soviet government would “provide him with the most favorable conditions for work and life and guarantee protection from any persecution related to his pre-revolutionary past.” In August 1933, Zvorykin was in Russia. The report “Television using cathode tubes” in the hall of the Leningrad NTO for Electricians gathers a huge number of specialists. A year later, Zvorykin goes to Russia again. RCA enters into a solid agreement with the People's Commissariat of the Electrical Industry of the USSR in 1935, according to which Soviet state“technological documentation and materials, equipment for the production of electrovacuum devices, equipment for equipping the first Soviet electronic TV center, etc.” were supplied.
  • In the USSR, Vladimir Zvorykin always received a warm welcome. “Bolsheviks,” writes V.P. Borisov, - they forgave the talented scientist everything: officer’s shoulder straps, collaboration with Kolchak, and flight to the USA...” Stalin’s USSR began industrialization: here they were purposefully interested in acquiring latest technologies, including the purchase of television equipment. Moreover, the inventor is honored with a reception from the People's Commissar of Communications of the USSR Rykov.
  • The first Soviet TV “VK” was created precisely according to Zvorykin’s developments. By the end of 1936, the Leningrad Institute of Telemechanics, which by that time had been transformed into the All-Russian Research Institute of Television, completed the development of an electronic television system. On March 10, 1939, regular television broadcasts began from the Moscow Television Center on Shabolovka, and in 1954, the Kuntsevo Radio Engineering Plant in Moscow launched mass production television receivers.
  • ...The famous inventor was able to visit his homeland again only in 1959. In 1945, he was actually banned from traveling abroad and was denied a passport. Until the end of the 50s, Zvorykin did not travel. One of the chapters of Albert Abramson's monograph contains detailed information about how the FBI was actively interested in Zworykin since 1943. Why from this moment? In 1943, Zworykin, who by that time had moved with his laboratory to the most prestigious scientific point In view of the city of Princeton, activists of the Fund for Relief to Victims of the War in Russia, which was engaged in collecting funds for the purchase and shipment of food and clothing to the population of the USSR, approached, offering to head the New York branch of this fund. Fundamentally not previously affiliated with any parties or movements and not involved in any social activities Zvorykin agreed this time. The American Fund for Relief to Victims of the War in Russia, as it became known later, was one of the first on the FBI's list of suspicious organizations and was repeatedly searched at its own headquarters. At the same time, Vladimir Zvorykin in 1943 agreed to head the list of leaders of the New York Science Committee of the Council of American-Soviet Friendship.
  • In 1951, after many years of bachelorhood, he married Ekaterina Polevitskaya, an emigrant from Russia. The history of their union is significant - they met twenty years before the wedding. Zvorykin was fascinated by the beauty and charm of Polevitskaya, who was married. The marriage proposal followed when Zvorykin learned that Ekaterina Polevitskaya had become a widow. And although both newlyweds had crossed the sixty-year mark by that time, they lived in love and harmony for more than thirty (!) years. His energetic and erudite wife, a doctor by profession, greatly influenced the determination of Zvorykin’s future professional interests. After retiring as director of the RCA Electronics Laboratory in 1954 at the age of 65, his scientific and inventive interests shifted primarily to the field of medical electronics.
  • Zvorykin’s merits are appreciated so highly that he is awarded the position of honorary vice president of RCA. “The concept of resignation has nothing to do with Vladimir Zvorykin,” Sarnov said in his final speech at a Princeton University conference specially organized in honor of the outstanding inventor. - A scientist like Zvorykin never resigns. His talent never fades. The imagination and creative instinct of a true scientist lead him to even more extensive knowledge.” That same year, Zworykin began work as director of the Center for Medical Electronics at the Rockefeller Institute in New York. For research chemical reactions Inside living cells, a talented inventor soon created a unique microscope that reproduces a color image of objects on a television screen. Further development integrated microelectronics allowed the scientist to implement the idea of ​​endoradiosounding together with doctors. The probe in this method is a miniature radio transmitter tablet, with the help of which “you can obtain data on acidity and other indicators of the internal environment.”
  • Together with the outstanding mathematician J. von Neumann, Zworykin is developing a new method for forecasting weather changes using weather rockets and computer data processing. Then he takes on the problem of improving traffic safety on expressways and, as a result, creates an experimental model of a radio-controlled safe car. It is significant that in 1954, our eminent compatriot accurately predicted that a person would see the surface of the Moon and other planets precisely with the help of a television, which would be delivered there on board an interplanetary spacecraft.
  • In addition to working at the Rockefeller Institute, the scientist and inventor begins teaching as a visiting professor at the University of Miami. Created International Federation medical electronics and biological technology, Vladimir Zvorykin is elected president of the federation.
  • In 1967, the Zvorykin couple formalized an Intourist visit to Vladimir. The two of us went to admire the cathedrals. Then, having caught a taxi, we drove to the closed city of Murom. Thanks to his courage, fifty years later Vladimir Zvorykin is again in his hometown near the house where he spent his childhood and adolescence.
  • Died in 1982 in the USA.
Share with friends: In Russia, almost everyone knows who invented the radio - our Popov and the Italian Marconi. However, not everyone in our country can name the inventor of television. Up to now, offensively little has been written and spoken about this brilliant scientist in our country. Is it because during the Civil War he emigrated to the United States and made all his technical inventions abroad?
Father is a merchant, uncles are scientists
The emigration to America of the inventor of television was not accidental. By the revolutionary standards of 1917, his origins clearly let him down. Father - Kozma Alekseevich - was a merchant of the first guild, a steamship owner and a trader. In his homeland, in the city of Murom, he was a respected man, so in 1903 he was elected chairman of the Murom Public Bank.
Two of Kozma Alekseevich's brothers became scientists. One, Nikolai, had the title of master of mathematics and physics, and was a student of Stoletov himself. And, perhaps, he would have achieved a lot in science, but he died early. Another uncle of the “father of television,” Professor Konstantin Alekseevich, taught at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute. He became widely known for his fundamental works on the theory of metal cutting and mechanical engineering technology. Moreover, sibling Vladimir Kozmich - Nikolai - was rightly considered a qualified engineer. He worked in Georgia for many years, leading a number of projects for the construction of hydraulic structures. But somehow there was a small glitch in the work. And then another fight against “pests” was going on in the USSR. Nikolai and his subordinate employees were put on trial. However, what is surprising is that after the successful launch of the hydroelectric complex into operation, the entire design team was released.
The life of the main character of this essay, Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin, born in 1889, was also full of sharp turns.
Potholes of fate
However, at first there were no signs of “bumps” in the road. life's path Vladimir Kozmich - After graduating from a real school in Murom, he goes to St. Petersburg, enters the university, then transfers to the Technological Institute. It was 1906 - the second year of the first Russian revolution. Like many students, Vladimir became involved in the political struggle: he often attended rallies and participated in student strikes. But science was calling! In addition, he ended up in Professor Rosing's laboratory.
The life of Rosing, an outstanding scientist, ended tragically. In 1931 he fell into the Stalinist “millstone”. He was arrested and sent to Arkhangelsk for 3 years, where he died two years later.

Vladmir Kozmich Zvorykin with an iconoscope

Boris Lvovich Rosing was at one time one of the first researchers of electronic transmission of images over long distances. The scientist demonstrated his invention to his colleagues for the first time on May 9, 1911. And soon he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Russian Technical Society for this. According to historians of technology, Rosing's achievements played a fundamental role in the creation modern television. And all these years, his assistant was Vladimir Zvorykin, who, after graduating with honors from the institute, went to Paris to continue his studies with the famous physicist Paul Langevin.
And then the first one began World War. Zvorykin served in Grodno as an officer in the signal troops. He was then sent to scientific research to Petrograd, where he almost became a victim February Revolution. One of the soldiers complained that “this Zworykin” was making fun of him: he made him speak numbers into a “hole” (microphone) for a long time, while he himself rummaged through some drawer in another room. Fortunately, the tribunal sorted everything out and Zvorykin was released.
October 1917 found him in Moscow. The Bolsheviks obliged all former officers to join the Red Army, which Zvorykin did not want to do. He decided to make his way to Omsk, the then capital of independent Siberia. Vladimir Kozmich knew that they needed specialists in modern means radio communications. However, in Yekaterinburg he was arrested by the Bolsheviks. They probably would have been shot, but at that moment the White Czechs entered the city, and Zvorykin managed to get to Omsk.
From here the scientist was sent to the USA to conclude contracts for the purchase of the latest equipment. He coped with the task of the Siberian government. In 1919 he was sent to America again. This time, Zvorykin decided not to return to his homeland, because he realized that the Siberian government was about to cease to exist.
In Edison's homeland
At first, things did not go very smoothly in America. True, Zvorykin managed to get a job in the laboratory of a company, where he created an electronic device with an original transmitting tube. But this device did not satisfy the management of the enterprise. “Do something more useful,” the scientist was instructed. However, Vladimir Kozmich in free time continued to work on “far-sighting” and in 1929 he patented a kinescope, the principle of operation of which has been preserved to this day!
In 1929, in the USA, Zworykin met a man who immediately appreciated the promise of the Russian inventor’s research. It was David Sarnov who invited Zvorykin to move to his company, and when the transition took place, he created excellent working conditions for Vladimir Kozmich. Thanks to this, already in 1931, Zvorykin created a tube with charge accumulation. The inventor called it “iconoscope” (“icon” from Greek - image; “scope” to see). Two units - the iconoscope and the kinescope - became the main units in the electronic television system.

Inventor electron microscope

In 1936, regular television broadcasts began in Germany and Great Britain. By the way, summer events were broadcast from Berlin on television. Olympic Games 1936. And in 1938, David Sarnoff announced that television had become technically feasible in every home. Sarnov stood in front of a television camera at one of the pavilions of the New York World's Fair and announced: “Now we are adding image to sound.”
Other inventions of Zvorykin
Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin is not only the inventor of television. For example, he invented the instruments that allowed American pilots to successfully bomb Berlin in thick fog in 1944. After the war, the scientist developed color television. In addition, he was involved in work on the creation of photocells, photomultipliers and electron-optical converters for night vision devices. Zworykin is also known as the inventor of the world's first electron microscope. He worked fruitfully in the field of medical electronics. In particular, he created a device for diagnosing internal organs. In total, Vladimir Kozmich has 120 inventions.
Did Zvorykin want to return to his homeland? He had such a thought. In 1933 and 1934 he even visited the Soviet Union. He gave presentations, became acquainted with the developments of Moscow and Leningrad laboratories, after which he seriously considered leaving the United States. His relatives dissuaded him: as soon as he became a citizen of the USSR and not an American subject, he would immediately be reminded of his White Guard past, emigration, and so on. One could not hope for the humanity of the Stalinist regime even in relation to the brilliant scientist.
Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin and died in America in 1982.