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Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin- Russian writer, playwright, translator, publicist, creator of the national domestic comedy, author of the famous comedy “The Minor.” Fonvizin was born in Moscow on April 14 (April 3, O.S.), 1745, and was the successor of a knightly family that was of Livonian origin and finally Russified. Denis received his primary education thanks to his father, who held an official position in the audit board; At home, a patriarchal atmosphere reigned.

Education was continued at the gymnasium at Moscow University, and then at the University itself: Fonvizin during 1759-1762. was a student at the Philosophical University. From 1756 to 1759 he was a member of the troupe of the amateur university theater of M. Kheraskov, and later played in the professional Public theater. During his student days, Fonvizin made his debut in the literary field - with translation activities. He took up this closely upon his arrival in St. Petersburg in 1760: Fonvizin and his brother arrived in the capital as one of the best high school students.

Fulfilling an order from one of the booksellers, Fonvizin in 1761 translated into Russian the fables of Ludwig Holberg, who wrote in German. In total, he translated more than 200 fables, a novel by the Frenchman Terrason, Voltaire’s tragedy, Ovid’s “Metamorphoses”, etc. Fonvizin considered J.-J. to be his favorite writer. Rousseau. In parallel with his translation work, he began to write essays of a satirical nature.

After graduating from the university, D.I. Fonvizin became a translator in a foreign collegium, and from 1763 he was transferred to the service of the State Councilor of the Palace Chancellery I.P. Elagin. By the way, this appointment was facilitated by his pursuit of literature: his translation of Voltaire’s tragedy did not go unnoticed. While working under Elagin, Fonvizin did not give up his translation activities. Having become close to Kozlovsky’s literary circle, he created his debut independent work- “Message to my servants Shumilov, Vanka and Petrushka”; in 1764 his first comedy play, Corion, appeared. During 1766-1769. The comedy “The Brigadier” was written and published in 1786. She marked the beginning of the comedy of manners genre, because... The overwhelming majority of Russian authors created comedies of characters.

The biography period from 1769 to 1782 was associated with the service of Count N.I. Panina; Fonvizin worked as his secretary, and later became his confidant. While in this position, he entered the world big politics, behind-the-scenes games. In 1777, Fonvizin left Russia, lived for quite a long time in France, where he tried to delve into the processes taking place in this state, while simultaneously thinking about the fate of his homeland, trying to see a path that would allow him to take socio-political life to a new level.

In 1782, Fonvizin had to resign due to the fact that Count Panin fell into disgrace. Based on his ideas, Fonvizin wrote “Discourse on the Indispensable state laws"(1782-1783). This work was intended for the count's pupil, who in the future was to become Emperor Paul, and is considered one of best essays national journalism.

Peak creative achievements Denis Ivanovich’s comedy “The Minor,” written in 1882 and published in 1883, which, like “The Brigadier,” caused a huge public outcry. Belinsky at one time noted that Russian comedy began only with Fonvizin, and his plays are one of the “remarkable phenomena” in the history of Russian literature.

After leaving public service, Fonvizin devoted himself to literature, although his health left much to be desired (the writer had partial paralysis). Catherine the Second largely prevented its implementation creative ideas, in particular, by imposing a ban on the publication of the magazine “Friend” honest people, or Starodum,” collected works in 5 volumes. In this period creative activity he created several dramatic works, magazine articles and autobiography (remained unfinished). In 1784 and 1785, Fonvizin went to Italy for treatment, and in 1787 he recovered his noticeably deteriorating health in Vienna. The Fonvizin couple also experienced financial difficulties at this time. Literature classes were actually curtailed. The writer died on December 12 (December 1, O.S.), 1792; He was buried at the Lazarevskoye cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

Biography from Wikipedia

Origin

He was born into the family of Ivan Andreevich Fonvizin, whose image he later embodied in his favorite hero Starodum in the work “The Minor.” The ancestor of the Fonvizins was captured by Russians during Livonian War(1558-1583) and was baptized into Orthodoxy.

The surname Von-Wiesen (German: von Wiesen) or, with the Russified ending Von-Wiesin, was written in the 18th century in two words or with a hyphen; the same spelling was preserved until mid-19th century. The spelling “Fon-Vizin” was used by the author of the first major biography of Fonvizin. Continuous spelling was established by the second literary critic half of the 19th century century by N. S. Tikhonravov, although Pushkin already found this style correct as giving a more Russian character to the surname of the writer, who was, in Pushkin’s words, “from the Russians to the Russians.”

In 1755-1760 he studied at the noble gymnasium at Moscow University, then for a year at the university's Faculty of Philosophy. In 1760, among the best high school students, Fonvizin and his brother Pavel arrived in St. Petersburg. Here he met Lomonosov, the first director of the Russian theater Sumarokov, and saw for the first time theatrical performance- production of the play “Henry and Pernille” by the Danish writer, founder of Danish drama Ludwig Holberg. In 1761, at the request of one of the Moscow booksellers, Fonvizin translated Holberg's fable from German. Then, in 1762, he translated the political-didactic novel French writer Abbot Terrason's "Heroic Virtue or the Life of Seth, King of Egypt", written in the manner of the famous "Telemachus" by Fenelon, Voltaire's tragedy "Alzira or the Americans", Ovid's "Metamorphoses"; in 1769 sentimental story Gresse “Sidney and Scilly or benefits and gratitude”, which received the name “Corion” from Fonvizin. His favorite writer was Rousseau.

Simultaneously with the translations, Fonvizin’s original works began to appear, painted in sharply satirical tones. Thus, presumably, a play that was not published during the author’s lifetime, the so-called “early “Minor,””, first published only in volumes 9-10 of the “Literary Heritage” series in 1933, dates back to the 1760s. Her characters- prototypes of the characters of the famous “Undergrowth”. So, Aksen is similar to Prostakov, Julitta is similar to Prostakova, and Ivanushka is similar to Mitrofan. There is also a version that the early “Nedorosl” does not belong to Fonvizin.

Fonvizin was under the strong influence of French educational thought from Voltaire to Helvetius. He became permanent participant a circle of Russian freethinkers who gathered in the house of Prince Kozlovsky. The comedy "Brigadier" features two families of provincial landowners. The image of Ivan, the son of the foreman, a frantic gallomaniac, occupies a central place.

Fonvizin's literary studies also helped him in his career. His translation of Voltaire’s tragedy attracted attention, and in 1763 Fonvizin, who was then serving as a translator in a foreign collegium, was appointed to serve under the then already well-known cabinet minister Elagin, under whose command Vladimir Ignatievich Lukin also served. More great success His comedy “The Brigadier” was used, for which the author was invited to Peterhof to read it to the Empress herself, after which other readings followed, as a result of which he became close to Pavel Petrovich’s tutor, Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin. In 1769, Fonvizin went into the service of Panin, becoming, as his secretary, one of his closest and most trusted persons. Before Panin’s death, Fonvizin, on his direct instructions, compiled “Discourse on the extermination of all forms of government and hence the precarious state of both the empire and the sovereigns themselves.” This work contains exclusively a sharp picture the despotic regime of Catherine and her favorites, demands constitutional changes and directly threatens otherwise with a violent coup.

In 1777-1778, Fonvizin traveled abroad and stayed in France for quite a long time. From here he writes letters to his sister F.I. Argamakova, P.I. Panin (brother of N.I. Panin), Ya.I. Bulgakov. These letters had a pronounced public-social character. Fonvizin’s keen mind, observation, ability to understand economic, social and political phenomena in the life of French society, allowed him to draw historical true picture feudal-absolutist France. Studying French reality, Fonvizin wanted to better understand the processes taking place not only in France, but also in Russia, and to find ways to improve the socio-political order in his homeland. He appreciates what deserves attention in France - trade and industry.

One of best works Russian journalism is “Discourse on the indispensable state laws” (late 1782 - early 1783). It was intended for the pupil of Nikita Panin - the future Emperor Pavel Petrovich. Speaking about serfdom, Fonvizin considers it necessary not to destroy it, but to introduce it into the “limits of moderation.” He was frightened by the possibility of a new Pugachevism; it was necessary to make concessions in order to avoid further shocks. Hence the main requirement - the introduction of " fundamental laws", the observance of which is also necessary for the monarch. The most impressive is the picture of contemporary reality drawn by the satirical writer: limitless arbitrariness that has gripped all government bodies.

Tombstone of D. I. Fonvizin

Having retired, Fonvizin, despite serious illness(paralysis), practiced until the end of his life literary work, but met misunderstanding and sharp disapproval in the person of Empress Catherine II, who forbade Fonvizin to publish a five-volume collected works. Literary heritage last period The writer’s life consists mainly of articles for the magazine and dramatic works: the comedy “The Tutor’s Choice” and the dramatic feuilleton “Conversation with Princess Khaldina.” In addition, in the last years of his life he worked on his autobiography " Sincere confession».

Fonvizin died in December 1792 and was buried at the Lazarevskoye cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

Memory

As of 2013, 15 streets and 1 lane in Russian cities bear the name of Fonvizin, including Fonvizin Street in Moscow and Makhachkala. There are also Fonvizin streets in Zaporozhye, Kharkov and Kherson. In Moscow, the Fonvizinskaya metro station opened in 2016.

Date of birth: April 14, 1744
Date of death: December 12, 1792
Place of birth: Moscow

Fonvizin D.I. - great writer. Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin born April 14, 1744 in Moscow. The famous great writer, playwright and expert on Russian life, who managed to transfer it in a comedic form to the stage and literature, died on December 1, 1792, having lived long life and leaving Russia a huge cultural heritage, which is difficult to overestimate.

Childhood:

Denis Ivanovich spent his childhood in a very patriarchal environment; his father, Ivan Andreevich, was a famous nobleman, close to many famous politicians, as well as a respected and responsible official of the revision board. The roots of his family go back to the distant past; back in the Middle Ages, his ancestors firmly settled at the court of Ivan the Terrible; they themselves came from Livonia.

This family was known in Rus' for excellent servants To the Russian state in a variety of management positions. The surname itself was distorted over time; initially it had the spelling vonWiesen and many researchers for a long time used separate writing or the spelling Von-Vizin, but at the end of the 19th century, researcher N.S. Tikhonravov established the modern spelling of the writer’s surname.

Fonvizin’s education was comprehensive, already in early childhood his home education was the most high class, he continued his studies at the noble gymnasium, from where he could eventually enter the philosophy department of the university, but in 1760 he and his brother went to St. Petersburg as the best students. During the same period, he actively participated in student life and even plays amateur theater Kheraskova. After graduating from high school, he became interested in literature and published in Moscow magazines.

Early life and years in St. Petersburg:

In 1762, Denis Ivanovich finally moved to St. Petersburg, where he worked as a translator at the College of Foreign Affairs. Until 1769, he served as secretary under I. Elagin, who was in charge of petitions to the emperor himself. The young official's passion for literature and charisma soon make him an active participant in the work imperial theaters, which were also in charge of Elagin.

At the end of the 60s, Denis Ivanovich’s liberal views of the young writer brought him together with a small group of Kozlovsky’s officers; under the impression of new ideas, the first satirical poem “Message to My Servants...” was written, which was published in 1769 and quickly spread among young people .

His passion for theater did not leave him. He actively translated various foreign comedies for production in Russia back in student years, but now he tried to write on his own. In 1769, the small comedy “Brigadier” was released, which N. Novikov himself appreciated. It was shown in theaters in 1770, but only twenty-two years later it became available for printing. Unfortunately, the author himself no longer saw printed edition his first successful comedy.

Something else happened in the year “Brigadier” was written. significant event: N. Panin became the tutor of the heir to the throne and left his post as secretary of the head of the College of Foreign Affairs. There was no change in the liberal views of officials. The newly appointed Secretary Fonvizin also believed that the country needed immediate changes to the legal system at a fundamental level.

Work abroad:

In 1777-1778, Fonvizin traveled through Germany and France. His impressions from this trip were reflected in the “Notes of the First Traveler,” which became one of the cornerstones in the process of changing the appearance of Russian prose during this period. One of the reasons for this trip was the long-term illness of the writer’s wife.

In 1782, he received his resignation from his government post, and therefore could use his free time to further expand his cultural horizons. In 1784 he went to Italy and Germany; in Europe, his work “The Life of Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin” was published on French. However, the main reason for the trip was treatment for paralysis.

Creativity in recent years:

After the Pugachev uprising, liberal views throughout Russia were under severe pressure, and therefore it is surprising that, surrounded by police and censorship control, he managed to write his famous work"Undergrown." In March 1782, N. Panin was decisively removed from his post due to oppositional sentiments.

It was during this period that Fonvizin himself decided to resign in order to concentrate on his literary career. Impressed by Panin’s actions, he wrote his “Discourse on Indispensable State Laws,” which contained a huge amount of criticism of the autocracy and was later used by the Decembrists as propaganda for their own ideas.

The political confrontation between Princess Dashkova and the Empress became the reason huge amount Fonvizin’s publications in the then popular liberal magazine “Interlocutor of the Russian Word”. Dashkova was not only the owner of the magazine, but also the editor-in-chief. It was in this magazine that Fonvizin’s satirical works, “The Experience of a Russian Estates Member”, “The Narrative of an Imaginary Deaf and Mute” and others were published.

The Empress reacted very harshly to this. Fonvizin was forbidden to publish, and his five-volume work with several dozen works was lost to subsequent generations, although it was almost ready for publication.

During that period, his works were distributed furtively, almost like revolutionary propaganda. In the late 80s, paralysis paralyzed famous writer, he was practically tied to bed, but still actively working. It was at this moment that he wrote the famous “Frank Confession of My Deeds and Thoughts,” which, unfortunately, he did not finish. He died on December 1, 1972 and rests in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

Important Achievements Denis Fonvizin:

Many researchers consider Fonvizin a fundamentalist of Russian everyday comedy
- Satirically depicted the morals of the contemporary nobility, describing in the comedy “Brigadier” the love for everything French
- Managed to vividly and humorously describe the negative aspects of serfdom, ridiculing the patriarchal system of noble education in “Nedorosl”
- Changed Russian prose by publishing “Notes of the First Traveler”

Major milestones in the life of Denis Fonvizin:

Born 1744
- Studied at the gymnasium at Moscow University from 1755 to 1760
- Final move to St. Petersburg in 1762
- Work as Elagin's secretary from 1763 to 1769
- Publication of the comedy "Corion" in 1764
- Completion of work on the comedy "Brigadier" in 1769 and writing famous poem"Message to my servants..."
- Staging the play "The Brigadier" in theaters in 1770
- Travel through France and Germany in 1777-1778
- Staging the play "The Minor" in 1782
- Publications in Dashkova’s magazine in 1783
- Travel through Italy and Germany in 1784-1785
- Death in 1792

Interesting facts from the biography of Denis Fonvizin:

The essay "The Eighth Century" contains full text satirical poem "Message to my servants...", but does not have a link to the author
- Prince G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky after the premiere of “The Minor” turned to Fonvizin with the words: “Die, Denis, or don’t write anything else: you won’t create anything better than this play.”
- In the story by N.V. Gogol's "The Night Before Christmas" Fonvizin is present as an unnamed character.

Probably the most accurate example Russian literature period of the Enlightenment - D.I. Fonvizin, the biography of this man is clear evidence of this. Fonvizin chose comedy as his weapon; his sharp satirical works reflect the state of affairs in Russian Empire that period. Fonvizin's views significantly influenced the minds of younger generation XIX century, in particular A.S. Pushkin, who considered Fonvizin a “friend of freedom.”

Childhood and youth

In April 1745, D.I. Fonvizin was born, biography outstanding writer began in Moscow. The surname Fonvizin came from an ancient knightly family. Denis Ivanovich's ancestor had German roots and was a knight who was captured by Russians during the Father of the future writer was a man of honor and did not tolerate lies and ignorance. Initial home education It was his father who gave it to his son and took it very seriously.

At the age of ten, Denis Fonvizin entered the noble gymnasium, and then the Moscow University, recently opened by M.V. Lomonosov. During these years D.I. Fonvizin, biography young man has such information, was fond of translations from foreign languages and the theater. These hobbies will affect the writer’s entire life in the future. Along with translations, Fonvizin absorbed ideas European Enlightenment, and the theater awakened the gift of writing in the young man.

At the age of 17, Fonvizin moved to St. Petersburg and entered the service of a foreign collegium as a translator. Since he had now become a court servant, in accordance with his status he was obliged to attend all entertainment events, such as: This duty weighed heavily on the young man, as evidenced by numerous letters.

In the service of Count Panin

In 1769, Fonvizin went into the service of the acting Minister of Foreign Affairs and tutor of the heir. At that time, the count was known as a democrat and made a lot of efforts to soften autocratic despotism. Catherine II verbally advocated for an “enlightened” monarchy, but in reality her actions testified to

the opposite. Having fallen into disgrace, Count Panin died in 1783, leaving behind his “political will”, written down by his secretary, like-minded person and friend D.I. Fonvizin.

Conflict with Catherine II

Having left his service after the death of the count, D.I. Fonvizin began working on the creation of a dictionary of the Russian language, namely its part related to synonyms. While carrying out this work, D.I. Fonvizin, whose biography clearly speaks of this fact, could not resist making jokes about the state, as well as jokes about the courtiers. These articles were published in the magazine “Interlocutor of Lovers of the Russian Word,” where the empress also published under a pseudonym. A dispute arose between her and Fonvizin, which resulted in a ban on printing any

last years of life

All misfortunes fell on D.I.’s head. Fonvizin overnight. Deprived of the opportunity to publish his works, having experienced the bitterness of defeat in the political struggle, ruined and seriously ill, Fonvizin slowly faded away. Died, as evidenced short biography, D.I. Fonvizin December 1, 1792 in St. Petersburg.

Fonvizin Denis Ivanovich (1745 1792) - one of the most educated people of his era. He was a writer and playwright, publicist and translator. He is rightfully considered the creator of the national Russian everyday comedy, the most famous of which are “The Minor” and “The Brigadier.” Born on April 14, 1745 in Moscow, in noble family descendants of a knight of the Livonian Order. Even under Ivan the Terrible, one of the knights of the Von Wiesen Order was captured and remained in the service of the Russian Tsar. From him came the Fonvizin family (the prefix von was added in the Russian manner to the surname Wizen). Thanks to my father I got elementary education Houses. He was brought up in the patriarchal structure that reigned in the family. From 1755 he studied at the noble gymnasium at Moscow University, then at the Faculty of Philosophy of the same university.

Since 1762 it has been located on public service, first worked as a translator, then, from 1763, in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs as secretary of the cabinet minister Elagin. After working here for about six years, in 1769 he became the personal secretary of Count Panin. From 1777 to 1778 travels abroad, spending a lot of time in France. In 1779 he returned to Russia and entered service as an adviser to the chancellery under Secret expedition. In 1783, his patron Count Panin passed away and he immediately resigned with the rank of state councilor and 3,000 rubles. annual pension. Free time dedicated to travel.

Since 1783, Denis Ivanovich visited Western Europe, Germany, Austria, spent a lot of time in Italy. In 1785, the writer suffered his first stroke, due to which he had to return to Russia in 1787. Despite the paralysis that tormented him, he continued to engage in literary work.
Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin passed away on December 1 (12), 1792. The writer was buried in St. Petersburg at the Lazarevskoye cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

Creative path

The creation of the first works dates back to the 1760s. Being by nature a lively and witty person who loved to laugh and joke, he creates his own early works in the genre of satire. This was facilitated by his gift of irony, which did not leave him until the end of his life. During these years, intensive work has been going on in the literary field. In 1760, in “Literary Heritage” he published his so-called “early “Minor””. At the same time, in the period from 1761 to 1762, he was engaged in translations of Holberg's fables, works of Rousseau, Ovid, Gresse, Terrason and Voltaire.

In 1766, his first famous work was completed. satirical comedy"Brigadier." The play became an event in literary circles, the author himself read it masterfully and Fonvizin, then still little known, was invited to Peterhof to read his work to Empress Catherine II herself. It was a huge success. The play was staged on theater stage in 1770, but was published only after the death of the author. The comedy doesn't go away theatrical stage to this day. A legend has reached us that after the premiere, Prince Potemkin said to Fonvizin: “Die, Denis! But you can’t write better!” In the same year, a translation of the treatise “The Trading Nobility, Contrasted with the Military Nobility” was published, which presented evidence of the need for the nobility to engage in trade.

Mature creativity

From journalistic works One of the best is considered to be “Discourse on the Indispensable Laws of State,” created in 1783. In the autumn of the same 1783, the premiere of the main play in Fonvizin’s work, the comedy “The Minor,” took place. Despite the extensive literary heritage, left by Fonvizin, for most of us his name is associated with this comedy. The first production of the play was not easy. The censors were embarrassed by the satirical orientation of the play and the boldness of the remarks of some of the comedy characters. Finally, on September 24, 1782, the production was carried out on the stage of the Free Russian Theater. The success was colossal. As one of the authors testified, “ Dramatic Dictionary": "The theater was incomparably filled and the audience applauded the play by throwing purses." The next production took place in Moscow on May 14, 1783 at the Medox Theater. Since that time, for more than 250 years, the play has been performed with constant success in all theaters in Russia. With the birth of cinema, the first film adaptation of the comedy appeared. In 1926, based on “The Minor,” Grigory Roshal made the film “The Skotinins’ Gentlemen.”

It is difficult to overestimate the influence of Fonvizin’s “Minor” on subsequent generations of writers. His works were read and studied by all subsequent generations of writers from Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Belinsky to the present day. However, in the life of the writer himself, she played fatal role. Catherine the Second perfectly understood the freedom-loving orientation of comedy as an attempt on existing social and state foundations. After 1783, when the series was published satirical works writer, she personally prohibited further publication of his works. And this continued until the death of the writer.

However, despite publication bans, Denis Ivanovich continues to write. During this period, the comedy “The Governor’s Choice” and the feuilleton “Conversation with Princess Khaldina” were written. Just before his departure, Fonvizin wanted to publish a five-volume set of his works, but was refused by the empress. Of course, it was published, but much later after the master left.