That's how absent-minded he is. Who is the prototype of Marshak’s famous poem?

Ilya Muromets is a textbook character ancient Russian culture. Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian researchers consider him a hero. There are many legends associated with his name: in at least 14 stories he is mentioned as real acting character. But who is the prototype of Ilya Muromets - epic hero and defender of Rus'? Let's try to figure it out.

Origin of the hero

According to legend, for the first 33 years of his life Ilya Muromets was disabled - he did not get up from the stove and was a huge burden for his parents. After the visit of the mysterious “walkers,” Ilya stood up and “filled with strength,” that is, he became a hero. This plot is repeated in variations in various legends and has only slight changes among different peoples.

Such a multifaceted hero, whose reality was proven by reliable information, could not help but have real prototype. They searched for Ilya Muromets in all cities and populated areas Kievan Rus, But real evidence There is practically nothing left about the place of his birth. With a certain degree of certainty, we can only indicate the burial place of the epic hero: the Kiev Pechersk Lavra. There the prototype of Ilya of Muromets rests under the name of St. Elijah along with 69 other saints. It was these remains that became the object of study by historians.

This one or not that one?

Researchers compared the remains of St. Elijah with the information presented in the epic about Ilya of Muromets. The real prototype must have the same physical characteristics as the epic hero. This is partially confirmed by examination: Ilya had a tall height for that time - 177 cm. In those days, tall men barely reached 165 cm. The saint’s bones had developed tubercles in place of muscles - this additionally indicates a well-developed physical system.

In addition, the remains of the saint must show signs of the disease that Muromets suffered during the first stage of his life.

Joint disease

As mentioned above, in the first part of his life, Ilya was disabled. Only after healing in the 33rd year of his life did Ilya’s strength return, and he became a warrior of the Prince of Kyiv.

An X-ray examination confirmed that the prototype of Ilya Muromets, the epic hero whose relics are kept in the monastery, actually suffered from spondyloarthrosis, which in its progressive stage can impede the patient’s movements. This disease is characterized by loss of mobility of the lumbar and cervical vertebrae and can lead to complete immobilization of a person.

Miraculous healing

One of the most effective methods The treatment for spondyloarthrosis is massage. A good chiropractor can really restore a patient's motor functions through massage and realignment of the vertebrae. So the mysterious “walking pots” could really contribute to the restoration of the health of the prototype of Ilya Muromets.

The hero and the saint

It is interesting to compare the epic Elijah with Elijah the saint. First, let's go through the merits of the saint. Oddly enough, there is no canonical life of St. Elijah - apparently, he did not devote much time to spiritual matters. They can tell a little about him: that after a glorious military career, Ilya took monastic vows and ended his days as a monk at the Theodosius Monastery.

Much more attention is paid to the worldly life of the hero. By different sources, his place of birth was not modern Murom and its environs, but a small town in the Chernigov region. This explains Ilya’s rather fast journey from his native village to capital city- according to various sources, the journey took three to four days.

The legends say a lot about the military exploits of the hero. This and clearing trade routes to Kyiv, and victory over the Nightingale the Robber. A fairly free account of all the battles involving Muromets and his comrades was recently presented in a cartoon by the Melnitsa studio.

The last years of the hero

The fame of Ilya Muromets spread far beyond the borders of Rus'. His name, for example, appears in Germanic legends. But the end of his life is practically not reflected in legends. It is believed that the prototype of Ilya Muromets finished its military career even before the age of 50 - by those standards, he was already a gray-haired old man. It is quite possible that the hero took tonsure during the time of the abbess of the Monk Polycarp.

Judging by the surviving records, Ilya did not become a monk for long. The elder likely died in 1204, when the monastery in which he lived was attacked by the Polovtsians.

Identification

The first scientific attempts to identify the relics of St. Elijah date back to 19th century, although before this period the identity of the relics of St. Elijah and the epic hero was not questioned. For example, the pilgrim Leonty, who lived in the 18th century, when visiting the Lavra, has no doubt that he saw the tomb of Ilya Muromets, and he also drew attention to the death of the hero from a wound in the heart. IN Soviet times little attention was paid to the opinion of pilgrims: communist ideology sought to make a simple Russian hero out of the Orthodox hero, removing whole layers of legends about divine gift Ilya. Yes, nowhere in Soviet encyclopedias It is not mentioned that those same Kaliki in Christianity were identified with the apostles, and Elijah owed his unusual strength and wisdom to God.

Church position

The Church has never interfered with the study of the relics of the epic hero. From the point of view of Orthodoxy, any miracle - even a miracle of healing - must be confirmed by material evidence: confirmation of facts does not stop a miracle from being a miracle. Special meaning given that Elijah’s fingers were folded in a prayer position as the Church now prescribes - three fingers together, and two bent to the palms. This further indicates the continuity of modern church rites, which trace their origins to Orthodox traditions ancient Rus'.

Serious work to identify the remains of Rev. Ilya was carried out in 1988: an interdepartmental examination conducted a serious forensic analysis of the monastic remains. To obtain reliable data, the most modern methods and equipment at that time were used. The results were amazing. The age of the deceased was determined to within five years, and congenital defects of the bones and spine were confirmed. The death of the hero dates back to the 11th-12th centuries.

conclusions

To sum up, we can say that all the conclusions made in the process of studying the remains of St. Elijah completely fall into line with what was ancient hero. It can be said with a high degree of probability that Rev. Ilya is the prototype of Ilya Muromets - all the stories about his miraculous healing are fully confirmed scientific facts, so the question of who is the prototype of Ilya Muromets, the epic hero, can be considered closed.

Ostap Bender - who is he: collective image, or a prototype of a specific person? For many years it was believed that I. Ilf and E. Petrov assembled this hero from several people, and thereby challenged the way of life of that time.

After the publication of the novel, a search was conducted for prototypes of the heroes of “The Twelve Chairs” and for many they were discovered, but Ostap Bender’s drowning figure could not be found.

B.E. Gallonov suggested that under this image appeared Mitya Bender, who was an Odessa friend of Ilf and Petrov. Another writer, R.A. Aleksandrov, in his book “Walks in Literary Odessa,” suggested that the prototype of the main character is Mitya Agapov. But these versions turned out to be erroneous.

In fact, there was a prototype, and his name was Osip Shor. He was born on May 30, 1899 in Nikopol. After his parents moved to Odessa, he began to live on Poltava Victory Street in house No. 78.

He entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Novorossiysk University, he did not study for long, and in 1916 he went to St. Petersburg, not having a penny to his name, to enter the Institute of Technology named after Nicholas I at the Faculty of Mechanics. But he did not remain a student for long. Osip was full of brilliant ideas, which were mainly associated with the dream of finding a goose that would lay him golden eggs.

And he found her, literally. A chicken without feathers was presented at an agricultural exhibition. Many meat breeders came to Odessa to visit scientific society, where one professor gave a lecture on progress in meat production. This professor was Ostap Shor in disguise.

The newly created company “Ideal Chicken” (which is not the prototype of “Horns and Hooves”) signed several contracts with Russian poultry farms for the supply of poultry, but the promised goods were not provided. Although the breeders tried to find the professor, they only found a chicken with a note: “We, Odessa breeders, also bred a chicken without a head and bones.”

Osip Shor was able to come up with several more ideas, thanks to which he had honor not only among respected people, but also in the criminal world. Thus, he helped the merchant Kutyakin get rid of his competitor in the wine business - the merchant Rosenbaum. Bandit Vaska Kosoy gave the idea of how to rob a bank, disguised as chimney sweeps.

He gave his most brilliant idea to Rabbi Bershtein - to sell places in heaven. To make it more convincing, a map of heaven was posted. Everyone could choose for themselves for money perfect place. Thanks to this trick, the rabbi renovated his house and synagogue.

Traveling for nine months from Moscow to Odessa, Shor did everything he could to survive: he pretended to be a grandmaster, not knowing how to play chess, he was an artist, he came to various establishments and introduced himself as a fire inspector... And he even married plump woman, who appeared in the novel as Madame Gritsatsueva.

Returning to Odessa, he became an investigator for the fight against banditry of the Odessa Criminal Investigation Department. For interrogations with bias, he received the “Greyhound Opera” clique.

Mishka Yaponchik, who was rampaging in Odessa at that time, wanted to shoot Osip, but instead he missed 4 of his accomplices. The bandits found another way to take revenge on the “greyhound opera” and killed his brother, the poet Anatoly Fioletov. After that, he vowed not to take up arms, quit his job and moved to Petrograd. In 1922 he went to prison due to a fight. Because of his combat history, Shor is quickly released. In 1934 he moved to Chelyabinsk, to his friend Vasily Ilyichev. In 1937 they were arrested, but he managed to escape from the NKVD! He hides in Leningrad for a long time, and then leaves for Moscow, to his friend, the author of “Three Fat Men” Yuri Oleshin.

After the war, Shor moved to Moscow and worked until the end as a conductor on the Moscow-Tashkent train. He had no family or children. He lived to be 80 and died in 1978.

Thanks to the talent of I. Ilf and E. Petrov, the image of Osip Shor, as well as his human qualities were supplemented, and the novel gained international fame.

Robinson Crusoe from the adventure book by Daniel Defoe is not fiction. This book is based on fact. The island of Mas a Tierra, which belongs to the Republic of Chile, is the famous island of Robinson Crusoe.

The climate of this island is quite mild, the temperature ranges from +12 to +19 degrees throughout the year. In the mountainous part of the island there is a dense forest, below the ground is covered with palm groves and thickets of ferns. It was on this island that the Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk lived in complete solitude for 5 years.

He was born in 1678 in the small Scottish village of Largo, in the family of a poor shoemaker John Selkreg. When the guy turned 19, he changed his last name and left home, as constant quarrels with his father and brother haunted him. The young man went to work as a sailor in the English navy. He sailed a lot across the seas and oceans and took part in naval battles. When the famous pirate, Captain Damper, was recruiting sailors for his crew, Alexander Selkirk joined them. Later he joined the command of the captain of another frigate, Pickering. After some time, Pickering died and Stradling took his place, and Alexander Selkirk, who turned out to be a capable sailor, became the new captain's assistant.

In May 1704, a pirate ship was forced to anchor off the island of Mas a Tierra due to damage caused by a storm. A quarrel arises between the captain and Selkirk, as a result of which the captain orders his assistant to be landed on the island, leaving him with a gun, gunpowder, bullets, an axe, a spyglass, a blanket and tobacco. At first, Selkirk was overcome by despair, sleepless nights and hunger pushed him to suicide. But, overpowering himself, Alexander built himself a dwelling and went deep into the island in search of food. The flora and fauna of the island was varied and rich.

Alexander Selkirk began fishing, hunting sea turtles, tamed wild goats and wild cats that were on the island. As in the Stone Age, he made fire by friction, and made clothes from goat skin, using a nail instead of a needle. In addition, Selkirk made himself a calendar. So he lived for five years on a deserted island.

On February 2, 1709, Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk was found by an English warship. The sailors saw an overgrown man with long hair and a beard, his clothes were made of goat skin. At first, Alexander could only utter inarticulate sounds, and only after a few weeks, having come to his senses, he was able to tell his story. Later it turned out that the ship, whose captain left him on a deserted island, was caught in a storm and almost the entire crew died.

In 1712, Woods Rogers's book, An Industrial Voyage Around the World, was published, which told about the life of Alexander Selkirk on a desert island. A little later Alexander Selkirk himself wrote a book called "The Intervention of Providence, or unusual description adventures of Alexander Selkirk, written by his own hand,” but this book did not become popular. And the book by Daniel Defoe, which was published in 1719 under the title “The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Robinson of York, who lived 28 years on a deserted island,” acquired worldwide fame, readers immediately recognized fictional character"Robinson" from the island of Mas a Tierra.

Daniel Defoe has repeatedly confirmed the fact that he met Selkirk and used his story in his book. In the preface to the first edition of the book about Robinson, D. Defoe wrote: “There is still among us a man whose life served as the basis for this book.” The government of the Republic of Chile renamed the island of Mas a Tierra, where Selkirk spent five years of his life, Selkirk Island. In the Scottish village of Largo, where Alexander Selkirk was born, a monument was erected to him.

Alexander Selkirk was not the first “Robinson” on the deserted island of Mas a Tierra. His predecessor, Juan Fernandez, lived here for several years; it was he who left the goats here, which were so useful to Alexander Selkirk, they gave him meat, milk and leather for clothing. A dark-skinned sailor who escaped from a sunken ship lived on this island for five years (1680-1685). In 1687, Captain Davis left 9 sailors on the island, so he decided to teach them a lesson for gambling in the bones. The captain provided them with food and everything necessary for life, the sailors were not sad at all, but rather the opposite, they now had a lot of free time to play dice, which is what they did all their time free time. Since they had no money, the resourceful sailors divided the territory of the island among themselves and played for land. The sailors left the island after three years, although they had many opportunities to do so earlier. 14 years after them, Alexander Selkirk “settled” on this island.

After him on the island for a long time Pirates, deserters from an English frigate were hiding. The Spaniards established a colony here, which was destroyed by an earthquake. In 1750, there was a prison for Chilean patriots who fought for the independence of their country. Later, the Chilean government sent political opponents here into exile. In 1855, there was even a canning factory on the island. During World War II, German and Japanese submarines hid near the island. And an American company built a hotel for tourists on Robinson Island.

Who is he: a collective image, or a prototype of a specific person? For many years it was believed that I. Ilf and E. Petrov assembled this hero from several people, and thereby challenged the way of life of that time.

B.E. Gallonov suggested that under this image appeared Mitya Bender, who was an Odessa friend of Ilf and Petrov. Another writer, R. A. Alexandrov, in his book “Walks through Literary Odessa,” suggested that the prototype of the main character is Mitya Agapov. But these versions turned out to be erroneous.

In fact, there was a prototype, and his name was Osip Shor. He was born on May 30, 1899 in Nikopol. After his parents moved to Odessa, he began to live on Poltava Victory Street in house No. 78.

He entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Novorossiysk University, he did not study for long, and in 1916 he went to St. Petersburg, penniless, to enter the Technological Institute named after Nicholas I at the Faculty of Mechanics. But he did not remain a student for long. Osip was full of brilliant ideas, which were mainly associated with the dream of finding a goose that would lay him golden eggs.

And he found her, literally. A chicken without feathers was presented at an agricultural exhibition. Many meat breeders came to Odessa to visit a scientific society, where one professor gave a lecture on progress in meat production. This professor was Ostap Shor in disguise.

He gave his most brilliant idea to Rabbi Bershtein - to sell places in heaven. To make it more convincing, a map of heaven was posted. Anyone could choose an ideal place for money. Thanks to this trick, the rabbi renovated his house and synagogue.

Traveling for nine months from Moscow to Odessa, Shor did everything he could to survive: he pretended to be a grandmaster, not knowing how to play chess, he was an artist, he came to various establishments and introduced himself as a fire inspector... And he even married a plump woman, who in the novel appeared as Madame Gritsatsueva .

After the war, Shor moved to Moscow and worked until the end as a conductor on the Moscow-Tashkent train. He had no family or children. He lived to be 80 and died in 1978.

Thanks to the talent of I. Ilf and E. Petrov, the image of Osip Shor, as well as his human qualities, were complemented, and the novel received international fame.

Prototype(from Greek protótypon - prototype), real face, the idea of which served as the fundamental basis for the writer when creating literary type, the image of a person - the hero of the work

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