French Baroque. Interior of France, Baroque style

Officially, there is no such thing as “countries of the East”. Although formally this term is used everywhere, including in the media. Since our site is dedicated to this topic, it is important for us to specifically determine the list of Eastern countries that should be written about here. We are interested in understanding by this term those countries that have corresponding traditions, philosophy, religion, and culture. However, if we rely on geographical characteristics, we can confidently include the entire Asian region in the list of countries of the East. So this is:

Near East: Bahrain, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Yemen, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, UAE, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria.
Northeast Asia: Macau, Taiwan, Tibet, Korea, Mongolia, .
Southeast Asia: , East Timor, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, .
South Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Pakistan, .

In addition, we can speak with confidence about the Eastern mentality of some Russian nationalities.

“Islam” is translated as “submission to Allah.” Adherents of the religion of Islam call themselves “Muslim,” which in Arabic essentially means “devoted to Allah.” In Russian this word was transformed into the word “Muslim”. Let us give brief principles and differences of Islam.

Includes Northeastern (Dongbei) and Eastern China, the Korean Peninsula, Fr. , Hainan Island and smaller ones. Characteristic is the combination of ancient platform structures and young alpine structures in the contact zone between the continent and the ocean. looks like a staircase going down from west to east. Natural integrity lies in the generality of geological development, climate and organic world. Monsoon determines seasonal differences in. The climate has remained virtually unchanged since the Cenozoic, therefore the antiquity, species diversity of flora and fauna (boreal, subtropical and tropical representatives).

Certain differences between the mainland and the islands. On the mainland there are folded-block structures of the Precambrian and Mesozoic (Yanshan folding), the islands are a geosynclinal belt (seismism, volcanism). The climate of the mainland is more continental and drier. flora and fauna are characterized by high endemism and species diversity; the latter is declining on the islands due to their isolation. Anthropogenic ones predominate. There are three physical and geographical countries: Northeast China and the Korean Peninsula, East China, and the Japanese Islands.

Northeast China (Dongbei. It has a complex orography. Mountain ranges surround the flat Manchurian Plain (Songliao) on three sides. At the base lies the Chinese, complicated by later movements. Lava flowed along large faults. Lavas and volcanoes are characteristic of both mountains and mountains. Volcanic massifs are especially significant in the Manchurian-Korean Mountains (Baitoushan volcano, 2750 m).

The interior of Dongbei is the Songliao Plain of alluvial and lacustrine sediments with basement ridges and volcanic eruptions. Along the plain of the Songhua River, along the course of the Liaohe River - the South Manchurian Plain. In the west, the Greater Khingan is a medium-altitude ridge stretching from north to south for 1200 km. Asymmetrical structure: the western slopes are gentle, the eastern slopes are steep with deeply incised river valleys.

Small Khingan - low mountains of granites and basalt covers. Height 400-600 m, rarely up to 1000 m. In the mountains there are tributaries, the Sungari.

In the south, the Greater Khingan passes into the Yinshan Range. The formation of the Yinshan ridge occurred in two stages - the Jurassic and Cretaceous Yanshan folding. From the southeast it is adjacent to the Liaoxi Mountains - rocky ridges, scree rocks with deep valleys. The Manchurian-Korean Mountains are a fragment of the Sinian Shield, the northwestern part of the East Manchurian Mountains, the southeastern part of the North Korean Mountains, separated by a deep fault in which the valleys of the Yalujiang and Tumenjiang rivers. The highest peak of the entire system is Paektusan in the Baitoushan massif (2750 m). The southwestern continuation is the mountains of the Liaodong Peninsula.

The climate is sharply continental. In winter, cold air from Siberia (winter monsoon). The average January temperature in the north is -20° (absolute min. -40°). Summer is hot and humid, 80% of all precipitation is unevenly distributed. On the border from 250 mm, in coastal areas up to 1000 mm. The average July temperature in the north is 23°, in the south 28° (max. +39°).

Many rivers. Most belong to the Amur basin. The largest is the Songhua with its tributary Nunjiang. In the south there is the Liaohe River, in the lower reaches it is navigable. Rivers are characterized by summer maximums (sometimes floods). They freeze in winter.
The development of the organic world under constant conditions, the influence of the Quaternary glaciations did not manifest itself - therefore the richness of species, the abundance of relics. North-Eastern China is the center of formation of the Manchurian flora. The Manchurian type predominates, preserved in the Manchurian-Korean mountains: Korean cedar, black fir, oak, Manchurian walnut, Manchurian and Amur lila, Manchurian ash, velvet or cork. Shrub undergrowth: honeysuckle, Amur lilac, Manchurian hazel, aralia, lemongrass, Amur grape. From an altitude of 1000 m, cedar-spruce and spruce-fir: Ayan spruce, white fir. Above 2000 m there is crooked forest, even higher there are associations of dwarf cedar. On the northern slopes of the forest of the Daurian type: Daurian larch, Mongolian oak, black and White birch. The southern slopes are covered with deciduous forest, the western slopes are treeless.

The Manchurian fauna is also characterized by high endemism and richness of species. Inhabited by the Korean and Amur tigers, leopard, Far Eastern cat, brown and black bear, red wolf, sable, otter, sika deer, wapiti, roe deer, musk deer, wild boar. Birds: wild ducks and geese, cranes, pheasants, kingfishers, blue magpie, mandarin duck. Snakes, copperheads, vipers.

Special features: complex orography, mountain ranges on three sides. Basaltic lavas and volcanic massifs. 80% of precipitation comes from the summer monsoon. The center of formation of the Manchurian flora is the abundance of relics and species richness.

Korean Peninsula. Remnant of an ancient land bridge with (exchange of flora and fauna). Tectonically, it is part of the Shandong-Korean massif, which experienced large vertical movements in the Meso-Cenozoic, especially strong in the northeast. Here are the chains of North Korean mountains with the sweets of recent volcanism. The highest point in Korea is the active Paektusan volcano (2750 m) in the Baitoushan massif.
Along - the East Korean Mountains, their northern part - the Kumgangsan (Diamond) Mountains are strongly dissected, with deep canyons, cliffs, and waterfalls.

The river network is dense and branched (Yangtze, Xijiang). The river regime is determined by the monsoon (maximum summer). Developed network of channels. The Grand Canal is 1762 m long from to Hangzhou. The canals are used for shipping and (a quarter of the land is irrigated).

Flora and fauna are diverse (climate stability, absence of glaciation). Vegetation of temperate, subtropical and tropical latitudes, more than 20 thousand species, many endemics (ginkgo tree, tree ferns). But in quantitative terms, the organic world is poor due to its high population density.
In the Holarctic part of Eastern China, two provinces of the East Asian floristic region are distinguished - the North Chinese mixed forests and the Central Chinese laurel forests. The border is the Qinling Range in the west and the Shandong Mountains in the east. In the north there are forests such as maple, elm, ash, walnut, and pine on brown forest soils. The central Chinese province is characterized by evergreen flora: magnolia, laurel, ginkgo, cryptomeria, southern species of pines, cypresses.

In the mountains, subtropical forests at an altitude of 800-1000 m are replaced by deciduous forests (maples, chestnuts, honey locust), and from 1500 m by coniferous forests (fir).

In the south, palm trees appear in the paleotropical part, pandanus, cunninghamia, and tree ferns appear in the forests. On the coast there are mangrove forests (Avicenia, Rhizophora).

Among the animals there are Holarctic and Indo-Malayan elements. In the north, red wolf, fox, lynx, and deer. In the southern and central regions there are macaque monkeys and raccoon dogs. Many types of birds. There are over 1,000 species of fish in the rivers and lakes of China.

In Eastern China, a number of natural areas are distinguished: the North China Plain, the Loess Plateau, Shandong, Qinling, the Sichuan Basin (Red Basin), the lowlands of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze, Nanling, Xijiang, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Taiwan and Hainan.

Japanese islands. They are part of the volcanic ring. Four large islands and a number of small ones, the extreme southern chain is the arc of the Ryukyu Islands. The archipelago is located on a folded base, which turns into the continental shelf in the west.
The formation took place in several stages, starting with the Paleozoic. The base was created during the Hercynian and Mesozoic folding. In the Neogene, vertical movements predominated, leading to the separation of islands from the mainland and the formation of marginal seas. are still active today.

From the east, the islands are framed by deep-sea waters. It is the side of the arcs facing the ocean that is exposed. combined with, which is most active in the inner zone of the islands, facing the mainland. There are 1,500 volcanoes in Japan, of which 40 are active. Volcanoes are confined to fault zones that have a longitudinal direction. The largest fault is the Great Ditch (Fossa Magna) or Fuji graben, which crosses Honshu and can be traced to the southeast on the islands of Izu, Bonin and Volcano. Fossa Magna divides Japan into two parts - northeastern and southwestern, different in structure. Southwestern with numerous folds and thrusts, it has an outer and inner belt, separated by the Median fault. Northeast (Hokkaido and northern Honshu) from Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments folded during the Yanshan orogeny. Tectonic activity and volcanism determined the characteristic features: great fragmentation, a combination of intermountain basins and mid-altitude uplifts, dissected by deep river valleys.

The mountains of the islands are characterized by a pronounced longitudinal strike. There are so many chains in Hokkaido: one is in a northeastern direction and serves as a continuation of the Kuril Arc, the second (Kitami-Hidaka) is extended to the northwest and turns into an uplift. At the intersection of the chains, a mountain junction was formed with Peak Asahi (2290 m) - the highest point of Hokkaido.

Honshu is the largest island and has the shape of a giant arc. The axis of its northern half is almost perpendicular to the axis of the southern half, which is determined by the direction of the mountain ranges. In the northern part of Honshu, the Dewa and Echigo mountains stretch along the western shore, Kitakami and Abukuma along the eastern shore, and between them the Ou watershed ridge. In the southern part of Honshu rise the Akaishi, Kiso and Hida mountains (Japanese Alps). The powerful Fossa Magna fault line runs through the wide central section of the island, stretching for 250 km. There are many volcanoes along it and the highest is Fuji (3776 m).
In Shikoku and Kyushu, the mountains are low with strong tectonic and erosional dissection. The banks are ingressive, rias. Small patches of lowlands, the largest being Kanto, crossed by the Tone River. On the west coast along the Shinano River valley is the fertile, densely populated Echigo Plain. The Ishikari Lowland is located on the island of Hokkaido.

Ryukyu is an arched archipelago of 98 small islands stretching over 1000 km. The largest is Okinawa. Islands of volcanic and coral origin.

Mineral resources are varied (coal, oil, polymetals, manganese, silver, etc.), but not a single deposit can satisfy the country's needs.

The climate of the islands is determined by the geographical position between 45 and 24° N, meridionally elongated ridges, and the influence of currents (Kuril-Kamchatka).

Most of it lies in the subtropical zone, northern Honshu and Hokkaido in the temperate zone, Ryukyu in the tropical zone. The climate is monsoon. The average winter temperature is much lower than in other parts of the globe at the same latitudes: in the north of Hokkaido the January average is -9-12°, in the south of Kyushu +8°, ​​the July average is 20 and 27°, respectively. There is a lot of precipitation (1000-3000 mm) and it is unevenly distributed throughout the year. The winter monsoon over the sea is saturated with moisture and releases 1500 mm west coast. In summer, tropical sea air humidifies the east coast (3000 mm). In intramountain depressions and valleys 1000 mm. Typhoons hit Japan in autumn. In Hokkaido in winter, precipitation is in the form of snow, the thickness of the cover is up to 4 m.

Associated with the abundance of precipitation is a dense river network. Most are turbulent streams with rapids and waterfalls. The rivers of the western slopes of the mountains have a winter maximum, while those of the eastern slopes have a summer maximum. The largest river in Japan is the Ishikari (654 km) in Hokkaido. The Tone and Shinano rivers are distinguished in Honshu. There are many lakes and they are diverse in their origin. Volcanic lakes predominate in the craters of extinct volcanoes. There are tectonic and origin. The largest lake, Biwa, lies in a tectonic depression.

The vegetation of the islands is rich and varied, with many endemic species. Japan is a country of forests (2/3 of the territory). In landscapes it is latitudinal. In the north of Hokkaido there are taiga-type coniferous forests on podzolic soils of Hokkaido spruce, Sakhalin fir, birch, and alder. In the undergrowth there are southern admixtures, incl. bamboo.
Southern Hokkaido and northern Honshu are covered with broadleaf trees on brown forest soils. Beech, maple (20 species), Manchurian ash, local walnut, chestnut, and linden trees are common. There are local conifers: Japanese cypresses, cryptomerias, firs, larches. In the undergrowth there are evergreen species - bamboo, magnolia, wild cherry - sakura. Lots of vines. Broadleaf forests rise up to 500 m, giving way to coniferous and then dwarf forms of cedar, birch, and pine.

South of 36-37° N latitude. — subtropical evergreen forests on red soils. This is the south of Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku. Oak species dominate, mixed with Japanese maple, sakura, camphor laurel and subtropical conifers (cryptomeria, thuja, yew, Japanese species pine trees). Lianas and epiphytes are abundant. In the undergrowth are azaleas, aralias, gardenias, and magnolias. In the mountains, forests rise to 500-800 m, giving way to broad-leaved ones, and from 1800-2000 m to coniferous ones. In the Alps, the highlands are occupied by subalpine and.

They cultivate tea, citrus fruits, cotton, jute, and camphor laurel. The Ryukyu Islands are located in a tropical forest zone on lateritic soils. They are characterized by multi-tiered structures and an abundance of species (palm trees, fig trees, ferns). Cultivated plants - sugar cane, palm trees, mulberry tree.
The fauna is characterized by a paucity of species and high endemism due to island isolation. In the tropics live the Japanese black bear, Japanese macaque, flying dog, giant salamander, red-crowned crane, pheasant In the north - brown bear, sable, squirrel. 25% of the country's territory is protected in Japan. Half are part of national parks, the largest of which are Shikoku-Toya, Bandai-Asahi, Fuji-Hakone-Izu.
Special features: an area of ​​active seismic and volcanic activity (40 active volcanoes). Character traits The relief is highly fragmented, a combination of intermountain basins, mid-altitude folded-block uplifts, and deep river valleys. Richness, diversity and a large number of endemic flora and fauna. Country of forests (2/3 of the territory).

East Asia is one of the strategic regions of the world. The second and third largest countries in the world by GDP are located here - China and Japan. Very complex processes of transformation are taking place at the level of conceptual civilizational shifts. Through this region, humanity seems to be testing the future paths of its development.

China

General information. The official name is the People's Republic of China. The capital is Beijing (more than 11 million people). Area - 9,600,000 km 2 (3rd place in the world). Population - more than 130,000,000 people (1st place). The official language is Chinese. The monetary unit is the yuan.

Geographical position. The country is located in Eastern and partly in Central Asia. In the east it has access to the Pacific Ocean (Yellow, East China and South China Seas). In the north and northeast, China borders on Russia, in the north on Mongolia. The northwestern borders separate China from Kazakhstan, the western borders from Tajikistan, Afghanistan and India. In the south there are borders with Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam. In the northeast, China borders the DPRK. Geographical position various parts China is assessed ambiguously: the eastern, especially coastal, regions are located very advantageously for economic development The central and especially western parts of the country are largely isolated from active economic life. The countries surrounding China are unstable and economically developed. China's advantage is its proximity to Russia, which it uses as a natural resource donor and a territory for “dumping” the population surplus.

History of origin and development. In the Yellow River valley, archaeologists have discovered some of the oldest settlements. Around 1500 BC That is, the Shang dynasty arose in China, whose dominance was replaced by the Zhou dynasty, which ended with the decline of imperial power and the division of the state into separate kingdoms (principalities). UIII Art. BC e. Emperor Shihuang united China and began building the Great Wall of China. At the beginning of our era, during the Han Dynasty, traditional Chinese culture. China exercised control over Silk Road, the spread of Buddhism from India. In the XIII-XIV centuries. China was conquered by the Mongols. The grandson of Genghis Khan founded the Yuan dynasty in Beijing. During the XIV-XVII centuries. reigned the Ming dynasty, which came to power after the overthrow of the Mongol conquerors. In the 17th century China was conquered by the Manchus, establishing the Qing dynasty, whose rule lasted until 1912 and was overthrown by an uprising. In 1912, the Chinese Republic was proclaimed. Sun Yat-sen led the revolution and created the People's Party (Kuomintang). In the 30s of the XX century. Japan occupied large parts of China. After its surrender, a war began between the communists of Mao Zedong and the Kuomintang. After the victory in 1949. The communists evacuated millions of Kuomintang members to the island of Taiwan, where they founded a state. The state of China arose on the Chinese mainland. In it, the communist regime of Mao Zedong began to carry out large-scale communist experiments, which ultimately ended in complete collapse. To stay in power, the communists began to build capitalism (market economy). This contributed to rapid economic growth and improved well-being of the population.

State structure and form of government. China is a unitary state, a socialist (communist) people's republic. According to the constitution, the highest organ of state power is the National People's Congress

(2,979 deputies). They elect the chairman of the People's Republic of China and his deputy. The Chairman of the People's Republic of China proposes a candidacy for the Prime Minister of the State Council (government) for approval by the National People's Congress. China is divided into 22 provinces, excluding Taiwan, six autonomous regions and regions with special status (Hong Kong/Hong Kong, Macao/Macao).

Natural conditions and resources. The terrain of China is extremely complex and varied. Most of the country is mountains, plateaus and highlands. Among them, the Tibetan Plateau, the largest in the world in area and height, stands out (average height more than 4000 m). The west and north are occupied by plateaus and plains with altitudes up to 1200 m. Lowlands are common in the east and northeast.

The vast territory also determines the climatic diversity. Summer and winter monsoons dominate in the east. With distance from the Pacific coast, the climate becomes continental. The amount of precipitation decreases to 250 mm per year. In the highlands the climate is harsh and dry.

In the eastern part of China, where more precipitation falls, there are the largest and deepest rivers. The largest of them are the Yangtze, Yellow River and the Amur tributary - the Songhua. The deep-flowing Xijiang flows in the southeast. The summer monsoon, which blows from the ocean, brings a lot of precipitation. This causes catastrophic floods. The largest number of lakes are in Tibet and the Yangtze Valley.

The valleys of China's largest rivers are dominated by fertile alluvial soils. Brown forests dominate in the northeast. In the west, gray-brown desert soils are common. The south of the country is occupied by yellow soils and red soils.

China has a very rich and diverse flora and fauna. In the northeast, the unique Far Eastern taiga with a bizarre combination of northern and southern species of plants and animals (Daurian larch, Korean cedar, Manchurian walnut, ginseng, lemongrass, etc.) has still been preserved. These forests are home to the world's largest Amur tiger, musk deer, wapiti, sable, etc. Evergreen subtropical forests grow south of the Yangtze. They are home to monkeys, lemurs, rhinoceroses, and tapirs. Wild camels and horses occur in desert areas.

China is very well endowed with mineral resources. It holds one of the first places in the world in terms of reserves coal, manganese and iron ores, zinc and bauxite, tungsten (60% of world reserves), molybdenum, antimony, tin, titanium, rock salt and the like. There is gold, uranium, rare earth metals. Limited reserves of oil and natural gas.

Population. China is the most populous country in the world (over 20% of the planet's population). Such a large number of people in the country creates many problems. Housing and food problems, as well as providing the Chinese with work, are especially acute. Due to this Chinese government pursues a strict birth control policy. Therefore, the natural increase in the country is three times lower than in India.

With an average population density of 140 people per 1 km 2, the population is distributed extremely unevenly. In the eastern lowland regions it reaches 400 people, and in the mountains - only 10 people per 1 km 2.

The part of the urban population is only 32%. At the same time, there are more than 40 millionaire cities in the country. The largest of them, besides the capital, are Shanghai (up to 16 million people), Tianjin (more than 10 million), Shenyang (more than 5 million).

The ethnic composition of the population is dominated by the Chinese (Han) - 92%. Another 55 peoples live in their ethnic territories, mainly on the outskirts of China (Hui, Mongols, Uighurs, Tibetans, Koreans, etc.).

Farming. China is an industrial-agrarian state, after market reforms it is developing at the fastest pace among large countries world, and in terms of total GNP it ranks second after the United States.

And this is when today almost 60% of the employed population works in agriculture and forestry, and only about 20% in industry, that is, it can be argued that the Chinese economy has enormous growth potential.

The industrial structure is dominated by heavy industry. The mining industry is represented by the coal, oil and gas industries. The rate of extraction of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores is growing, and accordingly the production of electricity, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy is developing (the main centers of ferrous metallurgy are located in the cities of Anshan, Wuhan, Benxi, Baotou).

China's mechanical engineering industry is very diversified, both sectorally and geographically. It is represented by the entire global range of products. Industry enterprises are concentrated in the largest cities and in free economic zones on the east coast.

The chemical industry mainly focused its efforts on the production of mineral fertilizers, construction materials and household chemical products. There is a powerful oil refining industry.

Light industry is of global importance. It mainly specializes in the production of fabrics. The main center of light industry is Shanghai.

Agriculture, together with the food industry, meets the needs of 130,000,000 people. China holds first place in the world in terms of production of wheat, peanuts, cotton, rice, and tobacco; third - citrus fruits. In general, grain production exceeds 500 million tons. Rice traditionally plays an important role in the diet. The importance of livestock farming is increasing: China ranks first in the world in terms of pig numbers (420 million).

The total length of railway tracks is more than 60 thousand km. In 1992 The Chinese created another transcontinental railway, extending it to the borders with Kazakhstan. The automobile network in China now exceeds 1,100,000 km. The length of air routes is approximately the same. Inland water transport (110 thousand km) has not lost its importance. The country has almost 120 seaports that connect China with 100 countries of the world.

Culture and social development. In China, about 70% of the population is literate. A 9-year education is compulsory. There are more than 1000 higher education institutions in the country educational institutions. The largest of them are located in Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. Most famous information Agency- Xinhua. Cultural heritage China is one of the largest in the world. The Great Wall of China, imperial palaces, parks, and mausoleums are world famous. There are many museums and libraries. China has perhaps the largest number of unemployed people. There are especially many of them in small towns.

China recognized Ukraine on December 27, 1991. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on January 4, 1992 by signing the Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations. The Chinese Embassy has been operating in Kyiv since March 1992. Ukraine exports goods worth more than $1 billion to China, importing almost 10 times less products from this country.

The video tutorial allows you to get an interesting and detailed information about the countries of East Asia. From the lesson you will learn about the composition of East Asia, the characteristics of the countries of the region, their geographical location, nature, climate, place in this subregion. The lesson focuses heavily on China. In addition, the lesson provides interesting information about the religions and traditions of the region.

Topic: Foreign Asia

Lesson: East Asia

Rice. 1. East Asia on the map ()

East Asia- a cultural and geographical region that includes states located in eastern Asia.

Compound:

2. Japan.

3. Mongolia.

5. Republic of Korea.

Until July 1, 1997, the region also included Hong Kong ( former colony Great Britain), which came under the jurisdiction of the PRC and became its special administrative region of Hong Kong. On December 20, 1999, the same act was carried out regarding Macau (a former colony of Portugal), which also became a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China - Macao.

All countries except Japan are republics in form of government.

More than 1.5 billion people live in East Asia, accounting for 22% of the world's population.

East Asia is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean and its parts. All countries except Mongolia have access to the sea.

The climate is monsoonal (temperate, subtropical), seasonally humid, typhoons and floods are frequent. For Mongolia and internal parts China is characterized by a sharply continental climate.

Countries in East Asia with the largest populations:

1. China (1350 million people).

2. Japan (126 million people).

3. Republic of Korea (50 million people).

The maximum average population density is 480 people. per sq. km in the Republic of Korea. In the cities of the region, the population density can reach 20,000 people. per sq. km! At the same time, the population density in Mongolia is less than 2 people. per sq. km.

China and Japan are considered the leaders in the region. China's GDP is $12 trillion, Japan's GDP is $4.6 trillion.

The most numerous peoples of East Asia:

1. Chinese.

2. Japanese.

3. Koreans.

Accordingly, Chinese, Japanese and Korean are the most numerous languages ​​in the region. Chinese is the world's leading language in terms of the number of speakers.

Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shintoism are widespread in East Asian countries.

The countries of East Asia are characterized by a transitional type of population reproduction (from traditional to modern). Japan is the first country foreign Asia, which switched to modern type population reproduction.

Mining, mechanical engineering, agriculture, animal husbandry, and textile production are widespread in most countries.

China. The full name of the country is the People's Republic of China (PRC). The area of ​​the country is 9.6 million square meters. km, population - 1350 million people, capital - Beijing.

China is one of ancient states world, which arose in the 14th century BC, has a very complex history. Due to the obvious benefits of its position, the wealth of natural and agro-climatic resources, throughout its existence China attracted the attention of various conquerors. Even in ancient times, the country protected itself with the partially preserved Great Wall of China.

Rice. 2. The Great Wall of China

In the last century, China was a semi-colony of England after its defeat in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. The country was divided into spheres of influence between England, France, Germany, Japan and Russia. After the 1949 revolution, China embarked on a new path of development. Now this country is one of the key countries in the world, the second economy in the world, is of exceptional importance in the world economy and politics, is part of numerous organizations, is a permanent member of the UN Security Council, and a nuclear power.

Rice. 3. Flag of China

The PRC is the third largest country in the world by territory and the first by population - located in Central and East Asia. The state borders on 16 countries, 1/3 of the borders are in the CIS countries.

The economic and geographical position of the PRC is very favorable, since, being located along the Pacific coast (15 thousand km), the country has access to the sea from the most remote inland corners through the Yangtze River. The coastal location of the PRC contributes to the development of its economy and foreign economic relations.

China is a unitary republic consisting of 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 4 municipalities.

Rice. 4. Administrative division of China ()

The country lies within the fractured Chinese Precambrian Platform and younger areas. The eastern part is mostly lowland, and the reserved upland and mountainous part. Various mineral deposits are associated with various tectonic structures. In terms of its supply, China, one of the leading countries in the world, stands out primarily for its reserves of coal, non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores, rare earth elements, and mining and chemical raw materials.

In terms of oil and gas reserves, China is inferior to the leading oil countries of the world, but in oil production the country has reached 5th place in the world. The main oil fields are located in Northern and Northeastern China, the basins of inland China.

Rice. 5. Samples of Chinese oil in the Geological Museum in Beijing

Among the ore deposits, the Anshan iron ore basin, located in coal-rich Northeast China, stands out. Non-ferrous metal ores are concentrated mainly in the central and southern provinces.

The PRC is located in temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zones, with the climate in the west being sharply continental, and in the east being monsoonal, with high rainfall (in summer). Such climatic and soil differences create conditions for the development Agriculture: in the west, in the arid regions, livestock breeding and irrigated agriculture are mainly developed, while in the east, especially on the fertile lands of the Great Chinese Plain, agriculture predominates.

The water resources of the PRC are very large; the eastern, more populated and highly developed part of the country is most endowed with them. River waters are widely used for irrigation. In addition, China ranks first in the world in terms of theoretical hydropower resources, but their use is still very small.

China's forest resources are generally quite large, concentrated mainly in the northeast (taiga coniferous forests) and the southeast (tropical and subtropical deciduous forests). They are intensively used on the farm.

China is the first country in the world in terms of population, and it has held the palm for probably many centuries. In the 70s, the country began to implement a demographic policy aimed at reducing the birth rate. This policy has borne fruit, and now natural growth in China is even below the world average.

China is a young country (1/3 of the population is under 15 years of age). It differs in the intensity of labor migration both within the country and outside its borders.

The PRC is a multinational country (there are 56 nationalities), but with a sharp predominance of the Chinese - about 95% of the population. They live mainly in the eastern part of the country; in the west (most of the territory) live representatives of other nationalities (Gzhuang, Hui, Uyghurs, Tibetans, Mongols, Koreans, Manchus, etc.).

Despite the fact that China is socialist country, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are practiced here (the population in general is not very religious). The country is home to the world center of Buddhism - Tibet, occupied by China in 1951.

Urbanization is developing rapidly in China. The largest cities include Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, and Hong Kong.

Rice. 6. Winter imperial palace in Pekin

The PRC is an industrial-agrarian socialist country that has recently been developing at a very rapid pace.

Economic modernization is proceeding at different rates in different regions China. Special economic zones (SEZs) have been created in Eastern China to take advantage of their advantageous coastal location.

China occupies one of the leading places in the world in energy production and electricity generation. China's energy sector is coal (its share in the fuel balance is 75%), oil and gas (mostly artificial) are also used. Most of the electricity is produced at thermal power plants (3/4), mainly coal-fired. Hydroelectric power plants account for 1/4 of the electricity. There are two nuclear power plants, 10 tidal stations, and a geothermal station has been built in Lhasa.

Ferrous metallurgy is based on its own iron ore, coking coal and alloying metals. China ranks 1st in the world in iron ore mining and 2nd in steel production. The technical level of the industry is low. Highest value have the largest factories in the country, such as in Anshan, Shanghai, Broshena, as well as in Benxi, Beijing, Wuhan, Taiyuan, Chongqing.

Non-ferrous metallurgy. The country has large reserves of raw materials (1/2 of the produced tin, antimony, and mercury are exported), but aluminum, copper, lead, and zinc are imported. Mining and processing plants are represented in the north, south and west of China, and the final stages of production are in the east. The main centers of non-ferrous metallurgy are located in the provinces of Liaoning, Yunnan, Hunan, and Gansu.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking occupy 35% of the industry structure. The production of equipment for the textile industry remains high, and electronics, electrical engineering, and the automotive industry are rapidly developing. The structure of production enterprises is diverse: along with modern high-tech enterprises, handicraft factories are widespread.

The leading sub-sectors are heavy engineering, machine tool building, and transport engineering. The automotive industry (6th - 7th place in the world), electronics and instrument making are developing rapidly. The predominant part of China's engineering products is produced in the coastal zone (over 60%), and mainly in large cities (the main centers are Shanghai, Shenyang, Dalian, Beijing, etc.).

Chemical industry. Relies on coke and petrochemical products, mining chemicals and plant raw materials. There are three groups of production: mineral fertilizers, household chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Light industry is a traditional and one of the main industries that uses its own, mainly natural (2/3) raw materials. The leading sub-sector is textile, providing the country with a leading position in the production and export of fabrics (cotton, silk and others). The sewing, knitting, leather and footwear sub-sectors are also developed. As before, the country has developed production of traditional sub-sectors: textiles and clothing.

The food industry - for a country with such a large population, is extremely important; the processing of grain and oilseeds is in the lead, the production and processing of pork (2/3 of the volume of the meat industry), tea, tobacco and other food products is developed.

Agriculture - provides food to the population, supplies raw materials for the food and light industries. The leading sub-sector of agriculture is crop production (rice is the basis of the Chinese diet). Wheat, corn, millet, sorghum, barley, peanuts, potatoes, yams, taro, and cassava are also grown; industrial crops - cotton, sugar cane, tea, sugar beets, tobacco, and other vegetables.

Livestock farming remains the least developed sector of agriculture. The basis of livestock farming is pig breeding. Vegetable growing, poultry farming, beekeeping, and sericulture are also developed. Fisheries play a significant role.

Transport mainly provides connections between seaports and inland areas. 3/4 of all cargo transportation is provided by rail transport. Along with the recently increased importance of sea, road and aviation, the use of traditional modes of transport remains: horse-drawn, pack, transport carts, bicycle and especially river.

Rice. 7. Beijing Railway Station

Internal differences. In the early 1980s, in order to improve planning, China created three economic zones: Eastern, Central and Western. The eastern one is the most developed, the largest industrial centers and agricultural areas. The center is dominated by the production of fuel and energy, chemical products, raw materials and semi-finished products. The western zone is the least developed (livestock farming, mineral processing).

Foreign economic relations. Foreign economic relations have been developing especially widely since the 80s and 90s, which is associated with the formation of an open economy in the country. The volume of foreign trade is 30% of China's GDP. In export leading place occupied by labor-intensive products (clothing, toys, shoes, sporting goods, machinery and equipment). Imports are dominated by mechanical engineering products and vehicles.

Homework

Topic 7, P. 2

1. What are the features of the geographical location of East Asia?

2. Tell us about the Chinese economy.

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 grades: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

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Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

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Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam

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3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Single State exam 2012. Geography. Textbook / Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.

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8. Textbook on geography. Tests and practical tasks in Geography / I.A. Rodionova. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 1996. - 48 p.

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14. Unified State Exam 2011. Geography: Model exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute pedagogical dimensions ( ).

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().

East Asia: China, Taiwan, Japan, North Korea, Republic of Korea and Mongolia.

1. EGP. East Asian countries border on Russia and the countries of Southeast, South and Central Asia. This neighborhood has a neutral effect on the region. Among its neighbors there are no regions that are many times superior to it in development, and there are no regions that are many times behind it.

East Asia has access to the Pacific Ocean, which favors its development; the length of the coastline is 18,676 km. There are a significant number of ports on the coast through which trade communications with the rest of the world are carried out. Among land routes, the roads connecting the region with the west are of great importance. Here, the shortest routes from the shores of the Pacific Ocean to European countries lie through the territory of China and Mongolia.

The main fuel and raw material bases are not located at a significant distance from the region, but the main consumer is located further away. These factors compensate each other.

2. Natural conditions and resources. The East Asia region covers almost 8% of the Earth's land area. Its natural conditions are varied.

The terrain is very difficult. In the west there is one of the largest and highest highlands on the globe - Tibet, with an area of ​​almost 2 million km 2. Surrounded by powerful ranges - the Kun Lun in the north, the Karakoram in the west, the Himalayas in the south and the Sino-Tibetan mountains in the east, the highland has numerous internal ridges that reach 6000-7000 m in height, and intermountain plains with a height of 4000-5000 m. On these The plains are cool even in summer, daytime temperatures do not exceed +10...+15°C, and there are frosts at night. Winter here is long, with severe frosts (-30...-40 0 C), winds blow almost constantly, the air is very dry, and precipitation falls up to 100 mm per year, almost the same as in the desert. Therefore, Tibet, according to the conditions of plant landscapes, is classified as a type of cold high-mountain desert. The snow line is located at altitudes of 5000-6000 m (the highest position on the globe). Tibet is composed mainly of sandstones, limestones, shales, ridges - for the most part granites and gneisses.

The region is characterized by high seismic and volcanic activity. Earthquakes occur in the belt of young mountains and are especially frequent on the Japanese Islands, where there are 150 volcanoes, including 60 active ones. On average, one noticeable earthquake occurs every three days. One of the most seismically unsafe areas is the Tokyo Bay area.

Seismic phenomena in deep-sea depressions located several tens of kilometers east of the region are associated with seaquakes and the huge tsunami waves they cause, from which the eastern coasts of Japan and Taiwan are most affected.

In the east, low mountains alternate with accumulative plains, where the largest is the Great Chinese Plain, the emergence of which is largely due to sediments of the river. Yellow River. Its surface is flat, its height is up to 100 m, composed of a thick layer of alluvium. There are also low plains on the Korean Peninsula, where they occupy 1/4 of the territory.

The region is located in three climatic zones (temperate, subtropical and subequatorial). There is no tropical zone here due to monsoon circulation. Large areas of Mongolia and Western China (Tibet) stretch in areas of high mountain climate. Monsoon air currents blow from the ocean onto the dry land in the warm season, and vice versa in the cold season. Summer monsoons bring precipitation, the amount of which decreases from south to north. In the southeastern part of the region there is 1000-2000 mm of precipitation, in the eastern part - 400-900 mm, in the northeastern part - 250-700 mm. In the monsoon zone, spring and autumn are predominantly dry, so artificial irrigation is widely used in agriculture here.

They originate from the Tibetan Plateau big rivers Asia - Indus, Brahmaputra, Salween, Mekong, Yangtze, Yellow River. Its eastern mainland and island parts have a relatively dense river system; in the west there are very few rivers, and the huge deserts and semi-deserts are completely devoid of them. Many rivers are navigable. Without exception, all rivers are used for irrigation.

Mineral resources are very rich. Most of them are concentrated in China, one of the “geological granaries of the world.” The region has significant reserves of coal (available in all countries, but the maximum are in China, which ranks 1st in the world in terms of its production - 1290 million tons per year), brown coal (north of Mongolia and northeast of the DPRK), oil (northern -east and west of China, sea shelf), oil shale (northeast and south of China). In Japan and South Korea, very few deposits are of industrial importance.

The Pacific metallogenic belt stretches across the eastern territories of the mainland part of the region, with deposits of manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, antimony, mercury and other metals associated with it. Their largest reserves are in China, North Korea, and Mongolia; iron ore - in the northeast of China, copper-molybdenum deposits - in the north of Mongolia (Erdenet deposit). Japan is poor in industrial metal deposits.

Nonmetallic minerals form reserves of phosphorites (many in central and southern China, northern Mongolia), graphite (South Korea), fluorite (very large reserves in the northeast of Mongolia), sulfur (in Japan, deposits are associated with the volcanic origin of the islands, where The northern regions of Honshu Island are rich in sulfur).

The source of fresh water is numerous lakes in Japan, China, and South Korea.

Agroclimatic resources are favorable (especially in the east). The monsoon climate makes it possible to conduct agriculture in two modes: dry and wet seasons. In the south, 2-3 crops are harvested per year.

There is an acute shortage of suitable and accessible land for farming in Japan, which is conquering new territories from the sea. Therefore, almost 1/3 of its shores are filled or washed up, and artificial “garbage islands” are widespread.

The region is not rich in forest resources. The forest cover of the territory is on average less than 40%. Coniferous forests dominate in the northeast of China, northern Mongolia, Japan, mixed - in Japan, northern and central parts of China. Tropical rain forests have not been preserved in their natural form; small tracts of them grow in southeast China and Taiwan. In general, forests are significantly depleted by human economic activity.

Due to contamination of land, reservoirs, and the atmosphere by industrial and household waste, the environmental condition of the countries in the region has significantly deteriorated. Protected areas are of great importance in preserving natural ecosystems.

3. Population and settlement. Population size. The region is the most populated in the world, home to about 1.5 billion people, who make up almost 24% of the world's population. China is the most populous country in the world (more than 1.3 billion people).

Demographic features. The overpopulation of the region and the tradition of large families have caused an acute demographic problem, especially in China. This required urgent action on the part of the government, whose demographic policy is aimed at reducing the birth rate and natural population growth. As a result of its implementation, the population growth rate at the beginning of the 60s of the XX century. amounted to approximately 2% per year, in the late 90s - almost 1.3%.

The birth rate in East Asia is approximately 14‰ per year, and the death rate is 6‰. Thus, the natural increase was 8‰.

The ratio of men and women in the region is proportional: women - 49.9%, men - 50.1%. The population under the age of 14 is 24%, 15-64 years old - 68%, older - 8%.

Racial composition. The majority of the region's population (Chinese, Mongols, Koreans) are Mongoloids. Southern Chinese and Japanese belong to the mixed racial type (Mongoloid and Australoid traits). The Ainu live in Japan - aborigines who belong to a separate racial group of Australoids.

The ethnic composition is very heterogeneous. Here are the following language families:

Sino-Tibetan family:

Chinese group. It includes the Chinese (Han), the Dungans (Hui) - Chinese Muslims;

Tibeto-Burman group. Covers the Itzu peoples, Tibetans (live in southwest China), etc.;

Altai family:

Mongolian group. It is formed by the Khalkha Mongols (residents of Mongolia), the Mongols of China (live in the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia);

Tungus-Manchu group. These are the Manchus (living in northeast China), who are very assimilated by the Han Chinese;

Turkic group. It consists of Uighurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz (live in northwestern China);

The Japanese are a separate family;

Koreans are a separate family;

The Ainu are a separate family represented by the aborigines of Japan, who remained mainly on the island. Hokkaido;

Thai family. They belong to the Zhuangs - the largest ethnic minority people in China (up to 12 million people), who live in the south of the country, the Tai people, and others;

Austro-Asiatic family. They are formed by the Miao, Yao, and Coffee peoples, who live in the south of China on the border with the countries of Indochina;

The Austronesian family is the Gaoshan (indigenous inhabitants of the island of Taiwan).

Religious composition. A variety of religions and their directions are widespread in the region. This is, first of all, a powerful cell of Confucian culture, which originated in China in the 6th-5th centuries. BC. Over time, Buddhism penetrated into East Asia from India, and local religions - Taoism (China) and Shintoism (Japan) retained their importance. The peoples of northwestern China (Dunganins, Uighurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz) are Sunni Muslims.

Confucianism is the basis of a specific East Asian civilization. His moral and ethical system provides for comprehensive regulation of society, group standards of behavior, high discipline and developed moral principles.

Many East Asian countries are multi-religious, where several religions coexist.

The peculiarities of natural conditions determined the uneven settlement of people in the region. Japan and Korea are more densely populated (300-400 people/km2). China is populated rather unevenly: with an average density of 127 people/km2, 90% of the population lives in its east on 1/3 of the country's area. In Tibet, the population density is less than 1 person/km2. There are generally uninhabited areas.

Urbanization processes in the region are very diverse. For example, Japan and South Korea are highly urbanized countries of the world (78-81% of urban residents). There are over 250 million city residents in China. It is unusual for him to spread the urban lifestyle to rural settlements. 900 million people live in small villages (100-200 families).

The five most numerous agglomerations in Asia are located in its eastern region: Tokyo (30.3 million people), Osaka (16.9 million), Seoul (15.8 million), Chongqing (15 million), Shanghai (13.5 million) . China, being a predominantly rural country, has more large cities than anywhere else: over 100 million-dollar cities and in almost 50 more cities the population exceeds 500 thousand people. The three largest agglomerations of Japan - Keihin (Tokyo, Yokohama, Kawasaki, etc.), Hanshin (Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto and up to 100 others), Tyukyo (Nagoya and other 80 settlements) - merge into the world's largest urbanized system - the megalopolis of Tokkaido, which stretches for 600 km between Tokyo and Osaka, uniting over 60 million people.

Labor resources. The region has huge labor resources in both cities and villages. Persons of working age - up to 810 million. Most of them are employed in the manufacturing industry, their number is rapidly increasing in the financial sector. The share of people employed in agriculture is significant only in China (50%), and in Japan - only 7%, in industrial production - 26% (in China - 15% - the lowest figure in the region).

Main social problems in the region are the “aging” of the population and the unevenness of its distribution.

4. General characteristics of the farm. The countries of East Asia are the most heterogeneous in socio-economic terms. Japan, South Korea and Taiwan belong to capitalist countries with developed mixed economies; China is following a special path economic development, combining the principles of planned and market management. Mongolia embarked on the path of economic and political reforms after the rule of the totalitarian regime. North Korea is a unique state where they are still trying to build communism on the basis of a command-administrative system in the economy and a totalitarian regime in politics.

In the countries of the region (except Japan), the state holds leading positions in economic life. In China and the DPRK, the socialist economic system dominates. The most important means of production are concentrated in the public sector of these countries: industrial, transport and communications enterprises, financial institutions, and state-owned agricultural enterprises. In Taiwan, the state controls the majority of financial companies and corporations, the entire telecommunications system, metallurgy, railways, shipbuilding, chemical industry, production of building materials, owns 70% of land, and controls the banking system. In South Korea, the state regulates macroeconomic parameters, credit and tax spheres, controls financial activities, and manages the activities of public sector enterprises, which unites a significant part of the extractive industries, infrastructure, the service sector, and railways.

In Japan, the public sector is small and operates primarily in infrastructure areas. At the local level, the state owns public utilities, transport, schools, hospitals, several thousand companies that are engaged in the construction and operation of municipal housing, toll roads, port facilities, shopping malls and markets, etc. Many large monopolistic associations have close economic ties with the public sector and actively use government credits and loans.

At the beginning of the 21st century. countries in the region have better prospects for economic growth than they did a decade ago. By becoming economically open, they were able to import the latest technologies, knowledge and business methods. Enterprises have become more flexible in their activities, driven by competition and the need to adapt to new economic conditions.

In the international geographical division of labor, the countries of the region differ significantly in areas of specialization. Japan stands out for its knowledge-intensive fields (electronics industry, robotics, automotive manufacturing, production of household appliances), and is one of the three world leaders in the development of the chemical industry (especially pharmaceuticals, organic synthesis chemistry) and biotechnology.

NIS countries have strong positions in high-tech areas of mechanical engineering (electronics, production of computers, communications equipment, electronic toys, etc.). South Korea is one of the world leaders in the development of shipbuilding. In all NIS countries, light industry is highly developed (production of fabrics, linen, shoes).

China is an important producer of agricultural products (vegetables, fruits, pork, soybeans, tea, raw silk, leather), as well as textiles, metal, certain engineering products (bicycles, household appliances), food and light industry products (clothing, shoes) . Mongolia exports wool, leather, fur and handicrafts of them.

5. Industries and agriculture. In the late 50s - early 60s of the XX century. The production potential of the region, which was based on light industry, was reoriented towards heavy industry. IN last years a course has been taken to develop high-tech industries.

Fuel and energy complex. The basis of energy is the extraction of coal - the raw material for thermal power plants located in coal basins and large cities. Countries in the region (China and South Korea) have rich hydropower resources, but use them little. Powerful hydroelectric power stations were built on the Yellow, Songhua, and Yangtze rivers, as well as in the mountains of Central Honshu. The total electricity production is 1254.2 billion kWh.

Nuclear power plants are common. Japan is one of the world leaders in the development of nuclear power plants (40 nuclear reactors with a capacity of 195.5 million kW), built under French and American licenses. South Korea (11 nuclear units with a capacity of 45 million kW), China (2 nuclear power plants with a capacity of 1,200 MW) and Taiwan (6 units) are actively developing nuclear energy. Uranium raw materials are supplied mainly from Africa. Nuclear development is carried out in the DPRK.

Ferrous metallurgy. One of the most developed areas of the region. In many countries there are full-cycle metallurgical plants that produce cast iron, steel, and rolled products. Japan's modernized metallurgy is one of the most powerful in the world. The leader of the Japanese metallurgy, the powerful and influential corporation - Nippon Seitetsu - unites over 500 companies, organizations and scientific institutions with an annual capital turnover of several billion dollars. Japan annually produces 101.7 million tons of steel - the most in the world. The main areas of development of China's iron and steel industry (95.4 million tons of steel annually) are the northeast and north.

Non-ferrous metallurgy. Less developed than black. The growing demand for non-ferrous metals stimulates a constant increase in their production volumes. Their largest producers are China (tin, copper, antimony, lead) and Japan (aluminum, copper, lead). Bauxite and ore raw materials are imported from Southeast Asian countries, Latin America, Africa. China is one of the world leaders in the production of rare earth metals.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking. These are one of the most developed areas in the region, whose products amount to over 53 thousand types of products - from mining equipment and tractors to various types of equipment and computers.

The production of machine tools, especially automatic machines in Japan, and metalworking in China have gained significant development. Japan ranks first in the world in terms of production of industrial robots.

The automotive industry is developing rapidly. Japan, since 1981, has firmly held 1st place in the world in terms of the number of cars produced, losing in 1998 to the USA. Every year, the leading Japanese concerns - Toyota, Nissan, Honda, etc. - produce over 10.5 million cars. The competitiveness of Japanese cars is achieved by their comparable cheapness, efficiency and reliability. Until recently, the world automotive market South Korea held a strong position (2.5 million units), but after the financial collapse of the country's main automobile concern Daewoo, this area suffered significant damage.

Electronics and electrical engineering have become important areas of industry in recent years. The Japanese electronics industry, represented by the Sony, Hitachi, Matsushita, and Toshiba concerns, produces 60% of the world's televisions and is a powerful manufacturer of industrial robots, numerically controlled machines, certain types of microprocessors, and video recorders. South Korea is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic and electrical products for household use: 11 of its corporations belong to the list of the 500 largest in the world, and 4 are among the 100 largest.

China is intensively developing the electronics and electrical industry, where the production of electronic equipment for military aircraft, rockets, artificial Earth satellites and space equipment, as well as a variety of consumer electronics, has been established. Taiwan specializes in the production of computers and displays for them.

The leaders in global shipbuilding are South Korea and Japan, whose companies produce river and sea vessels, multi-tonnage special vessels: bulk carriers, tankers, container ships, timber carriers, refrigerators, etc. Shipyards in the region annually launch half of the world's newly built ships. For many years, Japan has been ranked 1st in the world in terms of their production volume (8.5 million tons), and South Korea is 2nd place (6.2 million tons). Taiwan is one of the world leaders in the production of sports yachts.

The production of equipment for the textile, clothing and knitting industries has also been developed, and China is one of the first in the world in the production of household sewing machines. It is a leader in the production of bicycles (it produces 41 million units annually).

Chemical industry. The areas of basic chemistry predominate, primarily the production of mineral fertilizers (China ranks second in the world in terms of their production volume after the USA - 23.2 million tons). In Japan, the potential of the fields of organic chemistry (production of synthetic fibers and plastics), biochemistry (production of effective medicinal products, crop protection products), and production of vitamins is powerful. Petrochemical production in the region is represented by large plants located in ports that import oil. The chemical-pharmaceutical field is developing successfully (China is one of the largest drug manufacturers, main center production of medicines - Shanghai).

Light industry. A traditional area for all countries in the region. The greatest development has occurred in China, which produces 1/4 of the world's cotton fabrics (18.3 billion m2) and 1/10 of the fabrics made from chemical fiber. China is the birthplace of sericulture. For many centuries it maintained a monopoly on the production of silk fabrics and is now a leading manufacturer and exporter of natural silk fabrics. Silk, especially natural, Chinese fabrics are valued all over the world for their high quality. In terms of total production of all types of fabrics, China has taken first place in the world. The largest textile center in the region is Shanghai.

Taiwan is one of the world leaders in the production of shoes (especially sportswear), sportswear and equipment (tennis rackets, balls, etc.). In Mongolia, the production of wool (sheep and camel) has traditionally developed, which is used to make fabrics, carpets, felts, felt shoes, and leather production has also been established.

Agriculture in most countries in the region (China, Mongolia, South Korea, North Korea) is characterized by parcel land ownership (less than 1 hectare per person), orientation towards patriarchal clan interests, and favor towards traditional farming methods.

Plant growing. Agriculture predominates in the structure of agriculture (except for Mongolia, where nomadic cattle breeding is developed). The basis of grain farming is rice and wheat. Rice is the main food crop in the region. It is grown mainly in subtropical and tropical zones with sufficient moisture, collecting an average of 213.5 million tons every year with an average yield of 56 c/ha; in China it is the highest in the world (75-80 c/ha). In southern China, two crops are grown per year.

Corn, gaoliang (sorghum), and chumiz are also cultivated, and their harvest is used for food and nutritional purposes. Oil crops are represented by rapeseed, peanuts, cotton, and soybeans. The most common legumes are soybeans, broad beans, and peas. Soybeans began to be cultivated in China almost 4,000 years ago. Its selection fund consists of 1200 varieties, which makes it possible to grow this crop in different climatic conditions. Tuberous crops include sweet potatoes (yams), white potatoes, yams, tara, and cassava.

The production of industrial crops is of great importance for the economies of the countries of the region, the most important of which are cotton, sugar cane and sugar beets. One of the main areas is vegetable growing, in which the largest plantations are occupied by Chinese cabbage, radish, garlic, spinach, etc. Fruit growing is developing intensively. The most popular fruits are strawberries, apples, pears, peaches, persimmons, oranges, plums, tangerines, and pineapples. The traditional culture in the region is tea, whose homeland is China.

Animal husbandry. Belonged to poorly developed areas of the economy, after the Second World War it began to actively develop. The cattle population reaches 104 million heads, half of which are dairy cows. Since all the land is plowed in agricultural areas, the region's main focus is on breeding pigs, rabbits and poultry. The pig population reaches 480 million heads. By this indicator, China has been out of competition for many years. Most pigs are raised on private farms of peasants, where pig farming is almost entirely based on industrial and household waste. Poultry farming, which is currently the most dynamic area, occupies a significant place in suburban farms. The most common types of native birds are chickens, ducks, turkeys, and geese.

In China and Mongolia, mules, buffalos, and donkeys are bred for transport needs; in Mongolia, Bactrian camels (Bactrians) and yaks are bred.

Among the old areas of animal husbandry are beekeeping and sericulture. China is one of the largest honey exporters, ranking 2nd in the world. Its annual export accounts for 1/3 of the world's exports. The history of the development of sericulture in China goes back four thousand years. They breed mainly mulberry silkworms, and in the northeast - oak silkworms.

Fishing and fish farming. Traditional areas of economy for Japan, Korea, Taiwan. Fish are caught in coastal sea waters and in rivers and lakes. The main fishing objects are herring, cod, salmon, flounder; seafood is harvested, especially seaweed (seaweed) and a variety of shellfish. The total fish catch is 44 million tons, and Japan ranks 1st in the world for this indicator (up to 12 million tons), China - 2nd place.