Japanese news agencies. Japanese and North Korean intelligence officers are preparing a meeting of the leaders of their countries
20:43 — REGNUM According to Japanese media reports, in early October, a meeting of high-ranking representatives of the intelligence communities of Japan and the DPRK was held in the capital of Mongolia in Ulaanbaatar to prepare for the Japan-North Korea summit. Conversations about Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's desire to hold talks with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un began after the successful start of inter-Korean contacts at the highest level and US President Donald Trump's meeting with Kim in Singapore. Apparently, not wanting to stand aside from the normalization process in Northeast Asia and find himself on the sidelines, Abe seeks to demonstrate his personal participation in the process of denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. At the same time, he must fulfill his obligation to obtain from Pyongyang the return or at least a clear explanation of the fate of the Japanese abducted by North Korean intelligence services in the 70s and 80s of the last century.
The Japanese government insists that North Korean intelligence services abducted 17 Japanese citizens of both sexes and secretly transported them against their will to the DPRK. Five of them in 2002, during a trip to Pyongyang to meet with Kim Jong Il, then Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi were allowed to return to their homeland for a while. The fate of the others was unknown until North Korean authorities announced that they had all died. However, an examination of the relative remains sent at the request in Japan showed that they belong to other deceased people.
Quote from the film "Megumi"
According to available information, at the request of the Prime Minister of Japan, Donald Trump, in a conversation with Kim Jong-un, raised the topic of the abducted people, for which he received a promise to once again consider all the circumstances of the case. It is also known that the North Korean side unofficially informed the Japanese that among the indicated 17 people was Minoru Tanaka, who actually entered the DPRK. However, according to the Japanese English-language newspaper Japan Times, the Japanese government does not disclose information about Tanaka’s entry into the DPRK, as well as about the meeting of intelligence representatives of the two countries that took place in Mongolia.
However, Japan's leading news agency, Kyodo, reports that Japan was represented in the confidential talks by Shigeru Kitamura, who heads the Japanese Cabinet Intelligence and Research Service. He is characterized as Abe’s confidant, a person who directly reports to the prime minister the results of collecting and analyzing information obtained on domestic and international issues.
The North Korean side was represented in Ulaanbaatar by a high-ranking official from the United Front leadership headed by Kim Yong Chol, who is also the deputy chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea and a confidant of Kim Jong-un. According to the Japan Times, the preparation of the meeting between the leaders of the two countries was entrusted not to the Foreign Ministry of Japan and the DPRK, but to intelligence agencies, similar to how the CIA ensured the organization and conduct of the meeting between Trump and Kim in June of this year in Singapore.
Twitter: @realDonaldTrump
In connection with Kim's negotiations in China, his meetings with the South Korean president, and the agreement reached on the North Korean leader's visit to Moscow to meet with Russian President Vladimir Putin, Abe remains the only participant in the previous six-party talks on the Korean issue who has never had any contacts with the North Korean leadership.
To ensure successful negotiations with Kim Jong-un, the Japanese prime minister plans to discuss North Korean issues with Chinese leader Xi Jinping during his upcoming official visit to Beijing on October 25. Abe also said he had a “constructive” conversation with Trump last month in New York on the topic.
Tokyo
There are about 1,500 newspapers and periodicals in Japan, including 400 daily and 20 published in Tokyo. There are 200 national newspapers, the most famous of which are: Yomiuri Shimbun, Mainichi Shimbun, Asahi Shimbun, Sankei Shimbun, Nihon Keizai Shimbun.
The modern Japanese newspaper industry reflects the nature of Japanese business as a whole: colossal nationwide newspaper organizations are media corporations. In addition to the products of leading media corporations focused on introducing the public to news of the so-called “general interest,” the country has many local and specialized newspapers and magazines. By the nature of their readership, Japanese monthly magazines, whose total circulation exceeds 2 billion copies, are divided into: children's (27%), popular (17%), family (9.1%), general women's magazines (7.2%). ) and so on, and weeklies with a total circulation of almost 2 billion copies. into: general purpose magazines (31%), popular (28%), children's (25%), women's (15%). As of 2000, in Japan the circulation of daily newspapers per 1,000 population is 569.69 newspapers (the highest figure in the world).
The country has a developed network of state radio stations, whose listeners are the majority of the country's population.
The Japanese broadcasting system consists of the NHK Corporation (Nippon Hoso Kyokai) and commercial companies. NHK owns 2 television channels (one of them is educational), 2 satellite communication channels, 2 medium-wave radio channels (one of them is also educational), one VHF (FM) channel. In addition, NHK maintains an extensive network of foreign television and radio broadcasts.
As of 2000, there were 132 commercial television companies in Japan. The top five leading commercial channels include: NTV (the first commercial studio, the main owner of the shares is the Yomiuri concern); TBS (its network includes 28 television broadcasters); TV Tokyo (combines 5 television stations); FT (is the largest commercial broadcaster in Japan; its broadcast system includes 37 radio stations with a daily audience of more than 96 million people, 27 television channels in Japan and 20 abroad); TVAsahi (its network includes 22 local television stations and 20 foreign broadcasting stations).
Thus, the media in Japan is represented by a fairly wide range of print publications, radio stations and television channels, which have significant political influence. It is especially noted that access to the information space of Japan is difficult for foreigners (both journalists and broadcasting corporations) and for small Japanese media that do not participate in the activities of press clubs (kisha kurabu), and this space itself is quite monopolized.
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Everything that is written in the newspapers is absolutely true, with the exception of those rare incidents that you happened to observe personally.
Erwin Knowll
Japanese printed newspapers are very different in appearance from the Western format we are used to, and the history of their development is quite interesting and unusual for a European. As is the case in many other countries, newspapers became the first media in Japan and pushed society to create new means of disseminating information. What path has the Japanese press traveled over the several centuries of its development?
Edo period. Kawaraban
The history of newspapers began before our era. Then there was only their kind of print media, which disseminated social information and was significantly different from the modern idea of newspapers. The world's first newspaper is considered to be "Acta diurna populi romani" or "Daily Affairs of the Roman People", which appeared in Ancient Rome during the reign of Caesar (59 BC). It told about the events that took place in the city, and was in the form of scrolls copied by hand. Such “leaflets” were hung in squares and could be delivered to politicians or noble citizens.
The first paper newspaper appeared in China during the Tang Dynasty (713-734) and was called “Dibao”, which translates as “News from the Capital”. It contained information about the most important events, and also outlined the decrees of the emperor. At first, the newspaper was written by hand and then printed using a wooden board.
In Japan, during the Edo era (1603-1868), the so-called “kawaraban” (“tile leaflets”) - one-page leaflets - spread. Such newspaper prototypes were made using the engraving principle, but the printing quality was poor: printing plates were made of clay rather than wood to speed up the process of preparing the newspaper. Kawaraban appeared in 1617 in the city of Osaka - it was with the help of leaflets that citizens could quickly learn about major political events and natural disasters. Contemporaries called them “yomiuri” (literally translated “reading aloud for sale”), since peddlers read out enticing excerpts from published news to attract customers.
Kawaraban. Arrival of Commodore Perry in Japan
End of Edo - beginning of the Meiji period
The printed press in the modern sense appeared in Japan in the 19th century, when foreigners who temporarily lived on the islands began to publish small English-language publications containing news from the life of Japanese society and from abroad.
In 1862, the first newspaper in Japanese, Kanban Batabia Shimbun, was published - it was a brochure containing a translation of a Dutch magazine published in Java (Indonesia) into Japanese. The translation, by the way, was carried out under the Japanese government - the shogunate. The newspaper itself was a book with sheets of Japanese paper, on which the text was printed in typographic font, and in appearance it was quite different from the modern press.
In 1868-1869 There was a really serious need for printed publications: due to the Boshin War, the country was in chaos and people wanted to be informed about the progress of the conflict, so newspaper companies appeared in every region of the country.
After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the new government was concerned about the flow of public criticism of its actions - many anti-government newspapers appeared. As a counterbalance to these publications, the country's leadership began to publish its own newspaper called Dayokan Nissi (Council of the State Journal). This move contributed to a new wave of outrage, and anti-government newspapers began publishing even more criticism of the country's leadership. As a result, a reaction followed: on April 28, 1868, the authorities issued a law “On the Press,” which prohibited the publication of all anti-government newspapers for 10 months, and in February 1869, the government adopted a decree “On the Printing and Publication of Newspapers,” according to which the right Only those newspapers that had passed inspection and received permission were allowed to be published.
Nishiki-e Shimbun
With the advent of the Meiji era (1868-1912), the form of “Nishiki-e Shimbun” appeared - a one-page leaflet containing a news article, it became a popular city souvenir. Initially, the newspaper was aimed at the educated intelligentsia and did not have furigana(i.e., readings of hieroglyphs were not signed) and images, which made it inaccessible to the general population due to its complexity. This newspaper was already more like a modern and familiar printed press and was more informative than its predecessors. The speed of information delivery, by the way, for newspapers was minimal and, depending on the material, the delay in information could range from a couple of days to several months.
Most of these newspapers were published from 1874 to 1881, after which the newspaper format underwent some changes: woodcut illustrations of ukiyo-e were added to Nishiki-e, and the language of the articles became simpler. The content also changed: gossip became the main component of the content, which pushed the general public to start reading newspapers. In addition, now the news text had furigana, and it could be easily read even by people who knew almost no hieroglyphs - this was another reason for the rapid popularity of the new style of newspapers. The first newspaper of the updated format, Tokyo Niti-Nichi Shimbun, was published in 1874 and was very popular due to its colorfulness and ease of perception.
No. 111 "Tokyo niti-niti shimbun." Two sumo fighters putting out a fire
Taking Tokyo Niti Niti Shimbun as an example, many publishers in different cities launched their own publications, resulting in about 40 newspapers (for example, Yubin Hochi Shimbun by publisher Yoshitoshi Tsukioka and others). Nishiki-e, like its original form, was popular not only as a newspaper, but also as a Tokyo souvenir. The new style of printed newspapers became the starting point for accurate mass media, and its development led to the emergence of weekly photo magazines (shashin shukanshi) and television broadcasting.
Koshimbun and O:shimbun
Some time after the appearance of Nishiki-e Shimbun, newspapers began to be published in a slightly different style, called “koshimbun”: similar in simplicity of presentation and content, but the illustration that accompanied the article was monochrome (i.e., one color). The production of such pictures did not take much time, unlike the colorful color images of nishiki-e, so such newspapers had a speed of delivering information many times faster. For this reason, a gradual displacement of the style with colorful engraving began, and after about 10 years the nishiki-e form practically went out of circulation.
The change in format forced the employees to change their status: during the transition from one style to another, there were many cases when a nishiki-e artist became a koshimbun illustrator, and an author of literary prose became a journalist or author of articles. Publishers of Japanese prints became responsible for selling newspapers. It is worth noting that the first journalists of the first Japanese newspapers were ronin - former samurai who had lost political power and social status. They mainly held the position of editor-in-chief of the newspaper. Ordinary journalists were from a low social class and received 30 yen per month for their work and 20 yen for travel expenses, while the editor received 500 yen.
Along with koshimbun, “o:shimbun” appeared - newspapers with a mainly political orientation and a larger format than koshimbun. Examples of o:shimbun are the newspapers “Yokohama”, “Tokyo Niti Niti Shimbun”, “Yu:bin Ho:chi Shimbun”. Oshimbun were printed for the intelligentsia and cost twice as much as koshimbun, such as Yomiuri and Kanayomi Shimbun, which were positioned more as publications for the common people and contained entertaining articles with illustrations.
Subsequently, the development paths of the two formats continued to diverge. With the advent of political parties, the Shimbun began to join one or another political trend; however, the parties themselves also published their own newspapers, such as the Jiyu party. In general, the o:shimbun format remained virtually unchanged, and this subsequently led to the need to merge entertainment and information content.
At this time, koshimbun expanded and allocated space in the newspaper for articles for a wide audience, trying to touch upon as many topics and areas as possible that were of interest to readers and society as a whole. The first attempt to combine serious and entertaining content under one cover was made in 1886: “Yu:bin Ho:chi Shimbun”, in addition to political articles, began to publish an entertainment section, talk about incidents, and conduct gossip columns. During the same period, experiments with layout began: “Yomiuri” and “Mainiti” already published a newspaper in 1879, where articles were arranged in columns - a similar organization of articles further spread among other printed publications. O:shimbun, still maintaining the same style and direction of publication, fell into decline, and eventually o:shimbun and koshimbun merged, ceasing to exist separately.
