Biography of Frank in Ukrainian. year onwards
Name: Ivan Franko
Age: 59 years old
Activity: writer, poet, scientist, publicist
Family status: was married
Ivan Franko: biography
Ivan Franko is an outstanding Ukrainian fiction writer, poet, publicist and scientist. The classic's legacy is enormous, and its influence on culture is difficult to overestimate. In 1915, the writer was nominated for the Nobel Prize, but Ivan Franko’s candidacy did not reach consideration due to the death of the applicant.
Childhood and youth
Future classic Ukrainian literature was born into a wealthy family. Its head, Galician peasant Yakov Franko, earned money by blacksmithing, and its mother, Maria Kulchitskaya, was from the “noble” family. 33 years younger than her husband, a woman from an impoverished family of Rusyn-gentry raised children. The classic called the first years of life bright.
When Ivan Franko was 9 years old, his father died. Mom got married a second time, and her stepfather replaced the children's father. He established a friendship with Ivan and maintained it throughout his life. At 16, Ivan became an orphan: his mother passed away.
At the Drohobych school at the Catholic monastery, Ivan turned out to be the best student: the teachers predicted a future for him as a professor. The guy had a phenomenal memory - he quoted lectures verbatim, and knew “Kobzar” by heart.
Franco knew Polish and German and, made poetic translations of the Bible, voraciously read European classics, works on history and natural sciences. Earning money by tutoring, high school student Ivan Franko managed to collect a library of half a thousand books. Knowing foreign languages, he valued his native Ukrainian, collected and recorded ancient folk songs and legends.
Ivan Franko lived with a distant relative who owned a carpentry business in Drohobych. It happened that a young man slept in freshly planed coffins (the story “In the Carpentry”). In the summer, the future classic of Ukrainian literature tended cattle in his native Naguevichi and helped his stepfather in the field. In 1875, Ivan Franko received a certificate with honors and entered Lviv University, choosing the Faculty of Philosophy.
Literature
Ivan Franko published his first works in the university magazine “Friend”, thanks to which it turned into the printed organ of revolutionaries. Denunciations from ill-wishers and reactionaries became the reason for the first arrest of Ivan Franko and members of the Friend editorial board.
Franco was sentenced to 6 weeks, but was released after 9 months (he waited 8 months for trial). The young man was placed in a cell with inveterate criminals, poor people whose poverty pushed them to commit serious crimes. Communication with them became the source of writing fictional works, which, after his release, Ivan Franko published in publications he edited. The stories of the “prison cycle” have been translated into foreign languages and called the best in the writer’s legacy.
Having left the prison dungeons, Ivan Franko faced the reaction of conservative society: both Narodnaya Volya and Russophiles turned their backs on the “criminal”. The young man was expelled from the university. A young revolutionary with socialist views found himself in the vanguard of fighters against the Austrian monarchy. With his colleague M. Pavlik he published the magazine “ Public friend", where he published poems, essays and the first chapters of the story "Boa constrictor".
Soon the police confiscated the publication, but Ivan Franko resumed publication under a different, more descriptive name - “The Bell”. The magazine publishes Franco’s programmatic poem “Masons” (“Kamenari”). And again confiscation and name change. In the fourth and last issue magazine, called "Hammer", Ivan Yakovlevich published the ending of the story and poetry.
Ivan Franko published a magazine and clandestinely printed brochures with translations of works and to which he wrote prefaces. In 1878, the Galician revolutionary headed the magazine “Praca” (“Labor”), turning the organ of printers into a publication of Lviv workers. During these years, Ivan Franko translated Heinrich Heine’s poem “Germany”, “Faust”, “Cain”, and wrote the novel “Borislav Laughs”.
In the spring of 1880, on the way to Kolomyia, Ivan Franko was arrested a second time: the politician took the side of the Kolomyia peasants, with whom the Austrian government was in a legal battle. After a three-month stay in prison, Ivan Yakovlevich was sent to Naguevichi, but on the way to the village, for his impudent behavior, he ended up in the dungeons of a prison in Drohobych. What he saw became the reason for writing the story “At the Bottom.”
In 1881, Ivan Franko published the magazine “Mir”, in which he published the story “Borislav Laughs”. Readers never saw last chapters works: the magazine was closed. Ivan Franko's poems were published by the magazine Svet. From them the collection “From the Heights and Lowlands” was soon formed. After the closure of Svet, the writer is forced to earn money by publishing in Narodnaya Volya publications. During these years, the famous story “Zakhar Berkut” was published in the Zarya magazine, but soon the writer’s collaboration with Zarya ceased.
In the mid-1880s, in search of income, Ivan Franko came to Kyiv twice, asking the capital’s liberals for money to publish his own magazine. But the promised money did not go to Ivan Yakovlevich, but to the editorial office of Zarya. In the summer of 1889, Russian students arrived in Galicia. Together with them, Ivan Franko went on a trip around the country, but soon the group was arrested, Franko was accused of trying to “tear” Galicia from Austria and intending to annex it to Russia. Two months later, the entire group was released without trial.
In the early 1890s, Franco wrote his doctoral dissertation using political poetry as a basis. But Lviv University did not accept the dissertation for defense. Ivan Yakovlevich submitted his dissertation to Chernivtsi University, but he was rejected there too. In the fall of 1892, the writer went to Vienna, where he wrote a dissertation on the ancient Christian spiritual novel. A year later in Austria, Ivan Franko was given a Ph.D.
In 1894, after the death of Professor O. Ogonovsky, who headed the department of Ukrainian literature at Lvov University, Franko tried to fill the vacant position. His test lecture aroused enormous interest among students, but Ivan Yakovlevich was not accepted into the department. On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of Ivan Franko’s work, which was widely celebrated by writers and creative youth of Ukraine, a collection of poems “My Izmagd” was published.
The revolution of 1905 in Russia inspired the writer; he responded to the event with the poem “Moses” and the collection of poems “Semper tiro”, which included the poem “Conquistadors”.
In the early 1900s, Ivan Franko's relationship with Ukrainian nationalists, headed by Mikhail Grushevsky, are escalating. In 1907, an attempt to head the department at Lviv University in Once again failed: Franco’s application was not even considered. Support came from Kharkov: the university awarded Ivan Yakovlevich a doctorate in Russian literature. The writer and scientist is honored in Russia and the Dnieper Ukraine.
Ivan Franko, like his predecessors and contemporaries, repeatedly turned to theological and biblical themes. The writer's interpretation of Christian humanism is original. The clearest example is the verse “The Legend of eternal life».
In 1913, the writer and scientist celebrated the 40th anniversary of his work, but the publication of anniversary collections was suspended due to the outbreak of the imperialist war. Dozens of the master's prose and poetic works were published after his death.
In total, Ivan Franko wrote more than five thousand works. Contemporaries compared him with the great people of the Renaissance and called him “a large astral body that warms the whole of Ukraine.” But speaking of life Ukrainian classic, often remember his quote: “Executioners live like gods, and worse than a dog the poor man lives."
Personal life
The writer met his future wife Olga Khoruzhinskaya in Kyiv in the mid-1880s. Ivan Franko was not a handsome man: red-haired, with teary eyes, and short. He attracted women with his incredible erudition, progressive views and encyclopedic knowledge. Beauty Olga fell in love with a Galician. Warnings from relatives and friends that the young man belonged to another circle came to nothing. Ivan Franko was late for the wedding: having put on a wedding tailcoat, he read a rare book in the library.
The Kiev woman’s move to the capital of Galicia did not bring happiness: prim Lvov women called Olga a “Moskal”; despite her efforts, the young woman never managed to become one of her own. The family, which had four children one after another, was in dire need of money. Ivan Franko was not hired, he was persecuted by the police and authorities, his creativity brought modest income.
His father read fairy tales from the Brothers Grimm to his sons Andrei, Taras, Peter and daughter Anna, and Ivan Yakovlevich translated them from German with lightning speed. IN native village Franco took the children to the forest and to the river. Olga, having put the children to bed, translated from German and French, wrote articles for almanacs, discussed his works with her husband. But life's troubles and poverty undermined her unstable psyche - Olga showed a hereditary tendency to nervous breakdowns.
In 1898, Ivan Franko received national award. Olga added the rest of the dowry to this money and took upon herself the construction of a house in Lvov. But it was not possible to live happily in the new house. Olga’s mental disorder worsened, and Ivan Yakovlevich began to have nervous disorders and breakdowns. The last straw was the death of his eldest son Andrei in May 1913; Olga ended up in a psychiatric hospital.
Death
The last months of his life, Ivan Franko lived in a shelter for Sich Riflemen: student volunteers looked after the writer. Franco did not live to see his 60th birthday for 3 months. He died completely alone. Son Taras was in captivity, Peter fought, daughter Anna worked in a Kiev hospital.
The writer died at home: Franco escaped from the orphanage in May 1916. That year he was nominated for Nobel Prize, but they give her alive. The scientist and writer passed away on May 28. He was buried at the Lviv Lychakiv cemetery.
Bibliography
- 1877 – “The Converted Sinner”
- 1880 – “At the Bottom”
- 1882 – “Zakhar Berkut”
- 1882 – “Borislav laughs”
- 1884 – “Boa constrictor”
- 1887 – “Lel and Polel”
- 1887 – “Yats Zelepuga”
- 1890 – “Fox Mikita”
- 1891 – “The Adventures of Don Quixote”
- 1892 – “Stolen Happiness”
- 1894 – “Pillars of Society”
- 1895 – “Abu Qasim’s shoes”
- 1897 – “For the Hearth”
- 1899 – “Oilman”
- 1900 – “Crossing Paths”
Ivan Franko - famous Ukrainian poet and writer. He distinguished himself not only in literary, but also in social and scientific activity. One of the greatest citizens of Ukraine is Ivan Franko. His biography, however, will be of interest not only to Ukrainians.
Origin of Franco
The years of our hero's life are 1856-1916. Ivan Yakovlevich Franko was born in the village of Naguevichi. Now it is located in the Lviv region (Drohobych district). His father was a village blacksmith. Ivan grew up an orphan. His father, Yakov Franko, died in 1865. At this time the boy was only 9 years old. Later, in 1872, his mother, Maria Kulchitskaya, also died. Despite the difficult financial situation, Ivan studied.
Period of study
From 1862 to 1864 he went to school located in a neighboring village; in 1864-67 - to an elementary school located in Drohobych; and in the period from 1867 to 1875, Ivan attended a gymnasium in Drohobych. Subsequently, being already famous writer, he indignantly described the order that reigned in the gymnasium. In such stories as “Pencil”, “Penmanship Lesson”, “Grits at School”, “Father the Humorist”, Ivan Franko with amazing truthfulness portrayed cruel teachers who hammered stupid school wisdom into the heads of children.
Let us briefly describe one of these stories. In the work "Father the Humorist" we are talking about a man who is considered a merry fellow, a humorist. However, in reality, this thin man with a horse's face teases children if they make mistakes, mocks them, punishes them with rods, and puts the children on a “donkey bench.” Other teachers depicted by the writer were no better.
The photo above is from 1870. This is a high school photograph showing Ivan’s classmates (he himself is in the second row, first on the left).
Franco would not have become an outstanding person if he had not at one time supplemented his school knowledge by reading books. Reading was his favorite pastime. Ivan got books wherever he could: in libraries, from comrades, and sometimes, having saved a little money, he bought cheap publications. It should be said that Ivan distinguished himself in his studies. In 1875 he was awarded a scholarship from the Glowinski Foundation. That same year, in the fall, he entered Lviv University, the philological department. The scholarship to Ivan Franko was provided for the entire period of study at the university. It seemed that a calm and prosperous future awaited Ivan. He could become a university professor or a gymnasium teacher. His friends and family were counting on this.
First arrest
However, in the very first years of study at the university, Ivan Franko showed himself as a public figure, moreover, of a socialist, progressive direction. He made friends with Mikhail Pavlik and Ostap Terletsky. Through the first, he began a correspondence with M. Drahomanov, who was in Geneva at that time. Drahomanov was a revolutionary socialist, dangerous in the eyes of the Ukrainian police. Because of correspondence with him, our hero was arrested in June 1877.
Together with his comrades, Ivan Franko was accused of creating a secret socialist society. In January of the following year, the court found Ivan guilty. He was sentenced to six weeks in prison. Since at that time the period of pre-trial detention did not count towards punishment, Ivan was released only six weeks later, on March 5, 1878.
Consequences of arrest
The sentence was short, but its consequences were dire. The fact is that a person with a criminal record could not, by law, become a teacher. Because of this, the purpose of Ivan Franko's further education became unclear. Our hero’s scholarship was also taken away. In addition, Franco caught a serious cold during his imprisonment. This disease later became chronic. She haunted Ivan all his life. But this is not all the consequences of imprisonment. The father of Franco's bride, Olga Roshkevich, was a priest and refused him matchmaking. He even forbade Olga to see the “criminal” and correspond with him. Their marriage, unfortunately, never took place.
New persecutions
The police persecution of our hero did not end there. He was arrested again in Kolomyia in March 1880. Franco was again accused of socialist agitation. He spent three months in custody while the investigation continued. Based on its results, it was recognized that Franco’s arrest was unfounded. On June 13 of the same year, our hero was sent along a convoy from Kolomyia to Naguevichi. The memories associated with this conclusion, the impressions Ivan received were reflected in his work. They formed the basis of Franco's story "At the Bottom".
The police did not leave Ivan Franko alone. The third time she remembered him in connection with the arrival in Lvov of a group of Ukrainians who came from Kyiv. Ivan was arrested in Lvov in August 1889. This time he was accused not only of socialism, but also of spying for Russia. However, this time the accusations turned out to be unfounded. The prison impressions of this time were reflected in the “Prison Sonnets” - a poetic cycle created by Franco.
Personal life
In 1886, Ivan got married. His wife was a girl from Kyiv, Olga Khoruzhinskaya. There were four children in the Franco family, but family well-being began to collapse in 1902. Ivan's wife began to have a mental disorder, which worsened over time. This brought our hero a lot of grief.
Ivan Franko moved to own house(he used to rent a house). The current address of the house where Franko lived is st. I. Franko, 152. Operates here memorial museum writer. To build housing, Ivan took out a large loan. Payments on it were completed after Ivan’s death by his son.
Ivan Franko's disease
In April 1908, Franco went for treatment and rest to Lipik, which is located in modern Croatia, near Zagreb. Here his illness worsened greatly - both his arms were paralyzed. In addition, signs of mental disorder became noticeable. In more later years These manifestations of the disease have softened somewhat. However, Franco was never completely healthy again. Contemporaries believed that his illness was a consequence of syphilis, which he had once suffered. This caused great trouble for Ivan Franko. At present, however, doctors are inclined to believe that since 1877, since his imprisonment, our hero has been ill with a form of rheumatism. It's about o Concepts about it were formulated later long years after Ivan's death.
Death of Franco
Exhausted by diseases, social and family problems, lacking money, our hero died in Lvov, in his home, on May 28, 1916. The grave of Ivan Franko is located at the Lychakiv cemetery.
Ivan Franko as a poet
We now invite you to take a closer look at literary creativity Ivana. Ivan Franko first appeared as a poet in 1874. His biography is marked by the creation of poems before last days life, until 1916. Among his works are many beautiful poems about public affairs and personal experiences. They were collected in several books.
However, our hero’s poetic talent manifested itself with maximum strength precisely in large poems, and not in lyrics. Ivan created realistic paintings Galician life, contemporary to him. Here we should note such works as “Botokudy” (1884), “Humanly” (poem of 1889), as well as the poem “For Love” created in 1890. Ivan Franko also captured images of the historical past of the Ukrainian people. Among the works on this topic, one should note “The Master's Jokes” (1887), the poem “Ivan Vyshensky”, created in 1895, as well as another work, “On Svyatoyurskaya Mountain” (1900). Ivan Franko dedicated several of his creations to discussions about God and religion. Of note is the 1885 poem Ex nihilo, as well as The Death of Cain, written in 1889.
An important place among the poems written by Ivan belongs to the processing of various subjects from world literature. These are works from the 1890s such as “Mikita the Fox”, “The Adventures of Don Quixote”, “The Tsar and the Ascetic”, “Abu Qasimov’s Shoes”, as well as the poem “The Blacksmith Bassim” created in 1900.
What work is the pinnacle of the poetic creativity of the author we are interested in? Researchers believe that this is the poem "Moses" created in 1905. This work, which is based on a biblical story, presents the rise of the Ukrainian people, who began the struggle for their independence.
Franco - prose writer
Ivan Franko was not only a poet, but also a prose writer. In these works he acted as a realist who focused on the problems of Galician life contemporary to him. It was Franko who was the first Ukrainian writer to depict the life of Borislav workers who worked in the oil fields, as well as Jewish entrepreneurs who were their class antagonists. In 1877 the work “The Converted Sinner” appeared, in 1884 - Boa constrictor, in 1887 - “Yats Zelepuga”, in 1899 - “Oilman”. Created in 1882, the novel “Borislav Laughs” is considered the best work of this cycle.
Creations, dedicated to life intelligentsia also occupy a significant place in Franco's prose. In 1880, Ivan wrote “At the Lower Depths”, in 1897 - “For the Hearth”, in 1900 - “Crossing Paths”. An important place among the works of this series belongs to those devoted to Ukrainian-Polish relations. Among them, it should be noted “Lel and Polel” (1887), as well as “Pillars of Society” (1894). Both works, unfortunately, remained unfinished.
Ivan Franko's fairy tale "Farbovaniy fox" ("farbovaniy" means "dyed") is also very noteworthy. Based on it, it was created in 1953 soviet cartoon, directed by Alexander Ivanov. “The Painted Fox” is one of A. Ivanov’s most popular works.
Many Ukrainians know the film called “Zakhar Berkut”. It tells the story of the struggle of a freedom-loving people against social oppression and invaders. This film is about a Carpathian village. The plot is based on the work “Zakhar Berkut” by Ivan Franko.
Ivan Yakovlevich also proved himself in drama. His play "Stolen Happiness" was innovative for its time. And even today it looks quite modern. The play "Stolen Happiness" depicts the life of a family that looks happy on the outside. However, this family is destroyed right before the eyes of the audience. A provincial Ukrainian town was chosen as the setting. Classical love triangle lies at the center of the plot of this work. The lives of three people are intertwined together - Anna, her husband Mykola and her lover Mikhailo. Jealousy, betrayal, love, true and imaginary deaths, repentance and murder, a miraculous “resurrection” - this play is not inferior to Shakespeare’s dramas in terms of intensity of passions.
Translation activities
Throughout his life, Franco worked on translations of various works of world literature. His merits in this field are very great. From the translations belonging to him, one can compile a whole library.
The range of works that attracted Franco was extremely wide. His translations include works of ancient Greek, ancient Arabic, and ancient Indian literature; ancient Babylonian poetry. As for new literature, it can be noted that Ivan Franko translated it in 1882. He was also interested in other German, as well as French, Polish, English and Italian works.
Among Franko's translations are entire books of works by K. Havlička-Borovsky and A. S. Pushkin. Separately, it should be noted the cycle of translations of works created by historians ancient Rome. Ivan Franko worked on them from August 1915 to March 1916, that is, in Last year life.
It should be noted that he translated Ukrainian folk songs into German, and also helped M. S. Grushevsky create the German version of the “History of Ukraine-Rus”. Not alone works of art adapted by Ivan Franko. His biography is marked by his interest in popular science works. various topics, to which he addressed in the 1870-80s. Ivan considered them useful in educating the Ukrainian people.
Activities as a folklorist
From the very beginning creative activity Franco showed interest in folklore. In 1876, the first folk tale in his writing was published. "Galician-Russian folk proverbs", as well as "Studio on Ukrainian folk songs" become major achievements Franco in this field. Ivan published numerous ethnographic and folklore records and studies. In addition, he wrote down whole line folk songs.
Franco as a literary historian
Ivan Franko’s work on the history of literature proceeded in several directions. The first of these is the history of the plots. The most significant achievement in this direction is Franco's doctoral dissertation, defended in 1895. The second direction is the collection, study and publication of various works of Ukrainian literature. Here we should note Franko’s collection “Apocrypha and Legends from Ukrainian Manuscripts”. Ivan found and published the works of Ivan Vyshensky, about whom he wrote a number of studies. He also published works by T. Shevchenko, Y. Fedkovich, A. Svidnitsky and other Ukrainian writers. Another direction in which Franko worked was writing synthetic works devoted to the history of Ukrainian literature.
Social activity
Young Galician intellectuals in 1890 created the Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party, which was headed by Ivan Franko until 1898. This party adhered to the socialist direction. She strived to become a representative of a wide range of working people.
Ivan Franko in 1895 became a candidate for the Vienna parliament (from the Radical Party) in the constituency Mostiska - Dobromil - Przemysl. In 1898, he was a candidate in another constituency - Skalat - Zbarazh - Ternopil. However, both times Ivan Franko was not elected.
Franco in 1899 left the Radical Party, which he created, and joined the Ukrainian National Democratic Party. As a result, the radicals lost an influential leader, and the national democrats never gained significant power. Franco did not distinguish himself with any particular activity in the new party. After some time, he stopped political struggle and concentrated entirely on scientific and literary activities.
Let's sum it up
Ivan Franko, whose biography is discussed in the article, was a writer and poet by profession. However, he could not calmly observe the political situation in his country. Therefore, he did not allow himself to remain only a writer. Ivan Franko resolutely and willingly took on any business that, in his opinion, was useful for the Ukrainian people. Therefore, many literary plans were never realized by Franco, whose poetry and prose nevertheless enjoy well-deserved recognition. In some lyrical works our hero bitterly complained that he was unable to realize all his plans in literature.
However, it is precisely thanks to the universalism of Franko’s activities that we can say that he is one of the builders of the modern Ukrainian nation. This is confirmed by the fact that Ivan Yakovlevich is depicted on the 20 hryvnia banknote. Of course, this fact indicates that his figure is very important for the Ukrainian people. Since 1992, the image of Ivan Franko has been on the 20 hryvnia banknote. Her design changed several times, but Franco's figure always remained in place.
Franko Ivan Yakovlevich(1856-1916) - great Ukrainian writer- thinker, scientist and public figure. Born into the family of a peasant blacksmith in the Drohobych region. After numerous ordeals and disasters, he graduated from high school; studied at Lviv University. The Austrian authorities persecuted Franco, threw him into prison three times on charges of socialism, of creating secret societies, in sympathy for the Russians, in connections with the peasant movement. Franco’s worldview was formed under the influence of T. F. (see) and Russian revolutionary democrats - (see), (see), (si.), (see), (see), Saltykov-Shchedrin, Nekrasov.
The spread of Marxism influenced the development of Franco's revolutionary democratic ideology towards scientific socialism. He studied and popularized "(q.v.) Marx and Engels and "" (q.v.) Marx; first translated into Ukrainian language The 24th chapter of volume I of “Capital” and selected sections from “” (see) F. Engels. Franco’s worldview is closely connected with the liberation movement of the working people, with the awakening to political life the proletariat, which was being formed at that time in the oil fields and in the cities of Western Ukraine, with the achievements of natural science, with the doctrine (see) and Darwinism. Franco criticizes false Darwinists who apply biological laws to interpret the development of human society and draw reactionary conclusions based on this. He calls for the democratization of science, for its transformation into a weapon in the struggle for the interests of the working people.
His philosophical views are set out in the works: “A few words on how to organize and maintain our popular publications”, “Thoughts on evolution in the history of mankind”, “Literature, its purpose and most important features”, “Critical letters about the Galician intelligentsia”, and also in a number of works of art. Franco sees the basis of all things in matter. Nature is immortal, eternal, in constant motion and seething. The spirit is not the second world-creating principle, but only a reflection of moving matter, a function of the material brain and nervous system. Franco interprets human knowledge as a reflection of reality and nature. He refuted agnosticism and relativism.
Franco expressed some dialectical ideas; he saw the continuous change of the world, its inconsistency, and was guided by what was moving forward. He is an atheist, a fighter against fideism and naked clericalism, against clericalism and the religious education of youth. The brightest journalistic works The writers are directed against the Vatican, Catholicism, Uniatism, and sectarianism. Franco criticized the false theory of the eternity of capitalism, exposed capitalist society as a predatory society, devouring generations and destroying the health and morality of the masses. This is a world of deceit and violence. Bourgeois democracy, proclaiming “equality” before the law, “looks as if they are consoling a hungry person with the fact that he has the right to be well fed without giving him bread.” Franco firmly believes in the triumph of the revolution. Referring to Marx’s teachings on socialism, Franco calls for the removal of the “wall” separating the working man from the instruments of production, for the transformation of the instruments of production into public property, for the elimination of “between”, this synonym for private property, for collective work and distribution according to work.
In the struggle for the ideological nature of literature, Franko contrasts idealistic aesthetics with its metaphysical ideas about the eternal norms of art with the materialistic aesthetics of Belinsky, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov and Shevchenko. Oi emphasizes historical character art, argues that life is the main engine in art. For Franko, as for Shevchenko, poetry is “condensed, concentrated, crystallized reality.” He mercilessly criticizes the theory of “art for art’s sake,” decadence, and decadence in literature. In his artistic works, Franco deeply realistically reflected the forced position of the working people of Western Ukraine. He first introduced the image of a worker into Ukrainian literature. M. Gorky highly appreciated the work of Franco. An outstanding patriot, champion of friendship between the Ukrainian and Russian peoples, Franco believed that “the hour will come!” - and Ukraine will sparkle “in a crimson halo among the free peoples...”.
He fought for the reunification of Ukraine as part of Russia, where, in his opinion, the “spring of humanity” began - the revolution of 1905. Advocating for the equality of peoples, Franco wrote: “A nation that, in the name of either state or some other interests oppresses, suffocates and stops in free development another nation, is digging a grave for itself and for the state that this oppression is supposed to serve.” He proved the impossibility of a solution national question without solving the social issue. Franco was a decisive opponent of both bourgeois Ukrainian nationalism and rootless cosmopolitanism. He was the first in Ukraine to expose M. Grushevsky as an ideologist of Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism, a false theory without the bourgeoisness of the Ukrainian nation, denounced the activities of a spy organization that demagogically called itself the “Union for the Liberation of Ukraine”, condemned M. Grushevsky’s book on the history of Ukraine, written to please the German aggressors , who was preparing a plan to seize Ukraine and tear it away from Russia. Of scientific interest is Franco's book directed against M. Grushevsky (1912).
There were also erroneous views in Franco's ideological development. He was not always able to avoid national limitations, which Lenin pointed out in the interests of the democratic national liberation movement in Ukraine. Franco did not become a Marxist in his views, but his entire glorious life, his enormous artistic talent, which he put at the service of the working people, his military activities in the interests of the liberation of the Ukrainian people and strengthening the friendship of the Russian and Ukrainian peoples brought him universal love; not only the Ukrainian people, but all peoples Soviet Union honor the memory of Ivan Franko.
In 1886, he grew up in Kiev, in the Collegium of Galagan (now secondary school No. 92) “at the position of Surduti” I. Franko married the student Olga Khorunzhinskaya and took the young squad to Lvov. Kicked out of “Zorya”, without any income, the author jokes for himself, no matter what. In 1887, Franko became a member of the then progressive Polish newspaper Kuryer Lvovsky. How long will it take for the collection “From the Peaks and the Lowlands” to come out?
The intensely material nature of the writer makes it difficult to describe it in the people’s “Pravda”. In Travnі 1889p. he breaks with “Pravda” and in the open page “To Whom for the Caesar” speaks out against the nationalistic isolation of the “truth people”.
In the spring of 1889, a group of students from Poland arrived in Galicia. having destroyed the price in a group at the tourist price. The Austrian government encouraged the writer to annex Galicia from Austria and annex it to Russia. Students were arrested at the same time, again spent ten years in prison and were later released without trial.
In 1890, together with M. Pavlik, the two-year-old “People” appeared, which became the organ of the founded “Ukrainian Radical Party”. Here there are other types of satirical statements, such as “Pig”, “Somehow there was a house”. In what way was it possible to collect information from the author of “In the Sweat of the Dark” with M. Drahomanov’s editorial and I.’s autobiography. Frank.
Lviv University, where O. Ogonovsky, the department of Ukrainian literature, did not accept the written dissertation until death. But the author does not lose his mark, he lives in Chernivtsi, and if there is nothing singing there, he moves in the spring of 1892 near Viden, listening there to the lectures of the famous celebrant prof. Yagich and writing his doctoral dissertation “Barlaam and Joasaph” - an old Christian spiritual novel and his literary history.” In early 1893, he was awarded the scientific degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
In 1913, the Jubilee celebration of the writer's forty years of literary activity began, and the Jubilee collections were being prepared until the present day. That first imperialist war interrupted their vision (collection “Greetings to the forty-year anniversary of my writing period 1874 - 1916 pp.” published in Lvov, 1916p.).
The writer’s health was all in jeopardy. He went to the Likuvannya in the Carpathians, was near Kiev, in Odessa (1913p.), when he felt better, he again went to work feverishly. Thus, he wrote an article about Pushkin’s drama “Boris Godunov” in 1914, and then wrote the article “Yevshan-Zillya”, “Konchakov’s Glory” and a lot of poetry.
During the entire hour of his activity, he has collected a number of poems and a large number of translations from world literature. Few of these poetic works were discussed in collections, and even those of the periodical press were lost in manuscripts.
In 1915, the health of the writer declined sharply. In the spring of 1916, the ailing writer moved to his cabin near Lvov. Here the clergy will tell the fate of 9 February 1916, in which all its manuscripts and library are asked to be transferred to the Scientific Partnership of the name. May 28, 1916 Rock closed his bright, tired eyes forever. On May 31, 1916, the throne with the body was immediately placed in a rented crypt. Just ten years later, in 1926, the remains were transferred to their eternal rest at the grave in the Lichak vault. At the grave there was a monument: a figure of a stonemason hanging on a stone.
In 1964, a monument to him was erected in front of the pediment of the Lviv University named after him.
Ivan Franko(08/27/1856 – 05/28/1916) - a great Ukrainian writer, one of the builders of the new Ukrainian nation.
Ivan Yakovlevich Franko was born in the village of Naguevichi (now Drohobych district, Lviv region) in the family of a rural blacksmith. He grew up an orphan (his father died in 1865 - Ivan was nine years old; his mother died in 1872). Despite the financial needs of the family, Ivan studied: in 1862 - 64 - at a school in the neighboring village of Yasenitsa-Solnaya, in 1864 - 1867 - in primary school in Drohobych, in 1867 - 1875 - at the gymnasium in the same Drohobych.
In 1875, Franko received a scholarship from the Glowinski Foundation and in the fall of the same year enrolled in the philological department of Lviv University. The scholarship was provided until graduation higher education, and it seemed that the capable young man had a smooth road ahead of him as a high school teacher or university professor, on which his relatives and friends were counting.
But in the first years of university, Franko’s self-determination as a Ukrainian figure, also of a distinctly progressive, socialist direction, took place. He is friends with Ostap Terletsky and Mikhail Pavlik, through the latter he begins correspondence with Mikhail Drahomanov, who was in Geneva at that time. It was because of correspondence with the revolutionary socialist Drahomanov, dangerous in the eyes of the police, that Franko was arrested (06/11/1877). He and his comrades were accused of forming a secret socialist society. On January 21, 1878, the court found him guilty and sentenced him to 6 weeks in prison. Since at that time the period of pre-trial detention did not count towards punishment, Franco was released on March 5, 1878.
Despite the short sentence (thanks to Comrade Stalin, we now consider any sentence of less than 10 years to be light), its consequences for Franco were terrible. Firstly, according to the law, a person with a criminal record could not become a teacher, so the purpose of studying at the university became unclear (at the same time, Franco’s scholarship was taken away). Secondly, during his imprisonment, Franco suffered a severe cold; Later this disease became chronic and haunted him all his life. Thirdly, priest Mikhail Roshkevich (father of Olga Roshkevich, I. Franko’s fiancée) refused Franko’s matchmaking and even forbade his daughter to see and correspond with the “criminal”. Their marriage never took place.
This is what it meant to be a Ukrainian figure in Galicia at that time!
The police persecution of Franco did not end there. On March 4, 1880, he was arrested in Kolomyia - again on suspicion of socialist agitation. He was kept in investigative custody for three months until it was recognized that the arrest was unfounded. On June 13, 1880, Franko was sent by convoy from Kolomyia to Naguevichi. Impressions from this conclusion formed the basis of the story “At the Bottom.”
For the third time, the police remembered the “socialist agitator” Franco in connection with the arrival of a group of Ukrainians from Kiev in Lviv. On August 17, 1889, Franko was arrested in Lvov. This time, investigators tried to confuse espionage for Russia with socialism. On November 16, 1889, Frank was released due to lack of evidence. And this time, prison impressions were reflected in the poetic cycle “”.
In 1886, Franco married Olga Khoruzhinskaya (originally from Kyiv). Four children appeared in their family, but from 1902 family well-being began to collapse. Olga Franko began to show signs of mental illness, which were getting worse, and this brought a lot of grief to Ivan Franko.
In 1902, I. Franko moved from rented housing to his own house (the current address is 152 I. Franko Street, where the writer’s memorial museum operates). For this construction, he took out a significant loan, the payments for which were completed by his son after the death of I. Franko.
In April 1908, Franco went for rest and treatment to Lipik (near Zagreb in modern Croatia). Here his illness worsened greatly - both arms were paralyzed and, worse, signs of mental disorder appeared. These terrible manifestations of the disease in later years, fortunately, softened somewhat, although Franco never returned to full health. Contemporaries considered his illness to be a consequence of syphilis he had once suffered, and this brought Franco very big troubles. But now doctors are inclined to believe that Franco, from his very imprisonment in 1877, was ill with a rare form of rheumatism (Reiter's syndrome; but the concepts of this syndrome were formulated much after Franco's death).
Exhausted by illness, lack of money, family and social problems, Franko died in his home in Lviv on May 28, 1916 and was buried at the Lychakiv cemetery.
Poet. Franco first appeared as a poet in 1874 and wrote poetry until the end of his life, until 1916. His poetic heritage includes many beautiful poems about personal experiences and public affairs, which were compiled into several books.
But Franco’s poetic talent manifested itself most powerfully in his long poems. Here we see realistic pictures of modern Galician life ("", 1884; "", 1889; "", 1890), images of the historical past of our people ("", 1887; “Ivan Vyshensky”, 1895; “On Svyatoyurskaya Mountain”, 1900 ), discussions about religion and God ("", 1885; "", 1889).
A very large place among Franco's poems is occupied by adaptations of plots from world literature ("", 1890; "", 1891; "", 1892; "", 1895; "Blacksmith Bassim", 1900; etc.).
The pinnacle of Franko’s poetic creativity is the poem “Moses” (1905), in which, based on a biblical story, an allegorical picture of the rise of the Ukrainian people to fight for independence is given.
Prose writer. In their prose works Franco acted as a realist, focused on the problems of contemporary Galician life. He was the first in Ukrainian literature to begin to describe the life of workers in the oil fields of Borislav and their class antagonists - Jewish entrepreneurs ("", 1877; "", 1884; "", 1887; "Oilman", 1899). The best work This cycle is the novel "" (1882).
Works from the life of the intelligentsia occupy a significant place ("", 1880; "For the Hearth", 1897; "Cross Paths", 1900). An important place in this series is occupied by works about Ukrainian-Polish relations (“Lel and Polel”, 1887; “Pillars of Society”, 1894; unfortunately, both works remained unfinished).
Translator. Franco worked on translations of works of world literature all his life and did a lot in this field. From his translations you can create an entire library.
The range of his translations is extremely wide: there are works of ancient Babylonian poetry, ancient Indian, ancient Arabic, ancient Greek literature; Among the new literatures we have his translations from German (“Faust” by J. V. Goethe, 1882), French, English, Polish, Italian literature.
Among his translations are entire books of works by A.S. Pushkin and K. Havliczka-Borovsky. Separately, it is necessary to note the great historians of ancient Rome, on which the poet worked in the last year of his life (August 1915 - March 1916).
You should know that Franko also translated Ukrainian folk songs into German, helped M. S. Grushevsky with German translation"History of Ukraine-Rus". He translated not only works of art, but also popular science works on various topics (1870-80s), which he considered useful for educating the Ukrainian people.
Folklorist. Franco showed interest in folklore from the very beginning of his creative activity. First publication folk tale appeared in his recording in 1876. His most important achievements in this field were “Galician-Russian folk proverbs” (1901 – 1910, vols. 1 – 3) and “Studio on Ukrainian folk songs” (1907 – 1915)
Literary historian. Franco worked on the history of literature in several directions.
The first direction can be called the history of world literary subjects. The most significant work in this direction was his doctoral dissertation “: the Old Christian spiritual novel and its literary history"(1895).
The second direction was the collection, research and publication of works of Ukrainian literature. In first place here is the collection “Apocrypha and Legends from Ukrainian Manuscripts” (1896 – 1910, vols. 1 – 5). Franko found and published the works of Ivan Vyshensky and wrote a number of studies about him. He prepared and published works by A. Svidnitsky, Y. Fedkovich, T. Shevchenko and many other Ukrainian writers.
The third direction was the writing of synthetic works on the history of Ukrainian literature. Here we should name such works as “Charakterystyka literatury raskiej 16 – 17 ww.” (1892), “Carpatho-Russian literature of the 17th – 18th centuries.” (1900), “South Russian Literature” (1904 – article for encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efron), “Essay on the history of Ukrainian literature until 1890.” (1910) and a large work, “The History of Ukrainian Literature,” of which Franko managed to work only the first part (from the beginnings of Ukrainian literature to Ivan Kotlyarevsky, 1907 – 1912).
You should know that Franko followed the latest in contemporary literature, especially Ukrainian, and wrote a whole lot of reviews, reviews and critical articles on these topics.
Scientist. In addition to the history of literature, Franco also studied other humanities. His interest in history was reflected in the works “” (1884), “The Grimalovsky Key in 1800” (1900), “Public barns in Galicia 1784 – 1840.” (1907) and a number small items. He was interested in sociological issues.
Franko also carried out extensive scientific and organizational work as chairman of the philological section Scientific Society them. Shevchenko and editor of publications in this section.
Publisher. Franko’s first works were published in the Lviv student magazine “Friend” in 1874. Having moved to Lviv, Franko and Pavlik became involved in editorial work and in 1876–1877 were the actual leaders of this magazine.
Since then, Franco has constantly been making plans to publish his own magazine or newspaper; Thus, in 1878, Franco, together with Pavlik, managed to publish two issues of the magazine “Public Friend”, which were confiscated by the police. After that, in 1878 - 1880 rr. friends published individual books in the “Small Library” series. Later, Franko participated in the publication of the magazines "Mir" (1881 - 82), "Zarya" (1883 - 1886), newspapers "Delo" (1880, 1883 - 1885), "Kurier lwowski" (1887 - 1897; this last job Franco himself called it “hiring from neighbors”).
In 1894, Franco's dream finally came true - his own magazine, Life and Word, began to be published. This magazine had significant assistance from the Dnieper Ukraine, both monetary (in particular, through M.V. Kovalevsky) and literary (articles for publication).
At the end of 1897, the leadership of the Scientific Society named after. Shevchenko (led by M. Grushevsky) decided, instead of the magazines “Zarya” and “Life and Word”, to begin publishing in 1898 new magazine– “Literary and Scientific Bulletin”. Franco became a member of its editorial board and worked actively there until the end of 1906.
At the same time, in 1898, the “Ukrainian-Russian Publishing Union” was formed, in the work of which Franko actively participated until the onset of his serious illness.
Public figure. In the 1870s, political Ukrainians in Galicia were represented by Muscovophiles, who thought that the sun of happiness would rise in the north, in St. Petersburg, and by populists, who hoped for its rise in the west, in Vienna. Both groups were opposed by the Polish community, which, after the constitutional reform of 1867, gained increasing influence in the region.
In 1890, young Galician intellectuals founded the Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party, headed by Ivan Franko until 1898. It was a socialist party that sought to become a representative of broad circles of working people.
In 1895, I. Franko was a candidate from the Radical Party for ambassador to the Vienna parliament in the electoral district of Przemysl - Dobromil - Mostiska. In 1898, he was also a candidate in the Ternopil-Zbarazh-Skalat district. Both times, all means of “democratic” influence were used against Franco: from arresting agitators and banning meetings to the daring theft of votes, as a result of which Franco was not elected.
In 1899, I. Franko left the Radical Party he founded and became one of the organizers of the new Ukrainian National Democratic Party. This step did not benefit either the radicals, who lost an influential figure, or the National Democrats, who never gained much political influence, or Franco himself, who was not distinguished by his activity in the new party and gradually withdrew from the political struggle, concentrating on literary and scientific work.
Due to his interest in political life and subsequent personal participation in it, Franco wrote many journalistic articles, among which a significant place is occupied by understanding the issues of socialism and social democracy. Because of Franco's critical attitude towards the communist gods Marx and Engels, his journalism suffered suppression and falsification during the reign of communist Moscow.
Ivan Franko was a poet and writer by vocation; but in the conditions of the enslavement of the Ukrainian people, he could not afford to be only a writer - he willingly and decisively took on any work that he considered useful for the rise of the Ukrainian people. Therefore, many of his literary plans remained unrealized, which he bitterly complained about in some poems. But it is precisely the universalism of his work that allows us to say that in the person of Ivan Franko we are not only a great writer, but also one of the builders of the Ukrainian nation.
