What contribution did Rafael Santi make? Raphael

The great Italian painter was born in 1483 in Urbino. His father was also a painter and graphic artist, so the future master began his training in his father’s workshop.

Raphael's parents died when the boy was barely 11 years old. After their death, he went to Perugia to study in the workshop of Pietro Perugino. He spent about 4 years in the master's workshop and during this time he acquired his own style.

Carier start

As it says short biography Rafael Santi, after completing his studies, the artist went to live and work in Florence. Here he met such outstanding masters as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Bartolomeo della Porta. He learned from these outstanding masters the secrets of portraiture and sculpture.

In 1508 the artist moved to Rome and became an official painter papal court. He held this position under both Pope Julius II and Pope Leo X. It was for the latter that Raphael painted the Sistine Chapel - greatest masterpiece Renaissance.

In 1514, Raphael became the chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica. He also did a lot of excavations in Rome, worked on orders for numerous churches, painted portraits (though mostly portraits of friends), and carried out particularly significant private orders.

Retrospective of the artist’s work: the Florentine period

The artist completed his first works in his father’s workshop. Most shining example creativity young artist Banner with the image of the Holy Trinity. This work is still in the house museum in Urbino.

While studying with Pietro Perugino, Raphael began working on the images of his classic Madonnas. His most striking work from 1501 to 1504 is “Madonna Conestabile”.

The Florentine period is the most eventful in Raphael's life. At this time he created his own recognized masterpieces, such as: “Lady with a unicorn”, “ Holy family", "St. Catherine of Alexandria.”

Also during this period he painted a lot of Madonnas. Raphael's Madonna is, first of all, a mother (most likely, the artist was greatly influenced by early care his own mother). The best Madonnas of this period: “Madonna of the Carnation”, “Madonna of Granduca”, “The Beautiful Gardener”.

Retrospective of the artist's work: the Roman period

The Roman period of creativity is the pinnacle of the artist’s career. He departed a little from the classic biblical stories and turned to Antiquity. Recognized world masterpieces are: “The School of Athens”, “Parnassus”, “ Sistine Madonna” (painting on the wall Sistine Chapel- the pinnacle of Raphael’s mastery), “Madonna Alba”, “Madonna with the Fish”.

Death of an Artist

Raphael died in 1520, presumably from Roman fever, which he “caught” during excavations. Buried in the Pantheon.

Other biography options

Raphael knew A. Durer. It is known that the latter gave Raphael his self-portrait, but its fate is still unknown to this day.
Villa Farnesina is a special stage in the artist’s career. We can say that for the first time he addresses ancient mythology And historical painting. This is how the frescoes “The Triumph of Galatea” and “The Wedding of Alexander and Roxana” appear. It is interesting that Raphael also painted from nudes. His best work in this regard is “Fornarina” (it is believed that most women's portraits, made by the artist, were copied from his model and beloved Fornarina, about whose fate little is known).
Raphael wrote beautiful sonnets, mainly dedicated to love to women.
In 2002, one of Raphael's graphic works was sold at Sotheby's for a record amount for this type of work - 30 million pounds sterling.

RAPHAEL, own Raffaello Santi or Sanzio (Raphael, Raffaello Santi, Sanzio) (1483–1520), Italian painter and architect, one of greatest masters Renaissance. Raphael's works are distinguished by their softness and roundness of shape, harmony of color and balance of composition.

Raphael was born in Urbino in April 1483 in the family of the painter Giovanni Santi. Giovanni Santi was a court artist and headed the most famous art workshop in Urbino (its building has survived to this day). After his death, the workshop was run by his assistants, and it was probably here (between the ages of 10 and 16) that Raphael acquired his first skills in the craft. The style of the works that came out of the workshop during these years was significantly influenced by Perugino. The artist spent almost all of his youth in Città del Castello, located in the upper part of the Tiber Valley. Fragments of a large altarpiece have survived (in the museums of Naples and Brescia), painted by Raphael c. 1500 for this city. The contract also mentions another, less famous artist, but it is obvious that the main role belonged to seventeen-year-old Raphael, who is named in this document as the master. Around 1503 Raphael painted a large altarpiece - Coronation of Mary(Rome, Vatican Pinacoteca). Apparently, by this time he was already working in Perugino's workshop. This early period of Raphael’s work ends with the painting Mary's Betrothal(1504, Milan, Brera Gallery).

In 1504 Raphael first came to Florence. Over the next four years he lived alternately in Florence, Perugia and Urbino. It so happened that in the first decade of the 16th century. two great masters worked in Florence at the same time as Raphael High Renaissance: Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. From the works of Michelangelo, Raphael adopted a new sculptural interpretation of forms human body, and from Leonardo’s works - monumental composition and interest in technical experiments. During the four years spent in Florence, the artist created great amount paintings Three images of Madonna can illustrate creative development masters during this period. Madonna Granduca(c. 1505, Florence, Pitti Gallery) is still close in style to Perugino’s painting, but differs from it in composition and softer light and shadow modeling. Beautiful gardener(1507, Paris, Louvre) is compositionally more complex, with a contrasting opposition of three figures placed in a landscape and forming a pyramidal structure in the space of the picture. Madona Cowper(1508, Washington, National Gallery) is characterized by smooth lines and greater expressiveness of movements.

During the Florentine period of creativity, the color in Raphael's works becomes more restrained and acquires greater tonal unity, in comparison with the bright, intense colors of his early works, executed under the influence of Perugino.

At the end of 1508, Raphael received an invitation from Pope Julius II to Rome. Raphael was commissioned to decorate the pope's office with frescoes ( Stanza della Segnatura). At first it was assumed that this work would be divided between several masters (Raphael was supposed to paint the vault), but Julius II liked the painting program compiled by Raphael so much that he made the artist the sole executor of the project. The subject of the painting is the four spheres of human spiritual activity: Theology, Philosophy, Jurisprudence and Poetry. The vault features allegorical figures and scenes. The four lunettes contain compositions that reveal the content of each of the four areas human activity: Dispute, Athens school, Wisdom, Measure and Strength And Parnassus.

Upon completion of this work, the pope entrusted Raphael with the decoration Stanzas d'Eliodoro(1511–1514) and Stanzas del Incendio(1514–1517). In the fresco cycle of the first of them, Raphael presented dramatic episodes from Christian history, containing allusions to contemporary political events. The lunettes occupy four compositions: Exile of Eliodorus, Mass in Bolsena, Meeting of Leo I with Attila And Liberation of the Apostle Peter from prison. The theme of Divine intervention in events human history The frescoes of the vault also represent: Burning bush, Noah's warning about the flood, Jacob's Dream, Abraham's Sacrifice. In creating murals Stanzas of d'Eliodor accepted Active participation artists from Raphael's workshop, including one of his most famous students, Giulio Romano.

The frescoes of the third stanza were almost entirely executed by Raphael's students. As his fame grew, the number of orders he received became so enormous that it exceeded the master’s real capabilities, and he was forced to delegate the work on some of them to his assistants. Composition only Fire in Borgo was written from cardboard by Raphael and, possibly, by himself. This dramatic event depicted as if the viewer were watching it from inside the burning city; the figures acquire heaviness and power antique statues. At the end of this decade, Raphael and his students began to implement two more art projects in the Vatican - murals Loggia(figures of the apostles, Old Testament scenes, and ornaments made using the grisaille technique, i.e. monochrome) and Halls of Constantine.

At the same time as working on the frescoes of the last of the Vatican Stanzas, Raphael received an order to create cardboards for ten tapestries to decorate the Sistine Chapel (1515–1516, seven of them are kept in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London).

One of Raphael's most influential patrons in Rome was the banker Agostino Chigi, whose villa (now Villa Farnesina) the artist decorated with frescoes Triumph of Galatea(c. 1512) and The Legend of Cupid and Psyche(not finished and carried out mainly by students, 1517–1518). In addition, Raphael painted the Chigi Chapel in the Church of Santa Maria della Pace ( Prophets and Sibyls, OK. 1514), and also built funeral chapel Chigi in the Church of Santa Maria del Popolo.

Raphael's contribution to portrait painting The Renaissance can only be matched by the legacy of Titian. Raphael's portraits went through the same evolution as his religious painting. One of best works in this genre, related to early period creativity are paired portraits of spouses Angelo and Maddalena Doni(c. 1507, Florence, Pitti Gallery). Upon Raphael's arrival in Rome, the portrait occupied a more important place in his work. While creating Portrait of Pope Julius II(1511–1512, Florence, Uffizi Gallery) Raphael used new format: Dad is shown in an unusual way for portraiture emotional state– during depression and illness. Tommaso Inghirami presented at a moment of poetic inspiration at a desk. Portraits also belong to this period of Raphael's work. Alessandro Farnese(1514, Naples) and Portrait of Pope Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi Rossi(c. 1518, Florence, Uffizi). Portrait of Raphael's friend, writer Baldassare Castiglione(c. 1514, Louvre), admired by Rembrandt and Rubens. IN later works (Portrait of Joan of Aragon, 1518, Paris, Louvre, and La Fornarina, OK. 1519, Rome, Palazzo Barberini) decorative complexity and some coldness characteristic of mannerist portraits appear.

Raphael's first step in architecture is usually considered to be the creation of an image of an ideal temple in a painting. Mary's Betrothal(1504). Raphael's Roman buildings, such as the church of Sant Eligio degli Orefici (1509) and the Chigi Chapel in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo (1512–1520), are similar in style to the works of Bramante, after whose death in 1514 Raphael led the construction of the Cathedral of St. Petra. Created by him Palazzo del L'Aquila(not preserved) was made in a more decorative style than the strict classical buildings of Bramante: the facade is richly decorated with stucco decoration, which led, on the one hand, to complication general composition, and on the other hand, to a loss of clarity of the structure of the building. Villa Madama, begun by Raphael shortly before his death and never completed, can only be compared in the complexity of its plan to ancient buildings. The decorative motifs used here (the decoration was made by Giovanni da Udine after 1520, probably based on drawings by Raphael) are imitations of ancient grotesques and are made of gilded and painted knock in low relief technique. In painting and architecture, the works of Raphael recent years served his life Starting point for masters of the next stage of development Italian art– mannerism.

An Italian artist of the Renaissance, a brilliant graphic artist and a master of architectural solutions, Rafael Santi absorbed the experience of the Umbrian school of painting. His paintings, like a mirror, reflected the ideals of the Renaissance. The world became kinder and purer when the eyes of Raphael's Madonnas looked at it - Sistine, Conestabile, Pasadena, Orleans.

Childhood and youth

The painter was born in the spring of 1483 in the town of Urbino with a population of 15,000 in eastern Italy. Father Giovanni dei Santi worked as a court artist for the Duke, and Margie's mother Charla raised her son and ran the household. Rafael's family had the means to pay for a wet nurse, but Giovanni insisted that his wife feed the baby herself. As a child, Rafael Santi showed a talent for painting. The father noticed this when he took the boy to the castle, where masters who masterfully wielded the brush worked - the Duke welcomed art, highlighting artists.

Paolo Uccello, Luca Signorelli are the names of painters known to every Italian. The masters painted portraits of the Duke and his relatives and painted the palace walls. The eyes of young Raphael closely watched the masters’ brushes. Soon Santi realized that his son would leave both him and Uccello and Signorelli in the shadows. Rafael Santi was orphaned early: as soon as he was 8 years old, his mother died. Care itself dear person left a mark on creative biography painter. His Madonnas and portraits of his beloved women seem to glow motherly love, which the artist did not receive in childhood.

Soon Bernardina's stepmother appeared in the house, for whom her husband's son was someone else's child. At 12, the artist was left an orphan. Even then, the teenager demonstrated amazing skill, and he was assigned to the workshop of the artist Pietro Perugino. The painter taught the boy until sophisticated experts could no longer distinguish copies of Raphael from paintings by Perugino. Santi, like a sponge, absorbed the experience of teachers and left all the students behind, while not being arrogant and being friends with them.

Painting

In 1504, 21-year-old Raphael Santi found himself in Florence: the young painter moved to the cradle of the Renaissance following Perugino. The move had a beneficial effect on the young man’s career and skill - the teacher introduced Raphael to famous painters, sculptors and architects. In the city on the banks of the Arno, Santi met. About the lost painting the brilliant Leonardo We know “Leda and the Swan” thanks to a copy by Raphael Santi. The artist’s Florentine period gave the world 20 Raphaelian Madonnas and Children, in which Santi invested all his longing for his mother.

The year of moving to Florence was marked by Raphael writing several early masterpieces. The painting “The Betrothal of the Virgin Mary” and the painting “The Dream of a Knight” date back to 1504. “Madonna Conestabile” and “The Three Graces” appeared in Florence. The last painting, which is now kept in the museum of the French city of Chantilly, depicts the goddesses Innocence, Beauty and Love, holding golden balls in their hands - symbols of perfection. Rafael Santi's early paintings show the influence of his teacher, but after 2-3 years the artist demonstrates his own style.

Since 1508, the painter has lived in Rome, where he received an invitation from Pope Julius II. Having heard about the young man, the priest invited Santi to paint the stanzas - the ceremonial rooms of the Vatican Palace. Having seen the sketch of Raphael's fresco, Julius II was so delighted that he gave all the surfaces to the painter, ordering the old drawings to be removed. From 1509, Raphael Santi would remain in the Eternal City, painting the stanzas, until the day of his death. Raphael's Stanzas are four halls measuring 6 by 9 meters, each of which has four fresco compositions. The artist was helped by his students; one fresco was completed after the painter’s death according to his sketches.

The most famous stanza is the fresco “The School of Athens” (the second name is “Philosophical Conversations”). On it, Rafael Santi placed 50 figures of philosophers, in whose appearance the faces of artists and thinkers of Italy are recognizable (written with da Vinci, similar to). Pope Leo X, who took the place of the deceased Julius II, appointed Santi chief architect and custodian of valuables in 1514. Raphael built St. Peter's Basilica, making changes to the original plan of his deceased predecessor Donato Bramante, and made a census of monuments Ancient Rome. The genius of the master belongs to the Church of Sant'Eligio degli Orefici, the Chigi Chapel, and the Vidoni-Caffarelli Palace.

In Rome, Raphael Santi continued the gallery of Madonnas, bringing the number of paintings to 42. They are just as touching, and the charm of motherhood shines through in the eyes, hands, and every line of clothing. But in the Roman gallery of Madonnas and Children, the artist’s signature and individuality are already visible. The women's faces are sensual, there is concern for the child in their eyes. Getting more complicated landscape compositions in the background, introducing shades of meaning into the picture.

Art critics point to the Quattrocento style prevailing in early images of Madonnas: the figures are frontal and constrained, the faces are solemnly abstract, the gaze is calm. The Quattrocento is eroded by sensuality in the Florentine period, and the Roman Madonnas are painted in the emerging Baroque style.

In the master's house in Urbino, which is now called the "House-Museum of Raphael Santi", is exhibited early work painter "Madonna of the House of Santi". Art historians are not sure that the canvas was painted by Raphael: there is an opinion that it belongs to the brush of his father, who depicted his wife and little son. In the painting, the Madonna’s profile is turned to the viewer, her eyes are fixed on the book, her hands gently touch her son. The work dates back to 1498. The most mysterious is called the Granduca Madonna, an early work by Raphael dating back to 1505. It is kept in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.

By x-ray Scientists have determined that the top layer was applied a century after Raphael Santi painted the painting. Art historians agree that the artist Carlo Dolci, the owner of the canvas, painted dark background, since I considered it appropriate religious rites. "Madonna Granduca" is in the gallery of Florence.

“Madonna Conestabile” is an early work of the 20-year-old artist, painted in Umbria in 1502-04. This is an unfinished miniature, which Raphael did not have time to complete due to his move to Florence. Its second title is “Madonna with a Book.” The Mother of God sadly looks at the smiling baby, holding a book with his hand (presumably Holy Bible).

Personal life

The artist’s talent was appreciated during his lifetime: the patrons, not wanting the master to be lured away by the French, paid him generously for his work. Raphael had a mansion in the antique style, built according to his own design. Merchants and dukes dreamed of marrying their daughter to a famous painter, but the subtle connoisseur female beauty stood firm. Cardinal Bibbiena, who wanted to become related to Santi, achieved Raphael's engagement to his niece, but the maestro refused last moment.

The woman who was able to win the heart of 30-year-old Rafael was the baker’s daughter, whom Santi nicknamed “Fornarina” (bun, crumpet). The artist saw 17-year-old Margarita Luti in the Chigi garden, where he was working on the images of Cupid and Psyche. Rafael Santi paid the baker 50 gold so that his daughter would pose for him, and he was so carried away by the young beauty that he bought it from his father for 3 thousand coins.

For six years Margarita was the artist’s muse, inspiring masterpieces. After the death of Raphael, “Fornarina”, having inherited a house and contents, abandoned everything and went to a monastery. In the records of the monastery, Margarita is listed as the painter's widow.

Death

The cause of the artist's death is unknown. According to Raphael's contemporary, the painter and writer Vasari, the death of the 37-year-old maestro was the result of debauchery. After a stormy night, Santi returned home and complained of feeling unwell. The doctor performed bloodletting, which worsened the patient’s condition, and he died. The second version talks about a cold that Raphael caught in the burial galleries, where he participated in excavations.

The artist died on April 6, 1520. Place last resort became a tomb in the Roman Pantheon. An epitaph is engraved on the slab covering the remains: “Here lies the great Raphael, during whose life nature was afraid of being defeated, and after his death she was afraid to die.”

Works

1504 – “Betrothal of the Virgin Mary”
1504-1505 – “The Three Graces”
1506 – “Madonna in Greenery”
1506 – “Portrait of Agnolo Doni”
1506 – “Madonna with the Goldfinch”
1506 – “Portrait of a Lady with a Unicorn”
1507 – “The Beautiful Gardener”
1508 – “Great Madonna of Cowper”
1508 – “Madonna of Esterhazy”
1509 – “The School of Athens”
1510-1511 – “Dispute”
1511 – “Madonna Alba”
1511-1512 – “Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple”
1514 – “Meeting of Pope Leo I and Attila”
1513-1514 – “Sistine Madonna”
1518-1519 – “Portrait of a Young Woman” (“Fornarina”)
1518-1520 – “Transfiguration”

Aristotle 384 -322 BC e. -Comparison of animal and human organs. -Introduced the term “organism” -Argued that human soul activity exists as long as the body lives.

Hippocrates 460 -377 BC e. -Description of the bones of the body -Description of organs by analogy with animals -essay on traumatology (about dressings, treatment of wounds, fractures) - Treatises on hygiene (about healthy way life, about the influence of water, air and terrain on health) -Rejected the divine origin of man)

Claudius Galen 130 -200 AD e. - Conducted experiments on animals - Tested the effects of medications. substances -Proved that during life animals have blood flowing through their arteries (before that it was believed that air) -Studied in detail the structure of monkey organs and made erroneous conclusions that humans are structured in a similar way -For 14 centuries, his work was the basis of medicine. knowledge in Europe and Middle East.

Medieval stagnation n The Church brutally suppressed attempts to study the development of science n - Giordano Bruno and Servetus were burned at the stake n - Galileo was persecuted

The Study of Man in the Renaissance. q Leonardo da Vinci q Raphael Santi q William Harvey q Andreas Vesalius q René Descartes

Leonardo da Vinci 1452 -1519 - For the first time depicted various organs in his drawings - Described the structure of the human skeleton - Classified muscles

Andreas Vesalius (15151564) Founder modern anatomy- At lectures he dissected corpses - Identified Galen's mistakes - Accurately described and depicted the internal organs of the human body and skeleton - Described the heart valves - For the first time, brought all knowledge into a system

William Harvey 1587 -1657 Founder of the birth and development of modern physiology - Discovery of 2 circles of blood circulation - Study of physiological functions using experimental methods

René Descartes 1596 -1650 - Discovery of the reflex - The reflex principle of interaction between the body and environment

M. V. Lomonosov Founder of Russian sciences - Law of conservation of matter and energy - Theory color vision-Classification of taste sensations

N.I. Pirogov 1810 -1881 -Sawing up thawed corpses (for precise definition location internal organs and tissues) -For the first time he used ether anesthesia and plaster casts. Fundamentals of military field surgery

I. M. Sechenov 1829 -1905 “Father of Russian physiology” - Reflexes of the brain - Explanations of human mental activity

I. P. Pavlov 1849 -1936 Confirmed Sechenov’s theory experimentally Discovered conditional and unconditional Author of works on the physiology of blood circulation and digestion

1. Name which of the scientists (foreign and domestic) made a great contribution to the development of the sciences of anatomy, physiology and hygiene?

1. For the first time he used experimental methods to solve physiological problems, discovered two circles of blood circulation: small and large. 2. Founder plastic anatomy, classified muscles by size, shape, and depicted them in volume. 3. He expressed the idea that organisms develop according to the laws of nature and, having learned them, one can use these laws for the benefit of people.

4. Wrote the first manual on human anatomy, based on direct study of the human body, and is rightfully considered the founder of modern anatomy. 5. He judged the structure of the human body on the basis of data obtained on animals. 6. Introduced the concept of reflex. 7. Domestic scientist who made a great contribution to the development of the science of immunity. 8. He was one of the first to study the influence of natural factors on human health.

9. Introduced the term organism. 10. Founder of Russian physiology, author of the book “Reflexes of the Brain”. 11. He proposed the fistula method for studying the functions of the digestive glands and discovered conditioned reflexes. 12. Developed a method of preventive vaccinations, which were effective means combating various infectious diseases.

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