What peoples live in our region. What nationalities live in Russia? Mari representatives in Russia

1. Features national composition Russia………………………………………………………2

2. Short story settlement of Russia…………………………………………………………….5

3. Distribution of nations and nationalities by regions of Russia…………………….…..…7

4. Problems related to the development of nationalism that exist in modern stage in Russia…………………………………………………………….…….……..14

5. List of references………………………………………………………………19

Features of the national composition of Russia

One of the main indicators characterizing the population is the total number and trends in its change.

The Russian population in our country is still the largest (about 116 million people) and amounts to almost 80% total number population. Compared to 1989, its share in the entire population of the country decreased by 1.7 percentage points. This happened mainly due to natural loss, amounting to almost 8 million people, which could not be compensated by the slightly more than three million migration increase of Russians.

The second largest population in the country is occupied by the Tatars, whose number is 5.56 million people (almost 4% of the country's population), the third place is occupied, oddly enough, by the Ukrainians, their number is approximately 2.9 million people.

Due to emigration and natural decline, the number of Jews (from 0.54 million people to 0.23 million people) and Germans (from 0.84 million people to 0.60 million people) decreased during the intercensal period.

Mainly due to migration growth, the number of Armenians (from 0.53 million people to 1.13 million people), Azerbaijanis (from 0.34 million people to 0.62 million people), Tajiks (from 0.34 million people) increased significantly 04 million people to 0.12 million people), Chinese (from 5 thousand people to 35 thousand people).

For the first time since the 1926 population census, the number of people who classified themselves as Kryashens was obtained (about 25 thousand people). Also, for the first time since the 1897 census, the number of people who called themselves Cossacks (about 140 thousand people) and a number of small peoples of Dagestan was obtained.

The number of citizens of the Russian Federation amounted to 142.4 million people (98% of all residents of the country), 1.0 million people have citizenship of other states and 0.4 million people are stateless persons. Of the total number of citizens of the Russian Federation, 44 thousand people have double citizenship. Approximately 1.3 million people did not indicate their nationality.

The national composition fully characterizes ethnic structure population.

By linguistic affiliation, the peoples of Russia belong to four language families: Indo-European (89%) - Slavic, Germanic, Romance groups; Altai (6.8%) – Turkic, Mongolian group; Caucasian (2.4%) - Abkhaz-Adyghe, Nakh-Dagestan groups; Ural (1.8%) – Finno-Ugric, Samoyed groups. Some small peoples (Kets, Nivkhs) do not belong to any of the existing language families and stand out as isolated. Fast pace urbanization, migration processes and the growth of interethnic marriages contributed to assimilation and integration processes.

The original Russian regions in Russia are territories stretching from European North, North-West to the central regions of Russia. The Russian population also predominates in the regions of the Urals, southern Siberia and the Far East. Russia as a whole is characterized by a diversity of national composition in many regions.

In the Russian Federation, 32 subjects of the Federation are distinguished on a national basis (21 republics, 10 autonomous okrugs and 1 autonomous region). Total area 32 national entities makes up 53% of the territory of Russia.

All national entities have a complex population composition. However, the share of the titular nation is in some cases relatively small. Only in 9 subjects of the Federation the share of the titular nation exceeds 50%, for example, in Ingushetia - 74.5, in Kabardino-Balkaria -57.6%, in North Ossetia-Alania -53.0%, etc. The lowest share of the titular nation is in Khanty -Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – 1.6%.

Processes of ethnicity have become widespread in the Russian Federation.
assimilation. The objects of assimilation are small ethnic groups, peoples living in strong territorial mixing with other peoples, as well as national groups (often consisting of representatives of fairly large and well-consolidated ethnic groups living separately), which are characterized by dispersed settlement. Interethnic marriages are an important channel of the assimilation process in Russia, but “extra-family” assimilation also takes place.

From the small peoples of Russia in the 20th century. The Turkic-speaking Soyots were assimilated and merged with the Buryat people. The yugas close to the Kets dissolved among the surrounding Russian population, the process of assimilation (linguistic and then ethnic) partially affected many others small peoples Siberia and the Far East. Assimilation also included representatives of many ethnic
communities, mainly concentrated outside of Russia, and within it
itself - dispersedly settled. True, the speed of development of assimilation processes varies among different national groups living in Russia. The fastest to merge with the Russians are representatives of two East Slavic peoples close to them in language and culture - Belarusians and Ukrainians. In 1989, 63% of Belarusians and 57% of Ukrainians living in our country considered Russian their native language.
Those living in the Russian Federation undergo fairly rapid assimilation
representatives of other Slavic peoples: Poles, Bulgarians, Czechs,
Serbs. All these ethnic groups live dispersedly in Russia, which facilitates the process of their assimilation. Representatives of other non-indigenous ethnic groups in Russia are assimilating
Russians to a much weaker extent. So, the Germans, despite
long-term residence in our country, and a high proportion of people who have transferred
into Russian (58%), quite staunchly retain their ethnic
self-awareness. The process of assimilation of Koreans is proceeding even more slowly, which
is hampered by the pronounced cultural specificity of this ethnic
community, as well as its anthropological isolation. Although Koreans have been living in Russia for a long time and the majority of them (63%) consider Russian their native language, they, like the Germans, are good at preserving ethnic identity and show high intra-ethnic solidarity.

Representatives of Turkic-speaking ethnic groups living in Russia, who make up the main population of several republics of the former USSR, also show ethnic resilience ( Kazakhs, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks), which is facilitated by their significant cultural specificity. The vast majority of representatives of these peoples retain their national language.

A Brief History of the Settlement of Russia

History of settlement and development of land, differences in types of population reproduction, vastness of territory and diversity natural conditions caused a very uneven distribution of the Russian population. The European part (about 30% of the area) is home to 78.5% of the population, and the Asian part is 21.5%. In addition, in the zone of continuous settlement, or the “main zone of settlement” (the European part of Russia without the European North, the south of Siberia and the Far East), which occupies only 1/3 of the territory, 93% of the population is concentrated.

The average population density in Russia is 8.5 people. per 1 km 2, it is four times less than the world average. At the same time, population density ranges from less than one person per 1 m 2 in some areas of the Eastern macroregion to 354 people per 1 km 2 in the Moscow region.

The main settlement zone is very different from the rest of the country, which belongs to the Northern zone. The first has historically been economically developed due to the favorable natural and climatic conditions, benefits geographical location; located here big number large cities and where the majority of the population is concentrated. The Northern zone is a territory developed relatively recently (“newly developed”), with focal settlement; only about 7% of the population lives there.

Historical migrations of the Russian population to Siberia, the Urals, the North, Far East began back in the 16th and 17th centuries. in connection with the development of new lands. The flow of migrants has especially increased in eastern regions Russia at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries. in connection with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Historical migrations were about forced relocations of peoples: in 1937, Koreans were resettled from the Primorsky Territory to Central Asia; in the 30s, Germans, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Crimean Tatars to the eastern regions, to Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia. In the pre-war years, organized resettlement to the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, where mineral deposits were developed and factories were built. In the 50s there was a massive development of huge tracts of land in Kazakhstan and Western Siberia. Due to the collapse of the USSR and the aggravation interethnic relations in a number of republics of the new abroad, the re-emigration of the Russian-speaking population from the republics has increased Central Asia and Transcaucasia.

The most numerous and constant migrations of the population in Russia in the 20th century. There were internal migrations of the population from rural areas to cities, from small towns to large ones.

Currently, internal migrations account for 80% of the migration turnover of the Russian population. The determining direction of internal migration is the Center, the Volga region and the South of the country, which as a result has led to a significant reduction in the population of the regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East.

In 23 regions of the Federation, the population has increased over the past period. Greatest growth was observed in the Republic of Dagestan - by 43%, Moscow - 17%, Krasnodar Territory - by 11%, Belgorod and Kaliningrad regions - 10% each. The increase in population occurred due to natural growth and the influx of migrants.

In economic geography and regional studies, the main issues in the study of population are the causes, patterns and features of the spatial and functional behavior of the population depending on trends in changes in the external environment.

The most common, after, are the Tatars. They live in the Volga region and Crimea. Mordovians and Mari also live there. The Bashkirs live in the central part of Russia. West Side The country is inhabited by the Chuvash, Siberia by the Yakuts, Altaians and Khakass, the west of the region by the Buryats, Khanty and Mansi, and the east by the Evenks. In the Far North, Chukchi, Aleuts, in the north-west of the country - Karelians. The Caucasus is occupied by Kabardians, Circassians, Lezgins, Chechens, Ingush, Adygs, and Ossetians. Kalmyks live in the Caspian region.

The most numerous form autonomous republics and districts. There are 22 of them in total: Udmurtia, Chechnya, Ingushetia, Chuvashia, Tatarstan, Mordovia, Karelia, Yakutia, Khakassia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Dagestan, Komi, Adygea, North Ossetia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Tuva, Buryatia, Mari-El, Bashkiria, Altai , Kalmykia, Crimea. There are 5 autonomous okrugs in Russia: Khanty-Mansiysk, Chukotka, Nenets, Crimean and Yamalo-Nenets. Some people are also called by the names of nationalities. settlements And geographical features Russia - for example, the city of Khanty-Mansiysk.

The multinational composition of the population of the Russian Federation is enshrined in the first lines of the Constitution and is determined by historical traditions, left over from previous historical eras.

The documents of the latest census enshrine the voluntary nature of national definition individual, therefore, to the question “how many nationalities are there in Russia” you can only get a conditional answer.

Construction of a common house

The history of Russian statehood, which began in ancient times, is a process of formation over a vast area social organism, consisting of very different national formations. The quantitative predominance of the Russian nation largely determined the qualitative composition of multinational education. The true Russian mentality is characterized by natural tolerance, which was formed from the habit of living in peace with neighbors. And how many nationalities are there in Russia - those who came with menacing intentions and became one people with the Russians?! How can one not recall the history of the Kazan Khanate or nomadic peoples from the southern steppes.

Another reason for the increase in the number of peoples gathered on one sixth of the land was the imperial policy of territorial expansion, which led to unification under a single public education a huge number of “foreigners” with their own customs, languages ​​and cultures. Respectful attitude of the titular nation towards way of life other peoples was in many ways the basis of state unity, and how many nationalities there are in Russia can be understood by the huge variety of languages, costumes and traditions.

Belonging to an ethnic group

It is human nature to strive to understand one’s place in society, belonging to certain linguistic, cultural, professional, educational, and religious groups. Division by ethnicity has always been one of the most important and familiar, nationality is one of the main categories of stratification. Calls to return to origins and search for national roots are characteristic of even the most advanced and educated layers of society.

Unfortunately, the desire for national identity often takes the form of a fad, a fashionable hobby, or, even worse, xenophobia and chauvinism, in favor of political needs current moment. This has always been a serious danger, given how many nationalities live in Russia. But there remains hope for the intelligence of people, because a rare nation can consciously declare intolerance towards other people’s customs and call for the destruction of a culture born within the framework of another nation.

Fifth column

A mandatory item on nationality (in the sense of belonging to a specific ethnic group) was in the Soviet passport, which was in direct accordance with the beliefs of the founder of the communist state, Lenin. Even before the revolution, in the questionnaires of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, at the direction of the leader, the column “nationality” was introduced.

Stalin became a faithful successor national policy, which had the goal of hiding interethnic problems, and solving obvious and urgent ones with an iron fist, without taking into account the diversity, how many nationalities and nationalities there are in Russia, evicting entire peoples from their usual places or creating artificial formations of a type complex in composition autonomous republics. This approach gave rise to huge problems during the collapse of the USSR in the form of interethnic conflicts, often with the use of armed force.

Soviet document circulation made the state bureaucracy a powerful force. It was easier to take into account how many nationalities lived in Russia with such document flow, although some nationalities, in particular small Finno-Ugric groups, were considered non-existent because they were not on the list approved by the authorities.

Modern views on national identity are in the nature of approaching a specific person, who himself makes conclusions about belonging to a specific ethnic group based on linguistic and cultural preferences.

Number of nations and nationalities

The census reports noted more than 800 answer options to the question on the census form about nationality, but after processing the numbers with the participation of ethnographers, it turned out that the names of many nations and nationalities differ only in pronunciation options in different dialects.

Thus, 193 ethnic formations of various scales were identified: 145 - separate ethnic groups, and 48 - components included in them in the process of historical and cultural evolution. This is one of the answer options to the question “how many nationalities are there in Russia.” That this is only an option is clear from an analysis of the results of censuses conducted in other years. It becomes clear that the allocation of ethnic groups into a separate category or their inclusion in another entity is done at the discretion of expert ethnographers based on their scientific developments.

Indigenous Peoples

There is another type of statistical data showing how many nationalities there are in Russia. They divide all the nationalities of Russia into three groups:

The first is large ethnic groups, most of which live within the borders Russian state, often forming national administrative units. A minority of such peoples live outside the Russian Federation. This group includes Russians, Tatars, Chuvash, Komi, Yakuts, Kalmyks and others - about 100 peoples in total.

The second group is peoples from neighboring countries (former Soviet republics). Namely: Ukrainians, Belarusians, Armenians, Kazakhs, etc.

The third group includes representatives of nations that are small in number, most of whom live outside of Russia: Romanians, Hungarians, Chinese, Vietnamese, etc. Total ethnic groups of the second and third categories depend on the calculation method and range from 60 to 90. These statistics show how many nationalities in Russia and nationalities whose representatives belong to a foreign ethnic group.

The majority of the Russian population consider themselves Russian - 81%, that’s 111 million people. In addition to them, there are six more nationalities that number more than 1 million people: Tatars - 5.3 million (3.72%), Ukrainians - 1.92 million (1.35%), Bashkirs 1.58 million (1.11%). ), Chuvash 1.43 (1.01%), Chechens - 1.41 million (1.0%) and Armenians - 1.1 million (0.83%).

Geographic ethnography

Story Russian Empire, story Soviet Union, the current period is an endless process of interaction between large and small ethnic entities, resettlement of peoples, migration and re-emigration. How many nationalities are there in Russia that have experienced cataclysms of various scales in their history at the behest of the authorities?

As a result, there are no more or less vast areas left on the map of Russia inhabited by representatives of one nation; there are areas with a relatively homogeneous national composition and areas that represent a motley mixture of customs and languages. The latter can safely include the Middle Volga region and North Caucasus. Using their example, one can imagine how many nationalities live in Russia if, say, in small developed mountain areas, speakers of several dialects belonging to different language families coexist.

Tree of languages

It is the language, and not a typical way of life for a group of people or similar external signs, is a defining category for the nationality. There are almost as many languages ​​in Russia as there are nationalities! That is, no one knows a definite answer, and every linguist and ethnographer has his own opinion. This is as true as the fact that language is like a living organism: it changes, develops or withers. Science knows many dead languages.

The number of language families alone, to which scientists classify the dialects spoken by Russians, is striking; there are 14 of them. This is like the number of branches extending from a single trunk, and smaller branches extend from them, the number of languages ​​is comparable to the number of leaves, and in the case of languages throughout Russia, according to a number of scientists, this figure is close to two hundred.

Conclusion

Even world-famous scientists, linguists, ethnographers, and sociologists consider the most reasonable answer to the question of how many nationalities and languages ​​there are in Russia to be more than a hundred. But just reasonable people add that it’s not a matter of quantity, but of common house enough space for happy life to all peoples, and the smallest of them would feel like part of a friendly family.

Russia is a multinational country, more than 180 nationalities inhabit our poor state. What nationalities live in Russia? Let's look at the 2010 census data:

• The titular nation is Russians. More than 111 million people, or 80.9% of all citizens who indicated their nationality, called themselves Russian. Russians are slowly dying out, drinking yaga, driving on broken roads, listening to chanson, watching Channel One and not particularly resisting their tsar with his puppet Duma, oil economy and total theft of budgets. Which may even be good for the Russians themselves. Belarus, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan look at the Russians with understanding.
• The second largest nationality is the Tatars. There were 5.3 million of them in Russia in 2010, or 3.7%. Tatars live not only in Tatarstan, but also in most regions of the country. This people has a long and rich history of relations with Russians and the majority live in Russia, in peace and harmony with the titular nation, despite a hostile past and belonging to Islam. Big praise to the Tatars for not fighting the Russians for many centuries.
• In third place are Ukrainians. This brotherly people in Russia there are almost 2 million (1.4% of the total population). Ukrainians in Russia have long been Russified (like their fellow tribesmen in the eastern part of Ukraine) and have practically no differences from Russians, with the exception of GEkanya, harmful character and love of lard.
• In fourth place are the Bashkirs. There are more than one and a half million of them in Russia. They live mainly in Bashkiria, play hockey and pray to Allah. They live relatively friendly with Russians.
• Chuvash and Chechens share fifth place. There are 1% of them in Russia, that is, about 1.5 million. If everything is fine with the Chuvash, then the Chechens have never loved Russians and are unlikely to love them in the future. Two Russian-Chechen wars at the turn of the century they showed how strong the centuries-old enmity between Russians and Chechens is, and the ostentatious “peace” and subsidized “stability” in Chechnya are temporary phenomena and new massacres are only a matter of time. After Chechen wars There are practically no Russians left in Chechnya, and the local authorities, led by the savage academician Kadyrov, are known for their inadequacy.
• In sixth place are Armenians, there are more than a million of them. This people has long and amicably lived next door to Russians and gives Russian culture great amount talented people. Petrosyan alone is worth something. By the way, Okudzhava was also half Armenian.
• More than half a million souls in Russia have the following nationalities: Avars, Mordovians, Kazakhs, Azerbaijanis, Dargins, Udmurts, Maris, Ossetians, Belarusians, Kabardians and Kumyks. These are very different peoples, most of whom live compactly in their regions. For some reason, the majority of Azerbaijanis are in Moscow.
• It is especially worth noting the Jews, who are almost gone in Russia. And there were more than 2 million in the late 1980s! Who went to Israel, who assimilated, and who ran away from the gentle clutches of Putin’s justice. Azohenvey, in 2010 only 157 thousand of the chosen people lived in Russia.

IN modern world Russia is the largest country, occupying a vast area - more than seventeen thousand square kilometers. Two continents divide it into parts - European and Asian. Each of them is larger in territory than many not-so-small states of the Earth.

In terms of population, however, our country is only in ninth place. The number of Russians today does not reach one hundred and fifty million people. The problem is that most of the country's territory lies under deserted steppes and taiga, for example, these are the most remote regions of Siberia.

However, this is compensated by the number of peoples living here. This was predetermined by the past. Historically, Russia is a multinational state, which it became by absorbing neighboring peoples, attracting strangers with large territories and wealth. According to official data, almost two hundred peoples now live in the Russian state, differing sharply in numbers: from Russians (more than one hundred and ten million people) to Kerek (less than ten representatives).

How many of us are there?

How many peoples live in Russia? How to find out? Leading sources useful information about the population of our country are statistical censuses regularly conducted in last years. At the same time, according to modern techniques and according to democratic approaches, data on the nationality of Russian residents by origin is not noted in documents, which is why digital material for the census appeared on the basis of self-determination of Russians.

In total, in recent years, a little more than 80% of the country’s citizens declared themselves Russian by nationality, leaving only 19.1% as representatives of other nations. Almost six million census participants were unable to identify their nationality at all or defined it as a fantastic people (elves, for example).

Summing up the final calculations, it should be noted that the total number of peoples of the country who do not consider themselves Russian population did not exceed twenty-five million citizens.

This suggests that the ethnic composition of the Russian population is very complex and requires constant special attention. On the other hand, there is one large ethnic group, serving as a kind of core of the entire system.

Ethnic composition

The basis of the national composition of Russia is, of course, Russians. This people comes from their own historical roots from Eastern Slavs who lived on the territory of Rus' since ancient times. A significant part of Russians exist, of course, in Russia, but there are large layers in a number of former Soviet republics and in the USA. This is the most significant European ethnic group. Today there are more than one hundred thirty-three million Russians living in the world.

Russians are the titular people of our country; their representatives dominate a significant number of regions of the modern Russian state. Of course, this led to side effects. The spread of this nation over several centuries over a vast territory during historical development led to the formation of dialects, as well as separate ethnic groups. For example, on the coast of the White Sea live the Pomors, who form a subethnic group of local Karelians and Russians who arrived in the past.

Among the more complex ethnic associations, groups of peoples can be noted. The largest group of peoples are the Slavs, mainly from the eastern subgroup.

In total, representatives of nine large language families live in Russia, differing greatly in language, culture, and way of life. With the exception of the Indo-European family, they are mainly of Asian origin.

This is the approximate ethnic composition of the Russian population today according to official data. What can be said definitely is that our country is distinguished by a significant diversity of nationalities.

The largest nations of Russia

The nationalities living in Russia are quite clearly divided into numerous and small. The first ones, in particular, include:

• The Russian inhabitants of the country number (according to the latest census) more than one hundred and ten million people.
• Tatars of several groups, reaching 5.4 million people.
• Ukrainians number two million. The bulk of the Ukrainian people live on the territory of Ukraine; in Russia, representatives of this people appeared in the course of historical development in the pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and modern periods.
• Bashkirs, another nomadic people in the past. Their number is 1.6 million people.
• Chuvash, residents of the Volga region - 1.4 million.
• Chechens, one of the peoples of the Caucasus, - 1.4 million, etc.

There are other peoples of similar numbers who played an important role in the past and, possibly, the future of the country.

Small nations of Russia

How many small nations live on the territory of Russia? There are many such ethnic groups in the country, but they are poorly represented in the total population because they are very few in number. To these national groups belong to the peoples of the Finno-Ugric, Samoyed, Turkic, Sino-Tibetan groups. Particularly small are the Kereks (a tiny people - only four people), the Vod people (sixty-four people), the Enets (two hundred and seventy-seven), the Ults (almost three hundred people), the Chulyms (a little more than three and a half hundred), the Aleuts (almost half a thousand) , Negidals (just over five hundred), Orochi (almost six hundred). For all of them, the problem of survival is a pressing and everyday issue.

Map of the peoples of Russia

In addition to the strong dispersion in the size of the national composition of Russia and the inability of many ethnic groups in modern times to maintain their numbers independently, there is also the problem of distribution within the country. The population of Russia is distributed very heterogeneously, which is caused primarily by economic incentives both in the historical past and in the present.

The bulk is in the area between Baltic St. Petersburg, Siberian Krasnoyarsk, Black Sea Novorossiysk and the Far Eastern Primorsky Territory, where all the big cities lie. The reasons for this are the good climate and favorable economic background. To the north of this territory there is permafrost caused by eternal cold, and to the south there are vast expanses of lifeless desert.

In terms of population density, one of the last places in the modern world received Siberia. Its vast territory is home to less than 30 million inhabitants. This represents only 20% of the country's total population. While in its vast area Siberia reaches three-quarters of the expanses of Russia. The most densely populated areas are the directions Derbent - Sochi and Ufa - Moscow.

In the Far East, a significant population density runs along the entire length of the Trans-Siberian Highway. Increased standards of population density are also observed in the Kuznechny coal basin region. All these areas attract Russians with their economic and natural wealth.

The most big nations countries: Russian, in to a lesser extent Tatars and Ukrainians are mainly located in the southwest of the state. Ukrainians today are mostly located on the territory of the Chukotka Peninsula and in the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, in the distant Magadan region.

Other small peoples of the Slavic ethnic group, such as the Poles and Bulgarians, do not create large compact groups and are scattered throughout the country. The Polish population is found in a fairly compact group only in the Omsk region.

Tatars

The number of Tatars living in Russia, as noted above, exceeded the level of three percent of the total Russian population. About a third of them live compactly in the region of the Russian Federation called the Republic of Tatarstan. Group settlements exist in the Volga regions, in the far north, etc.

A significant part of the Tatars are supporters of Sunni Islam. Individual groups Tatars have differences in language, culture and way of life. Mutual language is within Turkic group Altai languages language family, it has three dialects: Mishar (western), the more widespread Kazan (middle), and the slightly distant Siberian-Tatar (eastern). In Tatarstan, this language appears as an official one.

Ukrainians

One of the many East Slavic peoples is the Ukrainians. More than forty million Ukrainians live in their historical homeland. In addition, significant diasporas exist not only in Russia, but also in the countries of Europe and America.

Ukrainians living in Russia, including labor migrants, number about five million people. A significant number of them are located in cities. Particularly large groups of this ethnic group are located in the capital, in oil- and gas-bearing regions of Siberia, the Far North, etc.

Belarusians

IN modern Russia Belarusians, taking into account their total number in the world, constitute a large number of. As the 2010 census of the Russian population shows, there are a little more than half a million Belarusians living in Russia. A significant proportion of white people are located in the capitals, as well as in a number of regions, for example in Karelia and the Kaliningrad region.

In the pre-revolutionary years, a large number of Belarusians moved to Siberia and the Far East, and later national administrative units existed there. By the end of the eighties, there were more than one million Belarusians on the territory of the RSFSR. Nowadays, their number has been halved, but it is obvious that the Belarusian stratum in Russia will be preserved.

Armenians

There are quite a lot of Armenians living in Russia, although according to different sources, their number differs. Thus, according to the 2010 census, there were slightly more than one million people in Russia, that is, less than one percent of the total population. According to the assumptions of Armenian public organizations, the number of the Armenian stratum in the country at the beginning of the twentieth century exceeded two and a half million people. And Russian President V.V. Putin, speaking about the number of Armenians in Russia, voiced the figure of three million people.

In any case, Armenians play a serious role in social and cultural life Russia. Thus, Armenians work in the Russian government (Chilingarov, Bagdasarov, etc.), in show business (I. Allegrova, V. Dobrynin, etc.), and in other fields of activity. There are regional organizations of the Union of Armenians of Russia in sixty-three regions of Russia.

Germans

The Germans living in Russia are representatives of an ethnic group that has experienced a contradictory and in some ways even tragic history. Migrating en masse in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries at the invitation of the Russian government, they mainly settled in the Volga region and the western and southern provinces of the Russian Empire. Life on good lands was easy, but in the twentieth century historical events hit the Germans hard. First the First World War, then the Great Patriotic War led to mass repression. In the fifties and eighties of the last century, the history of this ethnic group was hushed up. It is not for nothing that the mass migration of Germans began in the nineties, the number of which, according to some sources, barely exceeds half a million.

True, in recent years, episodic re-evacuations from Europe to Russia have begun, but so far they have not reached large proportions.

Jews

It is difficult to say how many Jews currently live in Russia due to their active migration both to Israel and back to the Russian state. In the historical past there were many Jews in our country - in Soviet era several million. But with the collapse of the USSR and significant migration to their historical homeland, their number decreased. Now, according to public Jewish organizations, there are approximately one million Jews in Russia, half of them are residents of the capital.

Yakuts

It's Turkic enough numerous people, the indigenous population of the region adapted to local conditions.

How many Yakuts are there in Russia? According to the 2010 All-Russian Census of the Domestic Population, there were slightly less than half a million people, mainly in Yakutia and surrounding regions. The Yakuts are the largest (about half the population) people and the most significant of the indigenous peoples of Russian Siberia.

In the traditional economy and material culture of this people there are many close similarities with the pastoralists of southern Asia. On the territory of the Middle Lena, a version of the Yakut economy was formed, combining nomadic cattle breeding and the most important extensive types of fisheries (meat and fish production), similar to the local one. In the north of the region there is also a distinctive form of harness reindeer herding.

Reasons for resettlement

Story ethnic composition population of Russia in the course of its development is extremely ambiguous. The accelerated settlement of the Russian state by Ukrainians occurred back in the Middle Ages. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, according to instructions government agencies settlers from the southern lands headed east to develop new territories. After some time, representatives of social classes from different regions began to be sent there.

Representatives of the intelligentsia voluntarily moved to St. Petersburg in an era when this city had the status of the capital of the state. Nowadays, Ukrainians make up the largest number of people in Russia ethnic group after, of course, the Russians.

At the other pole are representatives of small nations. The Kereks, who have the smallest numbers, are in particular danger. According to the latest census, there are only four representatives left, although fifty years ago there were only one hundred Kerek people. The leading languages ​​for these people are Chukchi and common Russian; native Kerek is found only in the form of the usual passive language. The Kereks, in terms of their level of culture and ordinary daily activities, are very close to the Chukchi people, which is why they were in constant assimilation with them.

Problems and future

The ethnic composition of the Russian population will undoubtedly develop in the future. IN modern conditions The revival of ethnographic traditions and the culture of peoples is clearly visible. However, the development of ethnic groups experiences a number of problems:

• poor fertility and gradual decline of most peoples;
• globalization, and at the same time the influence of culture and life large nations(Russian and Anglo-Saxon);
• general economic problems that undermine the economic base of peoples, and so on.

Much in such a situation depends on the national governments themselves, including the Russian one, and on global opinion.

But I want to believe that the small peoples of Russia will further develop and grow in size in the coming centuries.