How to beat the Vulcan casino with real schemes. The structure of volcanoes

Winning scheme at Vulcan Casino

Hello friends! Do you want to know how I raise 10,000 - 20,000 rubles every day without risks? Then read my review about the Vulcan casino, in which I will clearly show my winning scheme absolutely FREE, which I have been using for more than six months!

In the photo above (sorry for the quality) I raised 12,800 rubles from 2,000 rubles invested. In life, I don’t like to take a lot of risks, that’s why I play at the minimum bet and with a cool head, which is what I advise you to do! During the game, let’s take Crazy Monkey as an example, I constantly change the number of lines and the bet, which makes it possible to throw off the algorithms of the robot that gives out winnings (read on, I’ll explain in more detail below). I think that you all understand perfectly well that any casino will not exist at a loss, so it builds the program system in such a way that there are much fewer winners and losers. But nevertheless, the program MUST allow you to win according to a special algorithm, which was once known only to the casino itself, otherwise the casino will lose interest in itself.

I have 2 higher educations and both are in mathematics. For a very long time I worked with programs of this type, which are encrypted based on CC Hybrdum S6. Every year they try to modernize this program, but they still manage to solve it, which is exactly what I manage to do too.

The scheme is updated approximately once every six months, therefore, from today, September 3, 2018, you have 5-6 months to earn the life of your dreams with the help of the Vulcan casino. Until today, I really didn’t want to share this secret, because I was afraid that the casino would close this shop.

My background:

My name is Dmitry. I myself come from the city of Blagoveshchensk. Born into a poor family of a Mathematics teacher and a road worker. Since childhood, I wanted to get out of this poverty, since there was no money even for travel. It was insulting and shameful in front of my classmates, who were always neat, and I wore my father’s old clothes. Since childhood, my mother taught me mathematics in depth. Thanks to this, I, in principle, now know how to solve the programs used in casinos. After school I went to Moscow and entered Moscow State University. Already there I was interested in the types of machines used in casinos. Then, after graduating from university, I entered a second higher education, but in St. Petersburg, where I was invited to work at the Vulcan casino to develop programs. Well, here it’s easy to guess where I understand all these programs and predict their actions. After working there for 5 years, I had a fight with my boss and quit. Then I worked for Gazprom for half a year and at the same time I was thinking about how I could teach a lesson to the very same casino that had so ungratefully cheated me out. And literally in a week I developed a scheme and understood how to beat them. This is where my story of constantly winning in online casinos began...

How long will the Vulcan Casino winning scheme last?

Many of you are very interested in this issue, since everyone wants to make money forever on this working scheme. And I will tell you that this is quite real. As long as casinos exist, there will be schemes, it’s just that these schemes are rarely shared openly. The schemes, as I said, last for about half a year, then you have to solve everything all over again, but the algorithms themselves are approximately similar to each other.

I will share this scheme absolutely FREE to gain positive feedback about my work. You have a chance to try my scheme in action and make good money every day. You will be able to close all your debts, pay off loans, mortgages, and finally buy the car of your dreams! But to do this, you will need to thoroughly study this earning scheme at the Vulcan casino.

As soon as the scheme stops working, I will definitely solve a new scheme in a few days, but I will only provide it on a paid basis. If you manage to raise a good cache using the method of earning money, which I will describe below, then you will not have any financial difficulties buying new schemes, the only question is the desire to earn money on an ongoing basis.

Why is the winning scheme at the Vulcan casino, and not at any other?

I have repeatedly heard this question from my friends, to whom I told about my way of earning money. The fact is that Vulcan has been on the casino market for a long time. It really won my trust, since I can withdraw money from it without any problems. Other casinos give a smaller percentage of winners, which complicates the work of the winning script, which I will talk about today.

Why play at the Vulcan casino online if you can come to a real casino?

Firstly, it is now very difficult to find a legal casino in any city, since all casinos and slot machines have now been banned. There are only state ones left, but there’s not a lot to gain there. Therefore, all major casinos have begun to develop on the Internet; Vulcan occupies a leading position in this regard. Secondly, if you use my winning scheme in a casino where employees of this establishment work, you will very quickly be exposed, since you will constantly withdraw money from the cash register. Naturally, the casino owner will not like this situation at all; he will definitely track how you constantly win and simply add you to the blacklist and you will never enter there again. But on the Internet, at least in the Vulcan casino, there are no such problems!

What if the casino does not allow me to withdraw my earned money?

This, by the way, is the most common among beginners who want to make money by playing games on machines. Let me tell you that I have never had problems with withdrawing my earned money. My colleagues also regularly share their achievements with me and say that the Vulcan casino does not and never had any problems with this. But they make mistakes about other companies, like “Azino THREE Axes” and the like, in short, companies that are new to this market. And of course, the competition factor comes into play here and sometimes rumors are spread about problems with the withdrawal of funds. So don't worry, everything will be fine.

But the state won’t take care of me if I regularly withdraw a lot of money?

Thank God we live in a huge country in which every corner is not yet monitored. So at the moment no one will bother you. But I highly recommend getting yourself several cards from different banks and e-wallets. And withdraw your winnings evenly to them. This will give you a 100% guarantee that the tax office will not bother you. Now, if you withdraw more than 1 million rubles a month to the same card, for example, from Sberbank, every month, then they can block the card and start checking it.

In short, when you start shoveling money, you will also find ways to withdraw money...

Where to start to make money at the Vulcan casino?

1. Go to the official website and register

2. Next, select a game and learn the interface using the demo version. I’ll say right away that the demo version works like a lure using a different script and allows absolutely everyone to win, so my method doesn’t work in the demo. But in order to practice at least a little, you must go through this stage!

3. Study absolutely all the buttons, tips, and preferably even play different games presented by the casino itself. But don’t play too much in free games, otherwise you’ll get used to the freebies and won’t even try my secret for getting real money from an online slot machine.

Well, now the most important thing, I will show you my scheme for winning at the Vulcan casino:

1. We put 2000 rubles on deposit
2. Open the game Crazy Monkey for money
3. We start with a bet of 100 and 5 lines and roll along it
4. Next we move to 7 lines with a bet of 140, roll a little
5. Then on 9 lines with a bet of 180
6. We receive a bonus
7. If we raise more than the initial deposit by 2 - 2.5 times, then we withdraw this amount, if not, we continue to roll
8. After we have fixed the amount, we start the game again according to the same scheme and so on until the winning amount is 10,000 - 20,000 rubles per day, then the program will not let you win, this is 100% tested by me many times.
9. The next day we do the same thing
10. Remember that the main thing here is to stop in time, since the program will not allow you to win more than 2 - 2.5 times

And here is my video example to illustrate the diagram:

Other games have their own schemes and more profitable schemes that can make you a miller in one game! BUT if you are a beginner and have no experience in such games and have not sharpened your emotional background for this game, then for now you need to earn extra money using the diagram above. And only then, if you write me good comments, I’ll post more impressive diagrams.

As soon as you master the scheme, I ask you - don’t lose your head, work hard every day, earn money while fate gives you this chance, don’t waste it on any bullshit, especially don’t drink, don’t take drugs, set yourself a goal, find a big dream , for example, a good property, a cool car, a tidy sum in a bank account. And you will be happy.

I know a couple of bad examples among my friends who raised 100,000 rubles in a week and simply wasted this money on all sorts of nonsense. As a result, the money ran out, they still made money using this method, again they spent the money on booze, girls, saunas, and then the scheme stopped working... And they run to me, ahhh Dimon, help, please. And I give them 50 thousand rubles for the information of a new script. And naturally, they didn’t have this money. But I just don’t want to give it to them anymore, because they flush the money down the toilet. You can’t give such people chances, because they don’t deserve it. Don’t be like that and I will definitely help you in the future!

And I repeat once again - the most important thing is to play with a cool head, do everything carefully and not try to immediately raise x10. While you have little experience, you will not be able to raise large sums, but you can make 10 - 20 thousand rubles net per day without any problems.

Conclusion: this scheme will work for me, you and other players until the algorithm changes; you have at least half a year to raise a tidy sum. Further, if you want to raise your capital, I will share the following working scheme, but for money. The main thing is to do everything wisely and take your time. It's a win-win option if you follow my instructions for the winning scheme at Vulcan Casino! I wish you good luck and a wonderful life!

The ancient Romans, watching black smoke and fire bursting into the sky from the top of the mountain, believed that before them was the entrance to hell or to the domain of Vulcan, the god of blacksmithing and fire. In honor of him, fire-breathing mountains are still called volcanoes.

In this article we will figure out what the structure of the volcano is and look into its crater.

Active and extinct volcanoes

There are many volcanoes on Earth, both dormant and active. The eruption of each of them can last days, months, or even years (for example, the Kilauea volcano, located in the Hawaiian archipelago, awoke back in 1983 and its activity still does not stop). After which the craters of volcanoes are able to freeze for several decades, only to then remind of themselves again with a new eruption.

Although, of course, there are also geological formations whose work was completed in the distant past. Many of them still retain the shape of a cone, but there is no information about exactly how their eruption occurred. Such volcanoes are considered extinct. As an example, Kazbek can be cited, since ancient times covered with shining glaciers. And in Crimea and Transbaikalia there are heavily eroded and destroyed volcanoes that have completely lost their original shape.

What types of volcanoes are there?

Depending on the structure, activity and location, in geomorphology (the so-called science that studies the described geological formations) separate types of volcanoes are distinguished.

In general, they are divided into two main groups: linear and central. Although, of course, this division is very approximate, since most of them are classified as linear tectonic faults in the earth’s crust.

In addition, there are also shield-shaped and dome structures of volcanoes, as well as so-called cinder cones and stratovolcanoes. By activity they are defined as active, dormant or extinct, and by location - as terrestrial, underwater and subglacial.

How do linear volcanoes differ from central ones?

Linear (fissure) volcanoes, as a rule, do not rise high above the surface of the earth - they have the appearance of cracks. The structure of volcanoes of this type includes long supply channels associated with deep splits in the earth's crust, from which liquid magma of basaltic composition flows. It spreads in all directions and, when solidified, forms lava covers that erase forests, fill depressions, and destroy rivers and villages.

In addition, during the explosion of a linear volcano, explosive ditches may appear on the earth's surface, extending several tens of kilometers. In addition, the structure of the volcanoes along the fissures is decorated with gentle shafts, lava fields, spatter and flat wide cones, radically changing the landscape. By the way, the main component of Iceland's relief is lava plateaus, which arose in this way.

If the composition of the magma turns out to be more acidic (increased content of silicon dioxide), then extrusive (i.e. squeezed out) shafts with a loose composition grow around the mouth of the volcano.

The structure of central type volcanoes

A central type volcano is a cone-shaped geological formation, which is crowned on top by a crater - a depression shaped like a funnel or bowl. It, by the way, gradually moves upward as the volcanic structure itself grows, and its size can be completely different and measured in both meters and kilometers.

A vent leads deep into the crater, through which magma rises up into the crater. Magma is a molten fiery mass that has a predominantly silicate composition. It is born in the earth's crust, where its hearth is located, and having risen to the top, it pours out onto the surface of the earth in the form of lava.

An eruption is usually accompanied by the release of small sprays of magma, which form ash and gases, which, interestingly, are 98% water. They are joined by various impurities in the form of flakes of volcanic ash and dust.

What determines the shape of volcanoes

The shape of a volcano largely depends on the composition and viscosity of the magma. Easily mobile basaltic magma forms shield (or shield-like) volcanoes. They tend to be flat in shape and have a large circumference. An example of these types of volcanoes is the geological formation located in the Hawaiian Islands and called Mauna Loa.

Cinder cones are the most common type of volcano. They are formed during the eruption of large fragments of porous slag, which, piling up, build a cone around the crater, and their small parts form sloping slopes. Such a volcano grows higher with each eruption. An example is the Plosky Tolbachik volcano that exploded in December 2012 in Kamchatka.

Structural features of dome and stratovolcanoes

And the famous Etna, Fuji and Vesuvius are examples of stratovolcanoes. They are also called layered, since they are formed by periodically erupting lava (viscous and quickly solidifying) and pyroclastic matter, which is a mixture of hot gas, hot stones and ash.

As a result of such emissions, these types of volcanoes have sharp cones with concave slopes, in which these deposits alternate. And lava flows from them not only through the main crater, but also from cracks, solidifying on the slopes and forming ribbed corridors that serve as support for this geological formation.

Dome volcanoes are formed with the help of viscous granite magma, which does not flow down the slopes, but solidifies at the top, forming a dome, which, like a cork, plugs the vent and is expelled by gases accumulated under it over time. An example of such a phenomenon is the dome that forms over Mount St. Helens in the northwestern United States (it formed in 1980).

What is a caldera

The central volcanoes described above are usually cone-shaped. But sometimes, during an eruption, the walls of such a volcanic structure collapse, and calderas are formed - huge depressions that can reach a depth of thousands of meters and a diameter of up to 16 km.

From what was said earlier, you remember that the structure of volcanoes includes a huge vent through which molten magma rises during an eruption. When all the magma is on top, a huge void appears inside the volcano. It is precisely into this that the top and walls of a volcanic mountain can fall, forming on the earth’s surface vast cauldron-shaped depressions with a relatively flat bottom, bordered by the remains of the crash.

The largest caldera today is the Toba caldera, located in (Indonesia) and completely covered with water. The lake formed in this way has very impressive dimensions: 100/30 km and a depth of 500 m.

What are fumaroles?

Volcanic craters, their slopes, foothills, and the crust of cooled lava flows are often covered with cracks or holes from which hot gases dissolved in the magma escape. They are called fumaroles.

As a rule, thick white steam billows over large holes because magma, as already mentioned, contains a lot of water. But besides this, fumaroles also serve as a source of release of carbon dioxide, all kinds of sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen halides and other chemical compounds that can be very dangerous for humans.

By the way, volcanologists believe that the fumaroles included in the structure of the volcano make it safer, since gases find a way out and do not accumulate in the depths of the mountain to form a bubble that will eventually push the lava to the surface.

Such a volcano includes the famous one, which is located near Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The smoke billowing above it can be seen tens of kilometers away in clear weather.

Volcanic bombs are also part of the structure of Earth's volcanoes

If a long-dormant volcano explodes, then during the eruption the so-called volcanoes fly out of its crater. They consist of fused rocks or fragments of lava frozen in the air and can weigh several tons. Their shape depends on the composition of the lava.

For example, if lava is liquid and does not have time to cool sufficiently in the air, a volcanic bomb that falls to the ground turns into a cake. And low-viscosity basaltic lavas rotate in the air, thereby taking on a twisted shape or becoming like a spindle or pear. Viscous - andesitic - pieces of lava after falling become like a bread crust (they are round or multifaceted and covered with a network of cracks).

The diameter of a volcanic bomb can reach seven meters, and these formations are found on the slopes of almost all volcanoes.

Types of volcanic eruptions

As N.V. Koronovsky pointed out in the book “Fundamentals of Geology,” which examines the structure of volcanoes and types of eruptions, all types of volcanic structures are formed as a result of various eruptions. Among them, 6 types stand out in particular.

When did the most famous volcanic eruptions occur?

The years of volcanic eruptions can, perhaps, be considered serious milestones in the history of mankind, because at this time the weather changed, a huge number of people died, and even entire civilizations were erased from the Earth (for example, as a result of the eruption of a giant volcano, the Minoan civilization died in 15 or 16 century BC).

In 79 AD e. Vesuvius erupted near Naples, burying the cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabia and Oplontium under a seven-meter layer of ash, leading to the death of thousands of inhabitants.

In 1669, several eruptions of Mount Etna, as well as in 1766, of Mayon Volcano (Philippines) led to terrible destruction and the death of many thousands of people under lava flows.

In 1783, the Laki volcano exploded in Iceland, causing a drop in temperature that led to crop failure and famine in Europe in 1784.

And on the island of Sumbawa, who woke up in 1815, the next year left the entire Earth without a summer, lowering the world temperature by 2.5 °C.

In 1991, a volcano in the Philippines also temporarily lowered it with its explosion, albeit by 0.5 °C.

A volcanic eruption is a phenomenon that clearly illustrates the power of nature and human helplessness. Volcanoes can be at the same time majestic, deadly, mysterious and at the same time very picturesque and even useful. Today we will analyze in detail the formation and structure of the volcano, and also get acquainted with many other interesting facts on this topic.

What is a volcano?

A volcano is a geological formation that arises at the site of a fracture in the earth’s crust and erupts a number of products: lava, ash, flammable gases, rock fragments. When our planet was just beginning to exist, it was almost completely covered with volcanoes. Now there are several areas on Earth in which the majority of volcanoes are concentrated. All of them are located along tectonically active areas and major faults.

Magma and plates

What does the flammable liquid that erupts from a volcano consist of? It is a mixture of molten rock, with clumps of more refractory rocks and gas bubbles. To understand where lava comes from, you need to remember the structure of the earth's crust. Volcanoes should be considered as the last link of a large system.

So, the Earth consists of many different layers, which are grouped into three so-called mega-layers: core, mantle, crust. Humans live on the outer surface of the crust, its thickness can vary from 5 km under the oceans to 70 km under land. It seems that this is a very respectable thickness, but if you compare it with the dimensions of the Earth, the bark resembles the skin on an apple.

Beneath the outer crust is the thickest mega-layer - the mantle. It has a high temperature, but practically does not melt or spread, because the pressure inside the planet is very high. Sometimes the mantle does melt, forming magma that pushes its way through the Earth's crust. In 1960, scientists created a revolutionary theory that tectonic plates cover the Earth. According to this theory, the lithosphere, a rigid material consisting of the crust and the upper layer of the mantle, is divided into seven large and several smaller plates. They slowly drift along the surface of the mantle, “lubricated” by the asthenosphere - a soft layer. What happens at the junction of the plates is the main reason for the release of magma. Where the plates meet, there are several options for how they interact.

Separating the plates from each other

At the point where the two plates move apart, a ridge forms. This can happen both on land and under water. The resulting gap is filled with asthenosphere deposits. Since the pressure here is low, a solid surface is formed at the same level. As the rising magma cools, it solidifies and creates a crust.

One slab goes under another

If, upon impact of the plates, one of them went under the other and plunged into the mantle, a huge depression is formed in this place. As a rule, this can be found at the bottom of the ocean. When the hard edge of the plate is pushed into the mantle, it heats up and melts.

The bark is crushed

This happens when, when tectonic plates strike, none of them finds a place under the other. As a result of this interaction of plates, mountains are formed. This process does not involve volcanic activity. Over time, a mountain range that formed at the junction of plates creeping towards each other can grow, unnoticed by humans.

Formation of volcanoes

Most volcanoes form in places where one tectonic plate has subducted under another. When the solid edge melts in the magma, it increases in volume. Therefore, the molten rock tends upward with enormous force. If the pressure reaches a sufficient level, or the hot mixture finds a crack in the bark, it is released outward. In this case, the flowing magma (or rather, lava) forms a cone-shaped structure of volcanoes. What structure a volcano has and how intensely it erupts depends on the composition of the magma and other factors.

Sometimes magma comes out right in the middle of the plate. Excessive activity of magma is caused by its overheating. The mantle material gradually melts through the well, and creates a hot spot under a certain area of ​​the earth's surface. From time to time, magma breaks through the crust and an eruption occurs. The hot spot itself is motionless, which cannot be said about tectonic plates. Therefore, over millennia, a “row of dead volcanoes” forms in such places. In a similar way, Hawaiian volcanoes were created, the age of which, according to researchers, reaches 70 million years. Now let's look at the structure of the volcano. The photo will help us with this.

What is a volcano made of?

As you can see in the photo above, the structure of the volcano is very simple. The main components of a volcano are: hearth, vent, and crater. A chamber is a place where excess magma is formed. Hot magma rises up the vent. Thus, the vent is a channel connecting the hearth and the surface of the earth. It is formed by magma solidifying along the way and narrows as it approaches the Earth's surface. And finally, a crater is a bowl-shaped depression on the surface of a volcano. The diameter of the crater can reach several kilometers. Thus, the internal structure of the volcano is somewhat more complex than the external one, but there is nothing special about it.

Eruption force

In some volcanoes, magma oozes so slowly that you can easily walk on them. But there are also volcanoes, the eruption of which in a matter of minutes destroys everything in its path, within a radius of several kilometers. The severity of the eruption is determined by the composition of the magma and the internal gas pressure. A very impressive amount of gas dissolves in magma. When the pressure of the rocks begins to exceed the vapor pressure of the gas, it expands and forms bubbles called vesicles. They try to free themselves and blow up the rock. After the eruption, some of the bubbles solidify in the magma, resulting in the formation of porous rock from which pumice is made.

The nature of the eruption also depends on the viscosity of the magma. As you know, viscosity is the ability to resist flow. It is the opposite of fluidity. If the magma is highly viscous, the gas bubbles will have a hard time escaping and will push more rock upward, resulting in a violent eruption. When the magma's viscosity is low, gas is released from it quickly, so lava is not ejected as forcefully. Typically, the viscosity of magma depends on its silicon content. The gas content in magma also plays an important role. The larger it is, the stronger the eruption will be. The amount of gas in magma depends on the rocks that make up it. The structure of volcanoes does not affect the destructive power of the eruption.

The majority of eruptions occur in stages. Each stage has its own degree of destruction. If the viscosity of the magma and the content of gases in it are low, then the lava will slowly flow along the ground with a minimum number of explosions. Lava flows can harm local nature and infrastructure, but due to their low speed, they are not dangerous to people. Otherwise, the volcano intensively releases magma into the air. An eruption column typically consists of flammable gas, solid volcanic material and ash. At the same time, the lava moves rapidly, destroying everything in its path. And a cloud forms above the volcano, the diameter of which can reach hundreds of kilometers. These are the consequences that volcanoes can cause.

Types, structure of calderas and bench domes

Hearing about a volcanic eruption, a person immediately imagines a conical mountain with orange lava flowing from the top. This is a classic diagram of the structure of a volcano. But in fact, such a concept as a volcano describes a much wider range of geological phenomena. Therefore, in principle, any place on Earth where certain rocks are ejected from the interior of the planet to the outside can be called a volcano.

The structure of the volcano, described above, is the most common, but not the only one. There are also calderas and bench domes.

A caldera differs from a crater in its enormous size (the diameter can reach several tens of kilometers). Volcanic calderas arise for two reasons: explosive volcanic eruptions, the collapse of rocks into a cavity freed from magma.

Collapse calderas occur in places where there has been a massive eruption of lava, resulting in the complete release of the magma chamber. The shell formed above this void collapses over time, and a huge crater appears, within which the birth of a new volcano is quite likely. One of the most famous collapse calderas is Crater Caldera in Oregon. It was formed 7700 years ago. Its width is about 8 km. Over time, the caldera filled with melt and rain water, forming a picturesque lake.

Explosion calderas are formed in a slightly different way. A large magma chamber rises to the surface; it cannot seep out due to the dense earth's crust. The magma is compressed, and when the gases expand due to a drop in pressure in the “reservoir,” a huge explosion occurs, which entails the formation of a large cavity in the Earth.

As for shop domes, they form when the pressure is not enough to break the ground rocks. This creates a bulge at the top of the volcano, which can grow larger over time. This is how interesting the structure of a volcano can be. Pictures of some calderas look more like an oasis than a place where an eruption once occurred - a destructive process for all living things.

How many volcanoes are there on Earth?

We already know the structure of volcanoes, now let’s talk about the situation with volcanoes today. There are more than 500 active volcanoes on our planet. Somewhere the same number are considered sleeping. A large number of volcanoes are considered dead. This division is considered very subjective. The criterion for determining the activity of a volcano is the date of the last eruption. It is generally accepted that if the last eruption occurred during the historical period (the time when people keep records of events), then the volcano is active. If this happened outside the historical period, but earlier than 10,000 years ago, then the volcano is considered dormant. And finally, those volcanoes that have not erupted for the last 10,000 years are called extinct.

Of the 500 active volcanoes, 10 erupt daily. Typically these eruptions are not large enough to endanger human life. However, large eruptions occasionally occur. Over the past two centuries there have been 19 of them. A little more than 1000 people died in them.

Benefits of volcanoes

It’s hard to believe, but such a terrible phenomenon as a volcano can be useful. Volcanic products, due to their unique properties, find application in many areas of human activity.

The most ancient use of volcanic rock is construction. The famous French Cathedral of Clermont-Ferrand is built entirely from dark lava. Basalt, which is part of the igneous material, is often used in paving roads. Small lava particles are used in concrete production and for water filtration. Pumice serves as an excellent sound insulator. Its particles are also included in the composition of stationery erasers and some types of toothpaste.

Volcanoes erupt many metals valuable for industry: copper, iron, zinc. Sulfur collected from volcanic products is used to make matches, dyes and fertilizers. Hot water, obtained naturally or artificially from geysers, produces electricity at special geothermal stations. Diamonds, gold, opal, amethyst and topaz are often found in volcanoes.

Passing through volcanic rock, the water is saturated with sulfur, carbon dioxide and silica, which help with asthma and respiratory diseases. At thermal stations, patients not only drink healing water, but also swim in separate springs, take mud baths and undergo additional treatment.

Conclusion

Today we discussed such a fascinating issue as the formation and structure of volcanoes. Summarizing the above, we can say that volcanoes arise due to the movement of tectonic plates, and represent emissions of magma, which, in turn, is the molten mantle. Thus, when considering volcanoes, it would be useful to remember the structure of the Earth. Volcanoes consist of a chamber, a vent and a crater. They can be both destructive and beneficial for various areas of industry.

In ancient times, volcanoes were the tools of the gods. Nowadays, they pose a serious danger to populated areas and entire countries. Not a single weapon in the world has been given such power on our planet - to conquer and pacify a raging volcano.

Now the media, cinema and some writers are fantasizing about the future events of the famous park, the location of which is known to almost everyone who is interested in modern geography - we are talking about a national park in the state of Wyoming. Undoubtedly, the most famous supervolcano in world history of the last two years is Yellowstone.

What is a volcano

For many decades, literature, especially in fantasy stories, has attributed magical properties to the mountain, which is capable of spewing fire. The most famous novel that described an active volcano is “The Lord of the Rings” (where it was called “the lonely mountain”). The professor was right about this phenomenon.

No one can look at mountain ranges up to several hundred meters high without respecting the ability of our planet to create such magnificent and dangerous natural objects. These giants have a special charm that can be called magic.

So, if we discard the fantasies of writers and the folklore of our ancestors, then everything will become simpler. From the point of view of geographical definition: a volcano (vulkan) is a rupture in the crust of any planetary mass, in our case the Earth, due to which volcanic ash and gas accumulated under pressure along with magma escape from the magma chamber, which is located under the solid surface. At this moment an explosion occurs.

Causes

From the very first moments, the Earth was a volcanic field, on which trees, oceans, fields and rivers subsequently appeared. Therefore, volcanism accompanies modern life.

How do they arise? On planet earth, the main cause of formation is the earth's crust. The fact is that above the earth’s core there is a liquid part of the planet (magma), which is always moving. It is thanks to this phenomenon that there is a magnetic field on the surface - natural protection from solar radiation.

However, the earth's surface itself, although solid, is not solid, but is divided into seventeen large tectonic plates. As they move, they converge and diverge; it is because of the movement that ruptures occur at the places where the plates touch, and this is how volcanoes arise. It is not at all necessary that this happens on continents; at the bottom of many oceans there are also similar gaps.

Structure of the volcano

A similar object forms on the surface as lava cools. It is impossible to see what is hidden under many tons of rock. However, thanks to volcanologists and scientists, it is possible to imagine how it works.

A drawing of a similar representation is seen by high school students on the pages of a geography textbook.

The structure of the “fire” mountain itself is simple and in cross-section looks like this:

• crater - tip;
• vent – ​​a cavity inside a mountain through which magma rises;
• magma chamber - a pocket at the base.

Depending on the type and form of formation of the volcano, some structural element may be missing. This option is classic, and many volcanoes should be considered in this context.

Types of volcanoes

The classification is applicable in two directions: by type and form. Since the movement of lithospheric plates is different, the rate of cooling of magma varies.

Let's first look at the types:

• active;
• sleeping;
• extinct.

Volcanoes come in different forms:

The classification would not be complete if we did not take into account the relief forms of the volcano crater:

• caldera;
• volcanic plugs;
• lava plateau;
• tuff cones.

Eruption

An ancient force, like the planet itself, that can rewrite the history of an entire country is an eruption. There are several factors that make such an event on earth the deadliest for residents of some cities. It is better not to get into a situation where a volcano is erupting.

On average, 50 to 60 eruptions occur on the planet in one year. At the time of writing, about 20 ruptures are flooding the surrounding area with lava.

The algorithm of actions may change, but this depends on the accompanying weather conditions.

In any case, the eruption occurs in four stages:

1. Silence. Large eruptions show that it is generally quiet until the first explosion occurs. There is nothing to indicate the coming danger. A series of small tremors can only be measured by instruments.
2. Lava ejection and pyroclastite. A deadly mixture of gas and ash at a temperature of 100 degrees (reaches 800) Celsius is capable of destroying all life within a radius of hundreds of kilometers. An example is the eruption of Mount Helens in May of the eighties of the last century. Lava, the temperature of which can reach one and a half thousand degrees during an eruption, killed all living things at a distance of six hundred kilometers.
3. Lahar. If you are unlucky, it may rain at the eruption site, as happened in the Philippines. In such situations, a continuous stream is formed consisting of 20% water, the remaining 80% rock, ash and pumice.
4. "Concrete". The conventional name is the hardening of magma and ash caught under a rain stream. A similar mixture destroyed more than one city.

The eruption is an extremely dangerous phenomenon; over half a century it has killed more than twenty scientists and several hundred civilians. Right now (at the time of writing) the Hawaiian Kilauea continues to destroy the island.

The largest volcano in the world

Mauna Loa is the highest volcano on earth. It is located on the island of the same name (Hawaii) and rises 9 thousand meters from the ocean floor.

His last awakening took place in the year 84 of the last century. However, in 2004 he showed the first signs of awakening.

If there is the largest one, then there is also the smallest one?

Yes, it is located in Mexico in the town of Pueblo and is called Coshcomate, its height is only 13 meters.

Active volcanoes

If you open a world map, then with a sufficient level of knowledge you can find about 600 active volcanoes. About four hundred of them are found in the Pacific Ocean's "Ring of Fire."

Eruption of the Guatemalan volcano Fuego

Perhaps someone will be interested list of active volcanoes:

• on the territory of Guatemala - Fuego;
• on the Hawaiian Islands - Kilauea;
• within the border of Iceland – Lakagigar;
• in the Canary Islands - La Palma;
• on the Hawaiian Islands - Loihi;
• on the Antarctic island - Erebus;
• Greek Nisyros;
• Italian volcano Etna;
• on the Caribbean island of Montserrat – Soufrière Hills;
• Italian mountain in the Tyrrhenian Sea - Stromboli;
• and the most famous Italian - Mount Vesuvius.

Extinct volcanoes of the world

Volcanologists sometimes cannot say for sure whether a natural object is extinct or dormant. In most cases, zero activity of a particular mountain does not guarantee safety. More than once, giants that had fallen asleep for many years suddenly showed signs of activation. This happened with the volcano near the city of Manila, but there are many similar examples.

Mount Kilimanjaro

Below are just some of the extinct volcanoes known to our scientists:

• Kilimanjaro (Tanzania);
• Mt Warning (in Australia);
• Chaine des Puys (in France);
• Elbrus (Russia).

The most dangerous volcanoes in the world

The eruption of even a small volcano looks impressive, you just have to imagine what a monstrous force lurks there, in the depths of the mountain. However, there is clear data that volcanologists use.

Through long observations, a special classification of potentially dangerous volcanic mountains was created. The indicator determines the impact of the eruption on the surrounding areas.

The most powerful explosion can follow from the eruption of a mountain of colossal proportions. Volcanologists call this kind of “fire” mountains a supervolcano. On the activity scale, such formations should occupy a level of at least eight.

Volcano Taupo in New Zealand

There are four of these in total:

1. Indonesian supervolcano of Sumatra-Toba island.
2. Taupo is located in New Zealand.
3. Serra Galan in the Andean mountains.
4. Yellowstone in the North American park of the same name in Wyoming.

We have collected the most interesting facts:

• the largest (in terms of duration) is the eruption of Pinatubo in 91 (20th century), which lasted more than a year and reduced the temperature of the earth by half a degree (Celsius);
• the mountain described above threw 5 km 3 of ash to a height of thirty-five kilometers;
• the largest explosion occurred in Alaska (1912), when the Novarupta volcano became active, reaching a level of six points on the VEI scale;
• the most dangerous is Kilauea, which has been erupting for thirty years since 1983. Currently active. Killed more than 100 people, over a thousand more remain at risk (2018);
• the deepest eruption to date occurred at a depth of 1200 meters - Mount West Mata, near the island of Fiji, Lau River basin;
• the temperature in a pyroclastic flow can be more than 500 degrees Celsius;
• The last supervolcano erupted on the planet about 74,000 years ago (Indonesia). Therefore, we can say that no person has ever experienced such a catastrophe;
• Klyuchevsky on the Kamchatka Peninsula is considered the largest active volcano in the Northern Hemisphere;
• ash and gases emitted by volcanoes can color sunsets;
• the volcano with the coldest lava (500 degrees) is called Ol Doinyo Langai and is located in Tanzania.

How many volcanoes are there on earth

There are not too many crustal ruptures in Russia. From a school geography course we know about Klyuchevsky volcano.

In addition to him, on the beautiful planet there are about six hundred active ones, as well as a thousand extinct and sleeping ones. It is difficult to determine the exact number, but their number does not exceed two thousand.

Conclusion

Humanity should respect nature and remember that it has more than one and a half thousand volcanoes in its arsenal. And let as few people as possible witness such a powerful phenomenon as an eruption.