List of modern youth subcultures. Types of subculture and their characteristics

Pakulenko Anastasia Yurievna, 11th grade

Abstract on social studies. The material can be used to study the topic “Culture and spiritual life of society.”

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MUNICIPAL BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATION

ESTABLISHMENT OF LYCEUM "RITHM"

Social studies section

ABSTRACT

« youth subculture and its role in modern society"

Completed by: student of class 11A

Pakulenko Anastasia Yurievna

Head: history and social studies teacher

Kuryakina Natalya Leonidovna

Khabarovsk

2012

Plan

1. Introduction

2. History of the term, meanings of the concept

3. Main characteristics of the youth subculture

4. Fandom and the emergence of youth subcultures

5. Examples of subcultures (musical subcultures)

5.1.Hippie

5.2. Rustmans

5.3. Metalheads

5.4.Punks

5.5.Gothic fashion

5.6.Emo

6.Japanese subcultures

6.1.Akibada-kei and anime culture

6.2.Cosplay

6.3.Visual kei

6.4.Gyaru (ganguro)

6.5.Fruits

7.Conclusion

Literature and sources

1. Introduction

Modern society is not homogeneous. Each person is a special microcosm, with his own interests, problems, concerns. But at the same time, many of us have similar interests and requests. Sometimes, in order to satisfy them, it is necessary to unite with other people, because together it is easier to achieve the goal. This is the social mechanism for the formation of subcultures - associations of people based on interests that do not contradict the values ​​of traditional culture, but complement it. And youth subcultures (which are often based on hobbies for various genres of music, sports, literature, etc.) are no exception.

Teenagers have always constituted a special socio-demographic group, but in our time a specific teenage culture has emerged, which, along with others social factors, plays a big role in the development of the modern teenager. Sociologists first addressed this issue in the 60s of the 20th century. In Russia, since the late 80s, the attention of researchers to youth subcultures has become more noticeable. IN last years Much more attention is paid to the youth subculture.

The purpose of my work: to consider the main characteristics and aspects of youth subcultures, highlight their features, show their interrelation and influence on the formation of fashion, tastes and worldviews of the younger generation. While working on the topic, I encountered a variety of positions and points of view of authors.

It was very interesting to work with Internet sources, the works of domestic and foreign sociologists and psychologists. I devoted an entire chapter in my work to Japanese musical subcultures, since they are very unique and unusual.

In my work, I mainly used articles from the magazine “Fashion Theory” (No. 10, 2008-2009) by authors Dick Hebdige, Dmitry Gromov, Joe Turn, Ann Pearson-Smith. I also found the lecture by sociology professor Dugin interesting. To prepare a presentation on this topic, I used Internet resources.

2.History of the term, meanings of the concept

In 1950, American sociologist David Reisman, in his research, introduced the concept of a subculture as a group of people who deliberately choose the style and values ​​​​preferred by a minority. A more thorough analysis of the phenomenon and concept of subculture was carried out byDick Habdigein his book Subculture: The Meaning of Style. In his opinion, subcultures attract people with similar tastes who are not satisfied with generally accepted standards and values.

Frenchman Michelle Mafessoliin his works he used the concept of “urban tribes” to designate youth subcultures.Victor Dolnik in the book " Naughty child of the biosphere" used the concept of "clubs".

In the USSR, the term “Informal youth associations” was used to designate members of youth subcultures, hence the slang word “informals" The slang word “party” is sometimes used to refer to a subcultural community.

Youth subculture is a system of values ​​and norms of behavior, tastes, forms of communication, different from the culture of adults and characterizing the life of adolescents and young people from about 10 to 20 years old.

The youth subculture received noticeable development in the 60s - 80s due to a number of reasons: extension of study periods, forced absence from work, acceleration. The youth subculture, being one of the institutions and a factor in the socialization of schoolchildren, plays a contradictory role and has an ambiguous impact on adolescents. On the one hand, it alienates and separates young people from the general culture of society; on the other hand, it contributes to the development of values, norms, and social roles.

Subcultural activity of young people depends on a number of factors:

1. From the level of education. For people with a lower level of education, for example, vocational school students, it is significantly higher than for university students.
2. From age. The peak of activity is 16-17 years old, by the age of 21-22 it drops noticeably.
3. From your place of residence. The movement of informals is more typical for the city than for the village, since it is the city with its abundance of social connections that provides a real opportunity to choose values ​​and forms of behavior.

The problem is that the values ​​and orientations of young people are limited mainly to the sphere of leisure: fashion, music, entertainment events, and often meaningless communication. The youth subculture is of an entertaining, recreational and consumer nature, rather than educational, constructive and creative.

In Russia, as throughout the world, it is guided by Western values: the American way of life in its lighter version, mass culture, and not by values national culture. The aesthetic tastes and preferences of schoolchildren are often quite primitive and are formed mainly by means of TV, music, etc. These tastes and values ​​are supported by periodicals and modern mass art, which has a demoralizing and dehumanizing effect.

The growth of amateur youth groups is associated with the characteristics of the mental development of the individual in adolescence and youth, when the active desire of young people to recognize their role in society manifests itself with an insufficiently formed social position, which is reflected in the craving for spontaneous group communication.

We are talking about the desire for self-organization, to assert one’s independence, characteristic of social maturation in adolescence and youth. This trend manifests itself in fashion in clothing, music, etc. Moreover, often these minor moments acquire special significance, reinforcing, on the one hand, the teenager’s sense of imaginary independence, and on the other, the desire to protest, sometimes even unconsciously.

3. Main characteristics of the youth subculture

For modern youth, rest and leisure are the leading form of life activity. Satisfaction with leisure now determines satisfaction with life in general. In the youth subculture there is no selectivity in cultural behavior; stereotypes and group conformity (agreement) predominate. The youth subculture has its own language, special fashion, art and style of behavior. It is increasingly becoming an informal culture, the bearers of which are informal teenage groups. The youth subculture is largely surrogate in nature - it is full of artificial substitutes for real values. One of the ways to escape from reality, as well as to realize the desire to be like adults, is drug use.

Sociologists today are sounding the alarm: the computer is in first place among young people’s authoritative sources of information, and television is in second place. And only then - school, moreover, as a living environment, and not as a place of communication. At the end of the list is family.

Youth culture is also distinguished by the presence of a youth language- slang , which also plays an ambiguous role in the upbringing of teenagers, creates a barrier between them and adults.

One of the manifestations of youth culture isinformal youth associations, a unique form of communication and life of adolescents, society, peer groups, united by interests, values, and sympathies. Informal groups usually arise not in the classroom, not in business relationships, but, along with them, outside the school. They play an important role in the lives of adolescents, satisfy their informational, emotional and social needs: they provide an opportunity to learn what is not so easy to talk about with adults, provide psychological comfort, and teach them how to fulfill social roles.

For many teenagers, joining informal groups and an antisocial lifestyle is a form of protest against the usual way of life and guardianship from elders. The teenage group represents a new specific type of emotional contacts that are impossible in the family.

Informal groups, for the most part, are small in number, unite adolescents of different ages, genders and social affiliations and, as a rule, function outside the control of adults. Their structure depends on many factors, but mainly on stability (stability), functional orientation and relationships between members.

With age, adolescent conformity decreases, the authoritarian influence of the group decreases, and then the choice of life path depends on the personal qualities of the young man and the social environment outside the group.

Relationship in a subculture are built not on the basis of likes or dislikes, but on the basis of a certain position occupied by its members in the system. It should be emphasized that the need for positive evaluation by others is a leading need in adolescence. That is why a teenager experiences an urgent need for a positive assessment of his personality. This explains the acute need for recognition of a teenager’s worthy position in the peer group. In this regard, the facts of deviant and even illegal behavior of apparently quite prosperous teenagers from “good” families become clear.

4.Fandom and the emergence of youth subcultures

Fandom (eng. fandom) is a community of fans, usually of a specific subject (writer, performer, style). A fandom may have certain features of a single culture, such as “party” humor and slang, similar interests outside the fandom, its own publications and websites. According to some signs, fandom and varioushobbiesmay acquire features of a subculture. This, for example, happened withpunk-rock, gothic music and many other interests. However, mostfandom And hobbydo not form subcultures, being focused only around the subject of their interest.

If fandom is most often associated with individuals (musical groups, musical performers, famous artists), whom fans consider their idols, then the subculture does not depend on obvious or symbolic leaders, and one ideologist is replaced by another. Communities of people with a common hobby (gamers, hackers, etc.) can form a stable fandom, but at the same time do not have signs of a subculture (common image, worldview, common tastes in many areas).

Most often, subcultures are closed in nature and strive for isolation from mass culture. This is caused both by the origin of subcultures (closed communities of interests) and by the desire to separate from the main culture and oppose it to the subculture. Coming into conflict with the main culture, subcultures can be aggressive and sometimes even extremist. Such movements that come into conflict with the values ​​of traditional culture are called counterculture. Youth subcultures are characterized by both protest and escapism (escape from reality), which is one of the phases of self-determination.

As they develop, subcultures develop a common style of clothing (image), language (jargon, slang), attributes (symbols), and a common worldview for their members. A characteristic image and behavior is a marker that separates “insiders” (representatives of the subculture) from strangers. This reveals the similarity between the new subcultures of the 20th century and traditional folk cultures. Therefore, the methods of studying subcultures are similar to the methods of studying traditional cultures. Namely, this is historical and linguistic analysis, analysis of cultural objects and mytho-poetic analysis.

Representatives of subcultures develop their own language over time. It is partly inherited from the progenitor’s subculture, and partly produced independently. Many elements of slang are neologisms.

From a cultural point of view, symbol and symbolism are decisive in the description of a particular culture and cultural work. Symbols of subcultures are, on the one hand, the self-determination of a subculture among many other cultures, and on the other hand, a connection with the cultural heritage of the past. For example, the ankh sign in the Goth subculture is, on the one hand, a symbol of eternal life, like the heritage of Egypt, and on the other, a symbol that self-defines culture at the present time.

5.Examples of subcultures (musical subcultures)

5.1.Hippie

One of the most vibrant and well-known subcultural communities are youth movements associated with certain genres of music. Image musical subcultures formed largely in imitation of the stage image of popular performers in a given subculture.

One of the first musical youth subcultures of our time were hippies.

Hippie is a philosophy and subculture that originally emerged in the 1960s in the United States. The movement flourished in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Initially, hippies protested against the Puritan morality of some Protestant churches, and also promoted the desire to return to natural purity through love and pacifism. One of the most famous hippie slogans is: “Make lo ve, not war!”, which means: “Make love, not war!”

Hippies believe:

1. that man should be free;
2. that freedom can be achieved only by changing the inner structure of the soul;
3. that the actions of an internally uninhibited person are determined by the desire to protect his freedom as the greatest treasure;
4. that beauty and freedom are identical to each other and that the realization of both is a purely spiritual problem;
5. that all who share the above form a spiritual community;
6. that a spiritual community is an ideal form of community life;
7. that everyone who thinks otherwise is mistaken.

Hippie symbolism

The hippie culture has its own symbols, signs of belonging and attributes. Representatives of the hippie movement, in accordance with their worldview, are characterized by the introduction of ethnic elements into their costumes: beads, woven from beads or threads, bracelets (“baubles”), etc., as well as the use of textiles dyed using the tie-dye technique (or otherwise - "shibori»).

An example would be the so-calledbaubles. These decorations have complex symbolism. Baubles different colors and different patterns indicate different wishes, expressions of one’s own musical preferences, life position etc. So, a black and yellow striped bauble means a wish for good hitchhiking, and a red and yellow one means a declaration of love. It should be noted, however, that this symbolism is interpreted in different places and parties arbitrarily and in completely different ways, and “experienced hippies” do not attach any importance to it.

Hippie slogans of the 60s:

1. “Make love, not war” (“Make love, not war”)
2. "Off The Pig!" (“Turn off the pig!”) (a play on words - “pig” was the name for the M60 machine gun, an important attribute and symbol of the Vietnam War)
3. "Give Peace A Chance" (John Lennon song title)
4. "Hell No, We Won't Go!" (“There’s no way in hell we’re leaving!”)
5. "All You Need Is Love!" (“All you need is love!”) (title of The Beatles song)

5.2.Rustmans

Rastafarians in the world are traditionally called followers of Rastafarianism.

In the early 1990s, a special youth subculture was formed in the post-Soviet space, whose representatives also call themselves Rastafarians. Moreover, they are often not true adherents of the original religious and political doctrine of African superiority, but consider themselves to be part of this group primarily based on the use of marijuana and hashish.

For some, this is enough to consider themselves Rastafarians, some are closer to the Rastafarian concept - many listen to Bob Marley and reggae music in general, use the color combination “green-yellow-red” for identification (for example, in clothes), some wear dreadlocks. However, few people sincerely defend the idea of ​​​​the return of American blacks to Africa, observe the Rastafarian fast “aytal”, etc. However, many true believers Russian Rastafarians believe that repatriation and pan-Africanism are simply meaningless, due to the fact that Russian Rastafarians have nothing to do with blacks and Africa, in fact, does not have one. In the CIS countries, Pan-Africanism was replaced by the idea of ​​“Zion within itself,” which goes like this: “Zion is not a place in the physical, material world. Not in Africa or Israel or anywhere else. Zion is in the soul of every person. And you need to strive for it not with your feet, but with your actions, thoughts, kindness and love.”

Be that as it may, in the Russian-speaking environment the word “Rastafarian” is firmly associated with this group (but not completely identical to it). The word can be used in a similar way in other languages ​​to refer to simply marijuana lovers without religious connotations. So, in Spanish-speaking countries, the word “Rastas” can be used to refer to dreadlocks.

5.3. Metalheads

Metalheads are a youth subculture inspired by metal music that emerged in the 1970s.

The subculture is widespread in Northern Europe, quite widely in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, North America, and there are a significant number of its representatives in South America, Southern Europe and Japan. In the Middle East, with the exception of Turkey and Israel, metalheads (like many other “informals”) are few in number and subject to persecution.

The word "metallist" is Russian, derived from the word "metal" with the addition of the borrowed Latin suffix "-ist". Initially it meant “tinsmiths”, metallurgy workers. Metallist meaning “fan of heavy metal” came into use in the late 1980s.

In English, the analogue of the Russian “metallist” is metalhead - “metal-headed”, “obsessed with metal”. Metalheads are also known by the slang terms headbanger and mosher, in reference to the behavior of fans at concerts.

Fashion style

1. Typical fashion among metalheads can be described as follows:
2. Long hair for men (loose or tied in a ponytail)
3. Predominantly black color in clothes
4. Leather motorcycle jacket, leather vest.
5. Bandanas
6. Black T-shirts or hoodies with the logo of your favorite metal band.
7. Wristbands - leather bracelets with rivets and/or spikes (flogging), spiked, riveted belts, chains on jeans. The belt may also have a buckle with the logo of a metal band.
8. Patches with logos of your favorite metal bands.
9. Short or high boots with chains - "Cossacks" Heavy shoes - “camelots”, “curzes”, “grinders”, “martins”, “steels”, “gads”, ordinary high boots. Shoes (usually pointy, “Gothic” boots).
10. Leather pants, army pants, jeans
11. Studs and spikes on clothing and accessories
12. Often - long-skirted black clothing (raincoats, coats)
13. Motorcycle leather gloves without fingers (Appendix 1).

Worldview

Unlike some other subcultures, the metal subculture is devoid of a pronounced ideology and is centered only around music. However, there are some features of the worldview that can be called typical for a significant part of metalheads.

The lyrics of metal bands promote independence, self-reliance and self-confidence, the cult of a “strong personality”. For many metalheads, the subculture serves as a means of escapism, alienation from the “gray reality”, and a form of youth protest.

Studies have appeared in the press claiming that the intellectual level of metalheads is often quite high, leading to the conclusion that a passion for metal may be a sign of intelligence. In a 2007 survey of 1,000 gifted teenagers, many said they listened to metal and other hard rock music to relieve stress.

Some researchers claim that listeners of heavy rock and metal have a higher tendency towards aggression and depression. However, psychologists agree that this is not a consequence, but a reason for the passion for heavy music. Moreover, respondents who showed negative tendencies felt better and more confident after listening to their favorite music. According to them, heavy aggressive music helps them throw out negative emotions, do not accumulate them in yourself. Thus, some metalheads consciously or unconsciously use metal as a means of psychotherapy.

5.4.Punks

Punks (English punk - colloquially bad, trashy) are a youth subculture that emerged in the late 60s - early 70s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia.

Origins and influences

Punk takes offin the 60s, when, under the influence of the Beatles and Rolling Stones, many youth bands began to appear playing rock and roll.

A relatively raw sound based on just a few chords can be found in such period classics as the band's "You Really Got Me"The Kinks. By the end of the 1960s, a defiantly primitive sound, combined with a vulgar manner of behavior on stage, began to be cultivated by the American team The Stooges. Its leaderIggy Poprejected musical sophistication, valued unbridled drive in rock and roll, performed at concerts smeared in his own blood and ended his outrages on stage by “diving” into the crowd of spectators.

Ideology

Punks hold a variety of political views, but for the most part they are adherents of socially oriented ideologies and progressivism. Common views are the desire for personal freedom and complete independence (individualism), nonconformism, the principles of "don't sell out", "rely on yourself" (DIY) and the principle of "direct action" (direct action). Other punk politics include nihilism, anarchism, socialism, anti-authoritarianism, anti-militarism, anti-capitalism, anti-racism, anti-sexism, and anti-nationalism.

Literature

Punk culture has spawned a significant amount of poetry and prose.

Among the famous punk poets it should be notedPatti Smith, Richard Hell, John C. Clarke, The Medway Poets, as well as Jim Carroll, whose autobiographical works are considered the first examples of punk prose.

Quite a few were published a large number of fanzines(so-called punk-zines), among which it is worth mentioning Maximum Rock-n-Roll, Punk Planet, CometBus, Flipside, Search and Destroy. The first of this kind of publications was the magazine itselfPunk, founded in Mr. Legs McNeil, John Holstrom and Ged Dunn.

Many fiction and non-fiction books have been written about punk. Also closely related to the concept of “punk” are the following: literary genres, Howcyberpunk, dieselpunk And steampunk.

Punk look

Many punks dye their hair bright, unnatural colors, comb it and fix it with hairspray, gel or beer so that it stands up straight. In the 80s, punks began fashionable hairstyle"Iroquois". They wear torn jeans tucked into heavy boots or tucked under short heavy boots (cans) and sneakers. Some people pre-soak their jeans in a bleach solution to give them red stains. The style of wearing sneakers was started by the Ramones, and they adopted this style from Mexican punks (also called “Latinos”).

The biker jacket was adopted as a rock and roll attribute from the 50s, when the motorcycle and rock and roll were inseparable components. The first wave of punks sought to return to rock music the same deliberate cockiness and drive that the mass commercialization of music had taken away over time.

Punks also wear various attributes of rocker subcultures - collars, bracelets (mostly leather with spikes), etc. (Appendix 1).

5.5.Gothic fashion

Goths are representatives of a youth subculture that emerged in the late 70s of the 20th century in the wake of post-punk. The gothic subculture is quite diverse and heterogeneous, but it is, to one degree or another, characterized by common features: a specific dark image, as well as an interest in gothic music, horror literature and mysticism.

Over the course of two decades, the Goths have developed a fairly recognizable image. Although there are numerous trends within Gothic fashion, they share common features.

The main elements of the Gothic image are the predominance of black in clothing, the use of metal jewelry with the symbols of the Gothic subculture, and characteristic makeup.

Typical attributes used by the Goths are the ankh (ancient Egyptian symbol of immortality, actively used after the film Hunger), skulls, crosses, upright and inverted pentagrams, bats.

Makeup is used by both men and women. It is not an everyday attribute, and is usually applied before visiting concerts and gothic clubs. Makeup usually consists of two elements: white powder for the face and dark eyeliner around the eyes.

Hairstyles in gothic fashion are quite varied. In the post-punk era, the main type of hairstyle was middle length wild hair. But in modern subculture many people wear long hair, or even mohawks. It is typical for Goths to dye their hair black or, less commonly, red.

Some Goths prefer clothing styled after the fashion of the 18th-19th centuries. with the corresponding attributes: lace, long gloves and long dresses for women, tailcoats and top hats for men. There are also common attributes with metalhead fashion - the frequent use of leather clothing, chains and metal accessories. Sometimes sadomasochistic paraphernalia is used, such as collars and bracelets with spikes. The “vamp” style is especially characteristic of the Goths.

Gothic is directly related to the image of death, and even the appearance of the Goths itself reminds of it. The perception of death is one of the characteristic features of the Gothic worldview and one of the signs of belonging to the Goths. The image of death is extremely important in Gothic aesthetics and runs through many layers of Gothic culture. The normal state for Goths is angst, “longing” - a fairly comprehensive term that describes the usual Gothic state. The humor of the Goths is quite specific - it is purely black humor).

Gothic music

Gothic music comes from English punk of the 70s. I will not describe how this birth took place - kilometer-long web pages of FAQs on gothic.ru, shadowplay.ru and similar sites are dedicated to this. I will only say that the whole variety of gothic music crystallized from gothic-rock.

In Tula, gothic is considered to be HIM, 69 eyes, and yet gothic music is very diverse - gothic rock, gothic metal, gothic industrial, dark electro, dark ambient, synth gothic, electro goth, cyber gothic, ethereal, dream pop, gothic folk, apocalyptic folk, ethno goth, tribal, medieval, neo classic.

What unites this diversity? Dark atmospheric sound; pronounced decadent, depressive, romantic and gloomy nature of the lyrics. Many bands use horror aesthetics, female vocals and drum machines instead of live drums - this is a kind of calling card of gothic music.

At the early stage of the development of the gothic subculture, goths and music were inextricably linked - then exclusively fans of gothic groups were called goths, and this situation continued for quite a long time. Currently, the connection between the Goths and music has weakened somewhat. You can be goth without listening to goth music.

The Gothic subculture covers all religions and their varieties; it has no direct connection to religion. Despite this fact, goth culture has a reputation as a culture of Satanists, perverts, people who, with their unacceptable freedom, bring death and destruction - this is what the narrow-minded man in the street thinks about them. Goths actively use religious images in songs, religious decorations in clothes, but all this is satirical mockery or just fashion and has nothing to do with religion.

Cybergoths are a youth subculture formed in the early 90s in connection with the beginning of the mass spread of the Internet.

Of all the existing subcultures, Cyber ​​Goths are the youngest and most developing. Approximately, the origins of the origin fall on the 1990s. It is worth noting that an exact classification and definition of this informal trend does not yet exist; of course, there are certain features that distinguish this trend from others, but according to the deep misconception of many, they have nothing in common with the usual Gotha subculture.

The origins themselves were taken precisely from the Gothic movement, but in a short time they were completely reoriented. The original direction was narrowly focused, and the new followers, who tried with all their might to develop their movement, did not like it. It is here that lies the answer to the question of why such a radical difference is now visible, even to the naked eye.
Like most subcultures, Cyber ​​Goths were formed from musical movements in particular the Noise and Industrial styles, which were radically different from other existing styles of that time period. As a musical basis, preference is given to it. If we briefly touch on the description of this style, it will be clear that in addition to the sounds of guitar and standard rock songs, it actively uses samples (sounds created using electronic instruments, i.e. a computer and other special equipment aimed at musicians).
One cannot ignore the appearance of the subculture. Overall it has nothing in common with others existing species. The main hairstyles used are: dreadlocks, hair dyed in different colors, often found among representatives of this movement and mohawks, but they have nothing in common with the punk subculture. The color range ranges from green to black, but bright ones are predominantly used. The word Cyber ​​is used for a reason. If you take a closer look at their appearance, you can see microcircuits used as an element of clothing design, i.e. own style. The clothing is mainly made of leather or synthetic material.
Since this is the most modern subculture, the passion for computers is considered here by default. 90% of representatives of this informal trend are well versed in today's computer technologies. The only thing left of the Goth ideology is the belief in the apocalypse (doomsday), which is approaching every day and will affect at least the whole world. The new Cyber ​​Ready movement simply does not have more similarities with its parent direction (Appendix 2).

5.6.Emo

Emo (English emo: from emotional - emotional) is a youth subculture formed on the basis of fans of the musical style of the same name. Its representatives are called emo kids (emo + English kid - young man; child) or, depending on gender: emo boy (English boy - boy, guy), emo girl (English girl - girl, girl) .

Attitude

Expressing emotions is the main rule for emo kids. They are distinguished by: self-expression, opposition to injustice, a special, sensual perception of the world. Often an emo kid is a vulnerable and depressed person. There is a stereotypical idea of ​​emo as whiny boys and girls. Despite the fact that emo-core appeared and developed as a subtype of punk rock, the value orientations of these subcultures are completely different. Unlike classic punks, emo is distinguished by romanticism and an emphasis on sublime love. Emos' attention is often drawn to deep personal experiences rather than to social events. Emo culture is completely devoid of aggression, characteristic of hardcore - the direct ancestor of emo.

Emo is often compared to the goth subculture, which usually causes protest from both "goths" and emo kids, although some agree that there is a certain kinship between these subcultures. Some subculture researchers have suggested that emos are at even greater risk of suicide than goths. According to Graham Martin, editor of an Australian mental health magazine: “For example, one emo culture website described the key difference between the categories as: Emos hate themselves, goths hate everyone. If this self-loathing is true, it would suggest that emos are at greater risk of self-harm than their goth peers. Thus, there is a certain risk in identifying with emo culture. It is safe to say (although there has been no formal research on this topic) that self-destructive behavior is common in this group and is a key feature of emo culture.”

Emo image

The traditional emo hairstyle is considered to be oblique, torn bangs to the tip of the nose, covering one eye, and short hair sticking out in different directions at the back. Preference is given to coarse, straight black hair. Girls can have childish, funny hairstyles - two “small ponytails”, bright “hairpins” - “hearts” on the sides, bows. To create these emo hairstyles, a large amount of fixing hairspray is used.

Emo kids often get their ears pierced or tunnels made. An emo kid may have piercings on the face and other parts of the body (for example, in the lips and left nostril, eyebrows, bridge of the nose).

Both boys and girls can paint their lips to match their skin color and use a light foundation. Eyes are thickly lined with pencil or mascara. Nails are covered with black varnish.

Cloth

Emo is characterized by clothing in pink and black tones with two-color patterns and stylized icons. The main colors in clothing are black and pink (purple), although other shockingly bright combinations are considered acceptable (Appendix 1).

There are combinations in wide stripe. Often the clothes feature the names of emo bands, funny drawings or broken hearts. There are features of the sporty clothing style of skateboarders and BMXers.

Most typical clothing:

1. Narrow, tight T-shirt.
2. Skinny jeans black or ash-blue, possibly with holes or patches.
3. Black or pink belt with rivets, dangling chains and a large symbolic plaque.
4. Sneakers with bright or black laces, laced in a special way.
5. Checkered scarf around the neck.
6. There are headbands with a bow. Striped leg warmers on the arms. Unisex clothing is less common.

Attributes

Emo is characterized by the following attributes:

1. A cross-body mailbag covered in patches and badges.
2. Badges attached to clothing and, sometimes, shoes.
3. Big glasses in bright or black colors.
4. Bright multi-colored (usually silicone) bracelets on the wrists; snaps or punk paraphernalia (wristbands with spikes) are especially popular.
5. Large beads of bright colors on the neck.
6. Soft toys in the shape of bears, whose bellies are ripped open by emo kids and sewn up with thick threads. Such toys play the role of original talismans. They take them with them on walks, to classes, they stay at home with them and sleep with them.
7. Wristbands on hands.

Characteristic gestures

1. Tilt your head so that your bangs hang down and put two fingers to your temple like a pistol.
2. Place your hands together in the shape of a heart.
3. Curl your legs with your feet inward and slightly bend your knees.
4. Take pictures of your reflection in the mirror.

6.Japanese subcultures

Japanese youth subcultures - a number of subcultures among Japanese youth, distinguished by their own philosophy, clothing style and musical preferences. Inextricably linked with street fashion, the term “Japanese street fashion” is also often associated with subcultures; sometimes these terms replace each other. Most subcultures appeared as a protest against traditional Japanese ideals of beauty and social norms.

The center of Japanese youth subcultures is the Harajuku quarter in the Shibuya area, where the “Lolita” style and the mixed “fruits” style appeared. Shibuya is also the birthplace of gyaru, and the Akihabara quarter in the Chiyoda district is a mecca for fans of Japanese animation (anime) and comics (manga). At the moment, there are several main areas of typically Japanese subcultures.

6.1.Akihabara-kei and anime culture

“Otaku” in Japan is called a person who is passionate about something, but outside the country, including in Russia, this concept is usually used in relation to fans of anime and manga. In Japan, for otaku who are interested in anime and manga, the slang term “Akihabara-kei” is used, denoting young people who spend all their time in the Akihabara area and are interested in the world of anime and its elements. The Akihabara area is an important center of Japanese modern culture. In the 2000s, he became strongly associated with the Japanese gaming industry and major anime and manga publishers.

One of the central elements of otaku culture is the concept of moe, meaning fetishization or attraction to fictional characters.

6.2.Cosplay

Cosplay (abbreviated from the English costume play - “costume game”) is a form of embodiment of an action performed on the screen. Modern cosplay arose in Japan among Japanese anime and manga fans, so usually the main prototype of the action is manga, anime, video games or a historical film about samurai. Other prototypes could be j-rock/j-pop bands, representatives of Visual Kei and the like.

Cosplay participants identify themselves with a certain character, are called by his name, wear similar clothes, and use similar speech patterns. Often during cosplay, role-playing occurs. Costumes are usually sewn independently, but can also be ordered from a studio or purchased ready-made (in Japan, for example, the business of producing costumes and accessories for cosplay is quite widespread) (Appendix 2).

6.3.Visual kei

The music genre Visual kei arose from Japanese rock as a result of mixing it with glam rock, metal and punk rock in the 1980s. "Visual kei" literally means "visual style". It is characterized by the use of makeup, complex hairstyles, colorful costumes, and its followers often resort to androgynous aesthetics.

Thanks to fans, visual kei, as a subculture, was able to acquire a fashion component, while simultaneously absorbing elements of the Lolita, Fruits styles, as well as more traditional Japanese ideas about male beauty. Among visual kei fans you can also find metalheads.

In the appearance of the musicians of visual kei groups, features of “Gothic Lolitas” appeared (Appendix 2). In turn, the second wave of visual kei, with representatives such as Malice Mizer, enriched the Gothic & Lolita subculture, influencing its development and popularizing this fashion among visual kei fans with its appearance. The use of Lolita clothing has become common among visual kei musicians. Many visual kei musicians have spoken about their interest in this trend in fashion.

Lolita fashion is a subculture based on the style of the times victorian era, as well as on costumes from the Rococo eraand partly on elements of gothic fashion. “Lolita” is one of the most popular subcultures in Japan, leaving its mark in fashion, music and fine arts. A Lolita costume usually consists of a knee-length skirt or dress, a headdress, a blouse and high heels (or platform boots).

Prototypes of the future Lolita fashion can already be seen in the fashion of the Rococo era, for example, in the fashion of Europe at that time. Combining Victorian and Rococo elements, Lolita also borrowed from Western traditions and elements of Japanese street fashion itself. Despite the fact that Lolita fashion imitates typical European images, it has become a purely Japanese fashion and cultural trend. The ancestor of the style was the “Gothic Lolita” subculture.

6.4.Gyaru

Gyaru is a Japanese transcription of gal from the distorted English girl. The term can mean both the Japanese subculture popular among girls, which peaked in the 1990s, and the way of life itself. The name comes from the 1970s advertising slogan of the jeans brand "GALS" - "I can't live without men", which became the motto of young girls. Today's gyaru, like their varieties kogyaru and ganguro, have earned the nicknames "oya o nakaseru" (making parents cry) and "daraku jokusei" (degenerate schoolgirls) for breaking traditional Japanese taboos and indulging in Western values. The motto of the kogyaru is Biba jibun! (“Long live I!”). They are distinguished by their frivolous behavior, positive thinking, love of bright fashionable clothes, and special ideas about the ideals of beauty. Men, the so-called “gyaruo,” can also belong to the gyaru subculture. Since their inception, gyaru have become one of the essential elements Japanese street fashion.

Ganguro is a trend in gyaru fashion. Ganguro's appearance may be the most extreme and striking among the gyaru, if manbu is considered as part of them. Considering the widespread confusion between ganguro and gyaru in general on the Russian-language Internet, it should be noted that Ganguro is only a trend among gyaru, such as himegyaru or kogyaru, and not the main subculture.

Ganguro appeared in the 1990s and immediately began to distance itself greatly from traditional views of the Japanese woman. Their main features are a deep tan, bleached hair (from just blond to silver) and bright clothes. Like most Japanese subcultures, shoes with large soles are popular among ganguro. One of the main reasons for the emergence of ganguro is the enormous popularity of J-pop singer Namie Amuro. She introduced the fashion for tanning, bleached hair and the skirt + boots style, which largely determined the foundations of ganguro.

According to researchers Japanese pop culture, ganguro is a protest against traditional Japanese ideas about female beauty. This is a response to Japan's long social isolation and conservative rules in Japanese schools.. At the same time, many young Japanese women wanted to be like the tanned girls fromCalifornia, which they saw in American films or hip-hop music videos. For these reasons, the media has a negative perception of ganguro, as well as the entire gyaru fashion in general (Appendix 2).

First of all, ganguros are known for their deep tan, so intense that they can often be confused with mulattoes. For this, they often become the object of criticism from Japanese hip-hop musicians, who nicknamed the ganguro “black wannabes” (Russian: I want to be black, close in meaning to the Russian “poser”). For example, Japanese rapper Banana Ice noted that Japanese hip-hop culture is original and does not seek to copy African-American culture. He dedicated several songs to this topic, where he ridicules and criticizes ganguro and that part of the Japanese hip-hop scene, which he considers “black wannabie”.

6.5.Fruits (Harajuku style)

The Harajuku area is a cult place for adherents of Japanese street fashion. First of all, this area is known for the youth subculture of Harajuku Garuzu, with its characteristic bright costumes, abundance of accessories and “combination of incongruous” costumes. The costume can include both gothic and cyberpunk, and club neon colors. Separately, we can highlight the “punk direction”, for which plaid and leather pants, the use of chains and other rock attributes.

The Harajuku Garuzu subculture emerged in the mid-1990s, with the appearance of young people wearing costumes consisting of a huge variety of clothing items and accessories on the streets of Harajuku. The variety of elements in the outfits of representatives of this subculture is enormous, and the number of their possible combinations is almost limitless: on a person dressed in this way, one could see elements of European costumes mixed with Japanese ones, expensive clothes along with handicrafts or second-hand clothes.

This did not go unnoticed by representatives of the fashion industry. In 1997, photographer Shoichi Aoki released the first issue of the monthly FRUITS, named after the emerging subculture, the first issue of which consisted of photographs of teenagers from the streets of Harajuku. In the same issue of the magazine, Aoki expressed his view of the movement, declaring the appearance of “fruit” to be a cultural revolution and a rebellion against stereotyped appearance. The author considered the most important property of the movement to be democracy, the opportunity for any person to join fashion, regardless of financial capabilities. Here Aoki saw a chance to confront large brands dictating trends in the fashion industry.. At the same time, fashion "fruits" is noticed by famous Japanese designers such as Yoji Yamamoto and Mihara Yasuhiro. Thanks to them, Harajuku fashion receives even greater impetus for further development.

The essence of the “fruits” ideology lies in the ability of each person to create his own ideal of modern beauty, accessible to people with any financial capabilities, and in refusing the cliches and templates imposed from above. Main role When creating a costume, imagination and virtually unlimited choice play a role. So, one day a teenager or young man can appear on the street dressed in military style - in a foreign military uniform, taking with him a gas mask as an accessory - and the next day dress up in a Pokemon costume and put on boots with very high soles. Subsequently, the fruit style was integrated into Japanese street fashion in general, glorifying Tokyo fashion

Gradually, fruit fashion became a global trend. Thanks to Aoki and several fashion brands, fashion shows and fruit festivals took place in the United States and Australia. This subculture has also penetrated into Russia.

Russian fruits differ from the Japanese in some features. For example, in Russia they can borrow some trends from gyaru, although traditionally the youth of Harajuku ignores gyaru, and some - gothic lolitas - are their staunch opponents.

Fruits, along with fashion from Harajuku, have found themselves in Japanese music, in the subgenre of visual kei - oshare kei. Initially, some oshiare groups were also called "dekora-kei" (one of the names for fruits) due to their conspicuous adherence to Harajuku fashion.

7.Conclusion

Over the past two decades, irreversible changes have taken place in society, which have a significant impact on the younger generation. The current young generation is being brought up in fundamentally different conditions than the previous one. The social stratification of society, the lack of clear moral guidelines, the growing role of religion - all this is a reality to which we must adapt. Teenagers do this in a very mobile way - for example, they get involved in market relations. The dynamism of changes in consciousness is a feature of this social group.

According to statistics from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, approximately 25% of young people aged 12 to 30 suffer from drug addiction. In addition, the curve of not only teenage but also childhood alcoholism is creeping up. According to the latest data, minors and young people make up 70-80% of drug addicts, and more and more cases of the disease are observed in 7-8 year old children. According to UNESCO, Colombia, Brazil and Russia have the highest rates of violence among youth.

Teenagers in the modern situation seemed to be in the most difficult situation, because their need for inclusion, involvement in society, the desire for self-affirmation, self-improvement, on the one hand, is stimulated by the processes currently taking place; on the other hand, it harshly faces, firstly, a lack of understanding and respect on the part of the adult community, which does not emphasize, does not record, the attribution of a growing person; secondly, with the lack of conditions for a teenager to actually get involved in serious affairs of society. This contradiction leads to acute conflict and artificial delay in the personal development of adolescents, depriving them of the opportunity to take an active social position.

…Forbid? This will not destroy subcultures, but will only drive them underground and change them beyond recognition, and for the worse (after all, when you are told a hundred times a day that you are bad, it can not only seriously offend you, but also change your character and worldview) .
Nowadays there is a discussion in the media about positive and destructive subcultures, about their “harmfulness” and “usefulness”.

But, probably, we should talk not about the destructiveness of this or that subculture, but about its individual representatives. As in any social group, in the subculture you can also meet criminals and drug addicts... No association is immune from this, these are the characteristics of society. But dividing a subculture into “dangerous” and “safe” can become a trap.

Let us remember how in Soviet times punks, hippies and metalheads were classified as socially dangerous movements! But time passed, and it turned out that these were not bandits at all, but just guys with their own hobbies. Therefore, I am categorically against labeling, like this subculture is good, but this one is bad. By banning supposedly “harmful” movements, we drive them underground and force them to rebel - this is a natural psychological reaction, especially for young people and teenagers.

A subculture is a part of the social organism; it does not contradict the basic culture, but complements it. Therefore, let's first study subcultures, and only then try to prohibit them. Let's talk about this: let the adults hear the young, and the young the adults. After all, we all have much more in common than differences, and we can always come to an agreement.

Literature and sources

1.fsselecrton.forumbook.ru/t44-topic

3. Lecture No. 11 Post-society (Structural sociology) prof. Dugin. konservatizm.org/konservatizm/sociology/

4.molodeznyi-extrimizm-rossii.com/2011/05/molodezhnye-subkultury/

5.Youth parties and subcultures/ coolreferat.com/

6.stud24.ru/sociology/molodjozhnaya

7.turbopro.ru/itk/web/istoria.html

8. "Theory of fashion." No. 10, winter 2008-2009. Dick Hebdige. Chapters from the book “Subculture: the meaning of style.”

9. "Theory of fashion." No. 10, winter 2008-2009. Dmitry Gromov. Lyubera: how they became boys.

10. “Theory of fashion.” No. 10, winter 2008-2009. Joe Tierney. A look through a security camera: anti-social jersey and “those creepy guys in hoods.”
11. "Theory of fashion." No. 10, winter 2008-2009. Anne Pearson-Smith. Goths, Lolitas, Darth Vaders, and a Box of Fancy Dresses: A Study of the Cosplay Phenomenon in Southeast Asia.

So let me introduce:

1. “Vanillas”
A new generation of Turgenev's young ladies. Fragile girls dreaming of love, romance, beauty over a cup of coffee. The main idea of ​​the subculture is the promotion of femininity in all its senses. It is believed that this movement originated as a protest against the vulgarity and unfemininity of modern girls.

There are two versions of the appearance of the name of the subculture: 1) the name comes from the film of the same name “Vanilla Sky”; 2) the name is explained by the great love for vanilla-beige dresses.

The main attributes by which one can identify a “Vanilla Girl”: a camera, T-shirts with the inscription “I love NY”, knitted hats, UGG boots, bangs falling over one eye, stylish magazines, cakes, cotton candy, fashionable glasses.

2. "Rumpled"
Representatives of this subculture advocate an unhealthy lifestyle.

They are for “cigarettes, coffee, tousled hair, anorexic thinness, homeless style in clothes, scarves, mittens, stockings and tights, many different rings on the fingers, coconut cocktails, huge sunglasses, huge heels, Converse, flip-flops, ankle boots without heels, uggs or ballet shoes, leather jackets and biker jackets, short haircuts and unrealistically long hairstyles, black, red, blue, cherry and other bright and provocative varnishes on short nails, provocative red lipstick, alcohol, concerts, parties, open relationships, rock and roll, glam rock, punk, 60s, 70s early 80s."

This movement came to us from the UK and consists of copying the lifestyle of famous stars from show business, such as Kate Moss or Jim Morrison.

3. Diggers and stalkers
Digging (from the English digger - digger) was once a slang definition of a hobby, the essence of which is the exploration of artificial underground structures for educational or entertainment purposes.

People who engage in digging are called diggers. Diggers study underground structures built by man using building materials and technologies, for example, drainage systems, sewers, underground rivers. As well as abandoned underground military facilities. Digging is often associated with various kinds of dangers, so it is considered a hobby, mainly among the male part of young people, but girls are also not uncommon guests of dungeons.

Stalkers- these are people who strive to visit forbidden or hard-to-reach places. They explore dangerous territories. The ultimate dream for many of them is the Chernobyl exclusion zone.

4. Computer geeks
The emergence of this subculture is associated with the development of computer technology. Computer geeks feel the taste of life mainly only in those moments when the next technological innovation comes into their field of vision.

Among them are many highly qualified IT specialists who are considered to be part of the hacker community. Experts in program code and the peculiarities of the Internet, who know how to hack programs and oppose censorship on the Internet, in turn, can be part of an anonymous association.

5. Steampunk (steampunk)
Imitation of an authentic era, usually Victorian, is encouraged here. Indispensable attributes of steampunk are pocket watches, goggles and gears that can be used anywhere. And then it’s up to the imagination - masks and cloaks made of leather, top hats, raincoats, jackets and shirts with metal buttons. It's no coincidence that steampunk culture is called "do it yourself."

Steampunk culture is in some way a refuge for intellectuals, enthusiasts, those who are constantly improving themselves, people with a soldering iron at the ready. It is not enough to simply dress like a 19th century gentleman; after all, the second part of this word is “punk”, and this is a person who does not take into account what the world imposes on them and does not attach labels. In other words, a representative of this subculture is a punk with a knowledge of etiquette.

These are romantics who sincerely love science, art, dreamers who reject the modern decaying society and its ideas, but also ironic, a little crazy, with the image of a “mad professor.” Like any subculture, they fight, challenge others, and their main difference is their thirst for knowledge. Steampunkers are interested in mechanics and science, and they themselves create fantastic devices and various designs. There is a close connection between man and machine. The world of steam engines is fascinating, once you understand it, you won’t let go - it’s so interesting, and there’s such scope for design ideas.

6. Japan: Tokyo Rockabilly
Some subcultures sometimes experience a revival. This is exactly what happened to rockabilly, which still exists in distant Japan. In Tokyo there is Yoyogi Park, where all the local representatives of this genre gather and hang out.

These Japanese dress unusually - they wear biker jackets, vertical bangs, high hairstyles with a roller. Naturally, they only listen to rock and roll. And accompanying these modern rebels who are still living in the 50s are the lady greasers. They wear colorful dresses and rolled-up jeans, as was fashionable half a century ago. By their existence, representatives of this subculture prove that rock and roll is alive!

7. Mexico: Guachero
There is an unusual fashion among Mexicans to wear special shoes with long narrow toes. Many people associate such shoes with jesters and the Middle Ages. But the city of Matehuala has its own subculture, the guacheros.

Her followers wear boots with long narrow toes. And a subculture emerged thanks to the tribal music popular here. It is a mixture of pre-Hispanic and African motifs, interspersed with cumbia basses. At first, people came to the dance in shoes with regular socks, but gradually the residents began to compete with each other and try to outdo each other in at least the length of the sock. To achieve this, shoes were made longer and longer until it finally lost common sense. They say that now there are unique people who wear shoes almost one and a half meters long.

8. Japan: Gyaru
Gyaru is a subculture of young women who strive to achieve a certain ideal of beauty. But this image, as in most other countries, is imposed on girls from the outside, through the media. Those who belong to this subculture go to extreme lengths to achieve their ideal of beauty.

It is believed that gyaru must adhere to a certain style in fashion, hairstyle and makeup. But some characteristics still remain unchanged - these are very high heels, short skirts and big eyes. Interestingly, this subculture has its own, smaller directions. The most unusual current in the gyaru is the Yamamba, a subspecies of the Ganguro. The name of this small subculture literally translates as “black face”. These Japanese women rub as much sunblock into their faces as possible, dye their hair white, and then apply even larger circles of white eye shadow around their eyes. The look is completed with flashy neon bright clothes and hair extensions. But in Lately The subculture of girls with dark skin is becoming less and less popular. Gyaru try to possess fair skin and make your eyes multi-colored with contact lenses. And in general, the much more feminine image of a schoolgirl is increasingly being exploited. As a result, regardless of the fashion that is present in Japan, the Gyaru subculture is strange even for this unusual country.

9. Japan: Dekotora
And again about Japan. The fascinating Japanese make full use of the capabilities of their transport. But there is separate group fans of cars that easily eclipse all the exploits of other modifiers.

The name Dekotora translates to trucks decorated with lighting. The Japanese turn entire trucks into works of art. And for this, dazzling neon lighting is used, which creates a special effect. This is how pumped-up trucks are born that look like Transformers from Las Vegas.

They just drive on Japanese highways. And the reason for the emergence of the subculture was the cult TV series of the 1970s “Trucker”. It is not known how the seeds of the phenomenon were preserved, but it has rapidly developed in the last decade.

10. Congo: Sappers
The sappers are not explosives experts, but local dandies. Some even believe that these men are almost the best dressed in the world. But Congo is one of the poorest countries on Earth, torn apart by war and poverty. But it is here on the streets that you can meet stylish men in designer double-breasted suits, who wear excellent shoes, use silk scarves and smoke expensive cigars.

Are there really that many oil tycoons in Congo? In fact, sappers are not rich at all, they are ordinary people who work as teachers, drivers, postmen and sellers. And such fanatical adherence to fashion is a kind of religion for them. And there are reasons why the most ordinary representatives of the working class spend all their savings not on a new home or car, but on expensive clothes. This behavior is conditioned by history itself. Mentions of appearing here fashionable men dates back to the 18th century. Back then, slaves were forced to wear elegant uniforms to please the eyes of their masters. The slave trade was abolished, and now free Africans decided to create their own style in fashion.

According to other theories, sappers appear in the Congo only in times of peace, and this is a very politically unstable country. Therefore, the appearance of fashionably dressed men on the streets indicates that things are going uphill in the country and stability and peace currently reign here.

11. Health Goths
Sports are conquering the world. He got there and is ready. Health gothic is a mixture of ghetto-gothic and cyberpunk: the same winning black color, but with an emphasis on futuristic-looking sportswear and modern materials like neoprene, plus the idea of ​​a healthy lifestyle. Waterproof fabrics and breathable mesh are used. The highest honor for a health goth is to have a bionic prosthesis.

Halse Gothic was invented by the musicians of the American R'n'B group Magic Fades; they admit that at first it was a joke, but now everything is serious. The world of health gothic is sterile, its inhabitants do not make unnecessary movements and do not allow themselves anything unnecessary, and their efficiency is close to one hundred percent.

In conclusion, I would like to say that a selection of such wonderful subcultures appeared on the basis of information from Internet articles, therefore, you should not take the above subcultures too seriously. But, nevertheless, these are the realities that exist in the modern world.

The article used materials: http://radygaa.blog.ru/, http://www.subcult.ru/, http://soccer-game1.blogspot.ru/, http://www.molomo.ru/ , http://www.furfur.me/

Youth culture is one of the most complex phenomena. This is evidenced by the fact that until recently its very existence was questioned. Nowadays, the number of doubters about its existence has become insignificant, but the problems and difficulties associated with it remain.

The starting points for the study of youth culture are the concepts of youth and youth. Youth is a long phase or stage of life during which each person transitions from childhood to adulthood. The content of this transition is the process of socialization. Since this transition is not carried out alone, everyone making such a transition constitutes . The latter is a socio-demographic group whose common characteristics are age, social status and socio-psychological properties.

It should be said that these signs are very unstable and uncertain; they depend on the nature and level of development of society, culture and the characteristics of the socialization process. In general, the stage of socialization is increasingly extended. Thus, even in the last century, the period of youth most often ended by the age of 20, since by this age a person began his working life and entered into adult life.

Today, due to a sharp increase in the period of obtaining education, the upper limit of youth has risen to 30 years or even more. The same thing happens with the lower boundary, although in the opposite direction. Previously, it corresponded to 14 years. Now, due to the phenomenon of acceleration, it is sometimes pushed back to 10 years, especially when it comes to youth culture. However, most scientists agree that the age limits of youth are between 14 and 30 years.

These boundaries indicate that youth constitute a huge social group - almost half of the population of society. Because of this, its role in social and cultural life is constantly increasing. Largely for this reason, a completely new phenomenon has arisen in our time: if previously young people sought to become adults or look like them as quickly as possible, now there is a counter-movement from adults. They are in no hurry to part with their youth, they strive to maintain their youthful appearance, borrowing from the youth its slang, fashion, behavior and methods of entertainment. This phenomenon once again demonstrates that youth culture exists, that it forms, first of all, a phenomenon of our time.

At the stage of socialization, the marked characteristics of youth - age, social status and socio-psychological properties - undergo profound, qualitative changes. As age increases, physical, physiological and sexual development and maturation occur. The practically absent social status acquires very specific features: at the age of 18, a person is officially recognized as an adult, which implies corresponding rights and responsibilities.

Social and psychological properties also become quite definite and stable, forming a unique character. In addition, a person entering life receives an education, acquires a profession and qualifications, and masters the traditions, customs, ideals and values ​​existing in society.

The main channels of socialization are family, school and higher education institution, peer society, and mass media. At the same time, cultural socialization itself constitutes the predominant part in its scope and extremely important in its significance.

It is one of the consequences of the process of socialization in general and cultural in particular. Its socio-psychological origins lie in the desire of a young person and youth in general for self-awareness, self-affirmation, self-expression and self-realization. These natural aspirations do not always receive the necessary support. The fact is that almost all of the channels of socialization mentioned above, with the exception of peer society, consider a young person mainly as an object of influence.

In this case, the latter is simply required to accept and assimilate the content and values ​​of the existing culture. However, a person entering the world does not agree to be a passive object; he does not accept everything in the proposed culture. His fresh look allows him to see things more clearly. that some elements of the culture of the older generation no longer correspond to the spirit of the times, while others need updating.

It is this process of critical reflection and creative renewal of culture, allowing one to truly make it one’s own, that ultimately leads to the emergence of youth culture.

In Western literature, the origins of youth culture are often considered in the light of the theory of “generational conflict”, the conflict of “fathers” and “children”. Such theories, as a rule, are based on Freud's system of psychoanalysis, the core of which is the well-known Oedipus complex. In the ancient myth of the tragedy of King Oedipus, who killed his father and married his mother, Freud saw a universal explanation of all interhuman relations, including relations between generations and peoples.

His modern followers view the conflict of generations as the main and universal driving force of history. In their opinion, all previous history was a history of struggle between old and young, fathers and sons, mature masters and young apprentices, old professors and young students. Student and youth movements and youth culture are pointed out as modern manifestations of the struggle of generations.

Although the concepts of youth culture, based on the theory of generational conflict, reflect some features of this phenomenon, in general they suffer from obvious exaggerations, simplifications and schematism. First of all, they contradict the facts of history. In primitive society, the culture was homogeneous, there were no subcultures, as well as generational conflict. At subsequent stages of history, culture begins to differentiate, subcultures arise in it, in particular, urban and rural. However, young people do not yet constitute a special socio-demographic group, which does not give grounds to talk about a generational conflict.

Only in our time do young people become a relatively independent group and become the bearer of a special youth subculture, which, however, exists along with others - women's, urban, rural, etc. Now there are real opportunities for disagreements and contradictions to arise between generations.

Indeed, today the pace of social development is accelerating significantly. This leads to the fact that many principles of relationships, norms and rules of behavior, knowledge, ideals and values, the very conditions and way of life of the older generation, who underwent socialization 25-30 years ago, and the new generation turn out to be so different that they are fraught with potential opportunities for disagreements and contradictions that may develop into conflict. In addition, with age, a person’s ability to adapt decreases; he can no longer perceive and assimilate new things on an equal basis with young people. Therefore, older people are increasingly falling behind the accelerating pace of life. All this increases the likelihood of possible conflicts.

Nevertheless, there is always a fairly strong and solid layer in culture that ensures continuity between generations. But even if at a certain stage the culture does experience deep, radical changes, their real source is not a “conflict of generations.” The latter can only act as an external form of the changes taking place, while the real reasons are hidden much deeper. In addition, cultural revolutions do not occur so often, which also does not support the theory of “generational conflict”.

Young people most often diverge not from the entire culture of previous generations, but according to strengthening positions. First of all, she is not satisfied with the existing hierarchy of values. Typically, the elements that make up culture are arranged in the following order: education and intelligence, skill and skill, moral values, aesthetic values etc. However, young people put morality first, followed by aesthetic, intellectual and other values. But she often looks at aesthetic and other values ​​through the prism of morality. She is primarily interested in art moral issues. As sociological research shows, cultured person for her it is, first of all, a moral personality.

Generally typical for young people emotional and moral perception of the world. Her behavior is dominated by movements, actions and dynamics. It is equally characterized by a sharp contrast between good and evil, categoricalness and maximalism, intolerance to lies, injustice, hypocrisy, insincerity, indifference, etc. It is in this area that young people most often diverge from the culture of older generations.

Here it is most difficult for her to find mutual understanding and mutual trust. Therefore, often the best environment for it is peer communities, which can be both formal and informal. The latter are given clear preference, since they have less hierarchy, any rules and restrictions.

They are where young people feel most at home. Here it is easiest for her to find mutual understanding. They allow you to spend your leisure time with interest, discuss personal problems, and have fun. Through these communities, young people achieve emotional and moral self-affirmation. They turn out to be the main place for the creation of youth culture, which serves as the main form of self-expression and self-realization.

IN in the narrow senseyouth culture is a culture created by the youth themselves. In this respect it is similar to folk culture. In terms of its level, it is also often not too high, but this is compensated by genuine sincerity and honesty, frankness and captivating naivety. Like folk culture, youth culture to one degree or another contrasts itself with official, mass culture and, partly, high culture.

At the same time, youth culture goes beyond what is created by the youth themselves and includes culture specifically created for youth, including mass culture. A significant part of the cultural industry is focused on satisfying the needs and tastes of young people. This especially applies to leisure and entertainment, as well as fashion, the production of clothing, shoes, jewelry, cosmetics, etc.

Main types and forms youth culture is determined by the world of feelings and emotions. The central place in it is music, because it is she who has the most powerful emotional impact. Only music can express feelings most deeply. It fills life with poetry, infects with energy, changes and lifts your spirits. Music can become the main means of communication. It is the best way to express yourself. The main genres are rock and pop music, and the entire culture is often called rock culture. Rock music in popular culture truly goes beyond art and becomes a style or way of life.

Along with rock and pop music, elements of youth culture also include slang (jargon), clothing, shoes, appearance, behavior, methods of entertainment, etc. Slang, or youth speech, differs from the generally accepted literary language in its special and small vocabulary, as well as increased expressiveness and emotionality. Clothing and footwear include primarily sneakers, jeans and a jacket. In appearance, great importance is attached to hairstyle and hair length: hippies have long hair, punks have short hair and dyed bright colors. All elements of culture carry a symbolic load; they signify the community and unity of the carriers of culture and emphasize its isolation and isolation from the general culture.

Youth culture is subculture, existing along with others. It is a rather amorphous education, covering student, creative, working, rural youth, various kinds of marginalized people, etc. A significant part of young people are either not connected with it, or this connection is very weak, purely symbolic. Youth culture is divided into many groups and movements, the most active of which unite around certain rock ensembles.

Some of them are fans of some sports team- football, hockey, basketball, etc. For some time, one of the leading groups becomes a leader, then ceding its leadership to another: after the beatniks and hippies, punks appeared, then rockers, metalheads, etc.

In general, the role and significance of youth culture and its influence on general culture remain local. They are not comparable to the role and influence of mass culture. However, at certain historical stages, the role and influence of youth culture can increase sharply both in scale and in importance. A striking example of this was counterculture movement, which took place in the West in the 60s, the main driving forces of which were student youth and the intelligentsia.

Initially, the movement arose as a left-wing political movement. In the early 60s. it merged with the cultural movement and began to quickly gain momentum, becoming a powerful counterculture movement. Without abandoning political goals, it decided to go towards them not directly, but through culture and art, through a revolution in consciousness, lifestyle and value system. The movement was based on the ideas of J.-J. Rousseau, F. Nietzsche, 3. Freud. The guiding thread of the movement was the concept of the modern follower of Freudianism, G. Marcuse. outlined by him in the book “Eros and Civilization” (1955).

The counterculture came out with a complete rejection of the entire Western civilization and the dominant culture. According to its supporters, at the very beginning, Western civilization had two development trends, one of which was symbolized by Orpheus (Dionysus, Narcissus), and the second by Prometheus (Apollo, Hermes). Orpheus embodies free play and pleasure, love and beauty, sensuality and bliss.

Prometheus, on the contrary, symbolizes labor and necessity, reason and domination over nature, refusal and suppression of freedom, rationalism and practical benefit, limitation and repression of human natural, sensual drives. The Western world chose Prometheus, and its entire evolution can be seen as a consistent forgetting of what Orpheus symbolizes - feeling, play and pleasure, and the affirmation of what Prometheus embodies - reason, work and benefit. The result of this evolution was a “repressive civilization”, based on the dominance of soulless technology, hard forced labor, the conquest of nature and the suppression of man’s sensual and aesthetic abilities. The counterculture came out with a rejection of technocracy, reason and intellect, which fetters and limits sensuality, and a denial of technology as a threat to art. The sharpest criticism was directed against the cult of consumerism mass society and popular culture. Of all the existing culture, according to supporters of the counterculture, the art of the avant-garde, which represented the real “kingdom of freedom,” was declared worthy of preservation and further development.

Counterculture proclaimed a new value system, in which a special place was occupied by a “new sensuality” freed from all external restrictions, freedom of expression, play, imagination and fantasy, “non-verbal” methods of communication, etc. On the path to achieving new values, great importance was attached to the search for a “new community”, the specific forms of which were various kinds of “communes” that arose on the basis of natural, spontaneous relations of brotherhood and love, devoid of any hierarchy or subordination.

A special role was assigned "sexual revolution" which was supposed to make love truly free, to rid it of all restrictions of the former sanctimonious morality. The sexual revolution was one of the main ways of forming a “new sensuality”.

As new values ​​were put into practice, a transition had to take place from Promethean reason to Orphic sensuality, from productive labor to carefree play. The highest and final goal of the counterculture movement is proclaimed to be society as a work of art. Art in such a society - in the spirit of avant-garde - will have to merge with life itself. In this society, the path to aesthetic pleasure and enjoyment will no longer be mediated by art. Pleasure and enjoyment will arise directly in every activity understood as play.

One of the remarkable phenomena of the counterculture was "hippie", whose lifestyle and behavior particularly clearly showed some of the characteristic features of the entire movement. Their protest against the existing society and culture took the form of an escape from this life and culture. They chose Jesus Christ, Buddha, Gandhi, and Francis of Assisi as role models. They left the cities and lived in communes. Flowers were symbols of love, which hippies wore in their hair, on clothes, or embroidered on them, cut out of paper, and woven into wreaths. Hence their movement was called the “flower revolution”. Along with love, hippies were addicted to drugs.

In the early 70s. The counterculture movement is experiencing a crisis and is gradually fading away. It gives way to neoconservatism, which proclaimed a new system of values, in many ways the opposite of the counterculture. In the 70s youth culture is returning to its status as one of the subcultures.

Youth culture is a transitional stage in the life of young people. Along with the completion of the socialization process and inclusion in adulthood, young people become either consumers of mass culture or give preference to high culture, to one degree or another remaining faithful to some elements of youth culture.

Subcultures and counterculture

Culture, taken in all its manifestations, is heterogeneous and contradictory. Even within a relatively holistic culture, for example, the culture of a particular people in a certain era, it is possible to distinguish different groups of people (rural, urban, professional, age, etc.) with their own special attitudes, values, preferences, and customs. Consequently, all these groups exhibit relatively independent cultural tendencies. Such independent cultural spheres, located within the dominant culture, are called subcultures.

Subcultures are characterized by a number of features that are reflected in the main areas of life of a particular group. For example, we can talk about the subcultures of youth, representatives of the art world or the criminal world, where they have their own special moral standards, language (jargon), manners, and style of behavior.

Many of these subcultures not only differ from the official culture, but are directly opposed to it. For example, the youth movements of the 1960s were distinguished by a sharply critical attitude towards the values ​​​​accepted in the dominant culture. (hippies, rockers, punks, etc.) Taken together, such protest subcultures form a counterculture. Thus, counterculture can be called a set of attitudes directed against official culture.

The entire process of cultural history is sometimes presented as a struggle between official culture and counterculture. For example, Christian communities in the first centuries of the new era sharply contrasted their values ​​with the dominant attitudes of the era of antiquity and the time of decline. In the Soviet Union, all attitudes directed against communist and state ideology were recognized as countercultural. In both cases, the counterculture after for long years struggle supplanted official culture and took its place.

Such global changes in culture occur extremely rarely - in times of crisis, when dominant values ​​no longer correspond to the changed reality. The rest of the time they remain an unclaimed reservoir of innovation. Modern interest in countercultures both in the West and in Russia is due precisely to the fact that modern culture shows all the signs of a systemic value crisis. It is possible that ways out of this crisis are now being formed in protest countercultures.

Counterculture

Counterculture- sociocultural attitudes that oppose the fundamental principles underlying a particular culture, characterized by a rejection of established social values, moral norms and ideals, standards and stereotypes of mass culture. The term “counterculture” appeared in Western literature in 1960. It was introduced by the American sociologist Theodore Roszak (born 1933), who tried to combine various spiritual influences directed against the dominant culture into a relatively holistic phenomenon. The counterculture theory aimed to overthrow modern culture, which was represented by organized violence against the individual. This protest took various forms - from passive to extremist.

Youth counterculture has become the most significant in the life of modern humanity. Initially it was directed against the technocracy of industrial society. Property, family, personal responsibility and other fundamental values ​​of modern civilization were proclaimed superstitions, and their defenders were viewed as retrogrades.

The most famous example countercultures became the youth movements of the 1960s and 1970s. beatniks and hippies, who concentrated anti-bourgeois ideas and opposed the Western way of life and bourgeois morality. In the mid-1940s. the founders of beatnikism D. Kerouac, W. Burroughs A. Ginsberg began to experiment with the concepts of friendship, a new vision and a new consciousness, and in the 1950s. their books appeared, where they tried to substantiate a new worldview associated with the poeticization of masculinity, masculinity and rebellion, the rejection of puritanism and hypocrisy of bourgeois morality and the traditions of consumer society. These searches led them to the East, instilling in subsequent generations an interest in Buddhism and psychedelic practices, which hippies were especially fond of.

By the 1960s The range of youth movements in the counterculture has expanded, increasingly involving teenagers - teenagers from 13 to 19 years old - into their ranks.

Rockers- leather-clad motorcyclists who terrify ordinary people, cultivating the “masculine spirit,” cruelty and directness interpersonal relationships based only on physical strength. They are aggressive, rude, loud and confident. The embodiment of their lifestyle is rock music, the heavy and simple rhythm of which fits well into their lives.

Punk movement became especially popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The punks shocked respectable people with their breathtakingly colored and designed hairstyles and curse words, as well as with their outfits - old school uniform, “decorated” with garbage bags, toilet chains, and pins. They were opposed teds(“Teddy Boys”), who declared themselves the guardians of social order, and fashion(“modernists”), who sought to get closer to the middle class. Later they broke away from the “mods” skinheads, or “skinheads”, aggressively disposed towards all deviant, from their point of view, groups.

In other words, these movements arise, then decline, but new movements are born and suffer the same fate. But they do not disappear without a trace. Their value guidelines dissolve into the bosom of the dominant culture, which begins to change under their influence. It can be said that countercultures have a powerful creative charge that contributes to the dynamics of culture.

The presence of counterculture is not a specific feature of the 20th century. Confrontation with the dominant culture, the birth of new values ​​occurs in world culture again and again. Christianity arose as a counterculture in the Roman Empire, secular culture in the Renaissance, and romanticism at the end of the Enlightenment. Any new culture is born as a result of awareness of the crisis of the culture of the previous period on the basis of existing countercultural attitudes.

Subculture

Subcultures- large components of integral local cultures (ethnic, national, social), distinguished by certain local specifics of certain features and arising due to the fact that any society is heterogeneous in its composition and includes different social groups - national, demographic, professional, etc. Despite the differences between them, they have some common values ​​and norms, determined by the general conditions of life - the dominant culture. But the differences between groups at the same time form each of them with their own culture, called a subculture. In essence, it is part of the general culture of a people, in some aspects different from the dominant culture, but in its main features consistent with it. As a rule, subcultures are associated with large, compactly located and relatively isolated groups of people. Typically, subcultures are located on the outskirts of the area of ​​distribution of an integral culture, which is associated with the specific conditions that have developed there. The formation of subcultures occurs along ethnographic, class, religious, professional, functional characteristics, based on age or social specifics. The social group that has formed the subculture may differ from representatives of the dominant culture in language, lifestyle, behavior, customs, etc. Although the differences can be very strong, the subculture does not oppose the dominant culture and includes a number of values ​​of the dominant culture, adding to them new values ​​characteristic only of non-dominant ones. Examples of subcultures include rural and urban cultures. Thus, Russian Old Believers differ from the basic culture in the specificity of their religious views; the specific way of life of the Cossacks is associated with their special professional functions as defenders of the country’s borders; the subculture of prisoners arises due to their isolation from the general population; subcultures of youth and pensioners arise in connection with age differences, etc.

As a rule, subcultures strive to maintain a certain autonomy from other cultural layers and groups and do not claim the universality of their culture or their way of life. Because of this, they are distinguished by a certain locality and a certain isolation, but remain loyal to the basic values ​​of this culture. Subcultures are only deviations from the main path of cultural development. They do not set as their goal to remake the dominant culture, but adapt to it in their own way and in this way differ from the counterculture, which seeks to remake the world.

Any civilized society presupposes the existence, implementation and organization of people joint activities. The methods of its organization can be both formal and informal; they do not replace each other and proceed according to significantly different laws.

For example, in formal groups, relationships are seemingly impersonal: people act according to prescribed laws or rules. In informal relationships, people or groups of people, communication and communication occurs through public opinion or a system of interpersonal relationships.

In other words, “formals” are members of society who adhere to the norms and laws of this society, and “informals” do not comply with these norms, “go beyond” social stereotypes and patterns.

Teenagers are informal

At the heart of any informal movement lies the idea of ​​a free community of like-minded people, preserving emotional warmth and at the same time providing each member with a certain individual freedom.

Informals are those who break out of the formalized structures of our lives. They do not fit into the usual rules of behavior. Destroys all patterns and stereotypes not only in appearance, but also in relationships. They strive to live in accordance with their own, and not other people’s interests imposed from outside.

In the 1980s, with the first gusts of freedom, the so-called “System”, a youth association of mainly punk rockers and hippies, gained strength. It existed as a protest or rebellion against the communist system.

The informal youth subculture and its “System” movement collapsed along with the collapse of the USSR, but the new way of life of people, the desire for better life and gradual disillusionment formed a large number of other informal youth and teenage groups.

Features of the youth subculture

In the modern world, whether we notice it or not, a fairly stable youth subculture has already formed. It has its own internal and external features. Firstly, this is a common interest and one ideological program for all participants in the informal youth organization. Secondly, the informals have a desire to assert themselves, along with competition in a group of similar people.

At the same time, each informal youth group has a poorly defined internal structure and internal connections.

Modern youth subcultures

Another important feature and peculiarity of all youth movements is their external distinctive features. Each group has its own name, its own informal status and the so-called dress code. Those. a form of clothing or attribute that indicates that a teenager or young man belongs to one or another informal model of youth subculture.

Let's look at the classification of modern youth subcultures

So, to begin with, all informal associations are divided into groups, and those, in turn, into micro groups. When dividing, they are guided purely by likes and dislikes.

There are also exclusively informal teenage movements, informal youth and mixed groups. There are antisocial informals and positive ones.

General classification of informal youth organizations and types of youth subcultures

Sports-oriented informals

These are the so-called sports fans. Their movement is characterized by clear discipline and organization. Young people and teenagers who are well versed in a particular sport know its history. Promote a healthy lifestyle. Appearance they are recognizable - sports scarves, caps, T-shirts, etc.

Politically oriented youth subcultures

The most socially oriented youth subculture and informal group. They are distinguished by social activity, participation in all kinds of rallies and have a clear political position. These include: pacifists, Nazis (skinheads), punks, etc.

• a youth subculture of pacifists that opposes war and endorses the struggle for peace.
• the youth subculture “skinheads” (from the English Skin - skin, Head - head) is a spontaneously emerging marginal organization, which is characterized by nationalist views and a willingness to defend them. Skins are easy to distinguish from others: shaven heads, black and green jackets, nationalistic T-shirts, jeans with suspenders.
• The punk youth subculture is basically an extremist informal teenage movement whose behavior is characterized by shocking behavior and an unbridled desire to attract the attention of others.

Philosophical youth subcultures

Prominent among them is such a youth subculture as hippies. Sloppy clothes, blue jeans, embroidered shirts, T-shirts with inscriptions and symbols, amulets, bracelets, chains - distinctive external signs hippie. Informal youth are in an eternal search for the meaning of life, knowledge of themselves and the world around them.

Musically oriented movement of informals

The youth subculture of rappers, rockers, breakers, parkour (street acrobatics), etc. Informals of this youth subculture are united by a strong interest in music or dancing. And this interest most often transforms into a lifestyle.

Other modern youth subcultures

• Goths (they popularize the cult of death in every possible way, they look very similar to vampires);
• emo (short for the word “emotions”). Their youth subculture is based on the idea that the life of a teenager is a very harsh test, and therefore emo - informal people are sad and sad. This is evidenced by the black color in the teenager’s clothes, combined with pink, which is a symbol of love and friendship.
• The youth subculture of anarchists is distinguished by their demonstrative straightforwardness in their views and aggressive behavior. Black color in clothes, and a mandatory metal accessory.

Psychology of informality

Informal teenagers have their own psychological characteristics, first of all, the desire and tendency to imitate. This is understandable, because teenagers “do not yet know how” to be themselves, they are in search of the meaning of “I” and their purpose in life. Another characteristic of any informal youth subculture is the desire to stand out, the desire for autonomy and independence.

The realization of this aspiration is quite possible in a group of people like himself. But in fact, the teenager disappears into the crowd of his own kind. “The vast majority of informal groups of youth subculture are based not on conscious unity, which rarely happens among teenagers, but on the same loneliness of its members.”

One of the conditions for the existence of teenage informal groups is the presence or creation of opponents, ill-wishers, etc. Most often, enemy number one becomes the world of adults. An informal teenager expresses disagreement, dissatisfaction with the system and spreads this protest to all informals in the group.

Abstract on social psychology on the topic: “Youth subcultures”

Performed:

1st year student

Velikhova Yulia

Saint Petersburg

1. Introduction

2.The concept of youth subculture

.Aesthetics of youth subculture

.Classification of youth subcultures

.Socio-historical prerequisites for the emergence of a youth subculture

.The formation of a youth subculture

.The first youth subcultures. World subcultures of the twentieth century

.Development of youth subcultures in Russia

.Features of youth subcultures in modern Russia

.Prerequisites for young people to enter the subculture

.Examples of modern youth subcultures

Conclusion

.Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

For my essay, I chose the topic “Youth subculture” because I believe that it is relevant for our time, since young people need to go through the youth subculture, since its essence is search social status. Through it, the young man “practices” in playing roles that will later be useful for entering adulthood. Upon entering adolescence, a young man becomes separated from his family and seeks those social connections that should protect him from a still alien society. Between a lost family and a society that has not yet been found, the young man strives to join his own kind. The informal groups formed in this way provide the young person with a certain social status. The price for this is often the abandonment of individuality and complete submission to the norms, values ​​and interests of the group.

Today there are many youth subcultures and informal organizations of different nature. In our work we will consider some of them. But first, I would like to talk about the concept of youth subculture in general and how it was formed.

THE CONCEPT OF YOUTH SUBCULTURE

Subculture - (Latin sub - under and cultura - culture) a system of norms and values ​​that distinguish a group from the majority of society. Subculture (subculture) is a concept that characterizes the culture of a group or class that differs from the dominant culture or is hostile to this culture (counterculture).

Youth subculture is an esoteric, escapist, urban culture created by young people for themselves; it is a culture aimed at the inclusion of young people in society; this is a partial cultural subsystem within the “official” system, the basic culture of society, which determines the lifestyle, value hierarchy and mentality of its bearers.

According to the findings of youth culture specialist S.I. Levikova, the youth subculture is characterized by the following features:

youth subculture is a social community, each representative of which considers himself a member of it

the entry of a young person into one or another youth subculture means his acceptance and sharing of its norms, values, worldview, manners, lifestyle, as well as the external attributes of belonging to this subculture (hairstyle, clothing, jewelry, jargon);

As a rule, youth subcultures arise on the basis of certain preferences for musical styles, lifestyles, and attitudes towards certain social phenomena;

ideas and values ​​that are significant for a particular youth subculture receive external expression in the symbols and attributes of the group that are obligatory for its members.

Youth subcultures develop a common clothing style (image), language (jargon, slang), attributes (symbolism), as well as a common worldview for their members. Image for a representative of a subculture is not only clothing, it is a demonstration by one’s appearance of the beliefs and values ​​that the subculture promotes. Representatives of subcultures develop their own language over time. It is partly inherited from the progenitor’s subculture, and partly produced independently. Many elements of slang are neologisms.

AESTHETICS OF YOUTH SUB-CULTURE

Youth subcultures are almost always distinguished by their desire to consolidate the worldview meanings that are most important to them in a vivid expressive form, perhaps incomprehensible to the majority of people in society, but arousing interest.

The pronounced aesthetic principle in the youth subculture is embodied in its playful nature. Aesthetic play among youth becomes a way of self-expression for members of youth subcultural groups.

In the rites and rituals that youth cultures quite often resort to in their public life, theatricalization is widely manifested.

The creation and functioning of their own language, signs and symbols of individual youth subcultures is characterized by a playful aspect. It is also characteristic of youth subcultures in various public forms of communication with their like-minded people, which are implemented in the form of theatrical events, shows, performances, happenings, demonstrations, and festivals.

In a demonstrative and shocking manner of behavior, in a special style as a form of aesthetic play in the life of various youth subcultures, art is actualized.

The youth subculture practically knows no national borders and easily and quickly spreads across countries, regions and continents.

The youth subculture is mosaic and short-lived; it often transforms and changes with the arrival of a new generation.

CLASSIFICATION OF YOUTH SUB-CULTURES

There are several classifications or typologies of youth subcultures.

On the basis of social and legal characteristics there are:

) prosocial, or socially active, with a positive focus on activities (environmental protection groups, protection of monuments, environment).

) socially passive, whose activities are neutral in relation to social processes (music and sports fans).

) asocial - they stand apart from social problems, but do not pose a threat to society (hippies, punks)

According to the direction of interests, sociologist M. Topalov classifies youth associations and groups as follows:

) passion for modern youth music;

) aspiration for law and order activities;

) actively involved in certain sports;

) near-sports (various fans);

) philosophical and mystical;

) environmentalists.

Professor S.A. Sergeev offers the following typology of youth subcultures:

) romantic-escapist subcultures (hippies, Indianists, bikers).

) hedonistic-entertaining (majors, ravers, rappers, etc.),

) criminal (“Gopniks”, “Lubers”)

) anarcho-nihilistic (punks, extremist subcultures of the “left” and “right”), which can also be called radical destructive.

Sociologist Z.V. Sikevich gives a slightly different description of the subcultural movement of young people, taking into account the fact that involvement in a particular group may be connected:

) with the way they spend time (music and sports fans, metalheads, lubers);

) with social position;

) with lifestyle;

) with alternative creativity (officially not recognized painters, sculptors, musicians, actors, writers and others).

Youth movements can also be divided into the following groups:

) Related to music (rockers, metalheads, punks, goths, rappers, trance culture).

) Distinguished by a certain worldview and way of life (goths, hippies, Indianists, punks, Rastafarians).

) Related to sports (sports fans, roller skaters, skaters, street bikers, bikers).

) Associated with games, escape into another reality (role-players, Tolkienists, gamers).

) Connected with computer technologies(hackers).

) Hostile or antisocial groups (punks, skinheads, RNE, Gopniks, Lubers, Nazis).

) Religious associations (Satanists, sects, Hare Krishnas, Indianists).

) Contemporary art groups (graffiti artists, break dancers, contemporary artists, sculptors, musical groups).

) Elite (majors, ravers).

) Antique subcultures (beatniks).

) Subculture of the masses or counterculture (Gopniks).

) Socially active (societies for the protection of history and the environment, pacifists).

And finally, the typology of youth subcultures developed by S.I. Levikova and V.A. Babajo in 1996:

) groups that unite adherents of musical tastes and styles (metalheads, Rolling Stones, breakers, Beatlemaniacs);

) groups whose value orientations have some political and ideological connotation (nostalgists, anarchists, pacifists, deviationists, “greens”);

) groups of apolitical, escapist nature (hippies, punks, people of the “system”);

) aesthetic groups (“Mitki”);

) groups professing the “cult of muscles” (“jocks”);

) criminogenic groups united on the basis of aggressiveness, rigid organization and illegal activities (“telyagi”, gopniks, lyubers).

In practice, there are no strict distinctions between youth subcultures. A young person’s belonging to one youth subculture does not exclude his membership in others.

SOCIO-HISTORICAL PREREQUISITES FOR THE APPEARANCE OF YOUTH SUB-CULTURE

Rapid, continuous acceleration and renewal have become the leading characteristics of life in modern industrial societies. The scientific and technological revolution unfolded, the natural sphere was put to an end, and the artificial-technological era began. With the advent of the possibility of fabrication, uniqueness and individuality became a thing of the past: first in objects, and then in people. Their place was taken by stereotypes, mass character, and universality.

The formation of mass society took place in the 50s of the 20th century. At the same time, the formation of a youth subculture began.

From the very beginning, the youth subculture was distinguished by its inability to fit in, its lack of involvement in the basic culture of society, which is Mass culture..

The emergence of the youth subculture practically coincides in time with the beginning of the era of post-industrialism and with the emergence of postmodern trends in sociocultural development society. The main features of postmodernism are pluralism, plurality, uncertainty, fragmentation, variability, eclecticism. These same features are also characteristic of the youth subculture. She too:

) is pluralistic because it includes punks, hippies, goths, and many others;

) is multiple, since the youth subculture does not have a core unity;

) is uncertain, since it is impossible to say with complete certainty what the youth subculture actually is;

) is fragmented, that is, each youth subculture retains its own characteristics and originality;

) is changeable, since periodically the youth subculture is updated and reborn;

) is eclectic, as it incorporates absolutely incompatible elements that peacefully coexist and even complement each other.

FORMATION OF YOUTH SUB-CULTURE

Quite often, researchers associate the emergence of the phenomenon of youth subculture with a generational conflict. However, as sociological research shows, this idea is only partly true. A certain discrepancy in the views, tastes, preferences, and values ​​of generations has always existed in one form or another, but it does not necessarily result in the emergence of a youth subculture.

The reasons that the youth subculture is a structural element of industrially developed social systems lie in the lengthening of the training period, caused by the fact that new technologies and equipment require not just educated, but specially trained workers. As a result, independence comes to the young man much later. The idea of ​​endless childhood is found in most youth subcultures. The need for self-expression and uncertainty social role young people lead them to the spontaneous creation of a partial culture, which is the youth subculture.

THE FIRST YOUTH SUB-CULTURES. WORLD SUBCULTURES OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Sociological studies of Western scientists from the 1930s to the 50s paid close attention to the study of the cultural boom in society. The first subcultures, which are now a thing of the past, were distinguished by significant radicalism in their judgments and a wide range of interests.

The manifestation of individuality and contrast, as opposed to existing standards, was first recorded in the USA and Europe, and affected almost all spheres of life in the social structure of that time - literature, music and cinema. A clear example The first and most widespread youth movement that arose in the 50s of the twentieth century can be called the American beatniks, the main impetus for the emergence of which was a protest against existing cultural and social dogmas, an irresistible thirst for freedom everywhere and in everything.

Around the sixties, hippies began to appear. Also, the sixties are marked by an increase in the number of computers in Western countries, hence the growth of interest in them and the formation of a culture of hackers.

The seventies were the heyday of rock, especially punk rock. At these times, such a trend as glam rock appears. In 1979, all media recognized such a subculture as gothic.

In the eighties, neo-romantics and electro-pop emerged. The eighties also brought rap: specific poetry, sometimes simply devoid of meaning, and breakdancing. By the middle of this period, free parties appear where rave, techno and other electronic music are played. The nineties are a colorful mixture of different subcultures. The World Wide Web is being invented, and with it comes the opportunity to play online or participate in discussions on forums.

At the end of the twentieth century, subcultures such as anime, emo, bastards, glamor, and with it anti-glamor gradually appeared.

DEVELOPMENT OF YOUTH SUB-CULTURES IN RUSSIA

The history of the development of youth subcultures in our country can be divided into three unique “waves”. It all started with the appearance in the 1950s of the “hipsters” - a shocking and countercultural group of urban youth, which became a kind of symbol of the “first wave”. They dressed and danced “stylishly”, for which they received the contemptuous nickname “hipsters”. The main accusation that was brought against them was “worship before the West.” The musical preferences of the “hipsters” are jazz, and then rock and roll. The “first wave” of the informal youth movement is also associated with the emergence of KSP (amateur song clubs) in the late 1950s. KSP are clubs that unite people who love guitar songs and poetry. The “second wave” was determined by both internal and external conditions - from the mid-60s, the youth movement acquired an important component - rock music. Drugs gradually penetrated the youth environment. The movement of the seventies was deeper, broader and longer lasting. It was in the 1970s that the so-called “System” emerged - the Soviet hippie subculture, which was a whole conglomerate of groups. The “system,” being updated every two or three years, absorbed punks, metalheads, and even criminogenic lubers.

The year 1986 can be considered the beginning of the “third wave” of youth movements: the existence of subcultures was officially recognized. Spontaneously emerging youth groups were sometimes called informal, sometimes amateur, or amateur. Russian “informals” sought to copy the character of the trends of Western youth subculture.

FEATURES OF YOUTH SUB-CULTURES IN MODERN RUSSIA

According to V.N. Lupandin, the formation and development of a youth subculture is characterized by the borrowing of elements of a foreign culture, which, under the influence of the sociocultural characteristics of a particular society, acquire specific national features. The peculiarity of domestic youth subcultures is that most of them are focused either on leisure time or on the transmission and dissemination of information.

According to Kofarin N.V., the subcultural activity of young people depends on a number of factors:

· on the level of education. For people with a lower level of education, for example, vocational school students, it is significantly higher than for university students;

· from age. The peak of activity is 16-17 years old, by the age of 21-22 it drops noticeably;

· from place of residence. Movements of informals are more typical for the city than for the village, since it is the city, with its abundance of social connections, that provides a real opportunity to choose values ​​and forms of behavior.

The Russian Federation, as a state with a large territorial space and a multinational population, is characterized by significant regional and national differences that predetermine the regional specifics of the Russian youth subculture.

The youth subculture of Russia must be considered as the result of the socio-cultural activities of young people, who, in order to realize their creative potential or express protest against the existing social order, form special social structures - formal or informal. Despite the difference in origin, young people from different social groups face the same problem of transition from one age group to another.

PREREQUISITES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE'S ENTRY INTO A SUB-CULTURE

Most young people choose the traditional path of socialization. Depending on the historical and sociocultural situation in a particular society, no more than 30% of youth fall into the category of subcultural youth. The following prerequisites for the entry of young people into a particular subculture can be identified:

in the family (excessive parental control or giving the teenager extreme freedom);

in a formal group: poor relationships with classmates and teachers;

as a result of participation in local wars, when a young man acquires an experience unusual for peaceful life (pain, murder, destruction, loss of comrades, fear) and can no longer fit into the peaceful life to which he returns;

among the unemployed, temporarily (partially) employed young people (the presence of free time with the simultaneous lack of opportunity for self-realization);

when the real social status does not correspond to the desired (imaginary) one.

There are other opportunities for young people to get into informal youth associations (lack of accessible forms of leisure, coming “for company,” excess free time). However, the basic reasons for the first step taken towards the youth subculture are considered to be the above prerequisites.

However, the youth subculture performs a number of positive functions: adapting young people to society, providing an opportunity for a young person to develop a primary status, helping young people free themselves from parental dependence and guardianship, and conveying value ideas specific to a certain social stratum. As a rule, many young people, after leaving the movement, no longer suffer from teenage complexes and do not turn life into an endless search for adventure.

EXAMPLES OF MODERN YOUTH SUB-CULTURES

Hipsters

Hipster, hipsters (indie kids) is a term that appeared in the United States in the 1940s, derived from the slang “to be hip,” which roughly translates as “to be in the know” (hence the “hippie”). This word originally meant a representative of a special subculture formed among fans of jazz music; in our time it is usually used in the sense of “wealthy urban youth interested in elite foreign culture and art, fashion, alternative music and indie rock, arthouse cinema, modern literature and so on".

Ideology:

Some call hipsters “anti-capitalists,” liberals with a socialist philosophy. The representatives of this subculture themselves do not openly promote anything; they are in every possible way for the external and internal freedom of a person, and therefore support movements for women’s and gay rights. Hipsters, as a rule, do not belong to any religious denomination - most often they are agnostics or atheists.

Origin:

Hipsters are the most controversial subculture in terminology. There is still fierce debate about its appearance. It is usually dated to the late forties. Judging by the composition of the people drawn into this subculture, we can say with confidence: there were neither racial boundaries nor social restrictions for hipsterism.

Burroughs wrote in “Junkie”: “The hipster is the one who understands and speaks jive, who knows the trick, who has it and who has it.”

It is now known for certain that this subculture originated in New York. Moreover, just like the original concept, it is also modern.

A hipster listens only to trendy music. In the 40s he was drawn to jazz, in the 60s - to psychedelic rock. Hipsters of the 90s were the first to know what trip-hop was. The modern hipster listens to Americans Clap Hands Say Yeah and Arcade Fire, etc. Some people are seriously interested in collecting records and CDs of certain styles: jazz, noise or indie rock.

Attributes:

Skinny jeans.

T-shirt with print. The T-shirt usually features funny phrases, animals, sneakers, cars, chairs, Moleskins, Lomographs and London.

Glasses with thick plastic frames. They often have glasses without diopters.

Lomograph.

iPod/iPhone/MacBook.

Blog on the Internet.

Football hooligans

Football hooligans are representatives of one of the youth subcultures, characterized by the fact that they consider belonging to the category of football fans of a certain team (club) as a symbol of their association into certain groups within the subculture. Like any other subculture, football fanaticism has certain features that characterize it: “professional” slang, certain fashions in clothing, behavioral stereotypes, hierarchical societies, opposing oneself to “opponents,” etc.

Origin:

Football hooliganism as it exists today began to emerge in Great Britain in the late 1950s.

In Russia, the process of the emergence of a new subculture is directly related to the beginning of the away activities of a certain part of fans of Soviet clubs. Fans of Spartak were the first to attend away games of their club in the early 1970s; they were soon joined by fans of other Moscow teams, as well as fans of Dynamo Kiev and Zenit Leningrad.

Currently:

Currently, Russian “near-football” can be called an established social phenomenon with pronounced features of the English style of supporting the club both at home and away matches. Almost all the clubs of the Russian national football championship, right down to the teams of the second league, have their own gangs (in slang - “firms”). Among Russian hooligans, the ideas of Russian nationalism are very strong.

It is worth distinguishing between football hooligans and an organization such as ultras. Ultras are highly organized fans of a particular club. The Ultras group is, as a rule, an officially registered structure that unites from ten to several thousand of the most active fans engaged in all kinds of information promotion and support for their team - promotional attributes, popularization of their movement, distribution and sale of tickets, organization of special shows in the stands , organizing trips to away matches of your favorite team.

Signs:

· Lack of paraphernalia typical for ordinary fans (T-shirts, club-colored scarves and pipes).

· Jackets, T-shirts, polos, sweaters from Lonsdale, Stone Island, Burberry, Fred Perry, Lacoste, Ben Sherman and more.

· White sneakers with Velcro and straight soles.

· Rectangular shoulder bags pulled higher towards the back or kangaroo handbags worn over the shoulder and pulled closer to the neck.

Football hooligans have their own style and their own brands, their own pubs, their own music bands, their own art films.

Some hooligan slang words:

A ?action - an operation carried out by a group of fans against another

Argume ?nt - stone, bottle, stick, iron buckle, etc.

Ba ?nner - a banner (usually with the emblem of a club or fan group) placed by fans in the stands during a match. - As a rule, contains a concise, relevant statement that is directly related to the topic of the match

You ?travel - a trip of fans to another city/region/country for a match of their team

Take it out ?ty - to win a fight with fans of another team

Gluma ? - active support of the team in the stands

De ?RBI (English Derby) - 1. a meeting of two teams from the same city; 2. a meeting between two teams at the top of the standings

Dawn? d - chant

Le ?high - fans who are not related to official fan associations

Me ?chick - Soccer game

About ?water - an attack during the departure of one fan group to another

Ro ?for - scarf with club attributes

Ska ?ut - scout

Trophy ?th - a removed scarf, a taken yarn or a flag

Rastafarians

Rastafarians in the world are traditionally called followers of Rastafarianism.

Rastafarianism is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion that arose in Christian culture in Jamaica in the 1930s based on a mixture of Christianity, local Caribbean beliefs, the beliefs of blacks descended from slaves from West Africa and the teachings of a number of religious and social preachers (primarily Marcus Garvey), which led to the formation of the reggae music style in the 1960s.

The emergence of Rastafarianism in Russia:

In Russia, this youth subculture was formed in the post-Soviet space in the early 1990s. Moreover, its representatives are not true adherents of the original religious and political doctrine of African superiority, but consider themselves to be part of this group primarily based on the use of marijuana and hashish. Many people listen to Bob Marley and reggae music in general, use the green-yellow-red color combination for identification (for example, in clothing), and some wear dreadlocks.

One of the first representatives of the Rastafarian movement in Russia is a reggae artist musical group"Jah Division", which appeared in 1989.

Now in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities there are quite large Rastafarian communities that hold cultural events (usually concerts or festivals), maintain websites, and publish media materials. Almost all Russian reggae groups consider themselves Rastafarian - at least they use characteristic symbols and revere Bob Marley.

Ideology:

Usually Rastafarians advocate the legalization of marijuana, which is reflected in songs and paraphernalia.

Rastafarians have a positive attitude towards Jah and a negative attitude towards the so-called “Babylon” as a pragmatic socio-political system based on Western material culture.

Many Rastafarians also have a negative attitude towards taking opiates, amphetamines and alcohol, as well as a negative attitude towards taking psychedelics, which does not at all make them related to the hippie subculture, as is commonly believed, but on the contrary, repels them.

o Ultra-right. NS skinheads

Ultra-right, extreme right, radical right - a term to designate carriers of extreme right-wing political views. In the modern world it is used mainly to refer to racial supremacists, neo-fascists, neo-Nazis and ultranationalists.

NS-skinhe ?dy (Nazi skinheads or National Socialist skinheads) is a youth ultra-right subculture, whose representatives adhere to National Socialist ideology, one of the directions of the skinhead subculture. The activities of NS skinheads are usually extremist in nature.

Origin:

Initially, the skinhead subculture arose in Great Britain in the late 60s of the 20th century. It was apolitical in nature and was closely associated with the English subculture of this period - the mods, as well as with black Jamaican emigrant youth and the popular music of that time among them - reggae and, to a lesser extent, ska.

NS skinheads appeared towards the end of 1982, as a result of political agitation by the leader of the rock band Skrewdriver (which later became a cult for NS skinheads). Then for the first time the Celtic cross was borrowed as a symbol of their movement, and the image of the NS skinheads (in the image of the crusaders) was formed - soldiers of the Holy Racial War who fights against - all non-Aryans, mainly numerous immigrants from third world countries, as well as homosexuals , drug addicts and left-wing youth.

At the turn of the 1990s, after the collapse of the USSR, the NS skinhead subculture penetrated into Russia.

Ideology

NS skinheads position themselves as a national liberation movement and fight for the ideas of superiority of the white, Aryan race, while striving for racial separatism.

NS skinheads are extreme racists, anti-Semites and xenophobes, opponents of illegal immigration, mixed marriages and sexual deviations, especially homosexuality.

NS skinheads consider themselves defenders of the interests of the working class, in some cases citing the fact that newcomers take jobs

A special cult among NS skinheads exists around the personality of Hitler and some other leaders of the Nazi movement.

Many NS skinheads are agnostics or even atheists. In Russia, there are groups of NS skinheads who profess Orthodoxy, while the rest are extreme opponents of Christianity and Orthodoxy in particular, since Jesus Christ is a Jew, and Christianity arose in the context of the messianic movements of Judaism.

As participants in right-wing radical movements, NS skinheads are supporters of extreme measures using violence, which is usually interpreted as extremism. Many of them are close to the idea of ​​revolution, that is, a coup d'etat with the aim of establishing a national socialist regime.

Appearance:

o Shaved head or very short haircut

o Lonsdale and Thor Steinar brand clothing

o Heavy high boots (Dr. Martens, Grinders, Steels, Camelot)

o Light blue jeans (Levi s, Wrangler) or boiled jeans

o White T-shirts, black or brown shirts, polos and T-shirts (Fred Perry, Ben Sherman)

o Short, black and dark green jackets with a zipper without a collar - “bombers”, or with a collar - “navigators”

o Nazi symbols

oTattoos

·Hip-hop. Rappers

Hip-hop (English: hip hop) is a cultural movement that originated among the working class of New York. November 12, 1974. DJ Afrika Bambaataa was the first to define the five pillars of hip-hop culture: emming, DJing, breaking, graffiti, and knowledge (a certain philosophy). Other elements include beatboxing, hip-hop fashion and slang.

Origin:

Originating in the South Bronx, hip-hop became part of youth culture in many countries around the world in the 1980s. Since the late 1990s, from a street underground with a strong social orientation, hip-hop has gradually become part of music industry, and by the middle of the first decade of this century the subculture had become “fashionable”, “mainstream”. However, despite this, many figures within hip-hop still continue its “main line” - protest against inequality and injustice, opposition to those in power.

Subculture aesthetics:

Despite the hip-hop fashion changing every year, in general it has a number of characteristic features. Clothes are usually loose, sporty: sneakers and baseball caps (usually with straight peaks) from well-known brands (e.g. KIX, New Era, Joker, Tribal, Reebok, Roca Wear, FUBU, Wu-Wear, Sean John, AKADEMIKS , ECKO, Nike, Adidas) T-shirts and basketball jerseys, jackets and hoodies, sock-like hats pulled down over the eyes, baggy pants. Hairstyles are short, although short dreadlocks are also popular. Popular among rappers themselves massive jewelry(chains, medallions, keychains), but wearing jewelry is more common among African Americans.

As examples, I looked at the most popular, in my opinion, youth subcultures in Russia today. But along with them, there are many other diverse youth subcultures and movements.

CONCLUSION

youth subculture symbol phenomenon

After analyzing the sources, I came to the conclusion that the primary reason for a teenager to leave for the youth subculture is the need for friends, conflicts at home and at school, and a protest against the formalism of adults. It is important to understand that, on the one hand, youth subcultures cultivate protest against adult society, its values ​​and authorities, but, on the other hand, they are called upon to facilitate the adaptation of young people to the same society. Problems can arise if a still fragile personality falls into subcultures that are dangerous even for adults. At this stage, parents and social services are required to refer the young person

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. A. A. Gritsanov, V. L. Abushenko, G. M. Evelkin, G. N. Sokolova, O. V. Tereshchenko Encyclopedia of Sociology // Book House, 2003. - 1312 p.

Daria Sakinsyan “Subcultures-fresh: Hipsters” // Private correspondent

Levikova S.I. Youth subculture: Textbook. M.: FAIR-PRESS.2004

Lukov V.A. Features of youth subcultures in Russia // Sociol. research. 2002.

M.I. Enikeev. General and social psychology // Norma - Infra 1999.

Omelchenko E. Youth cultures and subcultures //Institute of Sociology RAS, Ulyan. state univ. N.-I. Region Center. - M.: Institute of Sociology RAS, 2000. - 262 p.

Svechnikov S.K. Methodological manual “Youth and rock culture”. Yoshkar-Ola: State Educational Institution of Additional Professional Education (PK) With “Mari Institute of Education”, 2007

Tatyana Prudinnik “Form without content: who are hipsters?” //www.interfax.by

Http://traditio-ru.org/wiki/TSDNE:Football_hooligans

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