The drawing on the work is thick and thin. Thick and thin

Zipper links can be made from different material. It can be nylon, polyester, plastic and metal. The zipper braid can also differ in both density and thickness. Each lightning has its own disadvantages and advantages. For example, synthetic zippers are not subject to corrosion. They are elastic and lightweight; moreover, modern zippers are made from heat-resistant compounds. Unlike synthetic ones, metal zippers are more reliable. Due to their increased strength, they are sewn into sports or heavy clothing.

Zippers are produced in various colors and shades, this is necessary so that you can easily match the zipper to the product.

What does a zipper consist of?

A lock with a ring (colloquially “dog”) is specially designed to make zippers, which, moving along a snake, closes or opens the links.
The links are peculiarly shaped teeth, which, after passing the lock through them, are tightly connected.
Braid is a strip of material, on the edges of which the teeth (links) are attached.
Rivets are small metal parts that prevent the lock from coming off the zipper. There are two of them at the top end, and one at the bottom with permanent zippers. On detachable zippers, the lower rivet consists of two parts.

Metal one-piece zipper

Zipper with metal links fastened at the bottom. Very durable and can withstand strong tension. Used on sportswear and denim clothing.

Soft flexible zipper with links fastened at the lower end. Used on clothes made of thin fabrics.

Invisible Lightning

One-piece zipper with very small synthetic links located on the wrong side of the tape. Widely used on women's clothing.

Detachable zipper with large links

Quite a heavy zipper for outerwear and sportswear. Links (metal or plastic) are secured to each half of the zipper with separate rivets. Locks (pawls) on detachable zippers often have a ring on each side.

Methods for sewing in a zipper

This is how zippers are most often sewn in the middle of the front or back. Often used on dresses and skirts that have a clasp at the back. The stitched waistband is sewn on after the zipper is inserted.

With this method of sewing in a zipper, its color does not have to be matched to the color of the product. Since it is completely hidden by the folds of clothing. This is how zippers are sewn into the side seams various products where lightning should not be visible. For example, dresses or skirts.

This is how they sew a zipper on trousers or skirts, and sometimes on coats and jackets. With this method of sewing, more fabric is consumed on the top and bottom (protective) trims and is used only in cases where it is provided for in the pattern.

The fastener, which became widespread during the First World War, was invented much earlier, but for a number of reasons remained quite far from being widely used in clothing.
In the Republic of Ingushetia/RSFSR/USSR it was practically unknown until 1930. I must say that as an element casual wear it was not particularly widespread in both the West and the East for reasons that are not entirely clear. In English-language sources, the reason is called “the excessive sexuality of the zipper for the 1920-1940s,” but it seems that the point here is that it came to the masses through the military and workers, and initially occupied a niche that was extremely functional and, accordingly, not particularly fashionable at that time accessories.
Current times of perfect harmony formal suit the rubber boots haven't arrived yet.

In the photographs found, the zipper was first seen in the USSR in Rodchenko’s design of Meyerhold’s “The Bedbug” by Mayakovsky as an element of the futuristic clothing of the 1929 production.

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The number of lightning in photographs begins to increase noticeably during work and sportswear in the first half of the 1930s.

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And finally, in 1935, a quantitative breakthrough occurs.
Entered the supply of the Air Force and ABTV of the Red Army
Summer overalls:
The overalls are made of cotton fabric dark blue. It consists of a combination of a jacket and trousers, which are one piece at the front and detachable at the back at the waist. The collar of the overalls is turn-down and fastens with a hook. The sleeves of the overalls are three-seam, with elbow pads and with drawstrings for tightening the bottom of the sleeves. The low legs have tabs and buckles for tightening. There are knee pads stitched on the knees of the overalls, and leis on the seat. The belt is fastened with a metal buckle, to support it at the waist, two hooks are sewn into the sides. The overalls have one pocket on the left side of the chest, covered with a flap, with a button closure, and one pocket on the right thigh, covered with a half-flap, with a button closure. The front slit of the jumpsuit has a zipper fastener..

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With the outbreak of war, the overalls were simplified, the zipper disappeared, and appeared in the USSR on civilian clothing in the late 1940s - early 1950s

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Jackets with contrasting yokes and several patch pockets - “hooligans” or “bobbins” - are becoming quite fashionable at this time. In Leningrad they were also called “Muscovites”, and in Moscow for some reason “Leningradkas”.

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Where did zippers come from in the USSR in sufficient quantities?
It is unlikely that these were imports; the structure of USSR purchases in the 1930s shows that almost 90 percent of them were not beautiful imported goods at all, but technologies, machines, machine tools and equipment.
Remember Ilf-Petrovsky’s Golden Calf - “In the morning, a German specialist, engineer Heinrich Maria Zauze, who was discharged from Germany for a lot of money, was sitting on the sofa.” And let us note, without surprising anyone, which means he was not the only one like that.
Well, what kind of imported zippers are there, the country throws all its currency into machines and foreign specialists.
Now let's take a look at the patent archive. And then we see interesting picture. Since 1930, patents and copyright certificates began to be filed for machines and methods for the production of what was then called “break fasteners.” At first from foreigners, but by the early 1930s, Soviet authors were already patenting modernizations of these machines.
That is, it is quite obvious that they have seen them, and they have been working with them since at least the late 1920s.

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And lastly, where were they made? Why did they stop during the war? Where did they continue immediately after?
It's completely overtaking us unclear situation- no one anywhere is recognized as a leader, despite the obvious importance of such a fact for any plant.
I don't presume to say anything, but there is one interesting point, possibly related to the question.
In 1930, the isolationist Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act was passed in the United States. This is the same law of restrictive protective tariffs that plunged the country into the Great Depression.
The law also hit the USSR (one of the formal reasons for the ban on imports was the labor of prisoners); Stalin very angrily recalled it in correspondence with the Americans even in 1944.
The law lasted 10 years, but the prison labor amendment remained in force. And when already in the 1980s Once again The authorities asked the CIA for a list of such goods from the USSR, including 36 items among timber, oil products, etc. suddenly there were zippers too!
Perhaps the work areas of the ITU are the birthplace of Soviet “explosive fasteners.”

Inventor: Whitcomb Leo Judson
A country: USA
Time of invention: 1891

Nowadays the zipper is widely popular. It can be found on easy and outerwear, shoes, bags, for its intended purpose or as decoration. For the first time, the zipper was appreciated 80 years after its “discovery”. Several different inventors worked on it.

The first was Elias Howe, an American inventor who invented. Inspired by its ability to firmly and quickly fasten fabric together, he began work on creating a zipper. In 1851, he tried to obtain a patent for the invention, but then his idea did not find a response among clothing manufacturers and the idea remained just an idea.

20 years later, a huge fire occurred in Chicago, which went down in US history as one of the most destructive. A little girl was caught in the raging flames. She would have died if a modest hero had not been nearby - a certain draftsman Style, who saved her life and injured his back by unsuccessfully jumping from the second floor. Style received treatment but had difficulty bending over to tie his shoes.

In this difficult situation, Style turned to his friend Whitcomb Judson, who could help. Whitcomb Leo Judson (eng. Whitcomb L. Judson) was an engineer-inventor and had 12 patents to his credit. Style shared his problem and asked the inventor to create some kind of fastener that would allow him to not bend over for a long time and fasten his shoes with one hand.

So Style pushed Judson to invent the zipper. Don't think that Judson stole Howe's idea. Judson is an honest inventor and developed the idea entirely on his own. Apparently, the need for such an invention was growing, and Judson “snatched” the idea out of thin air.

On November 7, 1891, a “shoe fastener” was registered under patent number 504038. It consisted of two chains: one had hooks, the other had loops, and they were connected using a key-tongue (“claps locker”). And if you turned it over, the product came unfastened. In 1894, Judson was able to attract investors and founded his company, Universal Fastener, which produced only one product - the invented fastener.

The head of the company, Lewis Walker, and Judson's partner, Harry Earl, firmly believed in the success of the fastener. Their expectations were not met for a long time: people found it difficult to accept a new, revolutionary invention, which, moreover, was not reliable. There was another reason why the invention did not “take root” right away: people simply did not know how to use this fastener.

Now this may seem funny, but late XIX century, Judson clearly didn’t want to laugh. To teach people how to use the new clasp, it came with two-page instructions. But even “training” did not solve the problems. Perhaps the zipper would have found its buyer - if it had not cost more than the shoes or bag itself. The high price was a necessary measure: the production of lightning cost a lot of money.

Therefore, during the “dark streak” in the company’s history, the largest order can be considered 20 fasteners for the American postal service. Judson was close to bankruptcy. Something had to be done, and urgently. In 1904, Judson improved the design by placing hooks and loops on fabric strips. Now the fastener was not attached to the shoe, but was sewn on. Unfortunately, this one The real coup did not bring good fortune to the company. The situation remained dire.

In 1905, the company was reorganized and moved from Chicago to Hoboken, New Jersey. The number of buyers still remained critically small, and Lewis Walker decided to involve an American engineer in the work Swedish origin– Gideon Sundback. Gideon left his previous job at the famous Westinghouse company, which was developing new technologies in the field of electricity.

At that time, electricity was the crest of a wave of progress, and leaving a job in a promising, thriving company for a bankrupt company that produces nothing but a fastener that is not in demand was the height of absurdity. However, 26-year-old Gideon did just that. To claim that he believed in the genius of Judson and his invention would be to betray his soul. The reason for the engineer’s “relocation” was a great feeling that pushes people not to such recklessness - love for the daughter of the manager of the Universal Fastener company, Peter Aronson, Elvira. The young people became a married couple in 1909 year.

Whitcomb Judson died that same year. He never saw the success of his brainchild. But he always believed in him, and his expectations were justified, even after the death of the inventor. Sundback also lived up to the expectations of his employers. He modernized the clasp, creating an almost new design called “Hookless N1,” which means “Hookless N1.” The manufacture of the fastener was simplified, the number of metal teeth was increased, and now they were fastened with a spring.

However creative process The zippers didn't end there. The new design, although attractive, was not particularly reliable: a few “flights” back and forth - and that’s it, you can throw it away. The next option appeared a year later. “Hookless N2” was distinguished by elements of a different shape and resembled a zipper that was already familiar to us. However, introducing a new product into production was not an easy task.

The manufacturers still remembered the first near-failure, so they reacted to the improvement with understandable distrust. Therefore, the first four clasps were sold only at the end of 1914 for a symbolic price - a dollar apiece. Soon the situation changed dramatically. In 1917, America joined the world at war, joining the First world war. The soldiers' uniforms "flashed with lightning": on flight suits, uniform pockets, even on the tarpaulins that covered the planes - the Whitcomb Judson fastener was used everywhere.

The soldiers appreciated the convenience of the new castle. After demobilization, they continued to use zippers on shoes, sportswear, leather goods. Very soon the advantage of such a fastener was appreciated by the civilian population. In the same watershed year of 1917, a split clasp was patented. Lightning has finally gained consumer acceptance.

The name "zipper" belongs to Bertram Rock, president of the B.F. shoe company. Goodrich.” He is very I liked the sound of lightning: “zzzip!” (in Russian “zhik!”). In 1923, Rock chose the zipper as a fastener for galoshes. The model was dubbed “Zipper Boots”. In the question about the authorship of the word “zipper” (which, by the way, does not mean anything in itself, but is an onomatopoeia), the name is also mentioned English writer Gilbert Frankau, who made “zipper” a common noun and refers specifically to a zipper. Which, in general, contributed to the transformation of lightning from a novelty into a reality of everyday life.

In the twenties, zipper finally won its right to exist and was actively used in sewing clothes. It is noteworthy that the zipper has not been used for quite a long time in sewing women's clothing. The society of that time considered it immoral to show the availability of a woman, and the clasp opened quickly, so only in 1930 Madame Chaparel, the owner of the Paris Fashion House, decided to take this desperate step.

The clasp fits firmly into daily life and brought Walker and Sundback millions in income. But the zipper finally became established on women’s clothing only in the middle of the century. With the successful initiative of Madame Chaparelle, the promotion of lightning began not by inventors, but by designers and actors and even the Duke of Windsor. Elsa Schiaparelli, one of the great designers of the 20th century, turned her attention to children and realized that they found it quite difficult to cope with hooks and laces. After experimenting with clothes for small children, she realized that the zipper was perfect for clumsy children's fingers. Elsa “threw” the idea to the manufacturers, and in 1935 a brilliant slogan was born advertising campaign: “Your children will be able to dress themselves!”

Children's clothing with zippers immediately gained popularity. The truly “breakthrough” year for lightning was 1937. French fashion designer Jean Claude decided to place a zipper on his fly men's trousers. In the great and mighty Russian language there is no such word that fully would reflect the public's reaction... Furor! Success! Ecstasy! Trousers with a fastener were sold out at the speed of light. The Duke of Windsor also supported the trend, preferring a new model of trousers.

Marlon Brando made lightning a symbol of the sexual revolution. In 1953, he starred in the film “The Savage,” where his “game” with lightning outraged moral fighters, but delighted those who promoted freedom of behavior. Even if lightning split society in a free America, what can we say about the Soviet Union, where such things could be regarded as undermining the moral foundation of socialism.

However, wealthy people could afford trousers and dresses with zippers. Up until the 60s, having clothes with a zipper in your wardrobe was considered a sign luxurious life. This day offers us lightning flashes of the most different types– both metal, and “tractor”, and spiral. Even zippers for astronaut suits have been developed: they are distinguished by the absolute sealing of the lock.

The Japanese company “YKK” today produces more than half of the lightning on the planet. Bangladesh, India and China are also considered lightning production centers.

The zipper may not have received recognition right away, but now its laurels cannot be taken away! It's hard to even imagine modern life without such a convenient item!

Many useful and necessary inventions that we now use in ordinary life, were invented by accident. And if now, suddenly, they disappear, it will be very difficult for us to do without them. For example, what is it impossible to imagine a briefcase or bag, pencil case or pants without? What do they have in common? That's right, the common one is a zipper. Imagine if she didn't exist. How would we zip up the briefcase then? What about the trousers? Do you want to know who we should thank for this? the required part clothes? Well, remember.

The tailor invented the sewing machine and the zipper

Completely random inventions often turn out to be the most necessary. This story began more than 150 years ago, when the sewing machine was invented. One day, its inventor, a tailor, back in 1851, came up with a new fastener that bore little resemblance to our modern zipper. It looked like two chains with hooks and holes that clung to each other using a movable metal “tongue” in the shape of a paper clip. Appearance The first clasp was not very successful, and no one liked it. Therefore, the tailor continued to sew clothes and forgot about the idea of a new invention.

Elias Howe is an American tailor. One of the inventors of devices for sewing fabrics - the first sewing machines and the “great-grandfather” of the modern zipper.

Shoe fastener

After 44 years, I also became interested in this invention, quite by accident. Whitcomb Judson, American inventor. He wanted to help his friend, who, after saving a child during a fire and unsuccessfully jumping out of a window, had a very bad back. Because of his bad back, Judson's friend couldn't bend over to tie his shoes. This is how the shoe fastener appeared. But people didn’t really like it, just like tailor Howie’s invention - it was inconvenient, stuck, and broke. Still, Judson claimed his rights to this invention in 1891, but it did not bring him success or wealth.

Gideon Sundback is a Swedish-American engineer and inventor who patented the first zipper, which was used in clothing production.

And after 15 years, luck with these zippers “smiled” at Judson’s former companion. It was who managed to turn the old inconvenient fastener into a new, more convenient version of the “zipper”. It was already similar to the fastener that you now see on your jackets, briefcases and trousers, so it gradually became more and more popular. The first to use them were small children (they were great for making it easy to put on and take off clothes) and military pilots (they also liked to get dressed quickly).

The designer’s “joke” gave the clasp worldwide recognition

But the most necessary and fashionable item of clothing modern man The zipper became popular in 1937 thanks to fashion designer Jean Claude. As a joke, he decided to use a zipper instead of buttons on men's trousers. But the male part of the population liked to instantly fasten and unfasten their trousers so much that from then on they were only fastened with a zipper.

So, almost 100 years later, people finally realized what a necessary invention this was - zipper!

Today, lightning even inspires landscape designers. The lightning pond was created by sculptor Zhu Chun in Taipei, Taiwan. The pond is made in the form of a giant zipper made of stone.

Any encyclopedia will tell you how to draw a bison. Outwardly, it looks like a bull or bison. You should draw it against the background of the forest. The bison is considered the heaviest mammal that lives in Europe. The animal has a massive front half of the body, which is much higher and wider than the rear half. This difference can be seen by the characteristic hump in the front of the back. This is especially visible in males, since in this zone the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae are much longer.

Simple option

Having figured out how to draw a bison, we will step by step design all its body parts. Let's start with the head. We draw the fur that will be located on the animal’s head between the horns. This piece resembles human hair. On the sides we draw two thick horns curved into the middle. Below we draw two large ears.

Let's move on to the boundaries of the head. We bring it down and lengthen the muzzle, which ends in a massive nose with two large nasal openings. Below we finish drawing the large jaw of the mouth. Draw an eye that will consist of three circles different sizes, and the smallest is the pupil.

Now it’s the turn to describe the boundaries of the body. Don't forget that the bison has a massive front part and a hump on its back. Toward the rear, its body decreases in size. The animal has an area of fur on its chest and shoulder area. We shape the back leg, at the end of which we make a cloven hoof.

At the back we draw a long and thin tail with a tassel at the end. We design the remaining limbs. We make a small hump in the lower part of the chest area.

All that remains is to color the drawing. For this we use different shades Brown, applying light and dark shades in certain areas.

Realistic technology

The previous option was in a simple way creating a drawing with a pencil, and now let’s look at how to draw a bison most accurately. For this we use geometric figures. It is best to use circles of different sizes in the body design technique. On one line we will draw three circles in succession: the left one will be of medium size, a larger circle touches it, and the third one on the right will slightly overlap the previous one and will have a radius 1 cm larger than that of the first one. The last figure will be the head, so we immediately divide it into four sectors with a cross.

From the head we draw two curves to a large circle so that they form a hump on the back and lower part of the thoracic region. We connect the middle circle with the third, but this section should be much smaller than the front part of the bison’s body. From the left circle we draw a primitive limb, and we draw the same one from the middle circle.

We detail the head: in the upper left sector we draw a horn and an ear, in the upper right sector we draw an eye surrounded by folds of the eyelid. In the lower right sector we design the area of the nose and mouth. We grow a beard from the two lower sectors. Along the border of the head we make shading of the fur, scattering it randomly over the area of the head.

We crosshatch along the upper area of the back and extend a small tail with a tassel from behind. We draw the lower part from head to toe with strokes of greater length. We describe the zone of thick but short forelimbs, and make the hind limbs thinner and longer. On the belly we collect the wool in the center into a bun. We go along the side of the bison with shading in the form of a curve.

We get rid of unnecessary lines and circles using an eraser.

Apply shadows to the entire drawing. For this we go through vertical lines over the entire area of the animal, pressing in certain places stronger. Leave a light highlight on the hind legs, thigh and belly. Under the bison we draw the floor surface.

Detailed example

Let's go back to easy drawing which is suitable for the child. So, how to draw a bison? Let's go through several stages and analyze all the work in detail. Let's draw big circle. On the right we draw a smaller circle on it. On the left we draw out a triangle with a rounded end.

On the bottom of the head we draw the mouth and beard area.

At the top we add fluffy hair and a horn.

We finish drawing the nasolabial fold and the eye. Leave a fold on the shoulder.

We dress the large circle above and below in a warm woolen cape.

We slightly correct the back part and bring the limb down, finishing the abdominal area.

We make a tail that will be slightly bent into a semicircle.

We draw the second hind limb and draw thick and short forelimbs.

We combine the entire drawing into one whole.

We paint it in shades of brown and in the background we draw a field with a forest visible in the distance.

Simple drawing

This is how you can easily learn how to draw a bison. But you can try another technology for creating such a pattern. It is simple and uncomplicated. We begin to make an ordinary bull's head with two horns and ears. Add eyes and make a big nose.