What did the chroniclers care about when creating it? Chronicles as a historical source

Homonyms are words that have the same sound and spelling, but are different lexical meaning and compatibility with other words.

Homonyms are divided into complete and incomplete.

Full homonyms coincide in all their grammatical forms. For example: key (source, ) - key (rod for unlocking locks); block ( construction material) - block (sports technique).

Incomplete homonyms do not coincide in their individual grammatical forms. Examples: bow (weapon) - onion (garden plant). The word "onion" in the meaning of "plant" has no form plural.

Types of homonyms

In addition to lexical homonyms, there are quite a lot of phenomena close to them. The following types of homonyms are distinguished:

1) - words that are spelled the same, but completely differently. Examples: castle - castle; Atlas - atlas; Iris - iris; on the street it soars - the eagle soars;

2) homophones - words that are pronounced the same but spelled completely differently. Examples: company - campaign; stories - to be lucky; rinse - rinse; mascara - mascara; guarded -; Roman - novel; arson - arson;

3) homoforms - words that coincide in their individual forms. Examples: when I am treating a patient, I am flying on an airplane; young man - caring for a young mother.

Thus, homonymy is a lexical-semantic unit that serves as a means of creating expressive speech.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Homonyms are another confirmation of the “greatness and power” of the Russian language. It is precisely these “nuances of vocabulary” that make the Russian language difficult for foreigners to learn.

If a language learner is confused by an incomprehensible set of words, then homonyms create a plurality of interpretations of the same word.

What are homonyms

Homonyms are words that are spelled the same, sound the same (or similar), but mean completely different things.

For example:

1. ONION is a popular vegetable and at the same time a small weapon;
2. GLASSES - an item that improves vision, and at the same time a scoring system in various games;
3. MARRIAGE is an object damaged in production and at the same time a union of two people;
4. WORLD - Earth and at the same time the absence of war;
5. KEY is an object that opens a lock, and at the same time a synonym for a stream.

A few more examples homonym words:

The word “homonym” itself, like many terms in the Russian language, came from Ancient Greece. It consists of two halves - “homos” (same) and “onyma” (name), which means “ same name" According to one version, the first person to describe such words in detail was famous philosopher and the thinker is Aristotle.

Types of homonyms

Homonyms come in several types - full, partial and grammatical.

Full homonyms- these are words that coincide in all possible cases and numerals.

1. CRANE - water supply or lifting (taps, tap, crane, etc.)
2. BRITTER - hair styling, shoreline or agricultural tool (braid, scythe, scythe, scythe, etc.)

Partial homonyms- these are words that are similar to each other in their original form (singular, Nominative case, perfective form), but may not coincide in individual cases or plurals.

1. WEASEL is an animal of the mustelidae or tenderness family. If you take Genitive and plural, then the words will no longer sound and be written the same - a lot of LASK (animals) and a lot of LASK (manifestation of feelings).
2. LOVE is a feeling for another person and female name. If we take the genitive case singular, then the words will sound in a new way - no LOVE (feeling) and no LOVE (name).

Grammatical homonyms- words in Russian that are the exact opposite of partial homonyms. That is, they do not coincide at all in their original form, but become similar in individual forms.

1. THREE is a number and a derivative of the verb RUB. A coincidence is possible only when the first word is used in the nominative case, and the second in imperative mood. In all other variants, the words will cease to be homonyms.
2. LECHU – derivatives from two different verbs FLY and TREAT, both of which are used in the first person.
3. GLASS – genitive case of the noun GLASS (no glass) and past tense female verb DRAIN (water glass).

By the way, you can note that grammatical homonyms can represent different parts of speech, for example, a noun and a verb, a pronoun, and so on. This is their fundamental difference from full and partial homonyms, where the parts of speech always coincide.

Homographs and homophones

There are two more types of words in the Russian language that some linguists (but not all) classify as varieties of homonyms.

Homographs- these are words that are spelled the same, but at the same time sound differently (mostly due to the fact that they are stressed differently). The term is also Greek and consists of “homos” (same) and “grapho” (I write).

1. A TLAS (collection of maps or tables) and ATL A C (type of fabric)
2. Z A IOC (medieval building) and ZAM ABOUT K (locking device)
3. MUK A(ground cereals) and M U KA (experience)
4. ABOUT RGAN (human) and ORG A N (musical instrument)
5. SEL ABOUT(settlement) and C E LO (sun)
6. P A RIT (in the bath) and STEAM AND TH (in the air)

Homophones- the opposite of homographs. They sound the same, but are spelled differently. The word is also Greek - “homos” (same) and “phone” (sound).

1. FRUIT – RAFT
2. THRESHOLD – VICE
3. PILLAR – PILLAR
4. CODE - CAT
5. FLU – MUSHROOM

Examples of homonym words in literature

Not so often, but some writers and poets resort to the help of homonyms. For example, to create a rhyme. For example, an excerpt from Pushkin:

What does the wife do?
Alone, in the absence of a spouse?

IN in this case the word SPOUSE means a woman (wife) in the first sentence, and a man (husband) in the second.

Or here from Bryusov:

Closing my exhausted eyelids,
The moment has passed, I TAKE CARE.
Oh, if only I could stand like this forever
On this quiet SHORE.

In this case, the first word is one of the forms of the verb BARECH, and the second is the SHORE of some body of water, used in the accusative case.

Homonyms in riddles, anecdotes, puns

A lot of riddles have been created based on homonyms.

1. A zigzag trail of fire was drawn in the sky. Nothing can replace me in a skirt. (LIGHTNING)
2. They are cast from metal and fall from trees. (LEAVES)
3. This device will be used for eating. And then we will connect the device to the network. (FORK)
4. I can’t sit idle, I’m in the hands of a craftswoman. And I’m spinning like a fidget in a bicycle wheel. (SPOKE)
5. Without it, the door cannot be opened and the letter cannot be written. (PEN)
6. As the reason I act and I control the horse. (OCCASION)
7. It stores ammunition and sells food. (SHOP)
8. They eat jam from it and use it as a fence. (SOCKET)

Sometimes jokes are based on homonyms.

The doctor told the blonde patient that she would get better soon. And she: “Yes, I would rather die than get better!”

Here, in the first case, the word GET RECOVERY means improving health, and in the second case, getting fat.

Doctor: “How is your condition, patient?” Patient: “Thanks to your care, my condition has greatly improved.”

The word CONDITION can simultaneously mean well-being and health, as well as financial situation.

On a literature exam, the teacher asks: “What can you say about heroin?” The student responds: “Heroin is a powerful drug. What does literature have to do with it?”

There’s no need to explain anything special here. The word HEROINE in the dative case is really consonant with the name of the drug. This is one example of grammatical homonyms.

When I go shopping with my husband, he often says: “I’m going to pay.” And it seems to me that he can barely restrain himself from changing the emphasis.

And here shining example homographs. Words REFUND U SB and RASPL A CHUS really make a funny couple.

Well and puns is a joke based on words that sound the same but have different spellings (and these are homophones in their purest form):

Or here's another example of a great pun based on homophones:

Carried by the bear, walking towards the market
A jar of honey for sale,
Suddenly the bear is attacked! —
The wasps decided to attack.
Teddy bear with an army of aspen
He fought with a torn aspen.
Could he not fly into rage?
If the wasps climbed into the mouth,
They stung anywhere,
They got it for this.

Dictionary of homonyms

Basic or full homonyms there's actually not much in the Russian language. Here is their list:

1. BOR – Pine forest and dentist's tools;
2. ABUSE - swearing and obsolete meaning battles;
3. VIEW - appearance and grammatical category;
4. COMB – a comb and a small outgrowth on the head of birds;
5. YARD – the area in front of the house and those close to the monarch;
6. DEBT – obligation and borrowed;
7. DISCIPLINE – strict rules and variations in science or sports;
8. FRACTION – balls for shooting and a number consisting of a part of a unit;
9. FACTORY – enterprise and watch mechanism;
10. TOOTH – an organ in the mouth and the sharp part of the instrument;
11. BRUSH – part of the artist’s hand and tool;
12. KOL - a pointed piece of wood and a grade at school;
13. SHOP – a store and a piece of furniture;
14. MOTIVE is a synonym for motive and melody;
15. MINK - a small animal and a depression in the ground;
16. HUNTING – tracking down animals and a colloquial synonym for desire;
17. SENTENCE is a part of speech and a constructive idea;
18. NOVEL - literary work and love relationships;
19. LIGHT is a source of brightness and high society;
20. INVESTIGATION – investigation and conclusion.
21. UNION - an association (of countries) and a service word connecting words.
22. The TONGUE is a means of communication and an organ in the oral cavity.

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How do homonyms differ from ambiguous words?

In conclusion, I would like to say that you do not confuse homonyms with the so-called “”. There is such a concept in Russian.

For example, a HAT for a woman, a nail and a mushroom mean approximately the same thing, namely a headdress and its similarities. And in this case, the word cannot be considered a homonym, since it is violated main criterion – different lexical meaning(here it is essentially the same).

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What are "homonyms"? Why are homonyms needed?

Words that are pronounced and spelled the same, but have completely different meanings.

Examples of homonyms include: braid. The word is used in several meanings. Maiden braid. Mow with a scythe.

Salt. Salt substance, sprinkle salt. And salt is a note. Hit the note G with your voice.

There are many more words that are spelled the same but have completely different meanings.

All words can only be understood well in context.

But this is what homonyms are for. Are there really not enough words to name objects with different words? But this is probably how it happened historically.

Take a look around. And you will find many words that have completely different meanings, but we write them the same way. But at the same time, we understand both the meaning of these words.

The Russian language is very rich, but it can also have such incidents as homonyms.

Homonyms are quite widely used in the Russian language, and denote words that are completely different in meaning, but identical in spelling and sound. There are quite a lot of examples of homonyms, for example: brush (it can be a paint brush, a grape brush, or a hand)

Homonyms are words that have absolutely identical spelling and sound, but have different meanings. Homonyms can be:

1) full, example: onion (plant) - onion (weapon)

2) partial, which in turn are divided into:

• Homophones, when only the sound matches, example: fruit - raft;
• Homographs, when words have the same spelling but differ in sound, example: Organ (in a person) - organ (instrument).
• Homoforms when the sound matches different forms words, example: saw (verb) - saw (noun)

• Homonyms- these are words that sound or spell the same, but have completely different meanings. The difference between homonymy and polysemy is that even at the greatest distance from the lexical core there is still some connection in it, but in the case of homonymy there is no such connection at all.

  What are some homonyms? Full and partial. With complete ones everything is clear: they are written and pronounced the same in all their forms, for example onion which is a plant, and onion, which is a weapon.

  Partial homonyms show their discrepancy in different ways.

  I. Homophones- pronounced the same, but written differently:

  II. a) They often come homoforms, that is, homonyms only in some specific grammatical forms. We constantly use a rule that exposes such veiled homonyms, even since junior classes when we check the spelling of a consonant at the very end of a word:

  • lu To lu To- lu To a l Toъ
  • lu G lu To- lu G a l Gъ

  The most insidious form of homophony-omoformy- this is a coincidence in the pronunciation of the 3rd person forms. numbers and infinitives for reflexive verbs:

  • (what to do?) like ts I like it tsъ - he (what is he doing?) likes ts I like it tsъ

  II. b) Are homoforms always homophones? No. The simplest examples:

  Without context there is no way to understand what is in front of us: a numeral three or verb in command. incl. three(from rub); comparative adjective meaner or again a verb in the imperative (from add more); noun in creative case field or a verb in the 3rd person plural form. numbers (from weed) etc.

  III. In the case when homonyms are only written the same but pronounced differently, they are called homographs.

  Usually in such cases they say that the difference in pronunciation is only in stress. For level high school that's enough, but actually these homographs are pronounced differently. For example:

  • vin vin vin A wine ъ
  • vr O n vr ъ n in O rn vrn
  • in St. I h And f_svz And in St. I h And f_sv And h And

  A special case: interlingual homonymy when words from different languages ​​sound the same:

  • bill (count, English) - beat

• Homonyms are words that are the same in their spelling or in their pronunciation, but have completely different meanings. Classic example is an onion - a vegetable and an onion - a means for shooting, a meadow - something like a lawn. Many more examples

  Before giving examples of homonyms, let's define the concept of homonymy.

  What kind of phenomenon is this in the Russian language - homonyms?

  

  And now some more examples:

  knight (in chess and animal),

  month (year and celestial body),

  key (speech, lock, treble),

  chanterelle (mushroom and animal),

  mushroom and flu.

  Why are homonyms needed?

  

  Greek term homonym translated into Russian as the same name. A number of words in the Russian language have absolute coincidence in spelling and sound, and differ only in their lexical meaning. Homonyms, words of one part of speech, are lexical homonyms or complete ones. These include the following pairs of words:

  tour (bull) - tour (waltz);

  light (light bulbs) - light (world, universe);

  drying (mushrooms) - drying (flour product);

  beam (ravine) - beam (in a house).

  Incomplete homonyms include homophones, homographs and homoforms.

  Homophones coincide only in sound form, being words different parts speeches, for example:

  winter frost - autumn drizzle;

  forest hunting - I want to swim;

  I boiled the rice and opened the gate.

  Homographs, as can be seen from the term itself (same + I write), they are only written the same, but differ in sound and meaning, for example:

  O human organ - org A n in the church;

  wheat flour A- m at ka.

  Omoforms coincide in spelling and sound in some forms of words, but are different in meaning and grammatical form.

  shallow flour. (verb grind in the imperative form)

  Wipers stranded street after heavy snowfall (verb of revenge in the indicative mood, past tense plural).

  Here are examples of homoforms:

  the fever had not yet subsided - the child was not sleeping;

  blue distances are visible - he was given advice;

  Russian oven - we will bake pies;

  sharp saw - the dog drank water.

  Homonyms are words that coincide in sound, but at the same time do not correspond in meaning. For example: a key is a spring gushing out from under the ground and a key to a castle. Chemical element pine forest and pine forest.

  Homonyms are often used to make puns. For example, a small child's hand still clumsily holds a pen;

  The scythe rings in the meadow,

  question in my head:

  Where is the brown braid?

  What drove me crazy?

  These are complete homonyms; they coincide in all possible forms in sound and spelling.

  The word homonym comes from the ancient Greek identical. It means words that sound the same, but have different meaning. There are a great many such words in the Russian language. Here are some of them: outfit (clothing and disposal), bow (vegetables and weapons), castle (door or building), rook (ship and chess piece), ambassador (procurement method and diplomat).

  Homonyms are words that sound the same but have different lexical meanings.

  Homonyms are words that have the same sound and spelling, but different meanings. Onion is a weapon, onion is food. The fox is a beast, the fox is a mushroom. What are they for? Not for anything. It’s just there and that’s it. It happened that way.

What are homonyms in Russian

In the lexical system of the Russian language there are words that sound the same, but have completely different meanings. Such words are called lexical homonyms, and the sound and grammatical coincidence of different linguistic units that are not semantically related to each other is called homonymy (gr. homos- identical + onyma- Name). For example, the key is “spring” ( icy key ) And key- “a specially shaped metal rod for unlocking and locking the lock” ( steel key ); onion" - "plant" ( green onion ) And onion- "weapon for throwing arrows" ( tight onion ). Unlike polysemantic words, lexical homonyms do not have a subject-semantic connection, that is, they do not have common semantic features by which one could judge the polysemantism of one word.

Known various shapes lexical homonymy, as well as related phenomena at other levels of language (phonetic and morphological). Complete lexical homonymy is the coincidence of words belonging to the same part of speech in all forms. Examples of complete homonyms are the words outfit- "clothes" and outfit- "order"; they do not differ in pronunciation and spelling, they are the same in all case forms singular and plural.

With incomplete (partial) lexical homonymy, a coincidence in sound and spelling is observed for words belonging to the same part of speech, but not in all grammatical forms. For example, incomplete homonyms: factory- "industrial enterprise" ( metallurgical factory ) And factory- “device for actuating a mechanism” ( factory at the clock). The second word does not have plural forms, but the first does. For homonymous verbs bury(pit) and bury(medicine) all imperfective forms coincide ( I'm burying, I'm burying, I'll be burying); forms of active participles of the present and past tenses ( burying, burying). But there is no coincidence in perfective forms ( I'll bury - I'll bury etc.).

According to their structure, homonyms can be divided into root and derivative. The first ones have a non-derivative basis: world- “absence of war, harmony” ( arrived world ) And world- "Universe" ( world filled with sounds); marriage- "flaw in production" ( factory marriage ) And marriage- "marriage" ( happy marriage ). The latter arose as a result of word formation and, therefore, have a derivative basis: assembly- "action on a verb" gather" (assembly designs) And assembly- "small fold in clothing" ( assembly on the skirt); combatant- “relating to actions in the ranks” ( drill song) And combatant- “suitable for buildings” ( combatant forest).

Along with homonymy, related phenomena related to grammatical, phonetic and graphic levels language.

1. Among consonant forms, homoforms are distinguished - words that coincide only in one grammatical form (less often - in several). For example, three- numeral in the nominative case ( three friend) And three- verb in the imperative mood of the 2nd person singular ( three grated carrots). Homonyms can also be grammatical forms words of one part of speech. For example, forms of adjectives big, young can indicate, firstly, the nominative singular male (big success, young "specialist); secondly, to the feminine genitive singular ( great career, young woman); thirdly, to the dative singular feminine ( to a big career, to a young woman); fourthly, on instrumental case feminine singular ( with a big career, with a young woman). These forms agree with nouns appearing in different cases. Homoforms, by their nature, go beyond the scope of vocabulary, since they belong to a different level of language and should be studied in the morphology section.

2. In the Russian language, words are used that sound the same, but are spelled differently. These are homophones (gr. homos- identical + phone- sound). For example, words meadow And onion, young And hammer, carry And lead coincide in pronunciation due to the deafening of voiced consonants at the end of a word and before a voiceless consonant. Changing vowels in an unstressed position leads to consonance of words rinse And caress, lick And climb, old-timer And guarded. Words are pronounced the same way patronize And parade, devices And acute, undertake And brother etc. Consequently, homophones are phonetic homonyms, their appearance in the language is associated with the action of phonetic laws.

Homophony can manifest itself more widely - in the sound coincidence of a word and several words: Not you, but Sima suffered unbearable, water Neva is portable; Years before one hundred grow without us old age (M.) Homophony is the subject of study not of lexicology, but of phonetics, since it manifests itself at a different linguistic level - phonetic.

3. Words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently are called homographs (gr. homos- identical + grapho- writing). They usually have stress on different syllables: mugs - mugs, fell asleep - fell asleep, steam - steam etc. There are more than a thousand pairs of homographs in modern Russian. Homography is directly related to the graphic system of the language.

Strict differentiation of linguistic phenomena requires distinguishing actual lexical homonyms from homoforms, homophones and homographs.