Independent parts of speech and their characteristics. Independent and auxiliary parts of speech: what is the difference

All words of the Russian language are divided into large groups - parts of speech. They differ in what question the words answer, what they mean, and how they can change.

Nouns

To the question Who? or What? These are the words that people use to designate everything that they can see, hear, touch, or even what they can think of as something existing.

The question is what? can be asked about snowfall, and weather, and thoughts, and about kindness, beauty or evil. All of this can also be considered objects. These are nouns.

Afanasy Fet used almost only nouns in his poem about spring.

This morning, this joy,

This is the power of both day and light,

This blue vault

This cry and strings,

These flocks, these birds,

This talk of waters.

What? morning, joy, power, (day) of the day, (light) of light, vault, cry, strings, flocks, talk, (water) of water. These are inanimate nouns.

Who? birds. This is an animate noun.

Shouting, talking and other words with the meaning of action answer the questions of the noun and change like the words of this part of speech. That's why they are nouns.

Now the crunch of branches, now the ringing of drops, now the whistling of hard needles.

What? crunching, ringing, whistling - words with the meaning of action, nouns.

What? branches, drops, needles are nouns.

The noun is the most representative part of speech. Almost every second word in our speech is a noun.

Any noun answers the question who? or what?, so we can say about each of them: denotes an object.

Constant features of a noun:

gender (masculine, feminine or neuter) and declension (1, 2 or 3).

Nouns change according to numbers and cases.

Adjectives

The name of the part of speech “adjective” comes from the Latin word. It means “accession, addition.”

To words of which part of speech are adjectives “attached”? Let's watch.

Chamomile has a cheerful soul, like the sun. Bells have a light soul. Pansies have a tender soul. Lilies of the valley have a fresh and loving soul. Clover has a simple and kind soul. But the burdock has a wild, rebellious soul. Grows high. He doesn't bow his head.

The soul (what?) is cheerful, light, affectionate, fresh, in love, simple, kind, wild, rebellious.

Let's find adjectives that can describe rain.

The rain (what?) is blind and pouring,

Rainbow and thunderous.

Lingering, mushroom and fast,

Sleepy, slow and argumentative (i.e. fast).

Adjectives are “attached” to nouns.

They can:

name the characteristics, qualities of objects (their color, shape, size, taste...); convey the assessment of the subject (good, bad, excellent, wonderful...).

These adjectives answer the questions: Which? which? which? which?

But among the adjectives there are also those that show who the object belongs to:

Grandfather's jacket, mother's bag, bird's nest, hare's tracks.

It is better to ask other questions about these adjectives: whose? whose? whose? whose?

All adjectives are subordinate to nouns and, at their command, change according to numbers, gender and cases.

We recognize the gender, number, and case of an adjective by the name of the noun with which it is associated.

Verb

Verbs can name the actions of people and animals.

At morning and evening dawns, all forest inhabitants cast their votes. Black grouse chatter, hazel grouse squeak, jays chatter, blackbirds sing in clear voices. Beetles and grasshoppers squeak. Orioles whistle with a flute. (According to V. Bianchi)

What are they doing? they serve, they talk, they squeak, they crackle, they sing, they creak, they whistle.

Verb is a part of speech that answers questions what to do? what to do? and denotes the action of the object.

Verbs change according to numbers and tenses.

You will learn how verbs change in 4th grade.

When we want to show the movement of objects, verbs are especially important.

Ice drift. The ice is melting.

He is floating along the river.

He's running from the sun

He dives and trembles. (V. Axelrod)

Verbs: what does it do? melts, swims, runs, dives, trembles.

Find a difficult word.

Ice drift - two roots -ice-, -hod-, the letter o is a connecting vowel.

The word he is used instead of the noun ice. This is a pronoun.

Pronouns

There are many pronouns in our language.

Most of them are used instead of a name (noun, adjective or numeral), which is why they got their name: pronoun. Pronouns do not name objects, signs, quantities, but only point to them or ask about them.

The pronoun is placed in place of the noun.

For example, I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.

The pronoun is placed in place of the adjective.

For example, our, yours, mine, yours, this, this.

Read the riddle. Find pronouns in the text.

The palace in the garden is austere in style.

It was built in a short time.

It has a good reserve of strength,

It is elegant in decoration.

That's why it came to us

No modifications at all.

There is a lathe in it,

The king mastered the machine.

It started here at five in the morning

Working day of Tsar Peter. (E. Efimovsky)

Summer Palace of Peter I

The pronoun before us points to people, the pronoun in it points to the Summer Palace of Peter I, but does not name it.

In this riddle there are two more parts of speech that you will become familiar with in 4th grade: an adverb (absolutely, here), a numeral (five).

Numerals and adverbs

How many? and report the quantity of some objects, called quantitative.

How many? five, seven, sixteen.

Numerals that answer the question what number? which? and report the order of objects by counting, called ordinal.

Which? fifth, seventh, sixteenth.

Numerals change according to cases.

Sometimes it is difficult to find adverbs in the text.

Remember: most often they refer to verbs and help name actions more accurately.

For example, it started (where?) here, it started (how?) slowly, it started (when?) today.

Adverbs answer the questions where? Where? where? When? How? and indicate a sign of action. These are unchangeable words.

What parts of speech are these words?

Two, two, two, double, double, two, double, twice.

Two (how many?, numeral),

deuce (what?, noun),

two (how many?, numeral),

double (which?, adjective),

double (what to do?, verb),

together (how?, adverb),

twofold (which?, adjective),

twice (how many times?, adverb).

Conclusion

Independent- parts of speech that can be used without helper words. These are nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns, adverbs, numerals.

To find out which parts of speech are independent, you need to understand the features that characterize them. Independent parts of speech are the main words in sentences. Without them it is impossible to convey any information. All words that name objects, denote actions (what happens to them) and describe them - these are clearly independent parts of speech.

In contrast to them, there are function words - they only serve the other parts of speech and help unite them. There is a third category of words - interjections, which are neither independent nor auxiliary.

Independent parts of speech can interact and convey any information messages without the help of service parts. But official ones without independent ones are not used.

Signs of independent parts of speech

In order not to make a mistake when determining which group certain words belong to, you can do this using the following criteria.

• By the word, which is an independent part of speech, it is possible to ask a question. Who? What is he doing? Which? Where? Where?
• In a sentence, independent parts of speech are necessarily its members.
• Each individual part of speech that falls under this general category has grammatical and morphological features.

Independent parts of speech

• Noun. It always answers the questions: who, what? This part of speech can be either an animate object or an inanimate object. In a sentence, a noun is most often the subject or object.
• Adjective. Describes the characteristics of nouns and pronouns. Which one or which one? Can be qualitative, relative, possessive.
• Verb. Expresses action. What is he doing? What did you do? What will it do? In a sentence, this part of speech usually becomes the predicate.
• Adverb. A word that does not change. answers the questions: how?, when?, where? etc.
• Participle and gerund. They are sometimes called special forms of the verb.
• Numeral. Talks about quantity. Answers the questions: how much, which one?
• Pronoun. When pointing to an object, it is used instead of a noun.

Independent parts of speech are differentiated into two categories: significant and pronominal. It is known that significant ones name an object, an action with an object, or characterize it. And pronominals only point to it.

Very often, schoolchildren confuse independent and significant parts of speech, believing that they are one and the same thing. However, it is only true that all significant parts of speech are independent, and pronominal parts include only pronouns.

Morphology – This is a branch of the science of language that studies the word as a part of speech.

Parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent and auxiliary.

Independent parts of speech name objects, characteristics, quantity, actions of objects and are independent members of the sentence.

Functional parts of speech do not name objects, characteristics, quantities, actions of objects, serve to connect words in a sentence and are not independent members of the sentence.

Independent parts of speech:

Functional parts of speech:

Independent parts of speech include words naming objects, their actions and a variety of signs. Without independent parts of speech, phrases and sentences cannot be constructed. In a sentence, independent words are members of the sentence.

1 Noun who? What? Boy, uncle, table, wall, window.

2 Verb what to do? what to do? To saw, to saw, to know, to find out.

3 Which adjective? whose? Nice, blue, mom's, door.

4 How many numerals? which? Five, five, five.

5 Adverb how? When? Where? etc. Fun, yesterday, close.

6 Pronoun who? Which? How many? How? etc. I, he, so, my, so much, so, there.

7 What participle? (what is he doing? what has he done? etc.) Dreaming, dreaming.

8 How is the participle? (doing what? having done what?) Dreaming, deciding.

Noun(or simply a noun) - an independent part of speech, belonging to the category of a name and the class of full-valued lexemes, can appear in a sentence as the subject, object and nominal part of the predicate. A noun is an independent part of speech that denotes an object or person and answers the question “who?” or “what?” One of the main lexical categories; in sentences, the noun usually acts as the subject or object, as well as adverbial circumstances.

Verb- an independent part of speech that denotes the state or action of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do? A verb in Russian is expressed in the forms of aspect, person, gender, number, mood, tense. A verb can be transitive and intransitive, reflexive and non-reflexive. As a rule, verbs act as predicates in a sentence. For example: A mermaid swam along a blue river, illuminated by the full moon...; So thought the young rake, flying in the dust on the postal...

Adjective- an independent part of speech, denoting a non-procedural attribute of an object and answering the questions “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “whose?” and so on. In Russian, adjectives change according to gender, case and number, and can have a short form. In a sentence, an adjective is most often a modifier, but can also be a predicate. Has the same case as the noun it refers to.

Numeral is an independent part of speech that denotes the number, quantity and order of objects. Answers the questions: how much? which?

Adverb(the term is formed by tracing paper from the Latin adverbium) - an unchangeable, independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an object, a sign of an action and a sign of a characteristic. Words of this class answer the questions “where?”, “when?”, “where?”, “from where?”, “why?”, “why?”, “how?” and most often refer to verbs and denote a sign of action. The process of forming adverbs is called adverbialization. Examples of adverbs: recently, completely, deeply, etc.

Pronoun(lat. pronomen) - an independent part of speech that indicates objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them. That is, it replaces a noun, adjective, numeral and verb. You can ask questions about the pronoun: who? What? (I, he, we); Which? whose? (this, our); How? Where? When? (so, there, then) and others. Pronouns are used instead of nouns, adjectives or numerals, therefore some of the pronouns correspond to nouns (I, you, he, who, what and others), some - with adjectives (this, yours, mine, ours, yours, everyone and others), part - with numerals (how many, so many, several). Most pronouns in the Russian language change according to cases, many pronouns change according to gender and number.

Participle- a special form of a verb that denotes an attribute of an object by action and answers the questions of an adjective. It has the properties of both a verb (formed using its root) and an adjective (formed using its ending). The verb features of the participle are the category of aspect, voice, as well as a special predicative form of tense.

Participle- a special form of the verb denoting an additional action during the main action. This part of speech combines the characteristics of a verb (aspect, voice, transitivity and reflexivity) and an adverb (immutability, syntactic role of adverbial adverb). It answers the questions “what have you done?”, “what have you done?”.

Functional parts of speech

All words of the Russian language can be divided into groups, which are called parts of speech. All parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent and auxiliary.

Pretext- an auxiliary part of speech that expresses the dependence of a noun, numeral and pronoun on other words in a phrase, and therefore in a sentence. Prepositions do not change and are not members of a sentence. Prepositions express various relationships:

spatial;

temporary;

causal.

Non-derivative and derived prepositions

Prepositions are divided into non-derivative and derivative.

Non-derivative prepositions: without, in, before, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, by, under, before, with, about, with, at, through.

Derived prepositions are formed from independent parts of speech by losing their meaning and morphological characteristics. Prepositions: in front of the house, in front of the detachment, near the river, inside the tent, around the garden, along the road, near the shore, as indicated; around the axis, due to bad weather, about work, due to rain, during the day, throughout the night, to say in conclusion, due to circumstances; thanks to the rain, despite the illness.

Morphological analysis of the preposition

II. Morphological feature:

Immutability

III. Syntactic role.

Union- an auxiliary part of speech that connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence and simple sentences in a complex sentence. Conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating. Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members and equal simple sentences in a complex (compound). Subordinating conjunctions connect in a complex ( complex) sentences are simple sentences, of which one is subordinate in meaning to the other, i.e. from one sentence to another you can pose a question. Conjunctions consisting of one word are called simple: a, and, but, or, or, how, that, when, barely, as if, etc., and conjunctions consisting of several compound words: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, while, due to the fact that, despite the fact that, etc.

Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups:

Connecting: and; yes (meaning and); not only but; both... and;

Opponents: a; But; yes (meaning but); though; but;

Dividers: or; or or; or; then... then; not that... not that.

Parts of some conjunctions (both... and, not only... but also, not that... not that, etc.) are found with different homogeneous members or in different parts of a complex sentence.

Subordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups:

Causal: because; because of; because; due to the fact that; thanks to; due to the fact that; due to the fact that, etc.;

Target: to (to); in order to; so that etc.;

Temporary: when; only; just; Bye; barely, etc.;

Conditional: if; if; once; whether; how soon, etc.;

Comparative: how; as if; as if; as if; exactly, etc.;

Explanatory: what; to; like others;

Concessive: despite the fact that; Although; no matter what, etc.

Morphological analysis of the union

I. Part of speech. General meaning.

II. Morphological characteristics:

1) Coordinating or subordinating;

2) An unchangeable word.

III. Syntactic role.

Particle- an auxiliary part of speech that introduces various shades of meaning into a sentence or serves to form the forms of words. Particles do not change and are not members of a sentence. According to their meaning and role in a sentence, particles are divided into three categories: formative, negative and modal.

Shaping particles Formative particles include particles that serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. The particle would (b) can stand before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, and can be separated from the verb by other words.

Negative particles Negative particles include not and neither. A particle cannot give sentences or individual words not only a negative, but also a positive meaning in case of double negation. The meaning of the particle is non-Negative meaning. the entire sentence: Do not rush to answer. This should not happen. a separate word: In front of us was not a small, but a large clearing. Positive meaning. A comrade could not help but help me. A negative particle cannot have other meanings besides negative. The meaning of a particle is neither A negative meaning in a sentence without a subject. Neither with places! There is not a soul around. Strengthening the negation in sentences with the particle nor and with the word no. There is not a soul around. Not a bush is visible. General meaning in sentences with a negative pronoun and adverb. Whatever (= everything) he did, everything worked out for him. Everywhere (=everywhere) you look, there are fields and fields everywhere.

Modal particles Modal particles include particles that introduce various shades of meaning into a sentence, and also express the feelings and attitude of the speaker. Particles that introduce shades of meaning into a sentence are divided into groups according to meaning:

Question: is it, is it, is it really

Directions: here (and here), there (and there)

Clarification: exactly, just

Selection, limitation: only, only, exclusively, almost

Particles expressing the speaker’s feelings and attitude are also divided into groups according to meaning:

Exclamation: what the, how

Doubt: unlikely, hardly

Strengthening: even, even and, nor, and, after all, really, everything, after all

Mitigation, requirement: -ka

Morphological analysis of a particle

I. Part of speech. General meaning.

II. Morphological characteristics:

1) Discharge;

2) An unchangeable word.

III. Syntactic role.

Interjection- a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and motivations. Interjections are not included in either independent or auxiliary parts of speech. Interjections do not change and are not parts of the sentence. But sometimes interjections are used to mean other parts of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence.

Independent parts of speech include words naming objects, their actions and a variety of signs. Without independent parts of speech, phrases and sentences cannot be constructed. In a sentence, independent words are members of the sentence.

1 Noun who? What? Boy, uncle, table, wall, window.

2 Verb what to do? what to do? To saw, to saw, to know, to find out.

3 Which adjective? whose? Nice, blue, mom's, door.

4 How many numerals? which? Five, five, five.

5 Adverb how? When? Where? etc. Fun, yesterday, close.

6 Pronoun who? Which? How many? How? etc. I, he, so, my, so much, so, there.

7 What participle? (what is he doing? what has he done? etc.) Dreaming, dreaming.

8 How is the participle? (doing what? having done what?) Dreaming, deciding.

Noun(or simply a noun) - an independent part of speech, belonging to the category of a name and the class of full-valued lexemes, can appear in a sentence as the subject, object and nominal part of the predicate. A noun is an independent part of speech that denotes an object or person and answers the question “who?” or “what?” One of the main lexical categories; in sentences, the noun usually acts as the subject or object, as well as adverbial circumstances.

Verb- an independent part of speech that denotes the state or action of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do? A verb in Russian is expressed in the forms of aspect, person, gender, number, mood, tense. A verb can be transitive and intransitive, reflexive and non-reflexive. As a rule, verbs act as predicates in a sentence. For example: A mermaid swam along a blue river, illuminated by the full moon...; So thought the young rake, flying in the dust on the postal...

Adjective- an independent part of speech, denoting a non-procedural attribute of an object and answering the questions “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “whose?” and so on. In Russian, adjectives change according to gender, case and number, and can have a short form. In a sentence, an adjective is most often a modifier, but can also be a predicate. Has the same case as the noun it refers to.

Numeral is an independent part of speech that denotes the number, quantity and order of objects. Answers the questions: how much? which?

Adverb(the term is formed by tracing paper from the Latin adverbium) - an unchangeable, independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an object, a sign of an action and a sign of a characteristic. Words of this class answer the questions “where?”, “when?”, “where?”, “from where?”, “why?”, “why?”, “how?” and most often refer to verbs and denote a sign of action. The process of forming adverbs is called adverbialization. Examples of adverbs: recently, completely, deeply, etc.

Pronoun(lat. pronomen) - an independent part of speech that indicates objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them. That is, it replaces a noun, adjective, numeral and verb. You can ask questions about the pronoun: who? What? (I, he, we); Which? whose? (this, our); How? Where? When? (so, there, then) and others. Pronouns are used instead of nouns, adjectives or numerals, therefore some of the pronouns correspond to nouns (I, you, he, who, what and others), some - with adjectives (this, yours, mine, ours, yours, everyone and others), part - with numerals (how many, so many, several). Most pronouns in the Russian language change according to cases, many pronouns change according to gender and number.

Participle- a special form of a verb that denotes an attribute of an object by action and answers the questions of an adjective. It has the properties of both a verb (formed using its root) and an adjective (formed using its ending). The verb features of the participle are the category of aspect, voice, as well as a special predicative form of tense.

Participle- a special form of the verb denoting an additional action during the main action. This part of speech combines the characteristics of a verb (aspect, voice, transitivity and reflexivity) and an adverb (immutability, syntactic role of adverbial adverb). It answers the questions “what have you done?”, “what have you done?”.

Functional parts of speech

All words of the Russian language can be divided into groups, which are called parts of speech. All parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent and auxiliary.

Pretext- an auxiliary part of speech that expresses the dependence of a noun, numeral and pronoun on other words in a phrase, and therefore in a sentence. Prepositions do not change and are not members of a sentence. Prepositions express various relationships:

spatial;

temporary;

causal.

Non-derivative and derived prepositions

Prepositions are divided into non-derivative and derivative.

Non-derivative prepositions: without, in, before, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, by, under, before, with, about, with, at, through.

Derived prepositions are formed from independent parts of speech by losing their meaning and morphological characteristics. Prepositions: in front of the house, in front of the detachment, near the river, inside the tent, around the garden, along the road, near the shore, as indicated; around the axis, due to bad weather, about work, due to rain, during the day, throughout the night, to say in conclusion, due to circumstances; thanks to the rain, despite the illness.

Morphological analysis of the preposition

II. Morphological feature:

Immutability

III. Syntactic role.

Union- an auxiliary part of speech that connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence and simple sentences in a complex sentence. Conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating. Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members and equal simple sentences in a complex (compound). Subordinating conjunctions connect in a complex ( complex) sentences are simple sentences, of which one is subordinate in meaning to the other, i.e. from one sentence to another you can pose a question. Conjunctions consisting of one word are called simple: a, and, but, or, or, how, that, when, barely, as if, etc., and conjunctions consisting of several compound words: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, while, due to the fact that, despite the fact that, etc.

Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups:

Connecting: and; yes (meaning and); not only but; both... and;

Opponents: a; But; yes (meaning but); though; but;

Dividers: or; or or; or; then... then; not that... not that.

Parts of some conjunctions (both... and, not only... but also, not that... not that, etc.) are found with different homogeneous members or in different parts of a complex sentence.

Subordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups:

Causal: because; because of; because; due to the fact that; thanks to; due to the fact that; due to the fact that, etc.;

Target: to (to); in order to; so that etc.;

Temporary: when; only; just; Bye; barely, etc.;

Conditional: if; if; once; whether; how soon, etc.;

Comparative: how; as if; as if; as if; exactly, etc.;

Explanatory: what; to; like others;

Concessive: despite the fact that; Although; no matter what, etc.

Morphological analysis of the union

I. Part of speech. General meaning.

II. Morphological characteristics:

1) Coordinating or subordinating;

2) An unchangeable word.

III. Syntactic role.

Particle- an auxiliary part of speech that introduces various shades of meaning into a sentence or serves to form the forms of words. Particles do not change and are not members of a sentence. According to their meaning and role in a sentence, particles are divided into three categories: formative, negative and modal.

Shaping particles Formative particles include particles that serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. The particle would (b) can stand before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, and can be separated from the verb by other words.

Negative particles Negative particles include not and neither. A particle cannot give sentences or individual words not only a negative, but also a positive meaning in case of double negation. The meaning of the particle is non-Negative meaning. the entire sentence: Do not rush to answer. This should not happen. a separate word: In front of us was not a small, but a large clearing. Positive meaning. A comrade could not help but help me. A negative particle cannot have other meanings besides negative. The meaning of a particle is neither A negative meaning in a sentence without a subject. Neither with places! There is not a soul around. Strengthening the negation in sentences with the particle nor and with the word no. There is not a soul around. Not a bush is visible. General meaning in sentences with a negative pronoun and adverb. Whatever (= everything) he did, everything worked out for him. Everywhere (=everywhere) you look, there are fields and fields everywhere.

Modal particles Modal particles include particles that introduce various shades of meaning into a sentence, and also express the feelings and attitude of the speaker. Particles that introduce shades of meaning into a sentence are divided into groups according to meaning:

Question: is it, is it, is it really

Directions: here (and here), there (and there)

Clarification: exactly, just

Selection, limitation: only, only, exclusively, almost

Particles expressing the speaker’s feelings and attitude are also divided into groups according to meaning:

Exclamation: what the, how

Doubt: unlikely, hardly

Strengthening: even, even and, nor, and, after all, really, everything, after all

Mitigation, requirement: -ka

Morphological analysis of a particle

I. Part of speech. General meaning.

II. Morphological characteristics:

1) Discharge;

2) An unchangeable word.

III. Syntactic role.

Interjection- a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and motivations. Interjections are not included in either independent or auxiliary parts of speech. Interjections do not change and are not parts of the sentence. But sometimes interjections are used to mean other parts of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence.