What art materials are there? Art techniques

13:30 02/20/2014

You don't need any special complicated equipment for drawing. Who among us did not make the simplest drawings in childhood on an ordinary piece of paper with felt-tip pens, pencils, or even an ordinary fountain pen? But if we are talking about skill, methods artistic expression, motion transmission, implementation creative ideas, then you can’t do without using art materials and knowledge of techniques for working with them.

The most widespread and accessible materials are colored or graphite pencils, ink, felt-tip pens, crayons, charcoal, sanguine, pastel, and watercolor. Let's take a closer look at each of these art materials and the technique of working with them.

Graphite pencil

It is used both when learning to draw and by experienced artists. Nice gray tone, slight shine is combined with the possibility of correction with an eraser. The pencil allows you to make both linear and line drawings, as well as tonal and pictorial ones. The advantage of graphite is that it adheres well to paper. Different effects can be achieved by choosing how art material, different varieties paper for pencil work.

Colored pencils have similar properties. The most notable among them are watercolor pencils, which are smeared with water, creating special effects.

Drawing charcoal

It has been used by artists since ancient times. Allows you to take portraits, landscapes, story compositions and still lifes. It has a rich black color with a wide range of tonal transitions. The shape of the coal makes it possible to draw lines of varying thickness. The side surface can be used to quickly paint a large area of the sheet. Charcoal is also easy to clean. When drawing with charcoal, the following are used: art materials such as cardboard, canvas, wall, paper, as well as various surfaces. Depending on the artist’s tasks, the basis of the drawing, the shape and method of sharpening the drawing coals are selected. You can rub the coal with a special blender, a cloth or your hand. Drawings made with charcoal are secured with hairspray or a special fixative.

Markers

They require work with a confident, steady hand, as they do not wear off. Give smooth beautiful lines. They vary in thickness and colors. They are mainly used for decorative or design purposes, but they also allow you to make landscapes and sketches from life.

Sangina

It is a reddish-brown chalk. Produced in the form of square and round sticks. Allows you to draw on cardboard, paper, canvas. With it you can draw a line, stroke or make a shading. When drawing, it is often combined with others art materials. Due to the difficulty of use, it is not recommended for beginners. Such masters of the past as Rubens, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Rembrandt, Michelangelo, Chardin, Titian created their works using the sanguine technique.

Pen drawing

It requires steadiness of the hand and clarity of the eye, since it cannot be erased later. The thickness of the line is controlled by pressure, but you must make sure that the pen does not scratch the paper. Feathers vary in the material from which they are made. Goose or reed ones give a more vibrant line, while steel ones give a clearer line. It is optimal to use smooth coated paper for drawing with a pen, then mistakes made can be corrected with a sharp blade. Also, by choosing paper of different colors, you can achieve the impression of a picturesque design.

Painting with a brush

Use as art material brushes allows you to perform very delicate drawings, as well as widely tinting the planes, using a sculpting effect using a brushstroke. Brushes are used for painting with ink, watercolors, oil paints, gouache, and grisaille.

Pastel crayons

The pastel technique is distinguished by fragility and tenderness in color. When working, the technique of a stroke or wide impasto strokes is used. Unusual effects are also achieved by rubbing color into color, which gives the design a special softness and precision of tonal transitions. A rough surface holds pastels better, so it is preferable to use for work. velvet paper or specially sanded cardboard. It is also necessary to secure the pastel and carefully store the drawing.

In addition to those described, there are a great many types of needlework (for example, embroidery kits) and each of them has its own expressive properties and characteristics. Therefore, anyone who is interested in drawing will find something just for themselves, according to their preferences.

Technique in fine arts.
Materials for drawing, working with paper, fabric.
Drawing techniques.
Techniques for working with paper and fabric.

Question.

Technique– this is the language of the artist. Without mastery of this language, the artist cannot convey the intent of his work to the viewer.

In fine arts technology is understood a set of special skills, methods and techniques by which a work of art is performed.

Concept of technology V in the narrow sense words corresponds to the direct, immediate result of the artist’s work with special material and tools (hence the technique oil painting, watercolors, gouaches, etc.), the ability to use the artistic capabilities of this material;

In more broad meaning this concept also covers the corresponding elements of a figurative nature– transfer of the materiality of objects.

Thus,

Drawing technique - mastery of materials and tools, ways of using them for depiction and artistic expression.

The concept of technology includes the development of the eye and hand, their coordinated activity.

Question.

Fine art has diversity materials and techniques. Of course, not all of them can be used in kindergarten. Some are too difficult for children, some require special training, which in conditions kindergarten does not seem possible. However, some expansion of knowledge about artistic materials in comparison with the existing one is still necessary.

Materials can be divided into unformed and semi-formed.

Unformed- paper, fabric, thread, wire, foil, wool, rope. In each of these materials, nothing is initially specified except their texture and size. The child reacts emotionally to each of these materials, associating it with some real image. He creates something new, changing the shape, exploring the properties and capabilities of the material.

Semi-formed carry some initially given semantic load. They are divided into artificial and natural. Artificial - boxes, corks, parts of any machines or devices, buttons, bracelets, beads, etc. Modifying them in their own way, children create new holistic compositions. The properties and forms of such materials are close to construction toys: when a child builds something from boxes, he folds and secures them different ways, and he associates such a building with something he saw in reality.

Natural - fallen fruits, twigs, leaves, flowers, etc. You can create original crafts from them. The beauty of natural colors and shapes contributes to the development of aesthetic perception. At the same time, the child not only develops a sense of beauty, but also develops the ability to find creative use all these items. By working with various similar materials, the child simultaneously develops hand motor skills, artistic vision, and enriches his knowledge and skills.

The teacher must know the features of various visual materials as best as possible in order to correctly select and rationally use them, as well as introduce children to accessible ways working with each material separately.

Each technique involves the use of different tools. Every visual instrument has its own specifics, which determines how to work with it. Let's look at the features of each tool.

Pencils(colored, simple) allow you to more clearly highlight the contour line and most accurately convey the shape and design. You can draw a narrow line with a pencil. At the same time, to obtain a wider line, repeated movements are required, while filling the entire pattern with color involves repeated repeated movements (from top to bottom, from left to right, or along an oblique line). The larger the surface that needs to be painted, the longer these movements will take. Mastery pencil technique drawing is necessary because contour line drawing- the basis of the image.

Markers of various shades and colors can have a specific smell, and upon contact with paper they leave rich, bright lines without much hand pressure. Drawing with such a tool can be done either as a contour or as a stroke.

Possible mistakes

♦ Pencil type is not taken into account. For preschool age, it is preferable to use TM, M, 2M pencils. Hard pencils do not make it possible to show the thickness and color of the line, which in turn affects the quality of work and the assimilation of the material. Soft pencil allows you to make multidirectional movements without looking up from the paper. Changing the color intensity is achieved by changing the pressure on the pencil: weak pressure - more light color, strong pressure - more intense color.

♦ The paper size is selected incorrectly. You can often see how for a small pencil drawing The same large sheets of paper are issued as for working with paints. As a result, the sheet turns out to be unfilled (there is a lot of unreasonably empty white space, which is why the drawing looks bad), or the child, trying to fill it out, creates an image that is too large and does not have time to finish the drawing.

♦ For working with colored pencils it is recommended colored paper, in which the resulting image looks bad. All this reduces the quality of the drawings and deprives them of expressiveness.

♦ When working with felt-tip pens, you should explain to children the rules for handling the material: be sure to close the cap, do not take too many felt-tip pens, do not paint over large spaces, wasting the color (this can just as well be done with paint). Due to prolonged painting, the hand gets tired, which is why the child loses the desire to continue working.

Brushes- core, squirrel, bristle. Bristle the brushes are designed for working with oil paints, but can also be used in painting with tempera and gouache paints (“spray” - shaking with a brush, resulting in dots of different shapes and locations, “dry” brush - to convey the texture of fluffy animal fur). Squirrel and Kolinsky brushes are used mainly in watercolor and gouache. They are flat and round in shape. The size of the brush is indicated by a number. The numbers for flat brushes correspond to their width in millimeters, and the numbers for round brushes correspond to their diameter (also expressed in millimeters).

The brush is soft. Working with it does not require strong pressure, the resistance of the material is insignificant. This relieves the hand tension typical of working with a pencil, so your hand gets less tired when working with a brush. The contour line with a brush turns out to be blurry and not clear enough. Working with a brush and paint allows you to create a spot of color, a rich, wide line, and quickly cover large surfaces of the design with color without any effort. When painting with a brush, you can get a wide line if you touch the entire pile, and a thin line if you touch the paper only with its end. Having learned to apply the brush flat with its bristles, the child has free use of the “dipping” technique, with the help of which a variety of pattern elements can be created (flowers, leaves, petals). However, the soft bristles of the brush deteriorate when moving the brush back and forth continuously.

Possible mistakes

♦ Under no circumstances should you allow brushes to dry out or place brushes in a jar with the nap facing down, as deformation will occur. After working with watercolors or gouache, it is better to wash your brushes warm water. The washed brush should be placed in a specially designated cup with the nap facing up or wrapped in paper, then it will retain its shape.

♦ For practical classes Each child needs to have at least 2-3 brushes of different thicknesses and textures in their set.

Paints- watercolor, gouache, oil, tempera. Watercolor - water-based adhesives made from finely ground pigments mixed with gum, dextrin, glycerin, and sometimes with honey or sugar syrup. They are produced dry - in the form of tiles, semi-raw - in porcelain cups or semi-liquid - in tubes. In watercolor you can write on dry or damp paper immediately, in full force colors, or you can work with glazes, gradually clarifying the color relationships of nature.

Gouache- water-based paint with great coverage capabilities. These paints lighten quickly after drying and considerable experience is needed to anticipate the degree of change in their tone and color, Gouache paints write on paper, cardboard, plywood. Finished works have a matte velvety surface.

Oily- dyes mixed with vegetable oil: linseed, poppy or nut. Oil paints gradually harden when exposed to light and air. Many substrates (canvas, wood, cardboard) are primed with paints before working on them.

Tempera- water-based adhesive paints prepared from dry powders mixed with egg yolk diluted with adhesive water. Currently, semi-liquid paints are also produced, enclosed in tubes and made on yolk. With tempera paints you can paint thickly, like oil paints, or thinly, like watercolors, diluting them with water. They dry slower than gouache. The disadvantage is the difference in shades between raw and dried paint. Paintings painted with tempera paints have a matte surface, so they are sometimes coated with a special varnish that eliminates this dullness.

Possible mistakes

♦ Watercolor does not tolerate corrections or numerous re-paintings mixed paints. Often teachers use the watercolor technique in combination with other materials: gouache, tempera, charcoal. However, in this case the main qualities are lost watercolor painting- saturation, transparency, purity and freshness, that is, exactly what distinguishes watercolor from any other technique. With preschoolers, it is better to practically start working with watercolors from the older group, when children have the skills and abilities to work with visual material.

Charcoal pencil "retouch" softer than regular colored pencils and produces a wider line of velvety color.

Sangina- short pencil sticks. They can be of various shades of brown.

Both of these materials are expressive in their own way; they give a different textured line. Images of trees using charcoal pencil and sanguine are especially expressive. Thanks to the softness of these materials, you can easily create lines of different thicknesses (thickening of the trunk, thinness of the branches), and it is easier to work with them than with ordinary colored pencils, which give thin line and require strong pressure to achieve more intense strokes.

Pastel- rimless colored pencils made from colorful powder. They are obtained by mixing paint powder with an adhesive (cherry glue, dextrin, gelatin, casein). Draw with pastels on paper, cardboard or canvas. The color is applied with strokes, as in the drawing, or rubbed in with fingers with shading, which allows you to achieve the finest colorful nuances and delicate color transitions, a matte velvety surface. When working with pastel, you can easily remove or cover layers of paint, since it is freely scraped off from the ground.

Possible mistakes

♦ Charcoal pencil, pastel and sanguine are fragile, so when drawing with them you only need to lightly touch the paper, otherwise the pencil lead and sanguine stick will quickly break. Touch-up pencils, like colored pencils, do not need to be sharpened sharply. Sanguine does not sharpen at all.

♦ You should not try to paint over a drawing with sanguine or pastel in the same way as with a colored pencil, drawing strokes closely. In this case, the material falls off, but gaps remain.

♦ The introduction of these materials for drawing is advisable
only in senior and preparatory school groups, when children should already have mastered the basic methods of working with colored pencils and a brush.

Question.

Drawing techniques.

Based on the variety of drawing techniques in the fine arts and taking into account the capabilities of preschool children, it is advisable to enrich the technical side children's drawing. This can be achieved by diversifying the methods of working with paints and pencils already known in widespread practice and using new materials (colored wax crayons, watercolor, etc.), as well as combining different materials and techniques in one drawing. Combination different materials in one drawing allows you to achieve greater expressiveness of the image.

Availability of use unconventional techniques determined age characteristics preschoolers. So, for example, you should start working in this direction with techniques such as drawing with fingers, palm, tearing paper, etc., but in older preschool age these same techniques will complement an artistic image created using more complex ones: blotography, monotype, etc.

NON-TRADITIONAL

ARTISTIC AND GRAPHIC

Art materials have a direct impact on the client's artistic work:

They encourage him to see and touch;

They generate emotional uplift and awareness; being themselves particles of reality, these materials help the client to come into contact with it.

Promote a dynamic interaction between the creator and the artistic material to occur.

The task of the art therapist- find out which material causes the client’s greatest expressiveness. Thereby free choice material is the most important driving force in progress artistic work [Kopytin A.I. Theory and practice of art therapy].

Art therapists need to understand properties of various visual materials, as well as in what cases the use of certain materials is most appropriate and when it is undesirable.

Basic set of materials for the creative process

Paints, pencils, wax crayons, pastels;

Magazines, newspapers, wallpaper, paper napkins, colored paper, foil, film, candy boxes, postcards, braid, strings, textiles;

Natural materials - bark, leaves and seeds of plants, flowers, feathers, branches, moss, pebbles;

Clay, plasticine, wood, plastic, special dough;

Drawing paper of different formats and shades, cardboard;

Brushes of different sizes, sponges for painting large spaces, scissors, thread, pieces of wool, buttons different types glues, tape.

Main groups of materials

1) shapeless materials that allow you to create three-dimensional images;

2) materials having a certain form;

3) objects that have a certain shape that can be used as materials.

Let's consider the main groups of materials and their properties.

Group 1 - shapeless materials, allowing you to create three-dimensional images. Various soft and hard shapeless materials can be used to create three-dimensional images from them. The features of artistic products are determined by the properties of the material to the extent that it influences the artistic concept and the work process itself.

Soft materials , such as paints, art supplies, clay and sand mixed with water, do not have a specific shape and can be different types game manipulations, and can also be used to create artistic objects, paintings or sculptures.

Hard materials , such as stone, metal and wood, are used to create three-dimensional images and to carve various images on their surface. The level of mental development of the client and his skills in using different materials determines the features of the artistic product he creates. At high level artistic skill and technical skills, metal or stone sculptures can be created that combine high durability with significant expressiveness, allowing the depiction of the human body, fabric, etc.

Group 2 - materials that have a certain shape. These materials, taking into account their properties, are included in the visual process unchanged. The qualities of certain materials, without any explanation, can be associated with emotional states, indicating certain events for the author. For example, transparent cellophane, thin translucent paper, silk, sand, gravel or sawdust can be included in the visual work unchanged and evoke in the client certain feelings and associations associated with the different qualities of these materials: a feeling of lightness, tenderness, roughness and etc.

Group 3 - objects that have a certain shape and are used as materials. Natural or man-made objects or parts thereof can be used as materials in the process of artistic creativity. At the same time, they retain their previous content to a certain extent. Old buttons or parts wristwatch sometimes used to create compositions from clay in order to create prints with their help, or to make some kind of mosaic.

The meaning of these objects in artistic work is determined by their function, color, characteristics of the materials from which they are made, complementing the associations with certain feelings and memories. However, being included in a work of art, they retain a certain content, determined by their previous function, associations of the author and their new role in the context of the completed work.

Another classification of materials, used in art therapy, is based on their specific properties, how they are typically used, and the feelings and images they are capable of evoking in a person. The choice of material has great importance, since it indicates conflict situations and the degree of readiness for emotional self-expression. If the choice of materials is not very large and the material is transformed in such a way that it takes on the properties of another material, this indicates that clients require a different material to express their state of mind.

What are art materials called? This is everything that helps create a work of art. These are tempera, acrylic, alkyd, aerosol, oil paints, watercolors, paper, cardboard and primer, airbrushes, modeling clay, pencils, gouache, brushes, pastels, varnishes and thinners, sauce, compositions for gilding, ink, sanguine, various auxiliary liquids and much more. The variety of materials and ways of using them has led to the creation of an exceptional variety of artistic and technical techniques.

The agony of choice

How to cope with all the variety of assortment of departments where everything for artists and decorators is presented? In painting, as in many other forms of art, the issues of purchasing wholesale and retail are relevant. Tools can be single and strictly defined for each master, but, for example, there should be a lot of paints, different, the most incredible, all of them are needed to create the exact shade. Glitter, markers, felt-tip pens, pencils are sad for an artist, even a beginner, to have only one pencil, at least you need different thickness core and softness of the lead. If experienced artist visits art supplies to buy paint that has been “accumulated” over the years, then for those who have not yet decided, everything is much more complicated. How to choose “your” material? Only by trial method, no other methods have been invented yet. You will have to experiment with many types of materials before the moment of understanding comes: this is it, this is “mine”, it is this material that conveys my feelings as accurately as possible, the pain of creativity and working with it gives me the greatest fullness of sensations.

Subtleties of some processes

Before you finally make your choice and buy materials for artists, it is worth remembering a few mistakes that can spoil the impression of the process and the already completed project.

Hard pencils do not change the thickness of the line when pressed and, if positioned incorrectly and sharpened properly, can scratch the paper, while soft pencils allow you to adjust the fullness of the color by pressing on the tool and make multidirectional movements. On large sheets of paper, small drawings are lost and for a series of small sketches it is worth taking paper of a smaller format. Drawing on colored paper is very difficult; almost any drawing loses its expressiveness. Watercolor paints do not accept corrections to the drawing; they lose saturation and transparency. Charcoal pencils, sanguine, pastel crayons very fragile and it is better to have a replacement in case of breakage in several places. Plasticine should not be left in the sun; it risks melting and becoming temporarily unusable. When painting with gouache, you need to monitor the thickness of the paint layer; if it is too thick, it may simply crumble when it dries.

PASTEL

Pastel (from Latin pasta - dough) is one of the oldest artistic materials used in graphics and painting. Is different bright colors and velvety texture. Artists of the 16th century, including Leonardo da Vinci, called the technique of drawing with both black Italian pencil and red sanguine “a pastello,” from which pastel took its name.

There are three main types of pastels:

Dry pastel

Ultra soft pastel

Contains 35% more pigment than soft pastels. Outwardly similar to shadows, it comes in small jars, mixes perfectly, which allows you to achieve the most accurate color rendition. It is applied with special applicators with microporous sponge attachments.

PANPASTEL

Soft pastel

Contains more pigment and less binder. Because of this composition, soft pastels crumble easily, but are ideal for shading or broad strokes.

Pastel pencils

Outwardly they resemble regular pencils, with the only difference being that they have a pastel core. Used mainly for working on small details.

Oil pastel

Contains pigment with mineral oil. The colors are less matte. Works created with oil pastels are easier to store; the colors do not smudge and do not require additional fixation. Soft varieties oil pastel can be shaded with your fingers, and solid ones - using a solvent, special or for oil paints. It must be borne in mind that some types of solvent can make the pastel more faded, and linseed oil- on the contrary, give shine.

Wax pastel

Also known as watercolor. Contains wax and water-soluble components, which is why a drawing created with watercolor pastels, when interacting with water, looks more like a drawing with watercolors.

PASTEL PAPER

To draw with pastels, you need paper with a special textured surface that will hold the pigment. Usually paper for pastels is colored, its tone is selected individually for each drawing. It should be taken into account that on white paper light shades pastels do not look as clean as on tinted ones, but rich colors pastels such as blue, green, red look more juicy.

In addition to texture and color, it is also important to consider paper density: technique pastel pattern often requires blending with fingers or tools, which means that sometimes the pigment will have to be rubbed in with force that can wrinkle very thin paper. In addition, the higher the density, the higher the moisture resistance of the paper.

Paper is produced in various formats: single sheets, rolls, albums and glued notes (notebooks with an adhesive side along one edge).

What art materials are there? Art techniques

Graphite pencil

Drawing charcoal

Markers

Sangina

Pen drawing

Painting with a brush

Pastel crayons

Basic set of materials for the creative process

Main groups of materials

The agony of choice

Subtleties of some processes

PASTEL

Dry pastel

Oil pastel

Wax pastel

Read more about pastels in the article: Pastels

PASTEL PAPER

Read more about paper for pastels in the article: Paper for pastels

PASTEL TOOLS