Artistic culture of the countries of the Muslim East. Abstract: Arab-Muslim culture

In the artistic culture of mankind, one of the most important places belongs to the Arabic Muslim culture, which was created by Arab tribes (from the word "Arab", that is, a brave rider). Mecca, where the sanctuary of the Kaaba was located

In Arabic, “Islam” means “submission,” and the name “Muslims” comes from the word “Muslim” (those who have surrendered themselves to Allah). The founder of Islam was Arab merchant Muhammad. Muhammad's means of uniting the numerous Arab tribes into single state Islam became the new Muslim religion. Islam ISLAM

The basis of the beliefs of Islam is its so-called “five pillars”: belief in one god Allah and his prophet Muhammad; daily prayer five times a day; annual fasting in the month of Ramadan Eid; obligatory almsgiving, zakat tax for the benefit of the poor; pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime, hajj. The Koran (Arabic: أَلْقُرآن) is the holy book of Muslims. The word "Quran" comes from the Arabic "reading aloud", "edification"

Sufism (Arabic: تصوف)) is a mystical-ascetic movement in Islam, one of the main directions of classical Muslim philosophy. The generally accepted point of view, expressed by medieval Muslim authors, is that the word Sufism comes from the Arabic “suf” (Arabic صوف wool). Within Islam, such movements arose as: Sunnism - the choice of a ruler from the family of Muhammad; Shiism – the divine nature of power; Sufism is Muslim mysticism.

ARAB ARCHITECTURE Typology of buildings CULT STRUCTURES (Mosque, minaret, madrasah) SECULAR STRUCTURES (caravanserais (roadside hotels) and covered markets, palaces of rulers and nobility, fortified citadels, city walls with towers and gates, majestic bridges, etc.)

PANEGYRIC is the main genre of Arabic poetry of the 7th-8th centuries. PANEGYRIC is the main genre of Arabic poetry of the 7th-8th centuries. KYTA - a poem of lines with a single content; KYTA - a poem of lines with a single content; RUBAI - a poetic aphorism of four lines; RUBAI - a poetic aphorism of four lines; GAZELLES - lyrical love songs GAZELLES - lyrical love songs Classic genres of poetry of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam

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Presentation - Artistic culture of the Muslim East: the logic of abstract beauty (2 parts)

Text of this presentation

Art culture Islamic East: THE LOGIC OF ABSTRACT BEAUTY part 1.
Amur region, Bureya district
PREPARED BY TEACHER MHC MOBU Novobureyskaya Secondary School No. 3, Rogudeeva Liliya Anatolyena compiled on the basis of the program by Rapatskaya L.A. “World artistic culture: course programs. 10-11 grades – M.: Vlados, 2010. 2015

Arab Caliphate
After the Koran was written, the spread of Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula occurred extremely quickly and by the 30s of the 7th century led to the creation of a single feudal-theocratic Arab state - the Arab Caliphate. The Prophet Muhammad and his followers, the “four righteous caliphs,” concentrated all religious and secular power in their hands and created a theocratic power of unprecedented proportions.

TEACHINGS ABOUT ALLAH
Prophet Muhammad (570-632) is the founder of a new religion. Islam is humility, submission, Muslim faith in the god Allah. Muslims are those who have surrendered themselves to Allah. Quran - reading aloud - recording the revelations Muhammad received from God. Sunnah - a collection of stories about the life of Muhammad Arabic - the language of international communication Sharia - rules of conduct for Muslims Hajj - Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca Kaaba - the main shrine of the Muslim world Polytheism - polytheism, paganism Monotheism - monotheism Caliph - head of the Muslim state Emir - ruler of a certain area of ​​the caliphate. Syria, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Southern Spain

Five pillars of Islam
confession of faith; hajj; five times prayer; zakat (alms, sadaqah); fast

Arabic architecture
Mosques - Minarets - Madrasahs - Mausoleum Palaces Covered markets

The earliest creation of Muslim architecture was the mosque, where believers gathered for prayer. Initially, it was a square courtyard or hall surrounded by galleries on pillars or columns. The beam ceilings of the galleries are located on pointed or horseshoe-shaped arches supported by small columns. On one of the walls there is an altar niche (mihrab), facing towards Mecca - holy city Muslims The main facade of the entire structure from the street side was decorated with an iwan, i.e. arched portal of large scale. In addition, it was complemented by minarets - slender towers, from the top platform of which the priest (muezzin) called believers to prayer five times a day. A madrasah is a spiritual, educational institution that differs from a mosque in that the courtyard gallery is divided into small rooms - hujras, in which seminarians live.

Qubbad al-Sakhra Mosque. Jerusalem

Mosque
Kul Sharif

Bandar Seri Bhagavan
These buildings embody a sense of peace, balance with nature, unity with eternity.

Jumeirah Mosque: Famous UAE Mosque
Of great importance for the formation artistic image The mosque had space itself, not filled with man-made objects.

Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Abu Dhabi
These "divine voids" symbolized the presence spiritual origin in the temple premises. Colored tiles sparkling with pure colors on the walls of the mosque gave it an exquisite colorfulness.

Islam Khoja Minaret
Towers from which believers were called to prayer

Minaret
Al Malwiya Minaret

Madrasah

Alhambra Palace

Striking with the sophistication of its external appearance and the artistic perfection of its interiors, the emir’s residence resembles the scenery of magical oriental fairy tales.

Its main buildings (XIV century) are grouped around open courtyards - Myrtle and Lion. The buildings are dominated by the mighty ancient tower of Comares, where the throne of the Caliph was located.

Niche with ornament.
Myrtle courtyard of the Comares palace

Arabic architecture

Masterpieces of Islamic Architecture
Taj Mahal

Bibi - Hanim

Masterpieces of Islamic Architecture
The Kaaba is the main shrine of the Muslim world

QUESTIONS AND TASKS
Describe the monuments of Moorish art that you remember. Compose a report about the poetry of Rudaki, Ferdowsi, Hayam, Saadi, Hafiz and Nizami. Tell us about the highly developed decorative and applied arts of the Muslim East. Has this tradition survived today? Why was book miniature valued in the artistic culture of the Muslim East? What are canonical settings, serving as landmarks of Islamic architecture? Tell us about mosques and minarets. Why did ornament develop so deeply in Islamic art? What was he expressing?

Artistic culture of the Muslim East: the logic of abstract beauty

IN VI c.c.e. The Arabian Peninsula was considered the "end of the world." Most The population of the village consisted of Bedouin tribes who called themselves Arabs, which meant “dashing riders”. Only Yemen had a culture that created a large number of trading cities.

• The territory included Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, part of Transcaucasia, Central Asia, northern Africa, and Spain.
• The first leader is Muhammad.
• Arabic has become the language of international communication, a powerful factor uniting all Arab countries.
• In the 10th century AD broke up into separate independent parts - emirates, but arab culture remained united thanks to Islam.

• Islam translated from Arabic means “submission, devotion.” It arose at the beginning of the 7th century AD.
• Muslims believe in one God - Allah.
• The followers of Islam were called “Muslims” (“submissive to God”), hence the name “Muslims” (“those who have surrendered themselves to Allah”).
• The last and main prophet, founder - a real person - Muhammad (570-632).
• In 610, the prophet preached for the first time in Mecca; in 622, he and his followers moved to the city of Medina, the city of the prophet.
• Muslim chronicles begin from this year.

• Muhammad brought the words of Allah to people. His speeches were recorded by his disciples and collected in the Koran. All written sayings are called revelations, all others are called traditions.
• The entire Koran was collected after the death of Muhammad.
• The contents of the Qur'an highlight suras(chapters) and lines(poetry).
• Never illustrated.
• Contents of the Quran: After a person’s death, God’s judgment awaits him, and then his fate will depend on what deeds he did during his lifetime.
• The second source of Muslim doctrine is the Sunnah, sacred tradition, examples from the life of Muhammad.

• Obligatory five times daily prayer - namaz, ablution before prayer and in some other cases, annual fasting, which is required to be performed from sunrise to sunset, pilgrimage to Mecca - hajj, at least once in a lifetime.

Calligraphic inscriptions have become one of the forms of ornament

Calligraphic inscriptions on the walls of mosques are the only decoration; the word and letter of the Koran are the only approach to God. Allah cannot be seen or touched; the power of influence is in the sacred word. Hence the ban on the image visible world and living beings in religious art.

Architectural monuments.

The building for prayer is a mosque (from Arabic “masjid” - place of worship).

• Omeya Mosque (687-691) in Jerusalem

The huge building, topped with a golden dome, is located in the Old City, where the grand temple of King Solomon once stood, destroyed by the Romans, and where Jesus Christ delivered his sermons. It is called the "Dome of the Rock", the Mosque of Omar.

Minarets are towers from which the muezzin called believers to prayer.

The minaret was built next to the mosque.

The shapes were round, square, multifaceted.

Madrasahs are Muslim educational institutions.

Artistic creativity Arab world -

• arts and crafts.

Technique ornament– abstract shapes, bright colors.

The complex weaving of lines and colors that the artist recreated on a plane - arabesque.

From the middle VIII V. capital of the caliphate - Baghdad

• He was famous for the fantastic luxury of decoration of the caliph's palace and the houses of rich people.
• The caliphs cared about the development of education. In count public libraries, accessible to literate people, Baghdad surpassed imperial Rome.

Music

According to the Islamic tradition, it was considered as one of the forms of scientific knowledge.

The Arabs highly valued musical improvisation(both vocal and instrumental).

Musical instruments

various (drums, tambourines), oud

(the predecessor of the European lute) and the bowed rebab.

A combination of instrumental music

singing and dancing are not found among the Arabs.

Music was created on the basis of canonical rules - maqama, determining the modal and rhythmic features of compositions.

Moorish style is art created by masters of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Southern Spain.

The Moors (from the Greek “dark”) are a North African people related to the Arabs.

X century - the formation of a caliphate centered in Cordoba (a consequence of the expansion(spreading) these peoples to Southern Spain).

In 785 - the cathedral mosque in Cordoba.

Its peculiarity is 850 columns made of pink and blue marble and granite, stretching in 19 rows from north to south and 36 rows from east to west. The colonnade was illuminated by hundreds of silver lamps.

Last stronghold Islamic culture the Emirate of Granada became on Spanish soil (end X V.)

Alhambra – architectural ensemble: World Courtyard of the Comares Palace and Lion's Courtyard.

The peoples of the Iranian group contributed to the development of Islamic medieval artistic culture

In the VII-VIII centuries. a single literary language – Farsi.

Art of Iran, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Central Asia - reflection Iranian (Persian) classical poetry.

• The founder of poetry - Rudaki. According to legend, he composed about a million poems. He was a singer-improviser, sang his poems, accompanying himself on a string instrument. The poems are full of bitter reflections on the injustice of life, as a result of which he was expelled (blinded).
• Poet Ferdowsi Abulqasim composed the poem “Shahname” (revealed the roots of evil leading the country to decline). Three parts: mythological, heroic, historical (about 28 rulers royal dynasty). He repeated the fate of Rudaki.

3) Scientist, astronomer, creator of an accurate calendar, mathematician, original poet - Omar Khayyam. The works are imbued with the spirit of freethinking, protesting against hypocrisy and hypocrisy. The poet's ideal is justice, freedom, joy of life, honesty. The only form of poetry he had was rubai(quatrains).

4) Poet Saadi - collection of parables in verse and prose “Gulistan” (“ Blooming garden"). He denounced hypocrisy and hypocrisy and preached eternal values.

5) To the poet Hafiz Shamseddin brought gazelles- short poems about love.

6) Poet Nizami Ganjavi- poem “Leili and Majnun” (eastern “Romeo and Juliet”).

Applied arts Muslim countries of the Middle East

Products made of glass, metal, wood, fabric, clay, weapons were highly valued on the world market.

It was customary to give brocade, satin, and velvet to guests and ambassadors.

The Persian carpet was most famous.

Book miniature of the Muslim East

• A combination of the skills of a calligrapher-scribe and a professional painter.
• This independent species an art in which real events, fiction and symbolism, decorative images and illustrative plots are inextricably linked.

• 
  Masterpieces of Islamic Architecture
• 
  art
• 
  Music of Islam
• 
  Literature Arab East

During the classes.

Culture of the East. Original culture of the peoples of the East is the brightest and unforgettable page in the history of world civilizations.
The study of the culture of the East began relatively recently, at the end of the 19th century.

In the 17th century A powerful state arose on the vast territory from Spain to India - the Arab Caliphate. At the same time, the foundations of Islam were laid - one of the world religions along with Christianity and Buddhism.

The word “Islam” is translated from Arabic as “submission”, “submission”.

The founder of Islam was an Arab merchant from the Quraysh tribe, Muhammad, who declared himself in 610 the prophet of the one and all-powerful god Allah.

Let's consider the most characteristic achievements of the culture of the peoples of the Arab East and, starting with architecture.
Masterpieces of Islamic architecture.

The architecture of Islam inherited many achievements of ancient civilizations:

From Mesopotamia - brickwork and glazed tiles;

From Egypt - columned halls;

From Byzantium - the art of marble cladding and mosaics.

New types of buildings were developed here:

1. 
   mosques (place for prostration)
2. 
   minarets (towers) madrassas (theological schools)
3. 
   madrasahs (theological schools - seminaries)
4. 
   mausoleums (funerary tombs)
5. 
   palaces and caravanserais (inns)
6. 
   covered markets

Cathedral Mosque of Cordoba

Cathedral Mosque of Cordoba, which was founded back in 785, occupies a special place among the architectural attractions of the city. The main time of construction of the mosque was the 10th century. The entire structure occupies a huge area: 23,400 sq.m., a small part is reserved for the courtyard, where parishioners performed ablutions at the fountains. The entire architecture of the mosque is subject to strict mathematical logic. The building was built not only taking into account the principles established in the religious architecture of the Middle East, but also taking into account the characteristics of available building materials.

Cathedral Mosque of Cordoba- a special monument in the traditional architecture of the Middle East, the influence of which spread to Spain. The building is characterized by the absence of a central axis, which marks the main nave. The absence of a central axis was also reflected in the façade of the building. Outside, the Cathedral Mosque of Cordoba has several entrance portals of equal importance.

The mosque is characterized by an abundance of columns. A total of 1,293 of them were used in this building. The columns were brought here from destroyed Roman buildings from all over Spain, and another 114 pieces were delivered from Byzantium. The abundance of columns creates a feeling of infinity of space in the mosque, which awakens special emotions in visitors. The columns in the Cathedral Mosque of Cordoba are made of multi-colored marble, granite, jasper and porphyry. Here they seem to grow out of the ground, as if tree branches intertwine with each other, forming semicircular and horseshoe-shaped arches. The arches are made of white and red bricks, and the vaults form octagonal stars. The visitor, once under the arches of the mosque, must stop to take in the rows of columns stretching away from him in all directions. This is the main difference from the Byzantine basilica, where the arrangement of the columns precisely directs the movement of parishioners towards the sanctuary.

Hall of Columns Cathedral Mosque of Cordoba often compared to a dense forest. And such an analogy has a right to exist. Round columns that do not have bases really resemble tree trunks, and horseshoe-shaped and semi-circular arches are like a crown of intertwined branches. At the intersection of many columns and two-tiered arches, visible in perspective, one can observe the play of chiaroscuro on colorful patterns with a complex ornamental rhythm. Somewhere in the depths of the hall, the parishioner will find a richly decorated mihrab and maqsura - the place for the caliph.

After the bright sunlight, which filled the noisy streets, a person found himself in twilight, where the majestic columns were illuminated by the light of thousands of silver lamps. He felt like an insignificant worm here among an unreal, fantastic and truly divine environment. The forest of columns disappears into the darkness, where in the depths you can barely discern the flickering of carvings on the shadowed walls. All this evokes thoughts about the infinity of the universe and the transience of vain worldly life. This is precisely the feeling that the builders of the Cathedral Mosque of Cordoba, an original work of architecture imbued with inexhaustible vitality, sought among parishioners.

Kul Sharif Mosque.

Kul-Sharif was the name of the chief priest of the Kazan Khanate, diplomat, theologian and poet. He died in 1552 during the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible. At the same time, the cathedral mosque was burned to the ground. IN Muslim world it was famous as a center of religious education and development of sciences in the Middle Volga region. It amazed me with its splendor, grace and rich library.

But from the outlandish mosque, proudly towering on the crest of a hill, not one stone was left upon another. Mintimer Shaimiev planned to revive the mosque in the mid-90s of the last century.

Architects initially designed Kul-Sharif as the main mosque of Tatarstan and the Tatar diaspora. Its main dome is shaped like a “Kazan hat” - the crown of the Kazan khans, which was taken to Moscow after the fall of Kazan and exhibited in the Armory Chamber. Turquoise minarets and marble decoration on the outside of the religious building, according to the authors of the project, give the mosque a bright image. Interior decoration- carpets, a colored crystal chandelier with a diameter of five meters and weighing almost two tons, stained glass windows, stucco molding, mosaics and gilding - add to the grandeur of the temple.

Kul-Sharif was built by Turkish builders. The chandeliers for it were made in the Czech Republic, granite and marble were brought from the Urals. More than two thousand square meters The mosques are covered with Persian carpets - a gift from the Iranian government. And the whole world built the temple: more than 40 thousand citizens and organizations donated money for its construction, which is estimated at approximately 400 million rubles.

In Kazan they are convinced that their mosque is the tallest in Europe: the height of the minarets of the Kul-Sharif mosque is 57 meters.

Mass services in the Kazan mosque are held only on major Muslim holidays. The rest of the time, the temple operates as Russia’s first museum of Islam and cultural and educational science Center. More than two thousand exhibits are collected here, the oldest of which are stone monuments X-XI centuries, discovered on the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria.

Minarets

Minaret al-Malwiya

From the 8th century characteristic element Muslim architecture becomes a minaret, which is erected next to the mosque or built separately. The minaret and the mosque form a single architectural ensemble. A mosque can have several minarets, but no more than eight - their number should not exceed the number of minarets in Mecca. Under the influence of local building traditions, independent types of mosques have developed in different countries. The giant al-Malwiya minaret (50 m high) in Iraq stands on a square base and is shaped like a truncated cone with a spiral five-tiered ramp (an inclined plane replacing a staircase). Its tiers gradually decrease towards the top, so that the rise to the upper ramp becomes more cool. On one side the ramps are flooded with the rays of the sultry sun, and on the other they are immersed in cool shadow.

Ulugbek Madrasah (Samarkand, Uzbekistan, 15th century)

Built in 1417 -1470. During the lifetime of the outstanding scientist, Ulugbek madrasah was the largest scientific educational institution Central Asia of the 15th century. Here, in addition to theology, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy were studied. Lectures were given by the most prominent scientists of the time. Mirzo Ulugbek himself taught at this school, where he repeatedly held debates with students and scientists. Alisher Navoi listened to lectures here, Abdurakhman Jami studied here. Thus, the madrasah became the center of Central Asian education.

Dimensions of the madrasah(81x51 m, courtyard 30x30 m) created an image of self-affirming grandeur, not inferior to the buildings of Timur’s era. The madrasah has a rectangular plan. To the side area The main façade of the madrasah is facing, the composition of which is determined by a portal, two minarets and sections of walls connecting them, above which the domes of two classrooms rose. The spiral-shaped ornament, contracting upward, emphasizes the slenderness of the minarets, their proportionality, and enhances the feeling of aspiration upward.

Mausoleums. Taj Mahal. (Agra. India)

Majestic, divine, radiant, and, despite its 74-meter height, so light and airy that it is like a fairy-tale dream, the Taj Mahal mausoleum rises in the valley of the Yamuna River - the most beautiful architectural creation of India, and, perhaps, of the whole earth. .. White marble domes rush high into the sky - one large and four small ones, in the chaste outlines of which one can guess the female form. Reflected in the motionless surface of an artificial canal, the Taj Mahal seems to float in front of us, representing an example of extraterrestrial beauty and perfect harmony... But it is not only architectural perfection that attracts millions of travelers from all over the world to the Taj Mahal. The story of its origin makes no less impression on the hearts of people... A story more like oriental fairy tale or a legend that any poet would envy...

Legend

This mausoleum monument tells the story of the tender love of the Muslim king of the Great Mughals (not to be confused with the Mongols) Shah Jahan for his wife - fairytale beauty Mumtaz Mahal. Shah Jahan was still a prince when he married a nineteen-year-old girl at the beginning of the 17th century. The young couple loved each other dearly. Despite the fact that Shah Jahan, like any eastern ruler, had a large harem, he was so in love with his young wife that he did not pay any attention to other women. The beloved wife gave birth to her ruler eight sons and six daughters. But... Soon after the birth of her fourteenth child, the beautiful Mumtaz passed away... The earthly heart could not withstand extraterrestrial love. Shah Jahan's grief was so great that he wanted to commit suicide. Life without his beloved seemed to him devoid of meaning and joy. At the deathbed of his wife, the king turned gray with grief... And soon he declared a two-year mourning in the country, during which holidays, dancing and music were prohibited. Later, in Agra, which was at that time the capital of the Mughal Empire, a mausoleum was erected over the grave of Mumtaz, which, according to Shah Jahan’s plan, should become a symbol of the fabulous beauty of his deceased wife...

The construction of this grandiose mausoleum, surpassing all others in beauty and size, lasted more than twenty years. More than twenty thousand people took part in the work, including the best architects and architects invited from Persia, Turkey, Samarkand, Venice and India itself. The finished work amazes with its perfection and the beauty of its lines and colors... Indeed, this is a miracle of miracles. For centuries. Light as a morning song, clear as a mountain spring... The height of the Taj Mahal together with the dome reaches 74 meters. At the corners of the mausoleum, four graceful minarets rise 42 meters high. The walls of the Taj Mahal are lined with white polished marble, shining like snow under the rays of the midday sun. Beautiful with its perfect forms, the Taj Mahal amazes with its details - elegant carvings, openwork lattices and precious colored stones sparkling in the snow-white walls. The vaulted passages are decorated with Arabic script, imprinting some of the surahs of the Koran on stone. A magnificent decorative park with lakes, fountains and canals was laid out around the Taj Mahal, occupying a total of 18 hectares. Unlike other structures, which were usually placed in the center of the garden, the Taj Mahal is located at its end, being its crown. Along the artificial canal with fountains, cypress trees are planted, the outlines of the crowns of which echo the domes of the four minarets... To the left and right of the mausoleum there are two elegant mosques made of red sandstone, their color shading the whiteness of its walls. Emerald green lawns and large bright flowers complement the picture, making it completely magical and fabulous. The precise and harmonious lines of the garden, combined with its crown - the mausoleum, floating like a cloud above the ground - created a work of art that is unique in its beauty... So bright, lively and joyful...

On the other side of the Yamuna, opposite the Taj Mahal, Shah Jahan intended to build another tomb - for himself. According to the plan, his mausoleum was supposed to reproduce the forms of the Taj Mahal, but would be made not of white, but of black marble. Both mausoleums were supposed to be connected by a bridge. But, alas, the grandiose plans and plans of Shah Jahan were not destined to come true... As often happens in history, by the will of fate, the king lost his power overnight. And the once great Shah Jahan, the ruler of India, was imprisoned in heavy chains and thrown into prison... Seriously ill, gray-haired, lonely and exhausted... He once owned the whole world, but now he had nothing... Nothing but one single joy - a narrow prison window. He could not see the endless valleys of his native land, nor the dark clumps of mango trees, nor the golden sunrise of the gentle sun... In the small frame of the window, only he was visible - like a dream, shining like a snow-white swan in the sky, the mausoleum of his long-dead beloved. ..

Later, the great and defeated king himself was buried in the same tomb, next to his beloved... Such is this beautiful and sad story, which gave us examples of great love and great creativity...

The Taj Mahal remains the most remarkable and it is so graceful and elegant that in India it is called "a cloud frozen on an airy throne."

Palaces. Alhambra Palace. (13th-14th centuries Southern Spain)

The Alhambra, the most famous monument of Moorish art in Spain, was built during the reign of the Nasrid dynasty. The palace was built from wood, ceramic tiles and plaster. Each ruler made some changes to this complex of buildings and courtyards. The palace is located on the top of a hill dominating the city, and is organically integrated into surrounding landscape. A powerful red fortress wall separates the palace buildings from the outside world.

The palace was intended for magnificent receptions of ambassadors, as well as for the personal life of the emir, that is, the ruler. Its ensemble included pavilions, halls, a mosque, a harem, and a bathhouse. Water and greenery are organically included in the architecture. The measured fall of streams of water in the murmuring fountains, the aroma of flowers and fragrant plants create a special atmosphere of contemplation and bliss.

The basis of the composition of the Alhambra is a system of courtyards located on different levels. The main ones are Myrtle and Lion's– represent a wonderful example of the combination of architecture and landscape art. The middle of the Myrtle courtyard is occupied by the mirror surface of the reservoir, along the edges of which rise the crowns of two rows of trimmed myrtle bushes.

It is shadow and water, two indispensable elements of the Islamic garden, that play a very important role important role V overall composition. In a corner of the park, designed with terraces, water gurgles. It sparkles with splashes of fountains, flows through canals and pours, filling ponds and reservoirs. All this is surrounded by cypress alleys, orange trees, flowering flower beds against the backdrop of mountain peaks covered with eternal snow and a bright blue sky.

Water is the highest element of the Islamic garden, both on the physical and metaphysical level. Fountains and pools have different shapes, but always - geometric shape. In Islam, art and contemplation are inextricably linked. There is an inscription on the fountain in the Lion Courtyard: “Look at the water and look at the pond, and you won’t be able to decide whether the water is calm or marble flowing.”

In Islamic gardens, water is treated with love and deep respect, with an understanding of its true beauty and greatness; it never produces a “disturbing” impression, it is peaceful and serene.
Fountains, unlike “boiling” waterfalls, are restrained, blending harmoniously with the surrounding landscape. Beauty was associated with impeccable elegance of form, with awe bright colors and light. This is where Muslim architects’ craving for objects that are sparkling, transparent, shiny, iridescent and reflecting light comes from. That is why in the Alhambra the marble columns shine like pearls; its courtyards and bright window openings, flooded with sun and at the same time darkened by galleries, radiate an enchanting magic.

Next door to Myrtle Court the emir's personal chambers are located, the center of which is Lion's courtyard- "the eighth wonder of the world". The rectangular garden is divided into four equal parts by two canals intersecting in the center. At the intersection there is a fountain - a bowl supported by twelve sculptures of lions. The garden itself is marked by four orange trees. This is a modern tribute to the old Spanish tradition orange gardens in the courtyards of monasteries and palaces. Old photographs and drawings show different variants"four gardens" of the Lion's courtyard. Twelve animals, only similar to lions, are located in the middle of the Lion Court and support a marble bowl. All of them are sculpted from some special semi-precious marble and arranged like the rays of a ten-pointed star. Four narrow, stone-lined ditches lead to the center of the courtyard. Through them, water flows from the bowl in transparent streams to four fountains.

The number of lions is not accidental. According to legend, 12 lions supported the throne of King Solomon. Sultan Muhammad al-Ghani was told about this by his vizier ibn Nagrella, a Jew by origin. He also advised the Sultan to decorate the fountain with figures of lions. Meticulous researchers classify this story as a legend, since the lions at the fountain allegedly appeared only in the 16th century - after the fall of Granada. One hundred and twenty-four graceful columns support a carved stone arcade surrounding the courtyard. Rough, high tiled roofs play an active role in the composition, as if emphasizing the refined elegance of the arcade. The ornament is made of knock- a mixture of alabaster and clay. Fresh stukk is easily cut with a knife, and when it dries, it hardens and is not afraid of time. The peculiarity of the Alhambra is that, with unbridled luxury, it is built from very cheap materials - wood and stucco.

The ceilings of the Alhambra look like honeycombs. Graceful columns with elegant capitals decoratively fill the space rather than carry any weight... The edges of the bends of numerous arches are so cut that they give the impression of light falling lace... And all this shimmers and sparkles in the shimmering glare of chiaroscuro.
Fine art of the Arab East.

Fine art of Islam presented various types ornament, calligraphy, book miniatures.

The earliest form of ornamental art is arabesque. This is a complex linear geometric pattern, built on a mathematically precise combination of polygons and multi-pointed stars. Initially it included a plant motif, later inscriptions, images of animals, birds, people and fantastic creatures. For example, the triangle represented the “eye” of God. The pentagon symbolized the 5 basic commandments of Islam (belief in one God, prayer five times a day, almsgiving, fasting, pilgrimage to Mecca)

Arabesque has its favorite colors: bright cobalt, emerald green, red and yellow. It rarely contains calm colors and gradations of the same color. Each tone is given a special aperture and intensity. These features allow us to call oriental ornament “music for the eye.”

Special honor in Arab world enjoyed calligraphy art, which was the language not only of religion, but also of poetry, philosophy, and science. Calligraphy was widely used in architecture, both as a means of conveying text and simply for decoration. Architects sometimes covered entire walls of palaces and mosques with intricate Arabic script, along with stylized motifs from flora and geometric patterns.

Shamail – a painting depicting the holy places of Islam, containing, along with suras (chapters from the Koran), philosophical sayings, aphorisms, quotes from the poetic masterpieces of the East, made in beautiful Arabic script. Shamails were painted with blue, blue, and green paints on glass or paper with decorative inserts made of velvet or foil.
Music of Islam.

The Muslim religion strictly regulated not only architecture, art and spectacular performances, but also musical creativity. On the one hand, music fell into the rank of arts prohibited by Islam, and on the other, a rich musical heritage was created with characteristic traditions. The music is vocal in nature. The expressive and dynamic voice of an Islamic minister – muezzin(from Arabic - “caller”) had to call believers together for prayer five times a day.

The Muslim call to prayer is called adhan It was established by the prophet Muhammad in 622-623. The legend tells. Previously, Muslims never gathered for prayer at the same time: some earlier, others later. Then it was decided to build a large bell, which should be struck at strictly established hours. A large log was needed to strengthen the bell, and one of the priests went to get it, but the next day he appeared to the Prophet Muhammad empty-handed, saying that in a dream he had a vision: “Do not make a bell, but call for prayer with the azan.” Muhammad replied with a smile: “Revelation has forestalled you.”

The Azan ceremony is very theatrical. Imagine: against the picturesque backdrop of colorful southern nature, the soaring minaret of a mosque gracefully rises with a lonely figure of a muezzin. His appearance is artistic: on his dark face there is a dazzling white turban, loose clothes covered with a bright sash, a beard falls to his waist... His special, proud manner of deportment is also attractive.

Literature of the Arab East.

Love lyrics of the peoples of the East, created in Arabic, Persian and Turkish, has no analogues in world literature. Her best works glorify love, loyalty, sincerity and freedom of feelings.

It is impossible to imagine Persian and Tajik lyrics without the work of the poet, mathematician and philosopher Omar Khayyam (c. 1048 1122). In his world-famous philosophical quatrains - rubai- there is a call to explore accessible to man fleeting earthly happiness. Every moment spent next to your beloved is priceless.

How beautiful and how invariably new.

Like the blush of your beloved and the greenness of the grass!

Be cheerful too: don’t mourn the past,

Do not repeat, shedding tears: “Alas!”

Translation by G. Plisetsky.

The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam is distinguished by the grace of each phrase, the depth philosophical thought, bright, memorable images, the spontaneity of the lyrical hero’s views on the world, special musicality and rhythm. A significant part of the rubaiyat is meditation on the Qur'an, that's why to the lyrical hero characteristic of the search for the spiritual foundations of existence.
For many years I reflected on earthly life.

There is nothing incomprehensible to me under the sun.

I know that I know nothing! –

This is the last truth I discovered.

Don't envy someone who is strong and rich.

Sunset always follows dawn.

With this short life, equal to a sigh,

Treat it as if it was rented to you.

Homework:

1. What differences exist in the organization of the internal space and decor of the columned mosque and basilicas ?
2. Which one? decorative means did architects resort to creating the image of the Garden of Eden in domed mosques?

Islam (Arabic: إسلام‎ - monotheistic world religion.

The Koran is the holy book of Muslims

Koran

Mecca. Kaaba

Kaaba

The strict laws of Islam have banned many forms of art, giving preference only to those that glorify

Architecture

The main architectural elements of the mosque:

Jalal

minaret

Al-Malwiya minaret in Samarra

Minarets of Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul

Sifat

Mihrab, Ivan

Mosque of the Rock - Qubbat al-Sakhra. Jerusalem.

Qubbat al-Sakhra Mosque in Jerusalem The mosque is covered by a huge golden dome. Its diameter is 20 m, height is 34 m. Dome

Suleymaniye Mosque (Suleiman the Magnificent). Istanbul.

Umayyad Great Mosque in Damascus

Moorish art

Cathedral Mosque in Cordoba

alhambra

Alhambra

Lion's courtyard

Taj Mahal

Tomb of Gur-Emir in Samarkand

Features of fine art