Who is a romantic hero? Characteristics of a Romantic Hero

So, if you are addressed with an incentive (“Vasya, go home quickly!”), you will never confuse it in intonation with a narrative (“Vasya is already home”) or with an interrogative (“Is Vasya at home?”). But attention! If it is formulated like this: “Isn’t it time for you to go home, Vasenka?” or “Vaska, are you coming?” - then this example belongs to the category of “interrogative-motivating sentence”. Such offers contain two types of intonation at once. If there is a predicate in the incentive sentence, then it will most likely be in: “Get out of here, Petya!” (Well, how much can you persuade poor Vasya!) There are also predicates in the form: “Wouldn’t you get out of here!” And even in the form: “Get out of here!” The latter does not sound very polite, but issues of etiquette are not discussed in this article. If an infinitive is used as a predicate: for example, the strict “No smoking!” - something like that offers are called “negative incentives.” Faithful assistants of incentive offers- special particles. They are also called modal-volitional. They are all great for us: “Let it go!”, “Let it go!”, “Give!”, “Let’s go!”, “Come on!”. And the simply irreplaceable particle “would”. But sometimes just one in the nominative is enough for the sentence to become an incentive. If you hear: “Fire! Fire!" - you will instantly guess what the speaker is encouraging you to do. “Run! Save yourself! Call “01”! So let problems with determining incentives be unknown to you from now on! And let these offers sound to you not in the form of orders and prohibitions, but exclusively in the form of polite and delicate requests. For example: “Should we have some tea?” Or “Honey, will you marry me? Your Vasya..."

Sources:

• Dictionary-reference book linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. — M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976

“Infinitivus” means “indefinite” in Latin. In dictionaries published before the 70s of the 20th century, “” was defined as “the indefinite mood of the verb.” What does inclination have to do with it, and what is the correct definition? infinitive A? Does it even exist?

Modern dictionaries interpret infinitive simply - “indefinite form of the verb” (such as “run-t”, “fly-t” with inflection “-t”). The fact that form is understandable, but since language is a material concept, does it have infinitive what about the content? This question still causes heated debate: someone calls infinitive zero form (and with no content), someone insists on returning the previous formulation - “indefinite mood”. There are also supporters of “zero voice” (that is, neither active nor passive; neither active nor passive - again in old tradition or in other languages, such as English). The most version - infinitive has nothing to do with verbs at all, but rather with particles (expressing modality, phase, etc.). It's hard to say whether it has zero inclination or zero voice. infinitive ah, but the fact that particles could not be part of the predicate is for sure. The infinitive, on the contrary, can be part of (verbal). For example, expressing the same modality (desirability): “he stopped wanting to learn,” where there is both the actual modal (“to want”) and reflexive verb"study". By the way, returnable ones are also considered by some researchers to be infinitive am, although this opinion seems erroneous, since the postfix – xia (itself) already carries a certain semantic content, and infinitive- an indefinite form - still cannot have such a detailed meaning (teach oneself). The question with “-t” still remains unresolved. Some scientists still believe that this is an inflection (that is, a morpheme that connects a word with other members of a sentence), others - that it is a formative suffix infinitive a, not responsible for the connections in the sentence. Speaking about the predicate, it should be noted that in colloquial speech infinitive can, with the meaning of message, movement, speech, direction, beginning or continuation, perform the function of a zero predicate. For example, “We’re having dinner,” “It’s time,” “Children—!”

Video on the topic

Inclination called fickle morphological feature a verb that exists in conjugated forms and expresses the relationship of action to reality by contrasting the forms of the imperative, indicative and subjunctive mood.

Video on the topic

Interrogative are sentences that are intended to encourage the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker. For example: Why do you need to go to St. Petersburg?(P.); What will you tell yourself now to justify yourself?(P.).

The grammatical means of forming interrogative sentences are as follows:

1) interrogative intonation - raising the tone on a word with which the meaning of the question is associated, for example: Did you invite happiness with a song?(L.) (Cf.: Is it did you invite happiness with a song? - Did you invite happiness with a song?);

2) word arrangement (usually the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence), for example: Not Is the hostile city burning?(L.); But Will he return soon with a rich tribute?(L.);

3) interrogative words - interrogative particles, adverbs, pronouns, for example: Not better can you get behind them yourself?(P.); Is there really no woman in the world to whom you would like to leave something as a keepsake?(L.); Why are we standing here?(Ch.); Where does the glow come from?(L.); What were you doing in my garden?(P.); What do you want me to do?(P.).

Interrogative sentences are divided into proper interrogative, interrogative-impellative and interrogative-rhetorical.

Proper interrogative sentences contain a question that requires a mandatory answer. For example: Have you written your will?(L.); Tell me, does my uniform fit me well?(L.).

A peculiar type of interrogative sentences, close to proper interrogatives, are those that, being addressed to the interlocutor, require only confirmation of what is stated in the question itself. Such sentences are called interrogative-affirmative. For example: So are you going? (Bl.); So it's decided, Herman?(Bl.); So, to Moscow now?(Ch.).

Interrogative sentences, finally, can contain the negation of what is being asked; these are interrogative-negative sentences. For example: What might you like here? It doesn't seem particularly pleasant(Bl.); And if he spoke... What new can he tell?(Bl.).

Both interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-declarative ones, since they are transitional in nature from a question to a message.

Interrogative sentences contain an incentive to action expressed through a question. For example: So, maybe our wonderful poet will continue the interrupted reading?(Bl.); Shouldn't we talk about business first?(Ch.).

Interrogative rhetorical sentences contain an affirmation or a negation. These sentences do not require an answer, since it is contained in the question itself. Interrogative rhetorical sentences are especially common in fiction, where are one of stylistic means emotionally charged speech. For example: I wanted to give myself every right not to spare him if fate had mercy on me. Who has not made such terms with his conscience?(L.); Desires... What good is it to wish in vain and forever?(L.); But who will penetrate into the depths of the seas and into the heart, where there is melancholy, but no passions?(L).

Plug-in constructions can also take the form of an interrogative sentence, which also do not require an answer and serve only to attract the attention of the interlocutor, for example: The prosecutor flies headlong into the library and - can you imagine? - does not find either a similar number or the same date of the month of May in the Senate decisions(Fed.).

A question in an interrogative sentence may be accompanied by additional shades of a modal nature - uncertainty, doubt, distrust, surprise, etc. For example: How did you stop loving her?(L.); Don't you recognize me?(P.); And how could she let Kuragin do this?(L.T.).

Incentive sentences are those that express the will of the speaker. They can express: 1) an order, a request, a plea, for example: - Be silent! You! - Survivor exclaimed in an angry whisper, jumping to his feet.(M.G.); - Go, Peter! - the student commanded(M.G.); - Uncle Grigory... bend your ear(M.G.); - And you, my dear, don’t break it...(M.G.); 2) advice, proposal, warning, protest, threat, for example: This Arina is an original woman; Please note, Nikolai Petrovich(M.G.); Pets of windy fate, tyrants of the world! Tremble! And you, take heart and listen, rise up, fallen slaves!(P.), Look, my hands are washed more often - beware!(M.G.); 3) consent, permission, for example: Do as you wish; You can go wherever your eyes take you; 4) a call, an invitation to joint action, for example: Well, let's try with all our might to defeat the disease.(M.G.); My friend, let's dedicate our souls to the fatherland beautiful impulses! (P.); 5) desire, for example: Give him Dutch soot with rum(M.G.).

Many of these meanings of incentive sentences are not clearly differentiated (for example, supplication and request, invitation and order, etc.), since this is expressed more often intonationally than structurally.

The grammatical means of forming incentive sentences are: 1) incentive intonation; 2) predicate in the form of the imperative mood; 3) special particles that add an incentive to the sentence ( come on, come on, come on, yeah, let it go).

Incentive sentences differ in the way they express the predicate.

Incentive offer

A sentence expressing the will of the speaker (order, request, warning, protest, threat, call, invitation to joint action, etc.).

Grammatical means of forming incentive sentences:

1) incentive intonation. The general on duty quickly!(L. Tolstoy). To the barrier!(Chekhov);

2) the predicate in the form of the imperative mood, infinitive, subjunctive mood, indicative mood in combination with incentive intonation. Don’t sing, beauty, in front of me you sing the songs of sad Georgia(Pushkin). Keep the fire going!(Ketlinskaya). May I never hear from you again!(Griboyedov). You should have left, Nastya(Leonov). Get out of the way!(Bitter);

3) special particles that add an incentive tone to the sentence. May our heart not freeze, may our hand not tremble!(Isakovsky). Let him walk around and look in(Bitter). Let's kiss you (Makarenko). Well let's go in(Panova).

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what an “incentive sentence” is in other dictionaries:

incentive offer- A sentence with the meaning of expression of will, motivation to action; The predicate of an incentive sentence is usually expressed by a verb in the imperative mood. P.p. can be used in different styles. In journalistic speech, incentives... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Incentive offer- a functional type of sentence that expresses an impulse addressed to the interlocutor to perform the named action. The form specifically used to express motivation is imperative mood(imperative); Wed: Come quickly! Don't do... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

See interrogative sentence...

This term has other meanings, see Sentence. A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of language, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation... ... Wikipedia

A sentence expressing a question (cf. other types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement: declarative sentence, incentive sentence). They differ: a) the actual interrogative sentence, to which an answer is actually expected. You are far away... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation completeness. (“Modern Russian language” by N. S. Valgina) ... Wikipedia

A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation completeness. (“Modern Russian language” by N. S. Valgina) ... Wikipedia

Those are the incentive offers... Dictionary of linguistic terms

A sentence in which the expression of the content of a thought is accompanied by an expression of the speaker's feelings. The constructive elements of exclamatory sentences are interjections, emotional particles, and exclamatory intonation. An exclamation point can... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

L. F. Berdnik

Interrogative sentences in modern Russian language

In studies on the syntax of the Russian language, interrogative imperative sentences are qualified as a special semantic type of interrogative statements. The similarity between interrogative and imperative sentences has been noted in the science of language for a long time; so, also F.F. Fortunatov, and after him A.M. Peshkovsky considered interrogative sentences as one of the varieties of incentive speech. In the book “Essays on the Theory of Syntax” (Voronezh, 1973) I.P. Raspopov speaks of a certain similarity between interrogative and incentive sentences: interrogative sentences also contain an expression of will, encouraging an answer. However, these and similar scattered remarks do not provide a holistic picture of the structural, semantic and stylistic features of interrogative-motivating constructions. In this article we will turn to the specifics of expressing motivation in the form of a question.

An interrogative sentence is already by its nature close to an incentive sentence, since it contains an expression of will, encouraging an answer, but this is an incentive to special action- speech. Wed:

Where are you going? - Tell me where you are going.

What are you doing? - Tell me what you are doing.

The meaning of these sentences is interrogative. But in one case, this meaning receives a grammaticalized expression using an interrogative structure with a question word, and in the other, the question is expressed lexically - by a verb with the meaning of speech in the imperative mood. An incentive phrase like Tell me... can be substituted for almost any question. But the use of the incentive part is redundant, since the question, by its form, itself encourages the interlocutor to answer, although such “redundant” incentive-interrogative constructions occur quite often. They strengthen the question, emphasize it, and require a mandatory answer, for example:

- Tell me, Yakov, why are you knocking? - I asked. (Korolenko); - And like this,- says Mitriy Vasily, - answer truthfully: how many souls are you paying taxes for?(He is the same); - Well, tell me, you guys, how did you get the idea to repair the temple?- But how? No way. (V. Shukshin).

So, the meanings of a question and a call to action are very close, both of them relate to emotional-volitional language, therefore in certain conditions an interrogative sentence can encourage not speech, but ordinary action (which, in fact, is what incentive statements are aimed at). General condition The appearance of incentive meaning in the interrogative form is the breadth of the grammatical semantics of the interrogative sentence, its polysemy: the ability to have different meanings in different conditions. The potential ambiguity of interrogative sentences was pointed out in the works of A.M. Peshkovsky,

O. Espersen, A.I. Smirnitsky, N.I. Zhinkina, E.I. Schendels et al. In the meaning of an interrogative sentence, three semes are distinguished: the question seme, the message seme and the incentive seme (a seme is understood as the minimum element of grammatical meaning).

Particular conditions conducive to the appearance of the motivating seme in the form of a question are lexical content, context, situation and intonation. Therefore, the meaning of incentive is not realized by all structural elements in a sentence, but only by some with a certain lexical content, in a certain situation and with a special intonation. Keeping general meaning question, these constructions can also express a call to action. Let's consider the features of such proposals.

Both pronominal and non-pronominal interrogative sentences can have the meaning of an inducement to action.

In non-pronominal interrogative sentences, the meaning of incentive often arises in interrogative structures with a particle isn't it... which, as it were, frames the predicate expressed by modal verbs want, wish, be able, sometimes combined with a polite address to the listener You, explicitly or implicitly expressed, for example:

Here are the juicy slices! Would you like?(Mayakovsky); - Would you like,- he suddenly whispered to me, - Shall I introduce you to the first wit here?(Turgenev).

In addition to modal verbs, full-nominal verbs are also used in these constructions, for example:

Would you like some milk for the road?- said Yakov. (M. Gorky); Would you buy another piece of forest from me?(A.N. Ostrovsky).

The meaning of incentive can be expressed by infinitive interrogative sentences with a particle isn't...isn't it? At the same time, the motivating meaning is enhanced due to the interaction of the infinitive with the particle A at the beginning of the sentence and indicating the addressee in the dative case form of the 2nd person singular or plural pronoun:

Shouldn't we go warm up?(A.N. Tolstoy); Shouldn't we go have dinner?(M. Gorky); Listen, shouldn't you have another operation?(P. Nilin).

The incentive meaning is often found in non-pronominal interrogative sentences with modals May be (Maybe) in combination with perfective verbs and indicating the addressee. The addressee of speech is always recognizable from the context, even if it is not formally expressed. Usually such statements express a gentle request, advice, for example:

Maybe you're washing yourself from the road, dad?(G. Nikolaeva); Mmaybe we can discuss this issue?(V. Tendryakov); Maybe you could stand up and walk around a little? Let me take you around the hut.(V. Shukshin).

Pronominal interrogative sentences can also have a motivating meaning. Thus, the motivating meaning of advice contains infinitive sentences with question words why, why with a particle would, negation Not and the dative case of the addressee, for example:

Listen, my dear, why don’t you try performing on stage?(Kuprin); Then why don’t we try to look at everything that surrounds us, as they say, with a fresh look?(Com. Pravda. - 1977.

Usually in such sentences the perfect form of the verb predominates, which contributes to a softer expression of the impulse.

Interrogative sentences with pronouns What, which, as a rule, contain a negative particle Not, can express the meaning of an invitation, a proposal, for example:

Why don't you sit? I'll heat up the samovar.(K. Fedin); Why aren't you having fun... well?(L. Leonov).

In colloquial speech, the following invitation questions are often encountered: Why don't you come to us? Why don't you come?

Negative particles are often found in interrogative sentences. Not, which does not have a negative meaning, but, as it were, introduces new expressive shades into the semantics of incentives and actualizes the incentive meaning of the interrogative form.

The incentive meaning is manifested in infinitive interrogative sentences with pronominal phraseology What if, For example:

What if you try?(D. Granin); What if you call Krylov now?(He is the same); What if we go to Kuban, further away... far... far away.(M. Sholokhov).

In these constructions, the addressee is not formally expressed, but from the context it is clear that the impulse is addressed to the first person.

The main sign of motivation is the appeal to the addressee. The address of the impulse can be directed to the interlocutor (2nd person), to oneself (1st person), to the 3rd person, as well as to induce a joint action between the speaker and the interlocutor. Addressability is expressed in personal forms of pronouns and verbs.

In infinitive interrogative-motivative sentences, when the incentive is addressed to the 2nd person, an obligatory component of the structural diagram is an indication of the addressee in the dative case form of the 2nd person singular or plural pronoun.

When the impulse is addressed to oneself, the dative case of the addressee is absent.

What incentive meanings can interrogative-incentive sentences express and how do they differ from incentive statements themselves?

There are three main types of imperative meaning: a) categorical motivation with particular meanings of demand, order, command, instruction, prohibition; b) softened incentive with particular meanings of request, entreaty, persuasion, entreaty; c) the so-called “neutral” impulse, which is a transitional stage between a softened categorical impulse: advice, invitation, permission, warning. These shades of meaning cannot always be clearly distinguished, because intonation, context, situation, and lexical content play a big role. The same can be said about interrogative-motivating sentences. Moreover, in them the meaning of the question does not completely disappear, it seems to be relegated to the background, and its presence is manifested in the shades of the transmitted impulse: the impulse can be softer, informal, since the speaker does not know how his advice will be received, so this advice takes the form of interrogation: it is both advice and a question ( Why don't you go to the doctor?), invitation and question ( Maybe we'll go to the cinema?). Sometimes the speaker is unable to give advice or express another type of motivation due to the situation; in this case, the impulse also takes the form of a question ( Your Excellency, would you allow me to take you?- Kuprin). Thus, a soft incentive in the form of a question is used where the relationship between the interlocutors is unequal, where one interlocutor, for various reasons, cannot afford to express the incentive more categorically. This is one of the reasons for using interrogative and incentive sentences instead of actual incentive sentences.

On the other hand, some types of incentives in the interrogative form are more categorical than in the imperative sentence. This refers to the prohibition of an action, which in interrogative form comes close to a threat:

My aunt got tired of my walking around. - Will you give peace to the doors today? Well, sit down, take up the yarn.(Ch. Aitmatov).

In interrogative sentences expressing the prohibition of an action, there is a rethinking of the meanings of interrogative pronouns ( What in the meaning of “why”), violation of direct relationships and connections between words ( Will you give peace to the doors today?). This leads to the fact that the action, which is directly indicated by the verb, is thought of as undesirable and even prohibited by the speaker. Such a rethinking of the content of the statement is closely connected with a certain intonation, close to exclamation, with the peculiarities of lexical content. In these sentences the particle Not is absent, whereas in an incentive sentence the prohibition is usually expressed in the form of an imperfective verb with negation Not:

Don’t sing, beauty, in front of me you sing the songs of sad Georgia...(Pushkin).

So, interrogative sentences can have the meaning of a simple incentive (suggestion), request, advice, invitation to action, prohibition of action and cannot express the meaning of a call, instruction, order. Interrogative-motivating sentences are capable of expressing many particular meanings of all three types of motivation: categorical, neutral and softened, while the quality of the motivation changes: it either intensifies, becomes more rigid, categorical, or, conversely, softens.

Most often, an interrogative sentence has the meaning of a simple incentive to a specific action that is useful for the addressee. The meaning of an invitation comes close to this meaning, for example:

Some kvass, gentlemen, would you like?(Korolenko); Maybe you'd like to have breakfast with us?(Yu. Bondarev); -Will you come with me?- he suggested. - My brother lives here.(V. Shukshin).

Interrogative-motivating sentences with the meaning of a request are distinguished by the special delicacy of expressing a request, close to begging:

- Uncle, uncle...- Andrei Ivanovich said to the man behind him, - can you give us a lift?(Korolenko).

A hesitant request is expressed by non-pronominal structures with a modal word May be (Maybe):

I'm leaving. Maybe you can accompany me?(M. Gorky).

Interrogative sentences with the meaning of advice also express thoughts more delicately, unobtrusively. Advice is always justified and supported by context, for example:

- Why don’t you take this position?- asked Krylov. -You understand so well the need for self-sacrifice.(D. Granin).

Interrogative sentences often express the motivation for action of the speaker himself:

- Or maybe we should take a risk and try?- Captain Enakiev asked himself, twisting the stereoscope eyepieces over his eyes. (V. Kataev).

Interrogative-motivating sentences also express an incentive for joint action, which is also more relaxed, natural, informal compared to the impulse expressed by an incentive sentence:

Let's go together? Shall we dance?(V. Shukshin)

Offer- this is the basic syntactic unit containing a message about something, a question or an incentive. Unlike phrases the offer has grammatical basis, consisting of the main members of the sentence (subject and predicate) or one of them .

Offer performs communicative function And characterized by intonation And semantic completeness . In the proposal, in addition to subordinating connections(coordination, control, adjacency), there can be a coordinative connection (between homogeneous members) and a predicative one (between the subject and the predicate).

By the number of grammatical bases offersdivided into simple and complex . A simple sentence has one grammatical basis, a complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences (predicative parts).

Simple sentence is a word or combination of words characterized by semantic and intonation completeness and the presence of one grammatical basis.
The classification of simple sentences in modern Russian can be carried out on various grounds.

Depending on the purpose of the statement offers are divided into narrative , interrogative And incentive .

Declarative sentences contain a message about any affirmed or denied fact, phenomenon, event, etc. or a description of them.

For example: And it’s boring, and sad, and there’s no one to give a hand in a moment of spiritual adversity.(Lermontov). I'll be there at five o'clock.

Interrogative sentences contain a question. Among them are:

A) actually interrogative : What did you write here? What it is?(Ilf and Petrov);
b) rhetorical questions (i.e. not requiring a response): Why are you, my old lady, silent at the window?? (Pushkin).

Incentive offers express various shades expression of will (inducement to action): order, request, appeal, prayer, advice, warning, protest, threat, consent, permission, etc.

For example :Well, go to sleep! This is adult talk, none of your business(Tendryakov); Quicker! Well!(Paustovsky); Russia! Rise and rise up! Thunder, the general voice of delight!..(Pushkin).

Narrative, interrogative And incentive offers They also differ in form (they use various shapes verb moods, present special words- interrogative pronouns, motivating particles), and by intonation.

Compare:
He will come.
He will come? Will he come? When will he arrive?
Let him come.

By emotional coloring simple proposals are divided on exclamation marks And non-exclamatory .

exclamation point called offer emotionally charged, pronounced with a special intonation.

For example: No, look what a moon it is!.. Oh, how lovely!(L. Tolstoy).
Anything can be an exclamation point functional types sentences (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

By the nature of the grammatical basis, articulations proposals are divided on two-part when the grammatical basis includes both subject and predicate,

For example: A lonely sail is white in the blue fog of the sea!(Lermontov), ​​and one-piece when the grammatical basis of sentences is formed by one main member,

For example: I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon(Pushkin).

According to the presence or absence of minor members, simple offers can be common And uncommon .

Common is called a sentence that, along with the main minor members offers. For example: How sweet is my sadness in the spring!(Bunin).

Uncommon a sentence consisting only of main members is considered. For example: Life is empty, crazy and bottomless!(Block).

Depending on the completeness of the grammatical structure offers can be full And incomplete . IN complete sentences All members of the sentence necessary for this structure are presented verbally: Labor awakens in a person creative forces (L. Tolstoy), and in incomplete certain members of the sentence (main or secondary) necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence are missing. The missing members of the sentence are restored from the context or from the situation. For example: Prepare a sleigh in summer and a cart in winter(proverb); Tea? - I'll have half a cup.

Simple sentence may have syntactic elements that complicate its structure. Such elements include isolated members of a sentence, homogeneous members, introductory and plug-in constructions, and appeals. By the presence/absence of complicating syntactic elements simple sentences are divided into complicated And uncomplicated .