The history of the creation of the work Makar Chudra Gorky. Detailed analysis of Gorky's work Makar Chudra

What do you need to do to look at the world in a new way? Been through an important event, visit an unknown place. But how to get acquainted with a different attitude towards life? Gorky's story "Makar Chudra" solves all the questions raised. This early work of the writer goes beyond the romantic sketch that it is traditionally considered to be. This creation has philosophical overtones and remains relevant to this day.

“Makar Chudra” - first story young writer Alexey Peshkov, which he published under the pseudonym M. Gorky. This bright debut took place in 1892 in the newspaper “Caucasus”. The author was then working in a provincial newspaper in Tiflis, and the impetus for writing was conversations with A. Kalyuzhny, a revolutionary and wanderer. It was this man who was the first to see a talented prose writer in the young writer and instilled in Alexey confidence in own strength. He also helped Gorky take his first step into the world great literature- publish the work. The writer was grateful to Kalyuzhny and considered him his teacher.

The story is called like many others early works Gorky, named after the main character - an old gypsy. And it is not accidental: Makar is translated from Greek as “happy,” and Chudra is the occasionalism of the creator of the text, the etymology of which probably goes back to the word “miracle.”

Genre and direction

Gorky's early work is permeated with the spirit of romanticism: the author asks questions about the ideal, freedom, and the meaning of life. As a rule, these themes are heard in the narration of a hero who is wise and experienced, and these memories are presented to a still young interlocutor with an unformed worldview. So, for example, in the work of the gypsies under consideration, Makar Chudra tells the young man about his fate, about what he values, what, in his opinion, is worth valuing.

Here is a view that is in many ways exotic to the average reader: is there happiness in a settled life? What's happened real will? In the heroes there is no struggle between reason and feeling: unconditional preference is given to passion and will. They are worth living for, and you can die for them. In order to form the most complete idea of ​​the direction early creativity Gorky, pay attention to.

Composition

The main feature of the composition is that Gorky in his work uses the technique of a story within a story: the young hero hears from the lips of Chudra the legend of a daring gypsy named Loiko Zobar. Frame this beautiful story Makar's philosophical reasoning, presented in the form of replicas. This method of presentation is reminiscent in its nature of confession.

The story about Loika has a classic three-part composition: the presentation of the hero, his character and environment, the climax - main conflict character and his romantic resolution at the end of the story.

The work is rounded off by a description of the sea - an imperturbable element that symbolizes freedom and eternity.

Conflict

The main conflict of the work is freedom and slavery. The story is permeated by the clash of two fundamentally different worldviews: people with a nomadic and sedentary lifestyle. It is this conflict that becomes the impetus for remembering the legend of Loika Zobar. Some value freedom, both internal and external, which is expressed in the refusal to own material wealth and independence from anyone. The inability to obey is explained by pride and self-esteem. Any admiration for such a person is seen as slavery, with which a free soul will never agree.

This attitude to life led to the death of two young people who continue to be admired even after death. Radda admitted that she loves Loika, but still freedom is more than him. Passionately loving gypsy could not come to terms with such a revelation: he could not lose his will for the sake of someone who could not make the same sacrifice.

About what?

The old gypsy Makar Chudra reflects on existence, freedom and the destiny of man. He recalls the story of the daring Loika Zobar. He was handsome, strong and incredibly talented. The daredevil allowed himself to play with women’s hearts because he could not find his equal, that worthy girl. The meeting with the beauty turned his life upside down: he realized that he could only be happy by possessing her, or death. The obstinate gypsy puts will above love and invites her knight to bow at her feet in front of the entire camp - to submit to her. The young gypsy cannot agree to such humiliation in front of a woman: he decides to test her stone heart for strength with his knife. Radda's father pays him the same - this is how these lovers are united in heaven.

The main characters and their characteristics

The first image of Makar Chudra appears before us in this story. The author's admiration for this man is felt: the writer repeatedly appeals to the fact that the hero is already 58 years old, but he still retains his powerful physique. His conversation with the young man resembles a philosophical dialogue between a self-satisfied sage and a student. The main thesis of Makar Chudra is that you are your own life. It is better to be free from prejudices, rather than listen to imaginary instructions. For him, the standard of such a free and independent personality is Loiko Zobar.

This young gypsy was incredibly kind and talented, his pride did not develop into arrogance: it was a sincere joy in freedom, in the opportunity to enjoy the vastness of this world. His crime was not caused by fear of what other gypsies would say. No, this is not that kind of character. Love replaced the passion for will, but Radda did not experience the same feeling for Loika in order to fill the place of her former life in his heart. The young man could not survive this grief, there could be no other outcome: the path of humiliation is not for a proud gypsy, longing for his beloved is not for a warm heart.

Themes

• Freedom. Nomads value independence from everything material and do not understand how they can spend all their years on endless work in the field and arranging their home. So, for the entire period that is allotted from above, you may not see anything in the world and not comprehend wisdom.
• Love. For the main characters, love has a special value: you can kill for it, give your life. Everything is radical and clear: this feeling either comes first, or it should be torn out of the heart.
• Nature. She acts as the keeper of the secrets of knowledge. Only she knows will, willfulness, independence. The landscape in the story is rich in symbols: the steppe and the sea - freedom, the cultivated field - slavery.
• Meaning of life. The text is permeated philosophical reflections about the search for the purpose of being: wandering or cultivation, the search for beauty or everyday life? The old gypsy offers his point of view to the Russian youth, and it seems that he manages to charm the young interlocutor with it.

Issues

• Freedom and slavery. This antithesis concerns absolutely all topics: from love to way of existence. What is really worth spending your life on: “come and see” or stay and settle down? Perhaps the worldview of a nomad and a peasant are alien to each other, but still everyone has something to adopt for themselves.
• Impossibility of love. The wayward beauty does not respond to Loika with the same feeling, but offers to submit. Deep down, the enchantress knows what this gypsy will do. Can we say that she deliberately doomed herself to death, that she wanted to die for his sake? passionate love? Probably yes, because two loves fought inside Radda: for young man and to freedom, and she lost this battle in favor of will. But was the girl happy with this outcome? internal conflict? Hardly. That's why she made such an offer. Loiko could not come to terms with Radda’s decision, which prompted him to do just that. These heroes were worth each other: the young gypsy also understood that her father would avenge her - only death would unite proud hearts.

The meaning of the story

Showing a worldview that is exotic for the majority of the readership, Gorky reminds the public of the natural, primordial beginning of man, when he was not tied to his place, home, things. The author's position is expressed in rejection of a slavish attitude towards life. It is worth remembering that this writer will later say: “Man, that sounds proud.” Gorky is outraged by the cowardice of people, their attention to public opinion, and thoughtless adherence to accepted orders. It is worth noting that he does not follow the path of ridiculing the current situation. A different method is proposed here: it shows people of other faiths with completely different values ​​and preferences.

The idea of ​​“Makar...” is to remember your individuality and not merge with the masses. Perhaps Gorky hopes that his creation will make the same bewitching impression on the reader as on the young listener of Makar Chudra. Thus, people will awaken the desire to discover a new life.

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“Makar Chudra” is the earliest printed work of M. Gorky, who at that time still called himself by his real name - A.M. Peshkov. It was first published in the newspaper "Caucasus" in 1892, and was signed by the author's pseudonym - M. Gorky, under which the writer soon became famous throughout the world.

The main character of the work is an old gypsy named Makar Chudra, the main life value for whom there was freedom, and he would not exchange it for any wealth in the world. In his opinion, a peasant is the same as a slave, and was born to plow the land all his life. His unbridled desire for freedom is manifested in the characters of the main characters of the legend he tells. They perceive own love like a strong chain fettering their freedom and independence.

They confess their love to each other, but at the same time each of them tries to dominate, which ultimately leads to serious disagreements in the relationship, and then to the death of the heroes. Thus, pride and love, the manifestation of which reaches its maximum, are unable to get along with each other. For Makar Chudra, the heroes of the told legend are examples of love of freedom. If there is a choice between freedom and life, a person must choose the first, which is what the heroes of the legend did - Loiko Zobar and Radda.

Another feature of the story is the almost elusive presence of the author of the work. His image can be traced between the lines, the reader guesses his presence, he sees that the author does not fully share the point of view of Makar Chudra. The author draws the reader's attention to the fact that the pride of Loiko and Radda doomed them to eternal loneliness and the inability to be happy. No matter how independent they are, as a result they themselves become slaves to the freedom they so cherish. They are unable to make a sacrifice in the name of love, for the sake of a loved one.

The following technique helps the author to express the feelings of the characters and show his own vision: landscape sketch, in the center of which is the sea, the power of the water element. At the beginning of the story, it is calm, only a small breeze runs across the surface of the water, and the bushes rustle on the shore. As the conflict between the heroes matures, the weather deteriorates more and more, it begins to rain, the wind gets stronger, the sea rustles and rumbles, as if singing a solemn and gloomy hymn to proud lovers.

Detailed analysis of Gorky's work Makar Chudra

The work is in the direction of romanticism, and main idea Romanticism is the heroes' love for freedom. The heroes reject the generally accepted way of society; they have their own views on the world and interests.

The hero is always alone; he does not find satisfaction in communicating with society. And communication occurs mainly with nature. Makar Chudra is romantic story. The history of the relationship between Loiko Zobar and Radda helps to reveal true character old gypsy.

Makar the old gypsy and his main love in life this is freedom. It tells the story of two lovers for whom freedom is the main goal and meaning of life. Radda loves freedom so much that this love for freedom overshadows even his love for Loiko.

As a result, Makar concludes that the only way out of this situation is death. After all, a gypsy cannot betray his love for freedom and also cannot betray his love for a loved one. And at the same time, feeling love, neither Loiko nor Radda can pacify their pride and submit to each other.

And therefore Makar completely agrees with the actions of the young couple, because this is how a person proves his love for freedom. The young people loved each other so much that they could not live without each other.

But Radda told Loiko to prove his love to her by bowing at her feet in front of the entire gypsy camp. In response, he plunged a knife into her heart, Radda’s father immediately killed Loiko. This is how the gypsies love freedom.

Gypsies value freedom above all else, so a sedentary lifestyle and work are not for them. They are ready to travel all their lives and love freedom and nature above all else material assets and comfort.

Gypsies recognize love as mutual and not interfering with freedom. Otherwise, they completely abandon it. If it interferes with freedom. The author shows the reader a different way of life. And talks about it neutrally, and does not fully support it or encourage it.

He simply shows the reader a different way of life, in which the gypsies lead freedom-loving and independent public opinion and position in society; way of life. He shows the reader the opportunity to be special and not like everyone else.

Makar tells a story about gypsies in love to a young listener. He is romantically inclined, loves nature, life and everything beautiful. Makar gives him as an example a young gypsy couple, in which Loiko is a kind, freedom-loving and frank guy.

The girl is very beautiful, proud and willful, and because of this misunderstanding and unwillingness to submit to each other, their love ended in tragedy. Which Makar expresses as the consequences of love and discusses the fact that you need to love the will and nature.

The main idea and purpose of the work is to show the strong and brave people. In the story, Makar remembers his colleague and immediately says that human trafficking is not according to human laws. After all, so much has been lived, and these vile actions were committed only by slave owners.

And therefore he does not completely accept either slavery or people who worship and submit to the will of other people.

The most important people in the story are the brave and unconquered gypsies. Makar and the whole camp follow way of life Radda and Loiko. In the story, the gypsies are the bravest and fearless people who, without fear of anything, fight for their freedom and independence.

On this moment state environment leaves much to be desired. To the number serious problems, defining the current situation

The main characters of “Makar Chudra” are gypsies whom the narrator met, on whose behalf Gorky’s work is narrated. Makar Chudra is a hero who tells the story of tragic love two gypsies who died as a result of their pride. This legend tells how two young people, ardent, proud and wayward, met. Both loved freedom, freedom and independence. They fell in love with each other just as passionately. But neither of them wanted to give in to the other, and they chose death, forever remaining a symbol of pride and independence in the memory of the Roma people.

Characteristics of the heroes of “Makar Chudra”

Main characters

Minor characters

This list provides descriptions of the characters a brief description of heroes of the story.

Work test

A romantic night by the sea, a fire is burning, the old gypsy Makar Chudra tells the writer a story about free gypsies. Makar advises to beware of love, because having fallen in love, a person loses his will. This is confirmed by the story told by Chudra.

There was once Loiko Zobar, a young gypsy. Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovenia knew him. He was a clever horse thief, many wanted to kill him. He only loved horses, did not value money, and could give it to anyone who needed it.

In Bukovina stood gypsy camp. Danila the soldier had a daughter, Radda, who was beautiful beyond words. Radda broke many hearts. One tycoon threw any money at her feet and asked her to marry him, but Radda replied that the eagle had no place in the crow’s nest.

One day Zobar came to the camp. He was handsome: “The mustache lay on his shoulders and mixed with his curls, his eyes burned like clear stars, and his smile was the whole sun. It’s as if he was forged from the same piece of iron as the horse.” He played the violin, and many began to cry. Radda praised Zobar's violin; he plays well. And he replied that his violin was made from the breast of a young girl, and the strings were twisted from her heart. Radda turned away, saying that people lie when they talk about Zobar’s intelligence. He marveled at the girl’s sharp tongue.

Zobar stayed with Danila, went to bed, and the next morning he came out with a rag tied on his head and said that the horse had killed him. But everyone realized that it was Radda, they thought, isn’t Loiko worth Radda? "Well, I do not! No matter how good the girl is, her soul is narrow and shallow, and even if you hang a pound of gold around her neck, it doesn’t matter better than that, what she is, don’t be her!”

The camp lived well at that time. And Loiko is with them. He was as wise as an old man, and he played the violin in a way that made your heart skip a beat. If Loiko had wanted it, people would have given their lives for him, they loved him so much, but Radda didn’t love him. And he loved her deeply. Those around them only looked and knew, “if two stones are rolling towards each other, you cannot stand between them - they will mutilate you.”

Once Zobar sang a song, everyone liked it, only Radda laughed. Danilo wanted to teach her a lesson with a whip. But Loiko did not allow it, he asked her to be given to him as his wife. Danilo agreed: “Yes, take it if you can!” Loiko approached Radda and said that she had captured his heart, that he was taking her as his wife, but she should not contradict his will. "I free man and I will live the way I want.” Everyone thought that Radda had resigned herself. She wrapped the whip around Loiko’s legs, pulled, and Zobar fell as if knocked down. And she walked away and lay down on the grass, smiling.

Zobar fled to the steppe, and Makar followed him, no matter what the guy above him did in the heat of the moment. But Loiko only sat motionless for three hours, and then Radda came to him. Loiko wanted to stab her with a knife, but she put a gun to his forehead and said that she had come to make peace, she loved him. And Radda also said that she loves freedom more than Zobara. She promised Loiko hot caresses if he agreed to bow at her feet and kiss her in front of the whole camp. right hand like the older one. Zobar shouted throughout the steppe, but agreed to Radda’s conditions.

Loiko returned to the camp and told the old men that he had looked into his heart and did not see his former free life there. “Only Radda lives there.” And he decided to fulfill her will, bow at her feet, and kiss her right hand. And he also said that he would check whether Radda had such a strong heart as she boasted.

Before everyone had time to guess, he stuck a knife into her heart up to the hilt. Radda snatched the knife, covered the wound with her hair and said that she had expected such a death. Danilo picked up the knife that Radda had thrown aside, examined it and stuck it in Loiko’s back, right against his heart. Radda lies, clutching the wound with her hand, and the dying Loiko lies at her feet.

The writer could not sleep. He looked at the sea, and it seemed that he saw the royal Radda, and Loiko Zobar was swimming at her heels. “They both circled in the darkness of the night smoothly and silently, and the handsome Loiko could not keep up with the proud Radda.”

Composition

Gorky is the author of completely contradictory statements about man. He said to Chekhov: “You have to be a monster of virtue in order to love, feel sorry for, and help live the trashy midges with guts that we are.” To Repin, he argued the opposite: “I don’t know anything better, more complicated, more interesting than a person. He is everything; he even created God.” This suggests that Gorky thought a lot about human nature and studied it. Wanderings around Russia, life “among people” provided the basis for such reflections. Research about man was expressed in stories such as “Makar Chudra”, “Old Woman Izergil”, “Chelkash”, etc. and embodied in the image of a romantic hero.
Hero of the early romantic stories Gorky is multifaceted and complex, but the main thing for them is freedom and independence. Their character, their life philosophy not always given directly. Their image is created by the legends they tell, confrontations with other heroes, landscape and portrait.
One of these images is the image of Makar Chudra. The ideal of Makar Chudra is free proud man, which is above the everyday sphere. Such a person “knows the will”, “the expanse of the steppe is clear to him”, “the sound of the sea wave gladdens his heart.” And he calls a person who is not free a slave, harshly asserting that he was born to dig up the earth, and even die without even having time to dig his own grave. The freedom-loving nature of Makar Chudra is emphasized both by the landscape (the sea, the wind is associated with the rebellious spirit of the hero) and the portrait (everything in it is unshakable, significant: “strong pose”, “huge pipe”, “thick clouds of smoke”, “darkness of the walls”, he does not make a single movement and protects from sharp blows of the wind, because Makara Chudru is a native “wind of freedom”.
Makar Chudra tells the legend of “Loiko Zobar and Radda.” They loved each other, but could not be together; they are proud and independent individuals. “I am a free person and I will live as I want.” “Come on, Loiko, I love you more than you.” The heroes of the legend reflect the views of Makar himself. For the sake of freedom they sacrificed life and love. This speaks of the insolubility of the contradictions between pride and love, but this contradiction can only be resolved by death. For Makar Chudra, their deaths are not surprising; for him they are natural. He has his own philosophy and does not accept another.
Old Woman Izergil is the same independent, free person. Her image is given in the light ideal person, his endless love for people (Danko) and anti-ideal, cruel individualism (Larra).
The legend of Lara condemns the extreme contempt for people and the individualism of the son of an eagle and a woman. Larra valued freedom most of all. He was proud to such an extent that he committed murder. Immortality was given to the mind by punishment. Larra's name means rejected and "thrown out." Eternal loneliness turns into eternal suffering. His individualism is strange, it distorts his life. Izergil tells this legend as an edification to generations.
The legend of Danko glorifies human selflessness and the ability to make sacrifices. The legend is a hymn to effective love for people. Danko, in order to lead people out of the forest, tore the heart out of his chest, and its fire illuminated their path. In the image of Danko, Gorky’s dream of a man with “the sun in his blood” was embodied. However, with this legend, the author says that there are also anti-heroes in the world who are capable of forgetting noble deeds and are not receptive to goodness. “One cautious man, fearing something, stepped on the proud Heart with his foot. And so it, scattered into sparks, faded away.”
These two legends seem to frame Old Woman Izergil’s story about herself, about the love she gave, about the people who were dear to her. There is a contradiction in her image and speeches: a young girl should talk about sensual love, not an old woman, whom “time has bent in half, her once black eyes were dull and watery. Her dry voice sounded strange, it crunched, as if an old woman was speaking with bones.” Old woman Izergil contrasts her life and Lara’s life; she believes that individualism is absolutely not characteristic of her and that she and Lara different ways. But, firstly, the autobiographical hero uses their similarities. Larra “he has no life, and death does not smile on him. He has become like a shadow and will remain so forever.” And Izergil “sits alive, but dried up by time, without a body, without blood, with a heart without desires, with eyes without fire - also almost a shadow.” Secondly, it is amazing how they treat the people they loved. They say: “We have never met again those whom we once loved. These are not good meetings, it’s like meeting dead people.” But, despite the convergence of the images of Izergil and Larra, she strives for the pole of Danko, who embodied highest ideal love and self-sacrifice. She strives to convey to people the importance of love in life.
The image of Chelkash, an old freedom-loving thief, is revealed in an unusual way. Gorky no longer explains the image of the hero romantic legends. The image of Chelkash is already in contrast with Gavrila, a young peasant. Only one thing unites them - love and freedom, and in other respects the heroes are antipodes. They have different things social status(Chelkash is a tramp and a thief, and Gavrila is a peasant), types of activity (Chelkash wanders and steals, engages in propaganda, Gavrila is devoted to the farm, the land), portraits (Chelkash “attracted attention by his resemblance to a steppe hawk,” “he was barefoot , in old trousers, in a dirty cotton robe,” Gavrila “broad-shouldered, stocky, fair-haired, with a weather-beaten face and large blue eyes, looking trustingly and good-naturedly"). The attitude of the heroes towards each other is also different - Makar Chudre Gavrila resembled himself, and he treated Gavrila with pity and understanding. But Gavrila did not understand Chelkash and allowed himself to insult him. They are opposed in the story life positions. Gavrila was swallowed up by everything earthly and base, he forgot about the love of freedom for the sake of making money, while Chelkash, being an asocial thief, strove for freedom and an ideal.
Gorky says: “The natural state of man is diversity.” And depicted romantic heroes in all their complexity and versatility.