Types of worldview: what they are and their connection with life goals. Philosophy in brief: Worldview

What is a worldview and how is it formed?

In the previous lesson we focused on the concept of personality. The formation of personality is associated with the formation of a worldview. And worldview occurs as a result of cognitive activity. It is human nature to ask questions: “Who am I? What am I like? How does the world work? What is a sense of life?"– questions of self-knowledge and knowledge of the surrounding world. Searching and finding answers to them shapes the human worldview. The topic of the lesson relates to one of the complex philosophical topics, since it affects the inner spiritual world of man. Man is not only a biological and social being, but also a spiritual being. What is the spiritual world? What does it consist of? The spiritual world is the world of thoughts and feelings, knowledge and beliefs, ideas and principles, intelligence and creativity. It is also individual and unique like human appearance. The inner world is constantly developing and manifests itself in human behavior. So, worldview is one of the phenomena of the spiritual world of man. Let us formulate the basic definition of the topic:

Worldview- this is a holistic idea of ​​nature, society, man, which finds expression in the system of values ​​and ideals of an individual, social group, society.

Worldview is formed throughout one’s life and is the result of one’s upbringing and one’s own life experiences. With age, the worldview becomes more and more conscious. An adult knows why and for what he acts, feels personal responsibility for what is happening in his life and does not blame others for what happened. He is self-sufficient and independent of the opinions of people around him. Has adequate self-esteem - an assessment of one’s own strengths and weaknesses (I-image). Which can be overestimated, realistic (adequate) and underestimated. The level of self-esteem is influenced by the imaginary or real ideal that a person wants to be like. The assessments of other people have a great influence on how a person evaluates himself. The level of self-esteem is also influenced by a person’s attitude towards his own successes and failures.

The formation of a worldview is influenced by:

Firstly, human environment. A person, observing the actions and assessments of others, accepts something and rejects something, agrees with something and disagrees with something.

Secondly, social conditions and government structure. The older generation, comparing Soviet youth with modern ones, emphasizes that then they worked for the benefit of the people and even to the detriment of their own interests. This corresponded to the requirements of Soviet times. The modern sociocultural situation in our country requires the formation of a competitive personality aimed at achieving one’s own success.

Types and forms of worldview

In the context of the tasks of control and measuring materials of the OGE and the Unified State Exam, knowledge of three forms of worldview is mainly tested: ordinary, religious and scientific. But there are more forms of worldview. In addition to those mentioned, there are mythological, philosophical, artistic and others. Historically, the first form of worldview is mythological. Primitive people understood and explained the structure of the world intuitively. No one sought to verify or prove the truth of myths about gods, titans, and fantastic creatures. Primitive mythology is needed for the study of philosophy, history, art and literature. This form of worldview still exists today. For example, doctrines about the existence of life on Mars, comic book heroes (Spider-Man, Batman). Let's look at the features of the main forms:

1) Everyday worldview. This form is formed in everyday life, therefore it is based on a person’s personal life experience and is based on common sense. A person works and rests, raises children, votes in elections, observes specific life events, and learns lessons. He formulates rules of behavior, knows what is good and what is bad. This is how everyday knowledge and ideas accumulate and a worldview is formed. At the level of everyday worldview, there is traditional medicine, rituals and customs, and folklore.

2) Religious worldview. The source of this worldview is religion - belief in the supernatural, in God. In the earliest stages of human development, religion was intertwined with mythology, but over time it became separated from it. If the main feature of the mythological worldview was polytheism, then for the religious worldview it was monotheism (belief in one God). Religion divides the world into the natural and the supernatural, which are created and governed by an almighty God. A religious person strives to act and act as required by religion. He performs cult actions (prayer, sacrifice) and aims at spiritual and moral perfection.

3) Scientific worldview. This form is characteristic of people producing knowledge (scientists, researchers). In their worldview, the main place is occupied by the scientific picture of the world, the laws and regularities of nature, society and consciousness. Everything unrecognized by science (UFOs, aliens) is denied. A scientific person is divorced from real life; he constantly strives to know, research, logically justify and prove something. And if he doesn’t succeed, he despairs. But after a while he again takes up facts, questions, problems, research. Because he is in an eternal search for truth.

There is no pure form of worldview. All of the above forms are combined in a person, but one of them occupies a leading position.

Worldview structure

There are three structural components of a worldview: attitude, worldview and worldview. In worldviews that differ in form, they are reflected differently.

Attitude- these are a person’s sensations in the events of his own life, his feelings, thoughts, moods and actions.

The formation of a worldview begins with a worldview. As a result of sensory awareness of the world, images are formed in the human consciousness. According to their worldview, people are divided into optimists and pessimists. The first think positively and believe that the world is favorable to them. They show respect for others and enjoy their successes. Optimists set goals for themselves, and when life difficulties arise, they solve them with enthusiasm. The latter, on the contrary, think negatively and are convinced that the world is harsh towards them. They harbor grievances and blame others for their troubles. When difficulties arise, they sadly lament “why do I need all this...”, worry and do nothing. Worldview follows worldview.

Worldview is a vision of the world as friendly or hostile.

Each person, perceiving the events occurring in life, draws his own internal picture of the world, colored positively or negatively. A person thinks about who he is in this world, a winner or a loser. People around him are divided into good and bad, friends and enemies. The highest level of ideological awareness of the world is world understanding.

Worldview– these are images of the surrounding life formed in the human mind.

These images depend on information that is laid down in human memory from early childhood. The very first understanding of the world begins with the image of a mother who strokes, kisses, caresses at home. With age, it expands more and more to the yard, street, city, country, planet, Universe.

There are two levels of worldview: ordinary - practical (or everyday) and rational (or theoretical). The first level develops in everyday life, is associated with the emotional and psychological side of the worldview and corresponds to the sensory comprehension of the world. And the second level arises as a result of a rational understanding of the world and is associated with the cognitive and intellectual side of the worldview and the presence of a person’s conceptual apparatus. The source of the everyday - practical level is feelings and emotions, and the source of the rational level is reason and reason.

Exercise: Using the knowledge gained in this lesson, give one sentence about the ways of forming a worldview and one sentence about the role of worldview in a person’s life. Write your answers in the comments to the lesson. Be active)))

Hello, dear readers! Yuri Okunev is with you.

We have already raised the topic of worldview more than once, because it depends on it from what angle we look at everything that happens around us, what goals we set for ourselves and how we achieve them. Today I propose to talk again about the worldview, its types and forms, as this will help you adjust your own line of views and beliefs, choosing the most productive path.

At the very beginning, let's remember what a worldview is. Without going into deep philosophical discussions about human nature, the term can be described simply as a system of views on the world and oneself in it. It is the “view of the world” that determines how we understand good and evil, what principles we put into relationships with other people, what goals and values ​​we bring to the fore in life.

Worldview, on the one hand, is formed taking into account those traditions that already exist in society. On the other hand, it also depends on our own assessment of what is happening. That is, we can talk about two levels of the system of views on the world - practical and theoretical. In the first case, we are talking about a worldview that is spontaneously formed in the process of accumulating everyday experience. In the second, it’s about the knowledge that is acquired through learning and thoughtful analysis of the world.

I have already talked about the structure of the worldview in one of the blog articles.

By looking into it, you can understand how our willingness to act in one way or another is born.

In this same article I want to focus on another point - the varieties of worldview. Ready? Then go ahead!

Classification of “views of the world”

I’ll say right away that there are a huge number of types of worldviews that can be distinguished. But such a detailed analysis is absolutely useless to us, because our goal is to understand how we form certain preferences, life guidelines, values, etc. Therefore, we will only talk about the seven most significant forms.

Mythological

At the dawn of his formation, a person, who does not yet have a sufficient level of knowledge, asks questions about various aspects of the existence of the world, the Universe. He is not yet able to give objective, scientific answers to them, so he has no choice but to connect his own feelings, sensations and beliefs.

Man directly depends on nature, and this is expressed in how he sees and understands it. Thus, being much weaker, practically unprotected, he perceives nature as a kind of living being. As a result, vivid mythological images appear that correspond to certain processes occurring in the environment.

It is important to note that the mythological worldview is characteristic not only of primitive, but also of modern man. Some of us successfully overcome this stage, moving on to a more competent, accurate, scientific analysis of reality. And some people linger at the stage of the simplest explanatory mechanisms for a much longer period.

Religious

Religion can be considered a natural continuation of the mythological stage. Here, to his feelings and beliefs, a person adds a philosophical background, knowledge, logic and even ideology, which forms an idea of ​​how one can/should behave. A set of rules and ethical standards appears that must be observed by adherents of a particular religious system.

Ordinary

This worldview is created precisely on the basis of experience and our sensory-emotional perception of the surrounding reality. This is actually our “common sense” and, so to speak, everyday logic that we follow when making ordinary everyday decisions.

The influence of external factors is of enormous importance in building this system of views. First of all, traditions, stereotypes and even superstitions characteristic of a particular culture or society.

Secondly, the media in all their diversity - the Internet, TV, radio, printed materials. The latter have the most powerful “gift” of persuasion, and therefore I strongly recommend learning to filter this inexhaustible flow of information.

Philosophical

On the border between the everyday and scientific worldview there is a philosophical system of views based on knowledge. The sensual factor here goes far into the background, making room for systematicity and logic.

Taking factual data about the world, the Universe, and man as a theoretical basis, philosophy analyzes and reinterprets them, building interesting cause-and-effect relationships and forming its own conclusions.

In its development, the philosophical worldview also passed through certain stages characteristic of a particular time.

In addition, in the principles of assessing what is happening, two contradictory approaches are distinguished - materialistic (a thing, an object is the basis of everything) and idealistic (at the center of the universe is spirit, thought).

Scientific

No matter how important and valuable everything spiritual and emotional-psychological is, it is impossible to do without objective scientific facts. Therefore, guesses, faith, and stereotypes are gradually being replaced by the need and desire to look at the world through the prism of numbers, formulas, hypotheses, and theories.

The scientific worldview is designed to sort out the officially confirmed information that it has about the world. In this case, the personal attitude to this information is not taken into account. Science only states those facts that it has been able to discover based on the current cognitive capabilities of humanity. Everything else doesn't matter.

Artistic

This type of worldview is not always mentioned, but I still believe that it is worth highlighting as a separate type. Indeed, in contrast to all the systems of views listed above, only the artistic worldview brings to the fore the ideas of beauty and harmony, sensual creativity, as well as empathy as the ability to empathize with what you see and what you create.

Historical

Over time, people's perceptions and understanding of the world change. As a result, we can talk about historical eras, the socio-cultural characteristics of which left their mark on all aspects of human life.

For example, during Antiquity, people sought to understand and approach the aesthetic ideal. Beauty, harmony, nature, philosophy were of paramount importance. The principles and evaluation methods laid down in those times (for example, in architecture) are still used today.

The dark and difficult Middle Ages that replaced them brought religion to the fore, the weight of which in some regions acquired truly frightening forms.

But, thank God, time does not stand still, and the turn of a beautiful and rich era in every sense of the word called “Renaissance” is coming.

The values ​​and canons of antiquity are gradually beginning to return. Once again, the person, his needs, and characteristics are put at the forefront. Following this, as a logical continuation, comes the New Age, in which His Majesty science acquires key importance.

At the same time, the modern world can be described as “multi-worldview”, and this, perhaps, is one of its main advantages. Man finally gained freedom of choice. Like a juggler in a circus, he can sort through existing belief systems, combine them and transform them at will. What can I say - beauty!

At the end of this section, I would like to emphasize that, despite the traceable timing, it is impossible to give a clear time frame to each form of worldviews. Yes, this is not required, because, as already noted, our goal is to understand what such a phenomenon as a worldview can give us in the context of time management.

Pivot table

Let us summarize the above in a compact form.

In order to achieve personal harmony, to become a person whose life is full of goals and accomplishments, and also to achieve success in time management, we must understand what worldview we are guided by and what components it consists of. Otherwise, you can rush from one extreme to another, each time deviating from the desired path.

You will find even more information on the topic of the article in the article. Well, practical help, as always, awaits you on my author’s page. Now is the time to sign up for the program!

In order not to miss new materials, subscribe to the blog newsletter, share information with friends, write comments.

And if you still have questions, I invite you to an individual consultation. Details.

Until next time. Yours, Yuri Okunev.

Sources of knowledge.

Who has ever wondered where people’s knowledge comes from and how people’s worldview and consciousness are formed and how all this affects the development of our society? Meanwhile, this is the main reason for our life today, good or not so good. Whoever has a decisive influence on the minds of people rules the World. More precisely: the one who controls the flows of information that shape people’s worldviews rules the World. Consequently, the consciousness and worldview of people depends on the purity of information sources, that is, the state of our society - our life, with you... So let's look into this issue.

The concept of worldview is one of the key concepts in philosophy and in the educational system. It is impossible to do without this concept when studying history, philosophy and such subjects as “Man and Society”, “The Spiritual World of Man”, “Modern Society”, “Science and Religion”, etc.

Worldview is a necessary component of human consciousness and cognition. This is not just one of its elements among many others, but their complex interaction. Heterogeneous blocks of knowledge, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, moods, aspirations, hopes, united in a worldview, appear as a more or less holistic understanding of the world and themselves by people.

The life of people in society is historical in nature. Now slowly, now quickly, intensively, all the components of the socio-historical process change over time: technical means and the nature of labor, relationships between people and the people themselves, their thoughts, feelings, interests. The worldview of human communities, social groups, and individuals is subject to historical changes. It actively captures and refracts large and small, obvious and hidden processes of social change. When talking about a worldview on a large socio-historical scale, we mean the extremely general beliefs, principles of knowledge, ideals and norms of life that prevail at a particular stage of history, that is, they highlight the common features of the intellectual, emotional, spiritual mood of a particular era.

In reality, a worldview is formed in the minds of specific people and is used by individuals and social groups as general views that determine life. This means that, in addition to typical, summary features, the worldview of each era lives and operates in many group and individual variants.

The worldview of education is integral. What is fundamentally important in it is the connection of its components, their alloy, and just as in an alloy, different combinations of elements, their proportions give different results, so something similar happens with the worldview.

The worldview includes and plays an important role in generalized everyday, or life-practical, professional, and scientific knowledge. The more solid the stock of knowledge in a particular era, among a particular people or individual, the more serious support the corresponding worldview can receive. A naive, unenlightened consciousness does not have sufficient means for a clear, consistent, rational substantiation of its views, often turning to fantastic fictions, beliefs, and customs.

The degree of cognitive richness, validity, thoughtfulness, and internal consistency of a particular worldview varies. But knowledge never fills the entire field of a worldview. In addition to knowledge about the world (including the human world), the worldview also comprehends the entire way of human life, expresses certain value systems (ideas about good and evil, and others), builds images of the past and projects for the future, and receives approval (condemnation) of certain ways of life , behavior.

Worldview is a complex form of consciousness that embraces the most diverse layers of human experience, capable of expanding the narrow boundaries of everyday life, a specific place and time, and relating a given person to other people, including those who lived before and will live later. In the worldview, experience is accumulating in understanding the semantic basis of human life, all new generations of people are joining the spiritual world of their great-grandfathers, grandfathers, fathers, contemporaries, carefully preserving something, resolutely abandoning something. So, a worldview is a set of views, assessments, principles that determine the most general vision and understanding of the world.

The essential role of beliefs in the composition of a worldview does not exclude positions that are accepted with less confidence or even distrust. Doubt is an obligatory moment of an independent, meaningful position in the field of worldview. Fanatical, unconditional acceptance of one or another system of orientations, merging with it without internal criticism or one’s own analysis is called dogmatism.

Life shows that such a position is blind and flawed, does not correspond to the complex, developing reality; moreover, religious, political and other dogmas have often turned out to be the cause of grave troubles in history, including the history of Soviet society. That is why, in establishing new thinking today, it is so important to form a clear, unbiased, courageous, creative, flexible understanding of real life in all its complexity. Healthy doubt, thoughtfulness, and criticality play an important role in shaking dogmas. But if the measure is violated, they can give rise to the other extreme - skepticism, disbelief in anything, loss of ideals, refusal to serve high goals.

Thus, from all of the above, as well as from the history course, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. The worldview of humanity is not permanent; it develops along with the development of humanity and human society.

2. A person’s worldview is greatly influenced by the achievements of science, religion, as well as the existing structure of society. The state (state machine) influences a person’s worldview in all ways, restrains his development, trying to subordinate him to the interests of the ruling class.

3. In turn, the worldview, as it develops, influences the development of society. Having accumulated qualitatively (i.e., having changed radically) and quantitatively (when a new worldview takes hold of a sufficiently large mass of people), the worldview leads to a change in the social structure (to revolutions, for example). By developing the worldview of people, society ensures its development; by inhibiting the development of the worldview, society dooms itself to decay and death.

Thus, by influencing the development of people’s worldview, one can influence the development of human society. People have always been dissatisfied with the existing system. But can people with an old worldview build a new society? Obviously not.In order to build a new society, it is necessary to form a new worldview in people, and the role of educators, teachers and lecturers in this matter cannot be overestimated. But in order for a teacher to be able to form a new worldview, he himself must possess it. Therefore, the most important condition for building a new society is the formation of a new worldview among educators and teachers.

But maybe we don’t need to change the current state of society, maybe it suits everyone? It seems to me that this issue does not require discussion.

We all live in a very complex and contradictory world, in which it is easy to lose our bearings. Now everyone agrees that society is going through a crisis. However, you can often hear the opinion that this crisis affected only our country, while in Western countries everything is in order. Is it really? This opinion is true only if we consider the purely material side of life. If we take its spiritual side, then it is not difficult to see that the crisis in the spiritual sphere of human existence has gripped the whole world, all of humanity.

In all countries of the world, regardless of the social system, such phenomena as alcoholism, drug addiction, crime, and moral degradation are on the rise; The number of suicides associated with disappointment with life is growing, especially among young people. All these phenomena became widespread earlier in Western countries and in America, that is, in those countries where the material standard of living was and remains many times higher than ours.

In the last two or three decades, these phenomena have become widespread in our country. Material wealth does not provide a solution to the problem and does not eliminate the crisis, because... its reason lies in people’s loss of understanding of the meaning of their existence. Figuratively speaking, lately humanity has been reminiscent of train passengers, whose only concern is to get comfortable, to get comfortable inside the carriage, but who have completely forgotten where and why they are going. That is, humanity has lost more distant – spiritual guidelines for its life.What is the reason? The reason is only in the imperfection of a person’s inner world. Man destroys not only himself, but the entire planet. Our planet is seriously ill, and we ourselves are to blame for this. Man is destroying his planet not only with his technocratic activities, but also with his perverted thinking.

“Our modern world is a sinking ship. The only difference between a sinking ship and the modern world is that on a sinking ship everyone is already aware of the inevitability of death, while in the modern world many still do not want to admit this...

The very people who caused its illness are trying to heal the sick world. The same ones, not personally, but according to their worldview, and the means offered for cure are the same ones that marked the beginning of the disease." (A. Klizovsky "Fundamentals of the worldview of a new era")

The reasons that brought down such a colossus as the Roman Empire still exist. The main reason must be recognized as the decline of morals, the demoralization of society and the demoralization of the main pillar of statehood - the family, for with the decline of morals and the demoralization of the family, the destruction of any moribund world begins.

When any moribund world is replaced by a new one, the most important thing is not the political or social changes that occur at the same time, but in the need for a change in worldview and all outdated views and views on new ones, in the need to change one’s beliefs and, in general, the entire way of life to new ones, for what is truly new, what replaces the old world, is new in all respects and is never like the old.

The difficulty is further aggravated by the fact that a person is forced to accept a political or social change by the very course of events, often after the fact, while the acceptance or non-acceptance of a new worldview, or a new belief and a new way of life seems to depend on each individual. In reality, a person has only two options: either wisely go with the flow of evolution, or wait until developing life throws him overboard as unnecessary ballast.

“When the Higher Mind and Higher Powers give a push and impulse for a new phase of life, for a new stage of evolution, then no human forces can stop this movement. The struggle against the flow of a new life is obvious nonsense, promising nothing but inglorious death, for when it begins The law of replacing obsolete energies with new ones comes into force and begins to operate, then everything that is not progressing is subject to destruction." (A. Klizovsky “Fundamentals of the worldview of a new era”).

Any new construction begins with the destruction of the old, it cannot be otherwise. It is this moment that is most difficult for people, from a psychological point of view. They do not know that the time has come for humanity to rise to the highest level of knowledge; they do not know either about the Builder, or how the Builder of a new life plans to carry out his reforms. They see destruction, and the first solution that comes to mind for most is protest and opposition. In reality, they oppose evolution, dooming themselves to all the blows and vicissitudes of fate that come with opposing cosmic laws.

Ignorance is man’s main enemy and the source of much of his suffering. Unfortunately, people are lazy and don't like to learn. Many people live their whole lives with the knowledge they acquired in childhood, in primary school.

In the coming era, such knowledge is needed that should illuminate that area of ​​​​our existence, about which most people have very vague or very misleading ideas, in which many are interested in entertainment or amusement, and others for deception and profit.

The coming era requires knowledge of the cosmic laws of both the visible and invisible world. It requires recognition of the invisible world. But the recognition of the invisible world, which, thanks to its invisibility, has hitherto been recognized as non-existent, must radically change all the foundations of the existing materialistic worldview, all existing concepts and beliefs.

The situation cannot continue foreverthe crown of creation, man, lives without knowing the purpose and meaning of his existence. He must finally cognize the foundations of Existence, must cognize the laws of the higher spiritual world, cosmic laws.

Knowledge of laws is a necessary condition for life in all human organizations and groups. Most legislative codes of various states begin with the formula: “No one can excuse themselves by ignorance of the law. Violating the law out of ignorance does not exempt a person from punishment.”

Meanwhile, most people live in Space in complete ignorance of cosmic laws, violating them at every step of their lives, with every action, word and thought, and are surprised that their life is full of vicissitudes and shocks.

Throughout the observable history of mankind, one can trace the desire of people to build in their consciousness a fairly harmonious system of the universe, to determine their place in it and to further live, focusing on these ideas. For this purpose, many different religions and teachings have been created. All these religions and teachings have a lot in common. For example, they all claim that a person has a soul that does not die, but is preserved after the death of the physical body and after some time is reincarnated on Earth. Meanwhile, historians have long noticed that all these religions and teachings arose on Earth almost simultaneously (by historical standards) in different parts of the Earth: in Europe, India, China, when there was no communication between these parts of the world. The conclusion suggests itself that all these religions and teachings were given to people by someone.

There are several facts that cannot be refuted. For example, the well-known science of Astrology has existed for many hundreds of years. Astrologers have long been calculating the movements of planets such as Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, but modern science discovered Uranus and Neptune only in the 19th century, and even then on the basis of calculated data from Astrology, and Pluto was discovered in 1930! Where do astrologers get this cosmic knowledge? But modern science cannot explain astrology! But the predictions of astrologers about the destinies of people come true! Unless, of course, these are real astrologers.

Scientists have discovered the Dogon tribe in Africa, which is at a very low level of development (according to our concepts), but they have long known that Sirius is a double star and the orbital period of this double star is known. While modern science established this only a few years ago.

Well, how to evaluate the legacy left by the Miami civilization, which disappeared without a trace 600 years before the coming of Christ? Scientists are still puzzling over the mysteries of their cultures and are amazed at their high knowledge of space. Miamians knew something we still don't know. What about the Egyptian pyramids?

Anyone who is interested in these things begins to understand well that all this rich knowledge was given to people by aliens from outer space. What, they were given before, but now they are not? They are given, and practically without hiding from people! But do people want to receive this knowledge, or are they more interested in the prices of vodka? Or maybe people think that the processes occurring in Space will not affect them? Maybe it’s not necessary to know the Laws of Space? What is a person, where did he come from and why does he live on Earth? This is the worldview of modern man.

Worldview- is a system or set of ideas and knowledge about the world and man, about the relationships between them.

In a worldview, a person realizes himself not through his attitude to individual objects and people, but through a generalized, integrated attitude to the world as a whole, of which he himself is a part. A person’s worldview reflects not just his individual properties, but the main thing in him, which is usually called the essence, which remains the most constant and unchanging, manifesting itself in his thoughts and actions throughout his life.

In reality, a worldview is formed in the minds of specific people. It is used by individuals and social groups as a general outlook on life. Worldview is an integral formation in which the connection of its components is fundamentally important. The worldview includes generalized knowledge, certain value systems, principles, beliefs, and ideas. The measure of a person’s ideological maturity is his actions; Guidelines for choosing methods of behavior are beliefs, i.e., views actively perceived by people, especially stable psychological attitudes of a person.

From the point of view of the historical process, there are three leading historical type of worldview:

§ mythological;

§ religious;

§ philosophical.

Mythological worldview(from the Greek mythos - legend, tradition) is based on an emotional, figurative and fantastic attitude towards the world. In myth, the emotional component of the worldview prevails over reasonable explanations. Mythology grows primarily out of human fear of the unknown and incomprehensible - natural phenomena, illness, death. Since humanity did not yet have enough experience to understand the true causes of many phenomena, they were explained using fantastic assumptions, without taking into account cause-and-effect relationships.

Religious worldview(from Latin religio - piety, holiness) is based on faith in supernatural forces. Religion, in contrast to the more flexible myth, is characterized by rigid dogmatism and a well-developed system of moral precepts. Religion distributes and supports models of correct, moral behavior. Religion is also of great importance in uniting people, but here its role is dual: while uniting people of the same faith, it often separates people of different faiths.

Philosophical worldview defined as system-theoretical. The characteristic features of the philosophical worldview are logic and consistency, systematicity, and a high degree of generalization. The main difference between the philosophical worldview and mythology is the high role of reason: if myth is based on emotions and feelings, then philosophy is primarily based on logic and evidence. Philosophy differs from religion in the permissibility of free-thinking: you can remain a philosopher by criticizing any authoritative ideas, while in religion this is impossible.

If we consider the structure of the worldview at the present stage of its development, we can talk about ordinary, religious, scientific and humanistic types of worldview.

Everyday worldview relies on common sense and everyday experience. Such a worldview takes shape spontaneously, in the process of everyday experience, and is difficult to imagine in its pure form. As a rule, a person forms his views on the world, relying on clear and harmonious systems of mythology, religion, and science.

Scientific worldview based on objective knowledge and represents the modern stage in the development of a philosophical worldview. Over the past few centuries, science has moved further and further away from "foggy" philosophy in an attempt to achieve accurate knowledge. However, in the end, it also moved far away from man and his needs: the result of scientific activity is not only useful products, but also weapons of mass destruction, unpredictable biotechnologies, methods of manipulating the masses, etc.

Humanistic worldview based on the recognition of the value of every human person, his right to happiness, freedom, development. The formula of humanism was expressed by Immanuel Kant, who said that a person can only be an end, and not a simple means for another person. It is immoral to take advantage of people; Every effort should be made to ensure that every person can discover and fully realize himself. Such a worldview, however, should be considered as an ideal, and not as something that actually exists.

The great mystic, Indian spiritual leader Osho said that there are no people who would see the world around them in the same way, because this is simply impossible.

Each person is forced to move from his own place, from his own living space. This suggests that each person has his own worldview, based on which he builds his life and interacts with other people.

Worldview contains a person’s views on the world around him, society and himself. It can be compared with the concepts of worldview and mentality, where worldview has the most extensive meaning.

Worldview reflects emotional experiences, mentality is a product of mental activity and depends on the cultural development of a person, and worldview combines all these components, creating a whole structure, a range of individual ideas about the surrounding reality. A person is endowed with freedom, which involves choice, and each choice comes from certain views on the world.

It is obvious that all components of a worldview are of great importance in the successful life of a person at different levels. Worldview, its forms and types create a holistic understanding of the world and society, orient the individual towards achieving goals, preserving values, and also unites people.

The concept of worldview is very ambiguous; its structure includes complex components that manifest themselves individually in each person. In general, its structure represents the interaction of three components, which together create an inner world firmly based on the foundation of reality, value and meaning:

• Individual picture of the world. These are a person’s stable ideas about the surrounding reality, which are formed on the basis of knowledge and experience of the historical past in connection with the present. A person cannot control the influence of this component, because you cannot choose the era of your birth.
• Individual assessments. This is a set of views and judgments based on the general value orientation, as well as a person’s life ideals.
• Personal meanings. This includes a person’s ideas about the meaning of his existence, on the basis of which social attitudes are formed and specific life goals are built.

The worldview of an individual is formed in the process of socialization and the gradual formation of personality on the basis of knowledge and personal life experience.

Describing the concept of seeing the world, its essence and structure, it is important to highlight its intellectual and emotional components:

• worldview – the intellectual essence of a worldview, which covers stable knowledge in the form of various theories, principles and laws;
• worldview is the emotional essence of a worldview, consisting of a wide range of emotions, feelings, moods that help to form a holistic, deep understanding of an object or situation.

As a result of the productive interaction of these components, the main components of a worldview are formed: a holistic complex of clear beliefs, actions, and personal behaviors that become the basis for self-expression. Now it is obvious that it is the vision of the world that is the background against which all behavioral reactions and actions of a person appear, against which his spiritual orientation is manifested.

Historical perspective

To come to an understanding of the worldview of modern man, one should analyze the main historical forms of worldview, which, at the same time, are stages of its development in different periods of the life of society in the course of history, and in a certain form are preserved in our time.

• Mythological. It originated in primitive society and became widespread in antiquity. At that time, myth was a full-fledged part of human consciousness, serving as a tool that could clearly explain those phenomena that people could not yet understand due to a lack of accurate scientific knowledge. In this worldview, man and nature act as a single integral organism, the parts of which are equal. There were also no boundaries between fiction and reality, where the concept of the supernatural always found its justification. In the modern world, this worldview exists in separate aspects. For example, when computers and various technical devices endow the qualities of living beings.
• Religious. It develops in the Middle Ages, when the relationship between man and nature became more alienated, and ideas about an ideal being came to the fore, in comparison with which man was a being of a lower level of development. Man bows before God, holy objects and things. The world becomes double: sinful earthly and ideal heavenly. A person sees the world more narrowly, builds his own framework in the form of a division into good and evil, which are in eternal unity. Nowadays, this type of worldview does not lose its popularity in certain circles of people.
• Scientific The rapid development of science has had a strong influence on the concept of human worldview, making it more realistic, factual and reasoned. Here the main role is played by the objective reality of the surrounding world and relationships. Specific rational facts, devoid of subjective coloring, deserve attention. This type of worldview leads in the modern world, leaving myths and religion far behind in the historical past.
• Philosophical. This type of worldview includes individual elements of the mythological, religious, and scientific worldview. With its roots in myths and religion, it uses theoretical scientific data. The main point that distinguishes this form of worldview from religion and myths is its freedom from illusions, fantasies, idealization, suggesting complete “submission” to logic and objective reality. At the same time, philosophy expands the boundaries of science, trying to give a deeper and more multidimensional concept to “dry” scientific facts, which are often unable to form a holistic picture of the world.

Worldview of modern man

What is the worldview of modern man? The answer to this question lies through the concept and understanding of the main types of worldview, which can be called its main directions.

These include the following main types:

Everyday worldview.

It is also called practical life or simply life philosophy. It is inherent in every person, because it is a reflection of his everyday experience and is built on the basis of the so-called “sober” approach to life. This type of worldview reflects the general mood in society, being an element of mass consciousness. At the same time, this worldview is very individual, therefore it reflects the cultural, professional, intellectual and even national differences of people. The main disadvantage of this worldview is the mixing of stereotypes, prejudices and scientific data, to which one can add excessive emotionality. All this together confuses a person and leads to unreasoned and sometimes inadequate judgments.

Theoretical worldview.

This type of worldview is a “set” of logical rational argumentation of one’s own point of view, principles, knowledge, ideals and goals. The core or basis of such a worldview is precisely the philosophical understanding of the surrounding reality. As you already understand, a philosophical worldview allows you to evaluate things and phenomena of life more deeply and multifaceted, relying on specific theoretical knowledge, without making hasty conclusions, without falling into the skepticism of science.

The modern world follows the ideals of democracy and humanism, where the highest value is the human personality. The basis of this line of thought is the humanistic worldview, the essence of which was perfectly expressed by E. Kant: “A person can only be an end, but not a means for another person.” This worldview may seem ideal and unlikely, but it is a peak that is worth the effort spent on conquering it. Try to follow the fundamental principles of a humanistic worldview:

• A person is the highest value, he has equal rights in relation to other people;
• Every person, without exception, is self-sufficient;
• Each person has unlimited opportunities for self-improvement, personal growth and the development of creative potential;
• In the course of the development of civilization, each person is able to overcome the negative qualities of his personality, developing his positive potential;
• Every Person is capable of radical internal transformations;
• A person is able not only to develop himself, but also to have a positive influence on other people by cultivating his values;
• The main goal of a person is to find himself, his identity, focusing on his own personal resources, which every person, without exception, possesses.

Worldview - video lesson.