What is not included in the artistic world of the work. The concepts of “world of work”, “artistic world”
Small genres of folklore- These are small works. Some researchers define them as children's folklore, since such works enter a person's life very early, long before mastering speech.
Read more about each of them.
Pestushki
Pestushka- comes from the Russian word “to nurture”, that is, to nurse, groom, cherish. This is a very short chant of nannies and mothers in poetic form, as they accompany the child’s actions that he performs at the very beginning of life.
For example, when a child learns to walk, he is told:
Big feet
Walked along the road:
Top, Top, Top,
Top, Top, Top.
Little feet
Running along the path:
Top, Top, Top,
Top, Top, Top.
Nursery rhyme
The next genre is nursery rhyme.
Nursery rhyme- this is an element of pedagogy, a song-sentence that necessarily accompanies playing with the child’s fingers, arms and legs. Nursery rhymes, like pesters, are designed to develop the child. Such genres of folklore are presented in their own game form: They are designed to awaken the child to action. On the one hand, this is a massage, on the other - physical exercise. In this genre children's folklore there are incentives to play out the plot with the help of fingers, palms, hands and facial expressions. Nursery rhymes help a child instill hygiene and order skills, develop fine motor skills and the emotional sphere. The most famous of them: Ladushki, Soroka.
“Ladushki” (clapping hands on stressed syllables)
Okay, okay, where have you been? By Grandma!
What did you eat? Porridge!
What did you drink? Mash!
Butter porridge!
Sweet mash!
(Grandma is kind!)
We drank, ate, wow...
Shuuu!!! (Home) Let's fly!
They sat on their heads! ("Ladushki" sang)
Magpie!
Magpie-crow (running finger over palm)
Magpie Crow,
I gave it to the kids.
(curls fingers)
Gave this one
Gave this one
Gave this one
Gave this one
But she didn’t give it to this:
Why didn't you cut wood?
Why didn't you carry water?
joke
joke(from the word bayat - that is, to tell) - poetic, short, a funny story which a mother tells her child,
For example
Owl, owl, owl,
She was sitting on a stake,
I looked to the side,
He turned his head.
Proverbs
Proverbs- small forms of folk poetic creativity, dressed in short sayings, carrying a generalized thought, conclusion, allegory with a didactic bias.
Bread is the head of everything.
You can’t even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.
Seven do not wait for one.
A well-fed man is no friend to a hungry man.
Games
There were special songs for the games.
Games could be:
Kissing
As a rule, these games were played at parties and get-togethers (usually ending with a kiss between a young guy and a girl).
Ritual
Such songs were characteristic of some ritual or holiday. An example could be Maslenitsa festivities(typical fun: removing a prize from the top of a pole, tug of war, competition for dexterity and strength).
Seasonal
Such games are especially common among children, especially in winter time. For example, the game “Warmers”. The leader shows the movements, and the rest repeat. There were the same games as “trickle” or “collar”.
An example of a kissing game:
Drake
The drake chased the duck,
The young man was driving sulfur,
Go home, Ducky,
Go home, Gray,
You have seven children,
And the eighth Drake,
And the ninth itself,
Kiss me once!
Calls
The next type of small genre of folklore is nicknames. One of the types of invocation songs. Such songs are of pagan origin. They reflect peasant way of life. For example, the spell of a rich harvest runs through all the songs. For themselves, children and adults asked for health, happiness and wealth. It is also an appeal to the rainbow, sun and rain, and other natural phenomena. They often turned to animals and birds. Birds were considered harbingers of spring. The forces of nature were revered as living. Usually they made requests for spring, wishing for its speedy arrival, warmth and sun, and complaining about winter.
Larks, larks!
Come and visit us
Bring us a warm summer,
Take the cold winter away from us.
Us Cold winter got bored
My hands and feet were frozen.
Counting books
As a child, before starting any game, you and I would settle accounts. Counting rhymes helped us with this. Counting tables are one of the forms of drawing lots, a small rhyme with the help of which the leader is determined. Counting book is very important element which helps children avoid quarrels and establish agreement and respect for accepted rules. Rhythm is very important in organizing counting rhymes.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Atty-batty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
How much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles
Aty-baty, what is he like?
Aty-baty, golden.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Atty-batty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
How much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles.
Aty-baty, who's coming out?
Aty-baty, it's me!
Tongue Twisters
A phrase built on a combination of sounds that makes words difficult to pronounce. Tongue twisters are also called pure twisters. Very often they are used to develop diction and speech. Tongue twisters can be rhymed or non-rhymed.
From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.
Puzzles
The role of riddles cannot be overestimated. Riddles make children think and look for associations. As a rule, in a riddle one object is described through another based on the similarity of features:
“The pear is hanging - you can’t eat it.”
A riddle can also be a simple description of an object, for example, “Two ends, two rings, and in the middle there are carnations.” The riddle combines features and folk fun, and a test of ingenuity and intelligence.
Oral folk art also existed in the pre-literate era. Works of folklore were transmitted orally. They were usually remembered by ear. Small genres of folklore accompany us from birth; they contribute to the development of the child.
The theme of oral folk art in Russian literature is extremely diverse; there are numerous genres and types of folklore. All of them were formed gradually, as a result of life and creative activity people, manifested over several hundred years. Currently there are specific types folklore in literature. Oral folk art is that unique layer of knowledge on the basis of which thousands of classical works were built.
Interpretation of the term
Folklore is oral folk art, endowed with ideological depth and highly artistic qualities; it includes all poetic, prose genres, customs and traditions, accompanied by verbal artistic creativity. Folklore genres are classified in different ways, but basically there are several genre groups:
- Labor songs - formed in the process of work, for example, sowing, plowing, haymaking. They represent a variety of shouts, signals, chants, parting words, and songs.
- Calendar folklore - conspiracies, signs.
- Wedding folklore.
- Funeral lamentations, recruiting lamentations.
- Non-ritual folklore is small folklore genres, proverbs, fables, signs and sayings.
- Oral prose - traditions, legends, tales and incidents.
- Children's folklore - pestushki, nursery rhymes, lullabies.
- Song epic (heroic) - epics, poems, songs (historical, military, spiritual).
- Artistic creativity - magical, everyday tales and tales about animals, ballads, romances, ditties.
- Folklore theater - raek, nativity scene, mummers, performances with dolls.
Let's look at the most common types of folklore in more detail.
Labor songs
This is a song genre distinguishing feature of which is mandatory support of the labor process. Labor songs are a way of organizing collective, social work, which sets the rhythm with a simple melody and lyrics. For example: “Wow, let’s get a little more friendly to make it more fun.” Such songs helped to start and finish work, united the working squad and were spiritual helpers in the hard physical labor of the people.
Calendar folklore
This type of oral folk art belongs to ritual traditions calendar cycle. The life of a peasant working on the land is inextricably linked with weather conditions. That's why it appeared great amount rituals that were performed to attract good luck, prosperity, large offspring of livestock, successful agriculture, etc. The most revered holidays of the calendar were considered Christmas, Maslenitsa, Easter, Epiphany and Trinity. Each celebration was accompanied by songs, chants, incantations and ritual actions. Let us remember the famous custom of singing songs to Kolyada on the night before Christmas: “Cold is not a problem, Kolyada is knocking on the house. Christmas is coming to the house, bringing a lot of joy.”
Wedding folklore
Each place had its own types of folklore, but mostly they were lamentations, sentences and songs. Wedding folklore includes song genres that accompanied three main rituals: matchmaking, farewell of parents to the bride and wedding celebration. For example: “Your product, our merchant, is simply a miracle!” The ritual of handing over the bride to the groom was very colorful and was always accompanied by both drawn-out and short cheerful songs. At the wedding itself, the songs did not stop; they mourned their single life, wished for love and family well-being.
Non-ritual folklore (small genres)
This group of oral folk art includes all types of small genres of folklore. However, this classification is ambiguous. For example, many of the types relate to children's folklore, such as pesters, lullabies, riddles, nursery rhymes, teasers, etc. At the same time, some researchers divide all folklore genres into two groups: calendar-ritual and non-ritual.
Let's consider the most popular types small genres of folklore.
A proverb is a rhythmic expression, a wise saying that carries a generalized thought and has a conclusion.
Signs - a short verse or expression telling about those signs that will help predict natural phenomena, weather.
A proverb is a phrase, often with a humorous slant, illuminating a life phenomenon or situation.
A saying is a short verse addressing natural phenomena, living beings, and surrounding objects.
A tongue twister is a small phrase, often rhymed, with words that are difficult to pronounce, designed to improve diction.
Oral prose
The following types of Russian folklore belong to oral prose.
Legends - a story about historical events V folk retelling. The heroes of legends are warriors, kings, princes, etc.
Legends - myths, epic stories about heroic deeds, people covered with honors and glory, as a rule, this genre is endowed with pathos.
Bylichki - short stories, which tell about the hero’s meeting with some “evil spirits”, real cases from the life of the narrator or his friends.
Happened - summary something that really happened once and with someone, while the narrator is not a witness
Children's folklore
This genre is represented by the most in different forms- poetic, song. Types of children's folklore are what accompanied the child from birth until he grew up.
Pestushki -short poems or songs accompanying the very first days of a newborn. With the help of them they nursed and nurtured children, for example: “The nightingale sings, sings, pretty, and pretty.”
Nursery rhymes are small melodious poems intended for playing with children.
Stretch, stretch,
Rotok - talker,
Handles - grips,
Walking legs.
Calls - poetic and song appeals to nature and animals. For example: “Red summer, come, bring warm days.”
A joke is a short fairy tale poem sung to a child, a short story about the world around him.
Lullabies are short songs that parents sing to their child at night to lull him to sleep.
Riddle - poetic or prose sentences that require solving.
Other types of children's folklore are counting rhymes, teasers and fables. They are extremely popular in our time.
Song epic
The heroic epic demonstrates oldest species folklore, he talks about events that once happened in song form.
An epic is an old song told in a solemn but leisurely style. Glorifies the heroes and tells about their heroic deeds for the benefit of the state, the Russian fatherland. about Dobrynya Nikitich, Volga Buslaivaich and others.
Historical songs - a kind of transformation epic genre, where the style of presentation is less eloquent, but the poetic form of the narrative is preserved. For example, “The Song of the Prophetic Oleg.”
Artistic creativity
IN this group included epic and song genres created in the spirit of folk and artistic creativity.
A fairy tale is a short or long epic narrative, one of the most common genres of oral folk art about fictional events and heroes. All this is folklore, the types of fairy tales in it are as follows: magical, everyday and reflect those ideas about the world, good, evil, life, death, nature that existed among the people. For example, good always defeats evil, and there are wonderful mythical creatures in the world.
Ballads are poetic songs, a genre of song and musical creativity.
Jokes - special kind epic tale of comic situations from people's lives. Initially they did not exist in the form in which we know them. These were stories that were complete in meaning.
Fables - a short narrative about impossible, incredible events, something that was fiction from beginning to end.
A chastushka is a small song, usually a quatrain with humorous content, telling about events and incidental situations.
Folklore theater
Street performances were very common among the people; the subjects for them were various genres, but most often of a dramatic nature.
A nativity scene is a type of dramatic work intended for street puppet theater.
Rayok is a type of picture theater, a device in the form of a box with changing drawings, the stories told reflect oral species folklore
The presented classification is the most common among researchers. However, it is worth understanding that the types of Russian folklore complement each other, and sometimes do not fit into the generally accepted classification. Therefore, when studying the issue, a simplified version is most often used, where only 2 groups of genres are distinguished - ritual and non-ritual folklore.
This is folk art, covering all cultural levels of society. People's lives, their views, ideals, moral principles - all this is reflected both in artistic folklore(dance, music, literature) and in the material (clothing, kitchen utensils, housing).
Back in 1935, the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky, speaking at the First Congress of Writers of the USSR, accurately described folklore and its significance in public life: "...the most profound heroes exist in folklore, oral creativity people. Svyatogor and Mikula Selyaninovich, Vasilisa the Wise, the ironic Ivanushka the fool who never loses heart, Petrushka, who always conquers everyone. These images were created by folklore and they are an inseparable part of the life and culture of our society."
Folklore (" folk knowledge") is a separate scientific discipline in which research is carried out, abstracts are created, and dissertations are written. In Russian literature of the 19th century, the terms “folk poetry” and “folk literature” were widely used.
Oral folk art, folklore genres
Songs, fairy tales, legends, epics - this is far from full list. Oral folk art is a vast layer of Russian culture that has been formed over the centuries. The genres of folklore are divided into two main directions - non-ritual and ritual.
- Calendar - Maslenitsa songs, Christmas carols, vesnyanka and other examples of folk song creativity.
- Family folklore - wedding songs, lamentations, lullabies, family stories.
- Occasional - spells, counting rhymes, incantations, chants.
Non-ritual folklore includes four groups:
1. Folk drama - religious, nativity scene, Parsley theater.
2. Folk poetry - ballads, epics, spiritual poems, lyrical songs, ditties, children's songs and poems.
3. Folklore prose is divided into fairy-tale and non-fairytale. The first includes fairy tales about animals, everyday life, fairy tales, and chain fairy tales (for example, the story of Kolobok). Non-fairy tale prose is stories from life telling about human encounters with images of Russian demonology - mermaids and merman, sorcerers and witches, ghouls and ghouls. This subcategory also includes stories about shrines and miracles of the Christian faith, about higher powers. Forms of non-fairy tale prose:
- legends;
- mythological stories;
- epics;
- dream books;
- legends;
4. Oral folklore: tongue twisters, well wishes, nicknames, proverbs, curses, riddles, teasers, sayings.
The genres listed here are considered the main ones.
in literature
These are poetic works and prose - epics, fairy tales, legends. A bunch of literary forms They also belong to folklore, which reflects three main directions: dramatic, lyrical and epic. Of course, the genres of folklore in literature are not limited to this, there are many more of them, but the categories listed are a kind of empirics that have been developed over the years.
Dramatic images
Dramatic folk art includes folk dramas in the shape of fairy tales with unfavorable developments and happy ending. Any legend in which there is a struggle between good and evil can be dramatic. The characters defeat each other with varying degrees of success, but in the end good triumphs.
Genres of folklore in literature. Epic component
Russian folklore (epic) is based on historical songs with extensive themes, when guslars can spend hours telling stories about life in Rus' under quiet strings. This is a genuine folk art passed down from generation to generation. Except literary folklore with musical accompaniment there is oral folk art, legends and epics, traditions and tales.
Epic art is usually closely intertwined with dramatic genre because all the adventures epic heroes Russian lands are in one way or another connected with battles and exploits for the glory of justice. The main representatives of epic folklore are Russian heroes, among whom Ilya Muromets and Dobrynya Nikitich, as well as the imperturbable Alyosha Popovich, stand out.
Genres of folklore, examples of which can be given endlessly, are built on heroes fighting monsters. Sometimes it helps a hero inanimate object, possessing fabulous power. This could be a treasure sword that cuts off dragon heads in one fell swoop.
Epic tales tell about colorful characters - Baba Yaga, who lives in a hut on chicken legs, Vasilisa the Beautiful, Ivan Tsarevich, who is nowhere without Gray wolf, and even about Ivan the Fool - happy with an open Russian soul.
Lyrical form
This folklore genre includes works of folk art, mostly ritual ones: love songs, lullabies, funny ditties and lamentations. Much depends on intonation. Even sentences, spells, bells and whistles with the aim of bewitching a loved one, and those can sometimes be classified as folklore lyrics.
Folklore and authorship
Works of a fabulous literary genre(author's) often cannot be formally classified as folklore, such as, for example, "The Tale of the Little Humpbacked Horse" by Ershov or Bazhov's tale " Copper Mountain Mistress" due to the fact that they were written by a certain writer. However, these stories have their own folklore source, were told somewhere and by someone in one form or another, and then transferred by the writer into book form.
Genres of folklore, examples of which are well-known, popular and recognizable, do not need clarification. The reader can easily figure out which of the authors came up with their own plot and who borrowed it from the past. It’s another matter when genres of folklore, examples of which are familiar to most readers, are challenged by someone. In this case, specialists must understand and draw competent conclusions.
Controversial art forms
There are examples when fairy tales by modern authors, by their structure, literally beg to be folklore, but at the same time it is known that the plot does not have sources from the depths of folk art, but was invented by the author himself from beginning to end. For example, the work “Three in Prostokvashino”. There is a folklore outline - the postman Pechkin alone is worth something. And the story itself is fabulous in essence. However, if authorship is determined, then folklore affiliation can only be conditional. Although many authors believe that differences are not necessary, art is art, regardless of form. Which genres of folklore coincide with literary canons can be determined by a number of characteristics.
The difference between folklore works and literary works
Literary works, such as a novel, short story, story, essay, are distinguished by their measured, unhurried narration. The reader gets the opportunity to analyze what he read on the go, while delving into the idea of the plot. Folklore works are more impulsive, moreover, they contain only their inherent elements, such as a talker or a chorus. Often the narrator slows down the action for greater effect, using duality or trinity of the narrative. In folklore, open tautology is widely used, sometimes even accentuated. Parallelisms and exaggerations are common. All these techniques are natural for folklore works, although completely unacceptable in ordinary literature.
Different peoples, incompatible in their mentality, are often united by factors namely folklore character. Folk art contains universal motives, such as the common desire for everyone to reap a good harvest. Both the Chinese and the Portuguese think about this, although they live on different ends of the continent. The population of many countries is united by the desire for a peaceful existence. Since people everywhere are the same by nature, their folklore is not much different, if you do not keep in mind the external signs.
The geographical proximity of different nationalities contributes to rapprochement, and this process also begins with folklore. First of all, cultural ties are established, and only after the spiritual unification of the two peoples do politicians come to the fore.
Small genres of Russian folklore
Small folklore works are usually intended for children. The child does not perceive a long story or fairy tale, but listens with pleasure to the story about the Little Gray Top, who can grab a barrel. In the process of raising children, small genres of Russian folklore appeared. Each work of this form contains a special grain of meaning, which, as the narrative progresses, turns into either a moral or a small moral lesson.
However, most small forms of the folklore genre are chants, songs, and jokes that are useful for the development of a child. There are 5 genres of folklore that are successfully used in raising children:
- Lullaby - the oldest way, allowing you to lull the child to sleep. Usually the melodic melody is accompanied by rocking of the cradle or crib, so it is important to find a rhythm when singing.
- Pestushki - simple rhymes, melodious wishes, affectionate parting words, soothing lamentations for a newly awakened child.
- Nursery rhymes are recitative songs that accompany playing with the baby’s arms and legs. They promote the development of the child, encourage him to act in an unobtrusive playful way.
- Jokes are short stories, often in verse, funny and sonorous, which mothers tell their children every day. Growing children need to be told jokes in accordance with their age so that children understand every word.
- Counting books are small rhymes that are good for developing a child’s arithmetic abilities. They are an obligatory part of collective children's games when lots need to be drawn.
Oral folk art is the richest heritage of every country. Folklore existed even before the advent of written language; it is not literature, but a masterpiece of the art of oral literature. The genera of folklore creativity were formed in the pre-literary period of art on the basis of ceremonial and ritual actions. First attempts at understanding literary families belong to the era of antiquity.
Types of folklore creativity
Folklore is represented by three genera:
1. Epic literature. This genus is represented in prose and poetry. Russian folklore genres epic kind represented by epics, historical songs, fairy tales, tales, legends, parables, fables proverbs and sayings.
2. Lyric literature. At the heart of everything lyrical works thoughts and feelings are present lyrical hero. Examples of folklore genres of the lyrical direction are represented by ritual, lullabies, love songs, ditties, bayat, haivka, Easter and Kupala songs. In addition, there is a separate block - “Folklore lyrics”, which includes literary songs and romances.
3. Dramatic literature. This is a type of literature that combines epic and lyrical methods of depiction. The basis of a dramatic work is a conflict, the content of which is revealed through the acting of the actors. Dramatic works have a dynamic plot. Folklore genres of the dramatic kind are represented by family ritual songs, calendar songs, and folk dramas.
Individual works may contain features of lyrical and epic literature, therefore, a mixed gender is distinguished - lyric-epic, which in turn is divided into:
Works with heroic characters, lyric-epic content (epic, duma, historical song).
Non-heroic works (ballad, chronicle song).
There is also folklore for children (lullaby, nursery rhyme, comfort, pestushka, fairy tale).
Genres of folklore
Folklore genres of folk art are represented in two directions:
1. Ritual works of UNT.
Performed during the rituals:
Calendar (carols, Maslenitsa activities, freckles, Trinity songs);
Family and household (birth of a child, wedding celebrations, celebration of national holidays);
Occasional works - came in the form of spells, counting rhymes, chants.
2. Non-ritual works of UNT.
This section includes several subgroups:
Drama (folklore) - nativity scenes, religious works, theater "Petrushki".
Poetry (folklore) - epics, lyrical, historical and spiritual songs, ballads, ditties.
Prose (folklore) in turn is divided into fairy-tale and non-fairy-tale. The first includes tales about magic, animals, everyday life and cumulative tales, and the second is associated with famous heroes and the heroes of Rus' who fought with witches (Baba Yaga) and other demonological creatures. Also included in non-fairy tale prose are tales, legends, and mythological stories.
Speech folklore is represented by proverbs, sayings, chants, riddles, and tongue twisters.
Folklore genres carry their own individual plot and meaning.
Images of military battles, exploits of heroes and folk heroes observed in epics, vivid events of the past, everyday life and memories of heroes from the past can be found in historical songs.
Stories about the actions of the heroes Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich are epic. The folklore genre of the fairy tale tells about the actions Ivan the Fool, Ivan the Fool, about Vasilisa the Beautiful and Baba Yaga. Family songs are always represented by characters such as mother-in-law, wifey, hubby.
Literature and folklore
Folklore differs from literature in its unique system of constructing works. Its characteristic difference from literature is that the genres of folklore works have starters, beginnings, sayings, retardations, and trinity. Also significant differences style compositions there will be the use of epithet, tautology, parallelism, hyperbole, synecdoche.
Same as verbal folk art(UNT), folklore genres in literature are represented by three types. This is an epic lyricism, drama.
Distinctive features of literature and CNT
Large works of literature, represented by novels, short stories, novellas, are written in calm, measured tones. This allows the reader, without interrupting the reading process, to analyze the plot and draw appropriate conclusions. Folklore contains a saying, a beginning, a saying and a chorus. The technique of tautology is the basic principle of storytelling. Hyperbole, exaggeration, synecdoche and parallelism are also very popular. Such figurative actions are not allowed in literature all over the world.
Small folklore genres as a separate block of CNT works
This system includes mainly works for children. The relevance of these genres continues to this day, because every person gets acquainted with this literature even before he begins to speak.
The lullaby became one of the first works of folklore. The presence of partial conspiracies and amulets is direct evidence of this fact. Many believed that otherworldly forces act around a person; if a child sees something bad in a dream, it will never happen again in reality. That's probably why the lullaby about " little gray top"is popular even today.
Another genre is nursery rhyme. To understand what exactly such works are, we can equate it to a sentence song or a song with simultaneous actions. This genre promotes the development fine motor skills and emotional health of the child, key point Plots with finger play “Magpie-Crow”, “Ladushki” are considered.
All of the above small folklore genres are necessary for every person. Thanks to them, children learn for the first time what is good and what is bad, and are taught order and hygiene.
Folklore of nationalities
An interesting fact is that different nationalities, in their culture, traditions and customs, have common points of contact in folklore. There are so-called universal desires, thanks to which songs, rituals, legends, and parables appear. Many peoples hold celebrations and chanting to obtain a rich harvest.
From the above it becomes obvious that different peoples often turn out to be close in many spheres of life, and folklore unites customs and traditions into a single structure of folk art.
