Chauvinist definition. Who is a chauvinist: definition

IN last years We are increasingly faced with this concept. It appears with amazing consistency in the speeches of politicians, in topics of public discussion, in discussions about the problems of the country and people. Often chauvinism and nationalism are closely intertwined in our minds. Some people consider them synonymous. Chauvinism - what is it? Let's try to figure it out.

The history of the term “chauvinism” dates back to France during the time of Napoleon Bonaparte. The soldier, Nicolas Chauvin de Rochefort, remained a devoted supporter of his emperor until the very end. The name became a common noun and was transformed into a term. Chauvinism in its basic meaning is an ideological concept that is based on the belief of the superiority of one nation over another. Aggressive policies and pressure are methods used by supporters of chauvinism to incite ethnic hatred.

Today, the word “chauvinism” refers to the unrestrained praise of any one nation or group of people, its exaltation over other nations or groups. As a rule, the chauvinist himself belongs to the very nationality or group that he praises.

Who are chauvinists? Unlike nationalism, where “all peoples are equal,” chauvinists see their nation as endowed with special, exclusive powers and rights. Fascism is one of the terrible manifestations of chauvinism, a crime against all humanity. The result is the death of millions of people different nationalities, large-scale destruction of cultural and material property.

Chauvinism - psychology

The concept of chauvinism is used by psychologists of different schools. The psychotraumatic experience of upbringing, based on suppression, lays the foundation for the child to further self-affirmation in negative ways. The boy can internalize the result of a destructive relationship between father and mother (beatings, humiliation) and carry this program further into his future family. What “male chauvinism” is can be clearly seen in eastern countries, where initially education is built on male superiority over women.

Signs of chauvinism

IN modern society Open discriminatory acts are illegal and criminally punishable. Political movements based on chauvinistic tendencies will never lead to mutual understanding, openness, and peace between peoples, and therefore will not enjoy the support of the majority of people. The consequences are devastating: war, genocide. IN individual form, chauvinism is present as a “belief system”, mainly among men. Signs of a chauvinist:

a male chauvinist actively “fights” against chauvinism, blaming others for it except himself;
considers himself free from nationalist prejudices;
exaggerates the “greatness”, “otherness” and “interestingness” of his people;
elevates the temperament of his nation;
believes that all nations “a priori” should love and admire his nation, he is offended when met with indifference;
accurately notices the shortcomings of other ethnic groups, but does not know the real advantages and traits of his people.

Types of chauvinism

If we consider for clarity specific example from history, then in Russia XIX– XX centuries “Great-power chauvinism” - an expression denoting the dominant attitude of the empire towards other peoples, with the advent of the Bolsheviks, was opposed to nationalism and, as a dangerous ideology, began to be supplanted, but as social chauvinism exists in third world countries. Today, when defining what chauvinism is in other social and public categories, experts distinguish several varieties:

religious (confessional);
domestic;
racial;
age chauvinism;
gender;
language.
female chauvinism
Gender chauvinism

Regardless of the sphere of manifestation, chauvinism is based on the suppression and domination of some over others, infringement, and inequality of rights. A worldview based on gender discrimination is called gender or sexual chauvinism. The difference in natural essence between a man and a woman creates inequality in political, economic and social manifestations - this is the ideology of sexism. Gender stereotypes play a key role in maintaining sexual chauvinism.

Machismo

Men may experience tender feelings, sympathy towards women, but at the same time not considering them equal to themselves, part of the reason lies in psychological differences. Machismo is a term (another name is sexism) coined by American feminists. The writer N. Shmelev considered male chauvinism an integral part of a man. Without realizing it, a man can tell a joke about a “stupid woman” or “evil mother-in-law” at any moment.

Characteristic manifestations of male chauvinism:

a man's word is a woman's law;
the man is the head of the family;
reason, logic and intelligence - the difference between a man and a woman, in whom only feelings prevail;
a man is always right;
for a man - the appearance of a mistress is encouraged, for a woman - this is censure by society

Female chauvinism

IN late XVIII V. women European countries began to declare their equality with men. The phrase of the American suffragist Abigail Smith Adams: “We will not submit to laws in which we did not participate, and to an authority that does not represent our interests” has gone down in history. Feminism is an ideological movement that has been gaining strength and scope over the course of several centuries. During this time, women managed to achieve equal rights with men:

occupy leadership positions;
suffrage;
military service;
choice of any profession;
free choice of sexual partners.

All this helped women strengthen their position in society, become useful and influential. Female chauvinism is a concept that arose relatively recently. Unlike feminists, who recognize the rights of men and strive for equal rights with them, chauvinists devalue the role of men and emphasize their superiority. Men say that women also infringe on their rights and see discrimination in the following:

early retirement age compared to men;
lower standards of physical activity;
the need to remove hats in the theater, church - a woman does not need to do this;
The woman can make the decision to terminate the pregnancy on her own.

Chauvinism in the modern world

Preserving their traditions, way of life, religion, language, music is a normal desire of people of any nationality. High level moral, spiritual development helps to see the benefits and beauty of all the diversity of the world cultural heritage. Cultural chauvinism promotes its heritage as the only one and superior to other cultures - it impoverishes human perception.

Chauvinism in the Bible

What is modern chauvinism? There is no consensus between sociologists and other specialists. Origins this phenomenon come from the depths of centuries. Male chauvinism in Christianity is based on the legend of the creation of the world. God created Adam first, and from a rib he created Eve for him - as a consolation. Expulsion from Paradise occurs through the fault of Eve, who tasted (succumbed to the temptation of the serpent) an apple - the fruit of knowledge. “All troubles come from women!” - this stereotype has not outlived its usefulness even today.

The interests of one nation are the interests of all etc. nations, distribution national swagger, incitement national enmity and hatred. The term "Shch." appeared in France [in 1831 in the comedy of the brothers I. and T. Cognard “The Three-Color Cockade” ("La cocarde tricolore") one of the heroes was the aggressively militant recruit Nicola Chauvin; it is believed that the prototype of this character was a real one - a veteran Napoleonic wars N. Chauvin (N. Chauvin), brought up in the spirit of admiration for the emperor - the creator of the “greatness” of France]. The word "Sh." began to denote various manifestations of nationalism. extremism. In Great Britain Sh. received con. 70s gg. 19 V. a special name is jingoism.

Opportunist, current in international socialist movement, whose representatives spoke out during the 1st World War in support of chauvinistic. The policies of the bourgeoisie of their countries received social chauvinism.

A variety of Sh. - great power Sh. - and the policy of the ruling classes of the nation occupying the dominant (sovereign) position in the state, declaring their nation the “superior” nation. Great power Sh. aimed at enslavement etc. nations, their discrimination in economic, political. And cultural life. The most extreme Sh. is misanthropic. ideology and fash. states

Marxist-Leninist parties have always been considered one of most important tasks the fight against any variety of Sh. ideology and its supporters.

Philosophical encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. editor: L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. 1983 .

CHAUVINISM

CHAUVINISM is a transformed form of national consciousness, one of the forms of heteronomy and xenophobia, hostility and even hatred of strangers, atavistic, biologically based rejection of foreigners, people of other faiths, all bodily, color, cultural, national, linguistic differences, even foreign customs, costumes and etc. according to the principle “not like that - stranger - stranger - enemy”. The term “chauvinism” comes from the name of the fanatical Bonapartist N. Chauvin, a soldier of the Napoleonic army, whose grotesqueness became a household name thanks to the comedy of the Cognard brothers “The Tricolor Cockade, an Episode of the War in Algeria” (1831). Subsequently, “chauvinism” became the international designation for extreme, fanatical nationalism bordering on racism. Modern chauvinism may have mass prejudices, even the ideology of extreme right-wing political movements. Chauvinism is especially dangerous if it becomes the de facto or de jure ideology of any ruling party or government policy(Germany 30-40s).

I. I. Kravchenko

New Philosophical Encyclopedia: In 4 vols. M.: Thought. Edited by V. S. Stepin. 2001 .

Synonyms:

See what “CHAUVINISM” is in other dictionaries:

- (French from his own name Chauvin, a French soldier, an exalted supporter of Napoleon and the empire). At first it meant every boundless surprise felt towards Napoleon after 1815, then in general political self-delusion, self-adoration. Dictionary… … Dictionary foreign words Russian language

- (French chauvinisme) a type of nationalist policy, the content of which is the spread of hatred and enmity towards other nations and nationalities. The main provisions of the political ideology of chauvinism are: assertion... ... Political science. Dictionary.

Cm … Synonym dictionary

CHAUVINISM, chauvinism, many others. no, husband (polit.). Extreme nationalism, preaching hatred, contempt for other peoples and inciting national enmity. “...Chauvinism, even in white gloves and with the most sophisticated turns of phrase, is disgusting.” Lenin... ... Dictionary Ushakova

chauvinism- a, m. chauvinisme Chauvin Given name fr. soldier N. Chauvin, a supporter of Napoleon's aggressive policy. 1. Initially it meant any boundless surprise towards Napoleon after 1815, then generally political... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

The primary source was popular prints(“pictures from Epinal”) on military themes, the author of which French artist Nicola Toussaint Charlet. The constant hero of these pictures good soldier Sho wen. Later, this same popular character became the main... ... Dictionary winged words and expressions

- (French chauvinisme), an extreme aggressive form of nationalism... Modern encyclopedia

- (French chauvinisme, in the English version jingoism) the most odious form of nationalism, the proclamation of national exclusivity, the opposition of the interests of one ethnic group (or superethnic group) to the interests of all other ethnic groups, the spread of ideas... ... The latest philosophical dictionary

CHAUVINISM, huh, husband. Extreme nationalism, preaching national and racial exclusivity and inciting national enmity and hatred. | adj. chauvinistic, oh, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

A neologism that received citizenship rights in the French language, followed by it in other European languages. Under Sh., of course, a stormy patriotic mood of a warlike nature, supported by a heated fantasy and based on a blind... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Books

Chauvin, soldier-cultivator, Gerard de Puimèges. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. Until now it was believed that French word"chauvinism" is derived from the name of a brave soldier...

- (French, chauvinisme), extreme “form of nationalism, preaching nationalism.” exclusivity, contrasting the interests of one nation with the interests of all other nations, the spread of national. swagger, inciting national enmity and hatred. The term "Shch." appeared... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Cm … Synonym dictionary

chauvinism- a, m. chauvinisme Chauvin Proper name French. soldier N. Chauvin, a supporter of Napoleon's aggressive policy. 1. Initially it meant any boundless surprise towards Napoleon after 1815, then generally political... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

The primary source was popular prints (“pictures from Epinal”) on military themes, created by the French artist Nicolas Toussaint Charlet. The constant hero of these pictures is the good soldier Sho Wen. Later, this same popular character became the main... ... Dictionary of popular words and expressions

- (French chauvinisme), an extreme aggressive form of nationalism... Modern encyclopedia

Books

Chauvin, soldier-cultivator, Gerard de Puimèges. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. Until now it was believed that the French word “chauvinism” was derived from the name of a brave soldier...
Dangerous course. Issue 6. Anti-Sovietism and chauvinism - the basis of Beijing's policy,. The Maoists' foreign policy caused increasing condemnation and opposition from progressive forces in the international arena. As evidenced by the materials in this collection...

It arises with enviable consistency in people, public discussions and discussions about existing problems of the state and people. Very often we associate the term with an extreme form of nationalist sentiment. However, the term "chauvinist" is somewhat more broad concept. I wonder what

it comes from the name of a man who was a veteran of Napoleonic army. His name was Nicolas Chauvin. This soldier so persistently and fanatically defended Bonaparte's ideas of the greatness of France (even after the fall of the latter) that his name subsequently became a household name. Since that time, a chauvinist is a person who categorically supports the ultranationalist idea of the complete superiority of one nation over all others. Nowadays, this concept is usually used in conjunction with national definitions. In the conditions of the Russian Federation, Russian chauvinists most often declare themselves. At the same time, if this concept is examined more carefully, one can be convinced that today it extends much wider than the national framework.

Public sphere

IN modern world a chauvinist is a person who truly supports ideas of absolute superiority, but they can be projected onto completely different

social categories. We have all come across the concept in one way or another. It can also manifest itself in relation to children, the elderly, the disabled, the poor, and so on. All such forms are always accompanied by conscious discrimination.

In biology

At the same time this concept does not always necessarily imply something related to violations of human rights. There is so-called species discrimination. A similar term refers to the infringement of the interests of one species for the sake of another. The most a shining example Here, perhaps, is the relationship between the human species and the animal world. However, the concepts of natural rights can hardly be transferred to the latter, since animals have neither

consciousness, no will. Therefore, discrimination is used here in a slightly different meaning.

Interestingly, there is also such a thing as carbon chauvinism. It has nothing to do with discrimination in any form or application and belongs to the field of cosmozoology. A carbon chauvinist is a person who asserts the fundamental impossibility of the existence of any forms of life that are not based on carbon. The fact is that absolutely all known life forms on planet Earth are carbon in the sense that they have this element as their own fundamental basis. Moreover, we are all made of the same substances that are most abundant in the Universe: hydrogen, carbon, and so on. This factor has confirmed the popularity of the opinion among many modern cosmobiologists and astrophysicists that if extraterrestrial life forms are found, they must also be built from the same compounds. Assumptions about a fundamentally different biochemistry (for example, with silicon as a basis) look very doubtful today.

A chauvinist is a person who supports the aggressive ideology of nationalism. Followers of the ideology believe that a person’s personality not only does not rise above the nation, it will not be formed at all outside the nation.

Who is a chauvinist: definition

According to the dictionary, this word means an active, aggressive person. Its target topicality is determined entirely by the social dominant ideology, permeated and changing the entire semantic basis of nationalism. In modern Russian, for example, the meaning of the word “chauvinist” is brightly colored by contemptuous or even negative expression.

Story

In fact, still in mid-19th century the word itself was unusual. And the definition could only be found in the dictionaries of the radical intelligentsia. A commander named Chauvinet served Napoleon. He argued that everything important in the world is exclusively French.

From that moment on, the concept of “chauvinism” became a household word. The idea of human rights was proposed by the Freemasons and turned out to be very promising, but it cannot be said that today it is the ultimate truth. It requires development: it is enough just to add the responsibilities of the individual and the nation to the rights. Previously, those who considered rights absolute asserted the primacy of the individual over society and over the entire nation.

Chauvinism and nationalism

First of all, nationalism is a completely natural pride in one’s nation and devotion to one’s people.

This feeling refers to the subjective feeling of a person. Without it, no nation can survive. Previously, Russian liberals constantly tried to eradicate this feeling. It should not be confused with patriotism, which is actually a hoax, since patriotism is just healthy nationalism. Conservatives would say: “Let a Russian be proud of his nation, let a Chechen be proud of his nation, let a Jew be proud of his nation.” Liberals would argue that nationalism and chauvinism are one whole.

What exactly is chauvinism? A chauvinist is a person who despises other nations. There is his nation, but he does not want to tolerate others. Everything he does is only for the glory of his nation.

Signs

Firstly, a chauvinist is a passionate fighter against chauvinism, blaming everyone for it except himself and the people. He does this with obvious naivety, unconsciously and always.

Secondly, such a person believes that he himself is freed from nationalist prejudice, which is undoubtedly absurd. The Russian chauvinist shows this especially often. If this is truly a prejudice, it is not subject to conscious control. It makes no sense to fight the sexual instinct, but the biological behavior of the same Chikatilo and a respectable resident is very different in its consequences for those around him. The difference is frighteningly small.

Fourthly - characteristics of temperament. Communication between peoples is unemotional and vaguely reminiscent of a sleepy market on a calm border. There are no celebrations of life or moments of truth here. There is no admiration or hatred visible here. This is just the curiosity of a tourist who is bored.

Male chauvinist

Male chauvinism can be called the most common form of sexism (a social stereotype, belief or belief that asserts and is confident in the superiority of one sex over the other, thereby justifying social inequality between women and men).

If a person has settled on a low level of spirituality, the typical characteristics that he develops, regardless of his “feminine” or “male” character, will also remain at a low level. If this is a man, he is characterized by brutality, rudeness, aggressiveness and toughness. And if a woman - weakness, capriciousness, touchiness. At the very first stages of spiritual female and male development, both sexes are characterized by differences in character that are quite pronounced, so each of them can neither understand nor appreciate the other half. This is when the first manifestations of mutual claims and accusations, as well as attempts to prove personal superiority over an opponent, come. Now this is called “gender chauvinism”.

Everyone is accustomed to the fact that in ancient times a man went hunting or to battle, and at that time a woman was waiting for him in a hut or in a cave. That is why it is easier for the first to navigate in large open areas, and for the second in a confined small space. Men, for example, can quickly find the right street in unfamiliar city with help regular card than women. And a woman never forgets which shelf in the closet this or that thing is on.

Women's feminism

The female chauvinist is the embodiment of the struggle to achieve sexual equality. But it is also impossible to say that these two concepts are antonyms.

Simply put, a chauvinist considers himself smarter than the weaker sex, whose place is in the kitchen, and feminists claim that women and men are equal, but at the same time they do not seek to humiliate men or deprive them of any rights. It's practically equal concepts. And again, it all depends on temperament: both sexes have completely different internal goals and priorities.

A woman who's been through enough thorny path male incarnations, there will be no nonsense. She has a slim logical thinking and a wide range of interests, quite independent and active. Such a representative of the fair sex respects men, while successfully doing things that are characteristic of her: caring for her family and home.