Which occupies one of the leading ones. Archbishop Jerome of Greece: Russian cultural heritage occupies one of the leading places in the world

All this places increased demands on the qualifications of specialists in the field of welding, especially welding workers, since they are the ones who directly master new methods and techniques of welding, new welding machines. Today, it is not enough for a working welder to be able to perform several, even complex, operations of the welding method he has mastered. He must understand the physical essence of the main processes occurring during welding, know the features of welding of various structural materials, as well as the meaning and technological capabilities of other, both traditional and new, promising welding methods.

1. 
   Product Description

The intended product is intended for use as a support for the installation and installation of load-bearing columns in the construction of industrial buildings.

The support is a welded box-type structure.

platform

30
shell

spacer

edge

640

Fig.1. Product design
All parts of this design are made of steel grade 09G2S.

Steel 09G2S belongs to low-carbon, low-alloy steels.

Steels of this class have good weldability of all types arc welding and are widely used for the manufacture of welded structures used in the construction industry.
Table 1

Chemical composition of steel 09G2S

table 2

Mechanical properties of steel 09G2S

Welded structures used as load-bearing elements during the construction of buildings and structures belong to group II of responsibility, since their destruction during operation can lead to large material costs.

II responsibility group requires increased attention to the quality of work performed throughout the entire production cycle (from material procurement to the scope of final product inspection).

Taking into account the design features of the product, the material of the incoming parts, as well as the annual production program (2000 pieces), the most optimal manufacturing method will be semi-automatic welding in a carbon dioxide environment.

1. 
   Welding method

Gas shielded welding is one of the arc welding methods. With this method, shielding gas is supplied to the arc zone, the stream of which, flowing around the electric arc and the weld pool, protects the molten metal from exposure atmospheric air, oxidation and nitriding. Welding in shielding gases has the following advantages: high productivity (2...3 times higher than conventional arc welding), the ability to weld in any spatial position, good protection of the welding zone from oxygen and nitrogen of the atmosphere, no need to clean the seam from slag and strip the seam for multilayer welding; small heat affected zone; relatively small deformations of products; the ability to monitor the seam formation process; availability of mechanization and automation. The disadvantages of this welding method are the need to take measures to prevent the blowing off of the shielding gas jet during the welding process, the use of gas equipment, and in some cases the use of relatively expensive shielding gases.

The following types of welding in shielding gas are known: in inert monatomic gases (argon, helium), in neutral diatomic gases (nitrogen, hydrogen), in carbon dioxide. In practice, argon arc welding and carbon dioxide welding are most widely used. The inert gas helium is used very rarely due to its high cost. For welding critical structures, welding in a mixture of argon and carbon dioxide gases in a ratio of 85% argon and 15% CO 2 is widely used. The quality of this steel welding is very high. The arc is powered by DC sources with a rigid characteristic. In recent years, mainly welded rectifiers of the VDU series have been used with a universal external characteristic, i.e. rigid or steep by simply switching the packet.

Alternating current is not used due to the low stability of the arc burning process, poor formation and poor quality of the weld. The arc voltage when welding in CO2 should be no more than 30 V, since spatter and oxidation increase with increasing voltage and arc length. Typically, the arc voltage is 22-28 V, the welding speed is 20-80 m/h, the gas flow is 7-20 l/min. Welding in CO2 with wire gives deeper penetration than electrodes, therefore, when switching from manual welding, it is considered justified to reduce the legs by about 10%. This is explained by the increased current density per 1 mm 2 of electrode wire. The main elements of the welding mode in CO 2 are in Table 1.
Table 3

Typical parameters of welding mode in C0 2

Welding in carbon dioxide is carried out in almost all spatial positions, which is very important during construction and installation work. Welding is carried out by feeding the arc with direct current of reverse polarity. When welding with direct current of direct polarity, the stability of the arc decreases, the formation of the seam worsens, and the loss of electrode metal due to waste and spatter increases. However, the deposition rate is 1.6...1.8 times higher than with reverse polarity. This quality is used in surfacing operations. Sheet material from carbon and low-alloy steels is successfully welded in carbon dioxide; sheets with a thickness of 0.6... 1.0 mm are welded with flanged edges. Welding without flanging is also allowed, but with a gap between the edges of no more than 0.3...0.5 mm. Sheets with a thickness of 1.0...8.0 mm are welded without cutting edges; in this case, the gap between the welded edges should be no more than 1 mm. Sheets with a thickness of 8... 12 mm are welded with a V-shaped seam, and for larger thicknesses - with an X-shaped seam. Before welding, the edges of the product must be thoroughly cleaned of dirt, paint, oxides and scale. Welding current and welding speed largely depend on the size of the groove being welded, i.e., on the amount of deposited metal. The voltage is set so as to obtain sustainable process welding with the shortest possible arc (1.5...4.0 mm). With a longer arc length, the welding process is unstable, metal spatter increases, and the possibility of oxidation and nitriding of the deposited metal increases.

Rice. 2. Movement of the electrode during welding in carbon dioxide when performing a multi-layer weld
The figure shows the movements of the electrode during welding in carbon dioxide when making a multi-layer weld. To reduce the risk of cracking, it is recommended to weld the first layer at low welding current. The seam should be completed by filling the crater with metal. Then the supply of the electrode wire stops and the current is turned off. The supply of gas to the welded crater continues until the metal has completely solidified.

1. 
   Part of the equipment

The composition of the technological equipment necessary to perform welding work during mechanized arc welding in shielding gases includes:

• 
  power supply;
• 
  assembly and welding devices;
• 
  gas equipment;
• 
  gas main devices;
• 
  welding machine (semi-automatic).

3.1 Power supply
Power supply (IP) of a welding arc is a device that provides the necessary type and strength of the arc current.

The power source and the welding arc form an interconnected energy system in which the power supply performs the following main functions: it provides the conditions for the initial excitation (ignition) of the arc, its stable combustion during the welding process and the ability to configure (regulate) the mode parameters.

An important technical characteristic of the IP, which determines the possibility of its operation with one or another type of arc, is the dependence of the voltage on the “welding” clamps (terminals) of the IP on the welding current. This dependence is called the external current-voltage characteristic (volt-ampere characteristic) of the IP. The most characteristic current-voltage characteristics for known IPs: steeply dipping, gently dipping and rigid .

Based on the type of current in the welding circuit, there are:

1. 
   alternating current sources - single-phase and three-phase welding transformers, specialized installations for welding aluminum alloys;
2. 
   DC sources - welding rectifiers and generators with drives of various types.

IN in this case We use a modern, powerful 400-amp inverter power supply for semi-automatic welding and surfacing in shielding or active gases of the DC 400.33 brand.

This IP has:

• 
  Remote control of welding voltage.
• 
  Digital indicator of welding current and voltage.
• 
  Function >.
• 
  Power supply from both a stationary network and a diesel generator.

Table 4

Technical characteristics of the DC 400.33 inverter

For IP brand DC 400.33, we selected a feed mechanism of brand PM-4.33. It is designed for solid steel, aluminum and flux-cored wire from 0.6 to 2.4 mm when working with the device DS400.33, DS400.33UKP or any other source with a current-voltage characteristic.

This PM has:

• 
  Version with “open” and “closed coil”
• 
  Digital display of wire feed speed, welding current and voltage
• 
  Smooth adjustment of welding wire feed speed and arc voltage
• 
  Digital setting of all welding parameters
• 
  smooth ignition of the arc, thanks to the setting of the wire retardation at the beginning of welding
• 
  setting the blowing time at the beginning of welding and gas blowing after its completion
• 
  smooth extinguishing of the arc, thanks to the setting of wire retardation at the end of welding
• 
  Four-roller wire feeder from COOPTIM Ltd. (roller profile depends on the diameter and type of welding wire)
• 
  Gearing of feed and pressure rollers
• 
  Adjustable clamping force
• 
  Can be used at a distance of up to 50m from the welding source
• 
  Shielding gas cut-off
• 
  "Gas test" and "wire test" on the front panel
• 
  Remote control of wire feed speed

Table 5

Technical characteristics of PM-4.33

There are a lot of cooking recipes. Each method is original and unique. From the same products, an experienced cook can prepare several different dishes that have a unique taste and aroma.

For culinary recipes different countries Religious beliefs had a great influence. For example, in Eastern countries it is prohibited to eat pork and alcoholic beverages. These products successfully replace other types of meat and various sauces, juices, and soft drinks, which are used instead of wine when preparing a particular dish.

In European countries, many recipes include small amounts of alcoholic beverages, which give dishes an unusual taste.

In addition, in Europe, wine and other alcoholic beverages are not only used in cooking, but are also traditionally served with any dish. Gourmets are of the opinion that wine enhances the taste of food, giving it piquancy and sophistication.

Depending on the geographical location of a particular country, changes were made to the same recipes over a long period of time. Cooks replaced the products used, added seasonings and spices that changed the taste of the finished dish.

The kitchen utensils in which it is prepared have a significant impact on the taste and aroma of food. For example, in eastern countries A cauldron is used to prepare pilaf. In another container, this dish will not be as aromatic and tasty.

This book contains the most popular recipes from Russia, China, Azerbaijan, Armenia, England, France, Mexico, the United States of America and Australia.

The cuisine of each of these countries is interesting and unique. The dishes whose recipes are given in the book can be prepared at home.

Some of the dishes presented here are quite simple and won’t take much time to create. Other recipes are original.

Chapter 2 provides recipes eastern states– such as China, Azerbaijan, Armenia.

They are characterized by spicy seasonings and sauces served with meat (mainly lamb). Fish dishes are popular among the peoples of the East.

These states are characterized by light food. These are primarily salads, sandwiches, sandwiches. The dishes are traditionally served with various wines and sauces.

Chapter 4 contains recipes from Mexico and the United States.

Cold appetizers, poultry, vegetable dishes and seafood are widely used in the cuisine of these countries. Instant dishes that do not require much time and effort are also popular.

Chapter 5 features Australian recipes. The population of this state prefers vegetable and fruit salads and meat dishes.

One of the leading places among the most popular culinary recipes The whole world is occupied by recipes for Russian cuisine. This is due to the fact that since ancient times, various peoples have lived on the territory of our country, whose traditions have influenced the methods of cooking. Due to the fact that Russia is located in two parts of the world, Europe and Asia, the cuisine of our country successfully combines recipes popular among European and Asian peoples.

Russian cuisine contains flour and fish dishes characteristic only of Russia, pickles, jams, pickled vegetables, as well as salads common in Europe, and hot sauces that are an integral part of Asian cuisine.

Despite the close proximity of other countries, Russian cuisine has not lost its national character. Many dishes traditional for Russia are widely known outside our country.

It is hardly possible to meet a tourist who came from another country who would not try traditional Russian cabbage soup, pancakes, kulebyaki and pies.

Ingredients:

Beef – 80 g, pickled champignons – 50 g, pickled cucumber – 1 pc., onion – 1 pc., mayonnaise – 2 tbsp. spoons, cucumber marinade - 2 tbsp. spoons, green onions, dill, salt and pepper to taste.

Cooking method:

The meat is washed, the films are removed, placed in a saucepan and cooked over medium heat until cooked. The beef is cooled and cut into strips.

The onion is peeled and cut into half rings. Some of the green onions and dill are chopped, and a few sprigs are left to decorate the dish.

Beef onion and dill are placed in a deep container.

Separately mix the cucumber marinade and mayonnaise, add to the beef and leave for 1-2 hours in the refrigerator.

Shredded pickled mushrooms are mixed with chopped cucumber, beef, onion and dill. The salad is salted, peppered and mixed thoroughly.

The finished dish is placed in a salad bowl and decorated with sprigs of dill and green onions.

Ingredients:

Pork ham – 60–80 g, cucumbers – 2 pcs., potatoes – 1 pc., carrots – 1 pc., egg – 1 pc., mayonnaise – 1 tbsp. spoon, tomato sauce - 1 tbsp. spoon, lettuce, parsley, salt and pepper to taste.

Cooking method:

Potatoes and carrots are boiled, peeled, and cut into cubes. The hard-boiled egg is peeled and finely chopped. One peeled cucumber is cut into cubes.

Another cucumber, without peeling, is cut into thin slices and left to decorate the salad. The ham is cut into strips. 2-3 lettuce leaves are left to decorate the dish, and the rest are chopped.

Mix mayonnaise, tomato sauce, and pepper in a shallow container. The ingredients are thoroughly mixed. Then add vegetables, ham, egg, salt, pepper, shredded lettuce and mix again.

The finished salad is placed in a deep salad bowl, decorated with herbs and cucumber slices.

Ingredients:

Canned red beans – 150 g, beef – 100 g, eggs – 2 pcs., carrots – 1 pc., potatoes – 1 pc., green apple – 1 pc., mayonnaise – 2 tbsp. spoons, butter - 1 tbsp. spoon, lettuce, green onion, salt to taste.

Cooking method:

Potatoes and carrots are boiled, peeled, and cut into cubes. The green apple is cut into cubes without peeling, but removing the core. The eggs are hard-boiled, one of them is finely chopped, the other is left to decorate the salad.

The beef is thoroughly washed, cut into pieces, placed in a frying pan, fried in butter, cooled, cut into strips and placed in a deep container. Chopped vegetables, apple, chopped egg, canned red beans, mayonnaise and salt are added to the meat. The salad is thoroughly mixed and placed in a dish on lettuce leaves.

Decorate with onion, egg and serve.

Ingredients:

Beef – 100–120 g, champignons – 100 g, eggs – 2 pcs., vegetable oil – 1–2 tbsp. spoons, spinach leaves, salt and pepper to taste.

Cooking method:

The beef is cut into strips, placed in a frying pan and fried in vegetable oil until golden brown, stirring constantly. The meat is cooled and placed in a deep container.

The eggs are hard-boiled, peeled, one of them is crushed and mixed with fried meat. The second egg is cut into 3-4 parts and left to decorate the finished salad.

1. This country is one of the main maritime powers in the world. It occupies the western and northern parts of a large peninsula. The form of government is a constitutional monarchy. A small, ethnically homogeneous population professes Christianity (Protestantism). Most of the territory is occupied by mountains, cut by narrow valleys containing rivers and lakes. In terms of indicators such as electricity generation per capita, oil, gas and aluminum exports, the country occupies one of the leading places in the world.

2. This island state is located in the eastern part of the sea, washing the coast of three parts of the world. In the past, this country was a British colony. It is one of the top ten countries in the world in terms of the size of its merchant fleet. One of the country's main exports is citrus fruits. International banks are active here. The country attracts a large number of tourists.
3. Small European country According to the type of government, it is a federal republic. The largest city in terms of population that is not the capital of the country, the headquarters of many international organizations. The country is multinational. The official languages ​​are several European languages. Deprived of natural resources of industrial importance, this country has long relied on the skills of its artisans and traders. This country, one of the first in the world, began to use picturesque natural landscapes to develop the tourism business.
4. This highly developed country has access to the Atlantic Ocean. It borders by land with only one state. A profitable EGP creates the opportunity for economic cooperation with many countries of the world. The form of government is a constitutional monarchy. A peculiarity of its nature is the marine type of climate. The area of ​​new development in this country is the shelf zone of one of the seas washing its territory, where oil production is carried out. The largest urban agglomeration in the part of the world where this country is located has formed around the capital.
5. This country is located entirely in the Western Hemisphere and has access to three oceans. On the mainland where the country is located, it is the first in area and third in population. The country has well-developed sectors of both mining and manufacturing industries. In the international geographical division of labor, it acts as a supplier of products from the mechanical engineering, metallurgy, fuel, chemical and forestry industries.
6. The territory of this country is located in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In terms of population, it is one of the ten largest countries in the world. The predominant religion is Islam. In the international geographical division of labor, the country is represented as an exporter of oil and natural gas, light industry products, valuable types of wood, palm oil and natural rubber. International tourism is developing. Tourists from all over the world are attracted here not only by beautiful beaches with white sand, but also by formidable volcanoes and impenetrable jungles inhabited by exotic animals and birds.
7. This highly developed country is one of the largest countries in Europe. Of the mineral resources, it is most abundant in iron ore, bauxite, and uranium raw materials. The structure of its electric power industry is dominated by nuclear power plants. Natural conditions favorable for agriculture, which is characterized by the development of crop production and livestock production to the same extent. Growing wheat, sugar beets, and grapes are industries of international specialization.
8. This country, home to approximately 2% of the world's population, is one of the main centers of economic power modern world: It accounts for about 14% of global GDP. Its form of government is a constitutional monarchy. One of the world's largest importers of mineral raw materials and fuel resources. The country occupies one of the first places in the world in the production of many types of mechanical engineering products, and is among the leading countries in the production of electricity, chemical products, and steel smelting. One of the world's largest urban agglomerations has formed around its capital.
9. This country is washed by the waters of two oceans. Most of its territory is occupied by high plateaus, turning into mountains in the south and southeast. In the central part and in the west of the country, where the climate is the driest, there are deserts. The country has the largest reserves of mineral raw materials, about 80% of which are exported. The country ranks first on the continent in terms of basic economic indicators, but there are many socio-economic problems. One of them is the low average life expectancy: approximately 46 years.
10. This country has access to the seas of two oceans. In terms of population, it is the second on the mainland on which it is located. Both the mining and manufacturing industries are developing in the country. Agriculture continues to play a significant role in the economy, the main export crop of which is cotton. The main sources of foreign exchange earnings are the export of natural gas, international tourism and the operation of its international sea canal connecting the two oceans.
11. This federal republic has access to the seas of the Atlantic Ocean. The country's topography is dominated by plains, with the exception of the extreme south: mountains rise here. The country is located in a temperate climate zone. There are reserves of hard coal (the largest coal basin in the region) and brown coal, and potassium salts. The country contains one of the largest urban agglomerations in the part of the world in which this country is located.
12. The territory of this country is washed by the waters of two oceans. The natural landscape - humid equatorial forests - alternates with agricultural plantations, where rice, hevea and other tropical crops are grown on fertile soils fertilized with volcanic ash. The country's population exceeds 200 million people. The country actively participates in the international geographical division of labor, being a member of OPEC.
13. A Latin American country with a federal form of administrative-territorial structure. It is one of the world's largest oil producers and the only country in its region that is part of OPEC. Recently, oil refining, petrochemistry, and metallurgy have been developing dynamically. The country is systematically implementing a regional policy aimed at developing “new development” areas.
14. This country is located in two parts of the world, its territory is washed by the waters of the seas belonging to two oceans. Most of its territory is occupied by deserts. The country has its own oil reserves. One of the largest hydroelectric power stations on the continent was built here. The capital is the largest city in the country.
15. This country is located in the Southern Hemisphere. It is landlocked. A large river flows through its territory, which divides the state into two almost equal parts - western and eastern. The official language is Spanish. The main export items are cotton, soybeans and vegetable oils. The country's main trading partners are Argentina and Brazil, with which it borders.
16 . This country is one of the ten largest countries both in terms of area and population. Difficult ethnic composition population - the result of mixing local residents, African blacks and European immigrants. Almost half of the total population lives within a narrow coastal strip in the east of the country. The development of its economy is facilitated by a good supply of natural resources - forest and water, hydropower, reserves of iron, manganese and aluminum ores. Its own oil reserves are also significant. Despite the stable positive rates of economic development, in terms of GDP per capita, the country lags 3–4 times behind economically developed countries.
17. This country is located in Asia. The relief is predominantly mountainous and therefore almost the entire population is concentrated in the coastal lowlands and river valleys. In terms of population, it is one of the ten largest countries and has one of the most high levels urbanization in the world. The country is a leader in the production of many types of manufacturing products, which form the basis of its exports.
18. The significant length of the country along the Pacific coast from north to south determines the presence of natural zones on its territory from deserts to mixed forests. The country's main mineral wealth is copper, which is exported to the world market.
19. This peninsular state is a constitutional monarchy in form of government. It is one of the economically developed countries, but is not among the top ten countries in terms of total GDP. It has a modern diversified industry, and favorable agro-climatic resources contribute to the development of agriculture, the basis of which is subtropical agriculture. A variety of recreational resources attract numerous tourists from all over the world.
20. This country has a land border with Russia. The population has a homogeneous national composition and professes mainly Catholicism. In the economy, along with mechanical engineering, chemistry and textile industry, great importance has a coal industry.
21. This country was a colony of Spain for a long time. Currently, it is one of the leaders among developing countries in many socio-economic indicators. Despite the fact that the country has a rich raw material base for industrial development, there are almost no world-scale deposits here. The natural basis for the development of the country, located in three climatic zones, was rich land resources. The country is one of the major exporters of wheat, corn, and meat.
22. The country's territory extends in the meridional direction for more than 3.7 thousand km and is located in the temperate, subtropical and tropical zones. The level of urbanization is very high (86%), with a third of the country's population living in the capital. It acts as a major supplier of food and agricultural raw materials on the world market.
23. July is the height of winter in this country. One of the characteristic features of nature is the widespread occurrence of deserts. The capital is not the largest and not the “oldest” city. The average population density is less than three people per 1 sq. km. One of the directions of state policy pursued for the purpose of its sustainable development is the implementation of uniform population distribution throughout the country.
24 . The peninsular state is a kingdom in form of government. In terms of economic structure, it is an agricultural country with intensively developing industry, the share of which in GDP is almost a third. Priority industries: electronics, light. Wonderful sea coasts, protected islands, palaces and Buddhist temples attract foreign tourists here.
25. This country is the largest on the continent in terms of population. Its capital is not the most Big City countries. The main wealth of the country is oil. The country is part of OPEC.
26. The country is entirely located in the Southern Hemisphere. A significant area of ​​territory and varied terrain (mountains in the west and plains in the east) determine the diversity of landscapes. The capital, located in the eastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast, is the center of one of the world's largest urban agglomerations. The country has a developed modern industry, but in the international geographical division of labor it is represented, first of all, as one of the largest exporters of agricultural products and the food industry.
27. It is one of the most densely populated countries in Europe. Half of its territory lies below sea level, and only in the south does the terrain rise to 30 meters or more. Coastline formed by alluvial dunes. Behind them come lands that were once reclaimed from the sea, called polders and protected by dunes and dams from sea waters.
28. This country is washed by the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. It is the most populous of the Spanish-speaking countries. Moreover, in some areas they speak more than 50 Indian dialects. The population is more than 100 million people, of which more than 10 million people live in the capital, which is one of the largest agglomerations in the world. The south of the country is the cradle of one of the greatest cultures in the history of mankind - Maya.
29. This peninsular state is home to many ancient civilizations. Even in ancient times it was the center of important trade routes. Until the mid-twentieth century it was a colony of the British Empire. Having gained independence, it achieved significant success in economic development, but approximately 25% of the population lives below the poverty level. Only about 30% of the population are urban residents.
30. This country is economically developed and located in the Southern Hemisphere. It is one of the largest territories on the mainland where it is located. Its depths are rich in a variety of minerals: diamonds, gold, platinum, uranium, iron ores, coal etc. The leading industries of its specialization are the mining industry, ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and the chemical industry.
31. This African country, a former colony of France, is located on the sea coast. But despite this, the climate in most of it is hot and dry. The form of government is a republic. The country's economy is based mainly on the extraction of hydrocarbons; there are also significant deposits of iron, zinc, lead, copper, arsenic, mercury, and phosphates. In addition, the country has developed the cultivation of wheat, oats, as well as fruits, in particular citrus fruits, and vegetables. The capital of the state is consonant with the name of the country.
32. This state is located in the Southern Hemisphere. Official language- English. The capital of the state is not the largest city in the country. Most of the territory is occupied by vast deserts and low-lying areas. At the same time, the country has a large number of lakes, which are located in basins that are filled with water only after rains. The main natural wealth of the country is mineral resources. The country occupies one of the leading places in the world in reserves of bauxite, zirconium, and uranium (1/3 of the world). It has significant reserves of coal, manganese, gold, iron ores, and diamonds. At the same time, the extraction of natural resources accounts for only 5% of GDP. Agriculture accounts for 3% of GDP. The services sector, which includes tourism, education and banking, accounts for 69% of GDP.
33 . A state in Africa that was a former colony of France and Spain. On its territory there is a large deposit of phosphorites, which it exports to the world market.
34. This country is located on a peninsula. It is one of the largest countries in terms of area on the continent on which it is located. Most of its territory is occupied by a plateau. Desert landscapes dominate here. Huge oil reserves are concentrated in the depths. One of the features is the low average population density - less than 10 people per sq. km.
35. This country is one of the largest countries in the world in terms of territory and population. It has access to three seas of one ocean. Two great rivers flow through its territory. The country is home to many cultivated plants: rice, millet, soybeans, tea. Coal, iron ores and many non-ferrous metals are mined.
36. It is one of the largest countries in the world in terms of population and area. It is located in the south of the continent, in the subequatorial belt. The main part of its territory is occupied by a plateau, which to the north turns into a lowland composed of sediment from two rivers. To the northeast of the lowland stretches the greatest mountain system.
37. This country has no access to the World Ocean, and the main feature of the climate is the sharp continentality of the climate. Its largest river flows into the deepest lake in the world. 4/5 of the country's territory is occupied by pastures. The main occupation of the population is nomadic animal husbandry. The population density is one of the lowest in the world - about 1 person per 1 sq. km.
38. This small country is an archipelago. The terrain is predominantly mountainous, so almost the entire population is concentrated in the coastal lowlands and river valleys. In terms of population, it is one of the ten largest countries. 80% of the population lives in cities. The country is a world leader in the production of steel, marine vessels, televisions, and computers, most of which it exports abroad.
39. This is a country of ancient culture and many achievements of civilization. By state system is a federal republic. The country's economy is industrial-agrarian in nature. Currently, from a country of light and food industry, it has turned into a country with developed heavy industry. Agriculture employs 2/3 of the country's active population. Agricultural products occupy an important place in exports: the country supplies rice, tea and spices to the world market.
40. This peninsular state of Europe is a republic in form of government. It is one of the economically developed countries, one of the top ten countries in terms of total GDP and has a modern diversified economy. Favorable agroclimatic resources contribute to the development of agriculture, the basis of which is subtropical agriculture. Numerous cultural heritage sites attract tourists from all over the world.
41. This island state is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the most economically developed countries. Population growth is largely due to migrants. The terrain is predominantly mountainous and hilly. Approximately 51% of the country's territory is occupied by pastures and arable land. Agricultural products account for more than half of exports. The main agricultural products include meat, dairy products and wool.
42 . This economically developed capitalist country is inland in geographical location. Its capital is located on the Danube, ½ of the territory is occupied by young mountains, the slopes of which are covered with coniferous, oak, beech and ash forests. It has 500 lakes, which is why this country is called the lake region.
43 . Despite the fact that in this economic developed country industry and the service sector predominate; agriculture not only provides the population with food, but is also an export industry. However, the contrasts between the agricultural specialization of the north and south of the country are significant. In the north they grow wheat, corn, and rice; in the south, viticulture predominates, allowing the country to be one of the largest wine producers in the world.
44. This country owns archipelagos in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, which have now become famous resorts. The country ranks second in the world in the total number of tourists and in the production of grape wines, and first in the production of olives. The once powerful maritime power is now a moderately developed capitalist country with an industrial-agrarian economy.
45. This country is a republic in terms of its form of government, a unitary state in terms of its territorial and administrative structure, and an island state in terms of its geographical location. Located in the northern part of the ocean, near the Arctic Circle. Almost the entire territory of the country is a volcanic plateau. The basis of the economy is fishing. Most of the electricity is generated from geothermal power plants. The national composition is homogeneous. The population density is low, but the standard of living is very high.
46. This country is a monarchy in terms of its form of government, a unitary state in terms of its territorial and administrative structure, and a peninsular state in terms of its geographical location. The northwestern part of the territory is occupied by flat-topped mountains, the main natural zone is the coniferous forests. The country's main natural resources are timber, iron ore, and hydropower resources. The main industry is automobile manufacturing, the leading agricultural sector is dairy farming.
47. This country is a monarchy in its form of government, a unitary state in its territorial-administrative structure, and has a land border with only one state. The main mountain range is the Pieniny Mountains, all rivers belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin, high tides are observed on the coast. In the Middle Ages the basis economic activity The country consisted of sheep breeding; today it is a powerful industrial country with a predominance of mechanical engineering, metallurgy, coal and textile industries.
48. This state belongs to Eastern Europe and is inland in geographical location. Most of the territory is plains surrounded by a ring of low mountains. The country's capital is located on the Vltava River, which is a major tributary of the Elbe River. On the world market, the country is known for its glass, beer, and cars.
49. The main mineral resources of this country are potash and rock salts, peat. Most of the territory is occupied by a low plain, 1/3 of the territory is swampy. Pine and birch forests alternate with numerous lakes; Numerous rivers (Neman, Berezina, Dnieper, Western Dvina) formed wide floodplains covered with oak forests. On the territory of this country there is a unique reserve where part of the nature characteristic of of Eastern Europe medieval period.
50. This country is a constitutional monarchy, a kingdom. It is located on peninsulas, the southern part is washed by the sea from the west, and by the bay from the east. The main territory is occupied by mangrove and variable-humid forests and thickets, in the north-west there are mountains. The national composition is diverse, Buddhism predominates. The mining industry is developed: mining of tin, lead, tungsten, and precious stones; mechanical engineering: consumer electronics; agriculture: rice and rubber, tourism is also developed. The harvest is harvested several times a year. Member of ASEAN.
51. This is a state in Southeast Asia, a former British colony. A large river flows through the territory of the state, originating in Tibet and belonging to the Indian Ocean basin. Over millions of years, alluvial deposits filled the valley, which produces three crops of rice a year. A large number of tame elephants work in logging. In the capital of the country there is the world's tallest golden Pagoda, which is 2.5 thousand years old.
52. This state of South-West Asia is a sultanate, an absolute monarchy. Like many Gulf countries, it has significant oil reserves. However, this country is not a member of OPEC. In addition to oil and petroleum products, gold, silver and edged weapons are supplied to the world market.
53. This Central Asian state is part of the CIS. The climate here is continental, with sharp temperature changes. Most of the country is occupied by dry steppes and semi-deserts of the temperate zone. A large amount of mineral resources allows the development of mining, fuel industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy here. The country occupies a leading position in the CIS in the production of uranium (40%), chromium (97%), and lead (70%). Agroclimatic conditions allow the development of sheep breeding, camel breeding, and horse breeding. One of the main areas of specialization is astrakhan sheep breeding.
54. This state of South-West Asia is located at the junction of several civilizations - Christian, Muslim, Buddhist. Since the 19th century, the country has become the object of struggle between Great Britain and Russia, and since the mid-50s of the 20th century - the USA and Russia. Currently, it is one of the poorest countries in the world, where small-scale agriculture (pomegranates, apricots, quiche grapes, almonds) and the mining industry are developed ( gems, gas, oil). In addition, in the shadow sector of the economy main article income comes from the sale and transportation of drugs to Europe.
55. This Asian country is a monarchy, a federation; occupies part of a peninsula and a large island, divided by the sea. According to the UN classification, it belongs to developing newly industrialized countries. Currently, the manufacturing industry is rapidly developing here, and many transnational corporations are investing in the country's economy. According to some parameters, the state has taken first place in the world in the production of microprocessors and household air conditioners, the mining of tin ores, and the production of palm oil.
56. This West African country is located on the Atlantic coast. The territory is covered with humid equatorial forests. This is one of the wettest places in Africa; in some years it rains for seven to eight months. Hevea plantations, brought here from Brazil, lie on fertile lands. About 20% of the world's tanker fleet flies under the flag of this country. The country ranks first in Africa in iron ore production.
57 . This African country is a former colony of Belgium. Located in the center of the mainland, it has a narrow exit to the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the territory is located in a flat depression occupied by humid equatorial forests. The country is multinational, the most numerous nations Bantu. The republic occupies one of the leading places in the world in the production of cobalt, germanium, and industrial diamonds; ranks first in Africa in reserves of copper, zinc, and tin. Agricultural export crops: coffee, cocoa, natural rubber. Despite its rich mineral resources, the country is one of the poorest countries in the world.
58. This state is called the cradle of human civilization. It is known primarily for its huge monuments of ancient culture dating back to the 2nd – 3rd millennium BC. Currently, it is a developing country, known in the world market as a major producer of long-staple cotton, a supplier of oil and phosphate rocks to the world market, and a major tourist center.
59. This African country is located between the Limpopo River and Lake Nyasa and is crossed by the largest river in the Indian Ocean basin, the Zambezi. This is a typically agricultural country with primitive agriculture; since the beginning of the 19th century, it began to attract the attention of foreign capital: large deposits of copper and cobalt were found here, the production of which ranks third and second in the modern world.
60. In terms of its geographical location, this state of South America is inland. The country speaks two languages ​​- Spanish and Guarani (the language of the Indian tribe that lived here before colonization by Spain). The main wealth of the country is its forests, where many valuable trees grow. For example, the wood of the Quebracho tree is harvested here, from which the tannin necessary for processing leather is produced. This is where mate tea, so popular in Latin America, comes from; this is where the unique wax palm grows, the leaves of which are covered with a thick layer of wax.
61. This Latin American country is part of the southern wheat belt and is one of the largest suppliers of wheat to the world market. In addition, export products include meat, sunflower oil, soybeans, grapes and grape wines. Behind last decades there was a qualitative leap in industrial production, and industries such as mechanical engineering, metallurgy, and energy began to develop. The capital of the country is one of the largest cities in Latin America and contains about half of the country's population.
62. This Latin American country is a member of OPEC and is the largest oil exporter. Its territory, located in the subequatorial belt, is covered with tropical rainforests and savannas, locally called llanos. In the impenetrable forests of the country, on one of the tributaries of the Orinoco, there is the highest waterfall on our planet.
63. This highly developed American state is the largest importer of oil, gas, and iron ore. There are arctic and subtropical deserts, vast forests and endless steppes. The country ranks first in the world in terms of resource consumption and volumes of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, and one of the last places in terms of the share of undernourished people.
64 . This state is located in the Caribbean Sea and is the largest exporter of bauxite. In 1670 it became an English colony and the largest slave market in the region. Having gained independence (1962), the country remained in the Commonwealth, and British capital still plays a large role in the development of its economy. Currently, this small state is known not only for bauxite and alumina, but also for large supplies of rum, sugar, tobacco and fruit.
65 . The territory of this country has access to one of the seas of the Atlantic Ocean. On its territory is the northernmost point of the continent on which this country is located. The nature of the country is diverse: here you can see desert landscapes, olive and orange groves, and evergreen Mediterranean forests. The country has a land border with only two countries. The name of the capital coincides with the name of the country.
66. This is the northernmost country in the world after Iceland. At least a third of this country is located beyond the Arctic Circle. This is one of the most environmentally friendly countries in Europe. More than two thirds of its territory is covered with forests with many lakes. The “Lake District” covers the eastern and central parts of the country. The climate is moderate continental, with mild snowy winters and fairly warm summers.
67. A special feature of the geographical location of this federal republic is its access to the Atlantic Ocean. The country is characterized by high natural population growth. The population of this country is multinational and multi-religious. The country has one of the ten largest urban agglomerations in the world, but more than half of the country's population are rural residents. The country is a member of OPEC and is one of the world's most important oil producers and exporters.
68. This small African country, the name of which coincides with the name of its capital. It has a variety of mineral resources, including iron, lead-zinc ores, and phosphorites. It also produces oil, but the country is not a member of OPEC. Its diverse recreational resources, unique ancient monuments (the legendary Carthage was located on its territory) and the warm sea contributed to the transformation of tourism into the leading sector of its economy.

1. Switzerland
2. Great Britain
3. Canada
4. Indonesia
5. France
6. Japan
7. Egypt
8. Indonesia
9. Venezuela
10. Egypt
11. Paraguay
12. Brazil
13. Japan
14. Spain
15. Poland
16. Argentina
17. Argentina
18. Australia
19. Thailand
20. Nigeria
21. Argentina
22. Netherlands
23. Mexico
24. India
25. Algeria
26. Australia
27. Morocco
28. Saudi Arabia
29. China
30. India
31. Mongolia
32. Japan
33. India
34. Italy
35. New Zealand
36. Austria
37. Italy
38. Spain
39. Iceland
40. Sweden
41. Great Britain
42. Czech
43. Belarus
44. Thailand
45. Myanmar
46. Kazakhstan
47. Afghanistan
48. Malaysia
49. Liberia
50. DR Congo
51. Egypt
52. Zambia
53. Paraguay
54. Argentina
55. Venezuela
56. Jamaica

66. Finland

67. Nigeria

Technology has revolutionized the world as rationalization in solving complex problems has rapidly broken down the barriers between developed and developing cities. Today we will talk about the most technologically advanced cities in the world based on the Pricewaterhouse Coopers Cities of Opportunity 6 Report ranking.

25. Jakarta

Indonesia's capital of 10 million is the most populous city in Southeast Asia. This city is as big as the whole of Singapore. Thanks to the cross-pollination of several cultures, including Arab, Indian, Malay, Javanese, Chinese and Dutch, Jakarta is a true high-tech oasis in Asia.

24. Johannesburg

The financial hub of sub-Saharan Africa, Johannesburg is now powered by technology. The "City Planning Committee" has placed the main emphasis on the development of high-tech industry, especially in the field of information and communication technologies. Johannesburg police have even installed CCTV cameras on every street corner in the city center to reduce crime.

23. Mumbai

From the list of the most technologically advanced cities in the world, the only Indian city, Bangalore (often called the “Silicon Valley of India”) has supplanted Mumbai. This city specializes in information technology and health technology.

22. Shanghai

The most populous city in China, Shanghai has seen a boom in technology lately. Even several special industrial zones were created that attracted such large corporations, like ExxonMobil and Tesla Motors.

Today, Buenos Aires is considered the best technology center in South America. Argentina's capital is also one of the best examples of a city that uses technology to benefit its citizens. For example, the maintenance of almost 1,500 km of drainage pipes was fully automated.

20. Beijing

Economy Beijing has largely become an industrial city in recent decades. Its economy is currently 77% services (mainly finance, retail, and information technology). In the northwest of the city lies China's "Silicon Valley" of Zhongguancun, home to a number of startups and branches of tech giants such as Lenovo, Google and Microsoft's new China research headquarters.

19. Moscow

Since the collapse of the USSR, Moscow has succeeded in creating copies of Western companies such as Yandex and VKontakte, and the Russian equivalents of Google and Facebook. IN modern days the city is becoming a leader in new and less common types of technology, such as nanotechnology.

18. Dubai

Dubai is the de facto Middle East technology hub and is also home to global companies such as Hewlett-Packard, Oracle and IBM. The city is investing heavily in technology, even building solar-powered “smart palm trees” that distribute Wi-Fi and are used to charge phones.

17. Milan

The economic center of Italy, Milan is mainly known for its fashion and banking industries. But Milan is not only glamor and money. Numerous high-tech exhibitions are held here. The city is also a leader in biotechnology.

16. Madrid

Although Barcelona is the main industrial center In Spain, high-tech production and advanced technologies have recently been rapidly developing in Madrid. Combination of highly educated work force and the headquarters of many Spanish multinational corporations has made Madrid one of the leading technology hubs in Europe.

15. Kuala Lumpur

Kuala Lumpur is every programmer's dream city. It is ranked 9th in the world in software development and multimedia design. The city also has blazing fast Wi-Fi and has become a favorite haven for freelance programmers.

14. Sydney

The largest city in all of Oceania is famous for its biotech and high-tech manufacturing, which accounts for 11% of the city's total output. Sydney also ranks 5th worldwide for internet access in education.

13. Toronto

While Canada is already known for its tech industry, Toronto leads the pack as one of the top tech cities in North America, ranking fifth behind Washington, Seattle, Silicon Valley and Boston. Globally, the city ranks eighth in terms of digital technology.

12. Berlin

For decades (if not centuries), Berlin has been a major center for medical technology, partly due to Germany's creation of the oldest universal healthcare system in the world. Berlin is particularly focused on clean technology.

11. Paris

Paris is a world leader in technical progress not for the first decade. Initial innovations such as the use of glass in architecture and gas lighting throughout the city brought the city fame a century ago. The modern achievements of Paris are high-tech manufacturing industries, primarily the optical and aerospace industries.

10. Tokyo

Tokyo is widely recognized as one of the most technologically advanced cities in the world - and not just because of its bullet trains. The city hosts numerous technology executive meetings and is one of the world's leading software development cities.

9. Chicago

Chicago has been running a program for years to teach students at city universities the skills needed to succeed in the high-tech field. In October 2015, the city received a federal grant to equip every classroom with high-speed broadband and Wi-Fi.

8. Singapore

Singapore has long wanted to become the eco-friendly capital of the world. In addition, the city is home to the research centers of many global companies such as Microsoft and Google. Among other things, Singapore provides its citizens with free high-speed Internet access.

7. Los Angeles

The City of Angels is second in the United States in terms of digital economy and third in environmental development. In terms of technological development, it is growing almost 30% faster than Silicon Valley.

6. San Francisco

The Bay Area is a huge tech district in the city that is home to companies such as Apple, eBay and Tesla Motors. This area grew up during the dot-com boom of the 1990s, when thousands of startups were launched in the city. Despite the proximity of Silicon Valley, many companies have moved from it to San Francisco.

5. New York

Most people associate New York with banking and Broadway rather than high technology. However, the local “Silicon Valley” is one of the most developed in the world; more than $7.3 billion of venture capital investments are pouring into high-tech here. The city is currently undergoing a global modernization of fiber-optic telecommunications.

With some of the fastest internet speeds in Asia, Hong Kong is one of the easiest places in the world to open a business. The government regularly funds innovation, investing more than $1.8 billion in science and technology development.

3. Stockholm

The fastest growing technology hub in Europe, Stockholm is the start-up capital of Europe. While much of the rest of Europe has been in financial decline since 2008, Sweden has seen growth steadily accelerate, thanks in large part to its stable economy and highly educated workforce.

2. London

The English capital ranks first in the world for multimedia design and technological innovation. London's Silicon Roundabout is the third largest start-up platform in the world. This area attracts the world's largest technology companies, many of which are setting up innovation centers and research labs in the Central/East London cluster.

1. Seoul

Seoul is the economic center of South Korea, producing 21% of the national GDP while occupying less than 1% of the country's land area. Home to tech giants such as Samsung and LG, Seoul has begun to gradually transform into a "smart city" (a similar initiative was previously launched in Dubai). To start, the city is distributing free used smart devices to low-income families, with the goal of connecting everyone to the city's high-speed wireless networks.

The city also has smart CCTV cameras installed throughout the city that can detect illegal entry and high-tech street lights that broadcast audio and distribute wireless Internet access.

One more especially for our readers most interesting rating- GO=https://site/blogs/060216/34920/] 15 countries with the highest life expectancy in the world.

Natalia Onipko
Among the most interesting and mysterious natural phenomena, children's talent occupies one of the leading places.

Additional education provides every child with the opportunity free choice of educational field, profile of programs, time for their development, inclusion in various types of activities, taking into account their individual inclinations. Personal-activity character educational process allows you to solve one of the main problems additional education – identification, development and support gifted children.

Gifted a child is a child who stands out with bright, obvious, sometimes outstanding achievements (or has internal prerequisites for such achievements) in one form or another."

Since the life of such children passes not only at a school desk or in additional education institutions, working with gifted children directly affects their parents. It is they who support the child in his endeavors from an early age and shape him giftedness.

Parents should accept children as they are, and not consider them as carriers of talents, and strive to develop personal quality: confidence, which is based on the consciousness of self-worth, understanding of the strengths and weaknesses in oneself, intellectual curiosity and willingness to take exploratory risks, respect for kindness, the habit of relying on one’s own strengths….

Education begins in family: all generations educate each other, so the clan and family must preserve traditions and collectively work on the development of a talented child.

As the great Russian teacher V. writes. Sukhomlinsky: “Roots are laid in a family, from which branches, flowers, and fruits then grow.”

Usually identified by parents as signs of mental giftedness high speech development, memorization large quantity poems and fairy tales, in themselves about such giftedness cannot testify. A large amount of knowledge is also often based on a child's good memory, and good memory, although typical for many mentally gifted children, however, is not decisive in their development.

A distinction should be made between imparting skills and assistance in developing abilities. I often come across the fact that some parents, having taught them to read and write, believe that they are contributing to the development of the child. In fact, it's just about imparting skills.

Most often in children it manifests itself giftedness in the field of mathematics, visual arts, music, etc. In activities related to giftedness, children remember much better, can be attentive longer, focused, remain functional longer, and absorb the material more easily.

Often parents create around gifted child"halo effect", expecting high results from him in literally everything. However, it is quite possible that the child's abilities are high only in certain areas.

Planning joint activities of parents and teachers of associations of early development groups for preschool children is underway in four directions:

Psychological support for the family of a capable child;

Information environment for parents;

joint Practical activities capable child and his parents;

Support and encouragement of parents at the institution level.

The system deserves attention childish-parental relationships, in which the following are fulfilled conditions:

Recognition of the unconditional value of the child;

Creating an environment for its unconditional acceptance, that is, situations in which there is no external assessment;

Providing the child with freedom of expression;

Development and implementation of creative creativity through manifestation the child's individuality;

Supporting the child’s mental efforts, a friendly attitude towards his cognitive energy.

Basic form joint work are parent meetings.

Especially for parents of students of MBU DO "Station for young naturalists" in early childhood development associations preschool age a cycle of parenting has been developed meetings: “My child is the eighth wonder of the world”, "We create miracles together» .

Among the activities to work with parents, significant take up space not only consultations on problems of development, training and education gifted children, but also round tables, "family living room" next character:

Concept giftedness. Kinds giftedness.

Psychological aspects giftedness.

Social adaptation gifted child.

One of the brightest manifestations of talent in preschool age - a wealth of imagination. Gifted children As a rule, more often than others, they come up with something, compose something. For development creativity And creative thinking children together Master classes are held with parents. Most unusual and unforgettable "Collage of Desires" on which, using colorful compositions, all cherished dreams were expressed on a sheet of paper.

The experience of modern education shows that there are differences between children. Children with more developed intelligence than their peers, with creativity, with the ability to classify, generalize, and find relationships. They are constantly looking for an answer to questions that interest them, inquisitive, independent, active. Teachers of early development group associations attract such children to participate in All-Russian Olympiads and quizzes where children take prizes.

During classes according to the programs "Educational games" And « The world» in working with gifted children use interactive games with educational and educational tasks of varying difficulty levels.

The child and his parents can select the necessary tasks according to different directions on the next websites:

Mersibo

Let's play

Miracle Yudo portal, etc.

Be honest. All children are very sensitive to lies, and gifted This applies to children to a greater extent.

Assess the child's developmental level.

Avoid long explanations or conversations.

Try to catch changes in the child in time. They can be expressed in unusual questions or behavior and are a sign giftedness.

Respect your child's individuality. Don't try to project your own onto him. Interests and hobbies.

Develop in your children the following quality:

confidence based on one’s own sense of self-worth;

understanding the strengths and weaknesses in oneself and in others;

intellectual curiosity and willingness to take research risks;

respect for kindness, honesty, friendliness, empathy, patience, spiritual courage;

the habit of relying on one’s own strengths and the willingness to take responsibility for one’s actions;

ability to help find mutual language and joy in communicating with people of all ages.

The association of early development groups for preschool children provides support and encouragement to children and parents in the form of letters of thanks and letters.

World experience shows that often faith in a child’s capabilities, coupled with the skill of teachers and parents, can work miracles. In life, it often turns out that what is important is not even what you give to a person nature, but what he was able to do with the gift that he has.

Used Books:

"Psychology giftedness: from theory to practice"/ed. D. V. Ushakova - M; 2000

"Additional education", No. 10, 2001; No. 11, 2001 G.

Publications on the topic:

What is giftedness To clarify the essence of the concept of “giftedness,” let us briefly look at the history of its research. For a long time the idea of ​​the divine prevailed.

“Butterfly” (for children 6-7 months old) Equipment: colored paper and thread Purpose of the game: to develop speech breathing and thinking in the child Description of the game.

Are games as children's activities and games as educational forms the same thing? Consultation for educators 1. Game as a children's activity and game as an educational form - are they the same thing? A game is a type of activity in situations aimed at...

Goal and tasks. Teach children to distinguish between living and inanimate nature. Clarify children's ideas about the properties of water and air and their role in life.