Georges Louis Buffon opening. Biography

Georges-Louis Buffon(1707 - 1788) French naturalist, taxonomist of living nature and popularizer of science. Born September 7, 1707 in Montbard (Burgundy). He studied jurisprudence first at the Jesuit College in Dijon, then at the University of Dijon. Later he studied at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Angers. Traveled extensively in France and Italy, sometimes in the company of the English Duke of Kingston and his mentor N. Hickman. The latter aroused Buffon's interest in natural history. Buffon's main work is General and private natural history; 36 of its volumes were published during the scientist’s lifetime (the first of them began to appear in 1749), and 8 were published posthumously. The work opens, which was intensively discussed at that time theory of earth evolution. The Earth, according to Buffon, was formed from that part of the Sun that separated from it after the collision of the Sun with a comet. First, the gaseous cloud condensed, then continents began to form, a process that continues to this day.

The second volume, devoted to man, discusses in detail the results of observations indicating that the diversity of customs, beliefs, physical characteristics of people and the color of their skin is due primarily to the influence of “climate”. At the same time, “climate” meant not only conditions determined by the geographical latitude of a given area and altitude above sea level, but also its openness to winds, proximity to large bodies of water, not to mention average temperature, precipitation and humidity. The nature of the entire publication undertaken by Buffon is most fully reflected in the volumes devoted to world of animals and plants. The scientist not only described many animals and plants, but also expressed ideas about variability of species(as opposed to C. Linnaeus), o unity of the animal and plant worlds. This work put Buffon in the first rank of Charles Darwin's predecessors. According to Buffon, organisms that have common ancestors undergo long-term changes under the influence of the environment and become less and less similar to each other.

Buffon's book was published in 1778 About the epochs of nature, covering a wide range of problems - from cosmology and anthropology to world history. Buffon's concern with the form of presentation of scientific issues was reflected in his work Reasoning about style (Discours sur le style, 1753), dedicated to his election to the French Academy.

During Buffon's lifetime, scientists treated him with respect, and the general public read his works. Later, preference began to be given to other authors, but Buffon’s authority among natural history lovers remained unquestioned for a long time.

Buffon worked on his work alone and with assistants for almost half a century, strictly observing the strictest daily routine. It was especially difficult to get up at dawn: Buffon loved to sleep. The servant Joseph, for a modest additional remuneration, was charged with the duty of waking up his master, despite abuse and desperate resistance. But as soon as Buffon got up after a night's sleep, everything went on as usual once and for all. “A “genius” (and Buffon had no doubt about his genius) loses three-quarters of its strength without order,” Buffon used to say.

From a scientific point of view, Buffon's works are of little importance today, while they still represent an example of an oratorical, sometimes stilted style. His philosophical attempts to explain natural phenomena found a sharp opponent already in Condillac and could only be attracted to him as a poetic representation of nature; such, for example, is the theory of the Earth (“the age of nature”), written in the most brilliant style. Observations on the life of animals were rarely collected by him, but were ingeniously processed, although not from a physiological point of view. The systematic works of Daubanton, Buffon's comrade, who took a serious part in Buffon's Natural History of Mammals, are also of scientific importance.

In contrast to C. Linnaeus, who defended the idea of the constancy of species in his classification, Buffon expressed progressive ideas about the variability of species under the influence of environmental conditions (climate, nutrition, etc.). In the field of geology, Buffon systematized the factual material known at that time and developed a number of theoretical questions about the development of the globe and its surface.

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon(fr. Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon ) or simply Buffon; September 7, Montbard, Burgundy - April 16, Paris) - French naturalist, biologist, mathematician, naturalist and writer of the 18th century. He expressed the idea of the unity of the flora and fauna.

Biography

Attempts at systematization

While Linnaeus, who was born in the same year as him, set himself the task of creating the formal side of science, systematics and classification, Buffon tried to contrast the strict methodological course of describing the nature and appearance of animals with their customs and way of life, and thereby arouse the interest of educated people in animal world. Accordingly, his plan was to collect individual facts from all branches of natural science and use them to clarify the system of nature. But to carry out this plan he lacked both thorough knowledge and patience in labor-intensive research. Gifted with a vivid imagination and inclined to resolve doubts with brilliant hypotheses, he could not adapt to the strictly scientific method of the Linnaean school. Buffon's important merit is that he put an end to the confusion of positive theology with natural science. This desire did not remain without influence outside France. At Buffon's instigation, free views, despite the strong opposition of Haller, Bonnet and some German scientists, made their way in all directions, and in addition, his observations gave impetus to deeper scientific research.

Significance of Buffon's works

From a scientific point of view, Buffon's works are of little importance today, while they still represent an example of an oratorical, sometimes stilted style. His philosophical attempts to explain natural phenomena found a sharp opponent already in Condillac and could only be attracted to him as a poetic representation of nature; such, for example, is the theory of the Earth (“the age of nature”), written in the most brilliant style. Observations on the life of animals were rarely collected by him, but were ingeniously processed, although not from a physiological point of view. The systematic work of Daubanton, Buffon’s comrade, who took a serious part in the “ Natural history of mammals» Buffon.

Bibliography

Some of Buffon's writings are devoted to earth sciences. In his work “The Theory of the Earth” (1749), he put forward the hypothesis of the formation of the globe as a fragment torn from the Sun by the fall of a comet on it and gradually cooling down to the very center. Buffon exaggerated the importance of the geological activity of the sea and underestimated volcanic phenomena and tectonic movements in the history of the Earth. He owns the hypothesis of the development of the globe and its surface.

The Natural History of Animals covered mammals, birds, and most fish; it began in 1749 (3 volumes) and ended in 1783 (24th volume). It also contains experiments on geogeny, anthropology, etc. In it, he described many animals and put forward the position of the unity of the flora and fauna. In this work, he also argued that man descended from apes. This caused a strong reaction of indignation, and the book was publicly burned by an executioner. Other sources claim that he eventually rejected the idea of man's descent from apes, which was put forward by James Burnett.

Buffon's works were published frequently, usually under the title Natural History ( Histoire naturelle générale et particulière):

Best edition in 36 volumes, Paris, 1749-1788
Ed. Flourens, in 12 volumes, Paris, 1802
Ed. Lamouroux and Desmarais, in 40 volumes, 1824-1832
Ed. Clave. Complete Works, Paris, 1853-1854

Translations and excerpts from them are available in almost all European languages.

Articles

The famous French naturalist compiled several noteworthy articles relating to forestry and the study of the technical properties of wood. In Volume III " Supplement à l'histoire naturelle"(Paris, MDCCLXXVI) published memoirs:

XI - « Experiences sur la force du bois“, which outlines the author’s research on the density, hardness and heaviness of wood;
XII - consists of two parts:
- in the first article " Moyen facile d'augmenter la solidité, la force et la durée du bois"indicates a simple means for increasing the density, hardness and strength of wood by removing the bark of trees still growing, in another - " Expériences sur le dessèchement du bois a l’air et sur son imhibition dans l’eau“- describes Buffon’s experiments on drying wood in the air, carried out by him from 1733 to 1744, and on the absorption of water by wood;
- in the second part, in two articles: “ Sur la conservation et le rétablissement des forêts" And " Sur la culture et l’exploitation des forêts", the issue of conservation, restoration and cultivation of forests and their use is considered.

IN " Recherches sur les bois“explains very interesting experiments in growing dead trees for ship crowns by cutting off the tops of the trunks and the tops of young branches twice.

Translations into Russian

General and private natural history of the Count de Buffon (10 parts). St. Petersburg, - .
- Count de Buffon. Translation of acad. S. Rumovsky and I. Lepyokhin. Part 1. St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1801. (3rd edition with additions and corrections). 380 pp.
Peter Blanchard Buffon for Youth, or an Abridged History of the Three Kingdoms of Nature. (5 parts, Moscow,).

Other publications

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Literature

Marakuev V.N. Famous naturalists: Linnaeus, Buffon, Pallas and Cuvier. - M., 1874.
Raynov T.I. Russian academicians of the second half of the 18th century. and Buffon (to the 150th anniversary of the Russian translation of Buffon) // Bulletin of the USSR Academy of Sciences. - 1939. - No. 10. - P. 126-147.
Kanaev I. I. Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707-1788). - M.: Nauka, 1966. - 266 p.
Razumovskaya M.V. Buffon the writer (French naturalists of the 18th century and literature). - St. Petersburg. , 1997. - 156 p. - ISBN 5-288-01812-X.
Marie-Jean Herault de Sechelles. . / Translation from French. N. M. Karamzina // Pantheon of Foreign Literature. - M., 1798. Book 1. - P. 51-128.

Notes

Excerpt characterizing Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de

Since Natasha was told this morning that Prince Andrei was seriously wounded and was going with them, only in the first minute she asked a lot about where? How? Is he dangerously injured? and is she allowed to see him? But after she was told that she could not see him, that he was seriously wounded, but that his life was not in danger, she, obviously, did not believe what she was told, but was convinced that no matter how much she said, she would be answer the same thing, stopped asking and talking. All the way, with big eyes, which the countess knew so well and whose expression the countess was so afraid of, Natasha sat motionless in the corner of the carriage and now sat in the same way on the bench on which she sat down. She was thinking about something, something she was deciding or had already decided in her mind now - the countess knew this, but what it was, she did not know, and this frightened and tormented her.
- Natasha, undress, my dear, lie down on my bed. (Only the countess alone had a bed made on the bed; m me Schoss and both young ladies had to sleep on the floor on the hay.)
“No, mom, I’ll lie here on the floor,” Natasha said angrily, went to the window and opened it. The adjutant’s groan from the open window was heard more clearly. She stuck her head out into the damp air of the night, and the countess saw how her thin shoulders were shaking with sobs and beating against the frame. Natasha knew that it was not Prince Andrei who was moaning. She knew that Prince Andrei was lying in the same connection where they were, in another hut across the hallway; but this terrible incessant groan made her sob. The Countess exchanged glances with Sonya.
“Lie down, my dear, lie down, my friend,” said the countess, lightly touching Natasha’s shoulder with her hand. - Well, go to bed.
“Oh, yes... I’ll go to bed now,” said Natasha, hastily undressing and tearing off the strings of her skirts. Having taken off her dress and put on a jacket, she tucked her legs in, sat down on the bed prepared on the floor and, throwing her short thin braid over her shoulder, began to braid it. Thin, long, familiar fingers quickly, deftly took apart, braided, and tied the braid. Natasha's head turned with a habitual gesture, first in one direction, then in the other, but her eyes, feverishly open, looked straight and motionless. When the night suit was finished, Natasha quietly sank down onto the sheet laid on the hay on the edge of the door.
“Natasha, lie down in the middle,” said Sonya.
“No, I’m here,” Natasha said. “Go to bed,” she added with annoyance. And she buried her face in the pillow.
The Countess, m me Schoss and Sonya hastily undressed and lay down. One lamp remained in the room. But in the yard it was getting brighter from the fire of Malye Mytishchi, two miles away, and the drunken cries of the people were buzzing in the tavern, which Mamon’s Cossacks had smashed, on the crossroads, on the street, and the incessant groan of the adjutant was heard.
Natasha listened for a long time to the internal and external sounds coming to her, and did not move. She heard first the prayer and sighs of her mother, the cracking of her bed under her, the familiar whistling snoring of m me Schoss, the quiet breathing of Sonya. Then the Countess called out to Natasha. Natasha did not answer her.
“He seems to be sleeping, mom,” Sonya answered quietly. The Countess, after being silent for a while, called out again, but no one answered her.
Soon after this, Natasha heard her mother's even breathing. Natasha did not move, despite the fact that her small bare foot, having escaped from under the blanket, was chilly on the bare floor.
As if celebrating victory over everyone, a cricket screamed in the crack. The rooster crowed far away, and loved ones responded. The screams died down in the tavern, only the same adjutant's stand could be heard. Natasha stood up.
- Sonya? are you sleeping? Mother? – she whispered. No one answered. Natasha slowly and carefully stood up, crossed herself and stepped carefully with her narrow and flexible bare foot onto the dirty, cold floor. The floorboard creaked. She, quickly moving her feet, ran a few steps like a kitten and grabbed the cold door bracket.
It seemed to her that something heavy, striking evenly, was knocking on all the walls of the hut: it was her heart, frozen with fear, with horror and love, beating, bursting.
She opened the door, crossed the threshold and stepped onto the damp, cold ground of the hallway. The gripping cold refreshed her. She felt the sleeping man with her bare foot, stepped over him and opened the door to the hut where Prince Andrei lay. It was dark in this hut. In the back corner of the bed, on which something was lying, there was a tallow candle on a bench that had burned out like a large mushroom.
Natasha, in the morning, when they told her about the wound and the presence of Prince Andrei, decided that she should see him. She did not know what it was for, but she knew that the meeting would be painful, and she was even more convinced that it was necessary.
All day she lived only in the hope that at night she would see him. But now, when this moment came, the horror of what she would see came over her. How was he mutilated? What was left of him? Was he like that incessant groan of the adjutant? Yes, he was like that. He was in her imagination the personification of this terrible groan. When she saw an obscure mass in the corner and mistook his raised knees under the blanket for his shoulders, she imagined some kind of terrible body and stopped in horror. But an irresistible force pulled her forward. She carefully took one step, then another, and found herself in the middle of a small, cluttered hut. In the hut, under the icons, another person was lying on the benches (it was Timokhin), and two more people were lying on the floor (these were the doctor and the valet).
The valet stood up and whispered something. Timokhin, suffering from pain in his wounded leg, did not sleep and looked with all his eyes at the strange appearance of a girl in a poor shirt, jacket and eternal cap. The sleepy and frightened words of the valet; “What do you need, why?” - they only forced Natasha to quickly approach what was lying in the corner. No matter how scary or unlike a human this body was, she had to see it. She passed the valet: the burnt mushroom of the candle fell off, and she clearly saw Prince Andrei lying with his arms outstretched on the blanket, just as she had always seen him.
He was the same as always; but the inflamed color of his face, his sparkling eyes, fixed enthusiastically on her, and especially the tender child’s neck protruding from the folded collar of his shirt, gave him a special, innocent, childish appearance, which, however, she had never seen in Prince Andrei. She walked up to him and with a quick, flexible, youthful movement knelt down.
He smiled and extended his hand to her.

For Prince Andrei, seven days have passed since he woke up at the dressing station of the Borodino field. All this time he was in almost constant unconsciousness. The fever and inflammation of the intestines, which were damaged, in the opinion of the doctor traveling with the wounded man, should have carried him away. But on the seventh day he happily ate a slice of bread with tea, and the doctor noticed that the general fever had decreased. Prince Andrei regained consciousness in the morning. The first night after leaving Moscow it was quite warm, and Prince Andrei was left to spend the night in a carriage; but in Mytishchi the wounded man himself demanded to be carried out and to be given tea. The pain caused to him by being carried into the hut made Prince Andrei moan loudly and lose consciousness again. When they laid him on a camp bed, he lay for a long time with his eyes closed without moving. Then he opened them and quietly whispered: “What should I have for tea?” This memory for the small details of life amazed the doctor. He felt the pulse and, to his surprise and displeasure, noticed that the pulse was better. To his displeasure, the doctor noticed this because, from his experience, he was convinced that Prince Andrei could not live and that if he did not die now, he would only die with great suffering some time later. With Prince Andrei they were carrying the major of his regiment, Timokhin, who had joined them in Moscow with a red nose and was wounded in the leg in the same Battle of Borodino. With them rode a doctor, the prince's valet, his coachman and two orderlies.
Prince Andrey was given tea. He drank greedily, looking ahead at the door with feverish eyes, as if trying to understand and remember something.
- I don’t want anymore. Is Timokhin here? - he asked. Timokhin crawled towards him along the bench.
- I'm here, your Excellency.
- How's the wound?
- Mine then? Nothing. Is that you? “Prince Andrei began to think again, as if remembering something.
-Can I get a book? - he said.
- Which book?
- Gospel! I have no.
The doctor promised to get it and began asking the prince about how he felt. Prince Andrei reluctantly, but wisely answered all the doctor’s questions and then said that he needed to put a cushion on him, otherwise it would be awkward and very painful. The doctor and the valet lifted the greatcoat with which he was covered and, wincing at the heavy smell of rotten meat spreading from the wound, began to examine this terrible place. The doctor was very dissatisfied with something, changed something differently, turned the wounded man over so that he groaned again and, from the pain while turning, again lost consciousness and began to rave. He kept talking about getting this book for him as soon as possible and putting it there.
- And what does it cost you! - he said. “I don’t have it, please take it out and put it in for a minute,” he said in a pitiful voice.
The doctor went out into the hallway to wash his hands.
“Ah, shameless, really,” the doctor said to the valet, who was pouring water onto his hands. “I just didn’t watch it for a minute.” After all, you put it directly on the wound. It’s such a pain that I’m surprised how he endures it.
“It seems like we planted it, Lord Jesus Christ,” said the valet.
For the first time, Prince Andrei understood where he was and what had happened to him, and remembered that he had been wounded and how at that moment when the carriage stopped in Mytishchi, he asked to go to the hut. Confused again from pain, he came to his senses another time in the hut, when he was drinking tea, and then again, repeating in his memory everything that had happened to him, he most vividly imagined that moment at the dressing station when, at the sight of the suffering of a person he did not love, , these new thoughts came to him, promising him happiness. And these thoughts, although unclear and indefinite, now again took possession of his soul. He remembered that he now had new happiness and that this happiness had something in common with the Gospel. That's why he asked for the Gospel. But the bad position that his wound had given him, the new upheaval, again confused his thoughts, and for the third time he woke up to life in the complete silence of the night. Everyone was sleeping around him. A cricket screamed through the entryway, someone was shouting and singing on the street, cockroaches rustled on the table and icons, in the autumn a thick fly beat on his headboard and near the tallow candle, which had burned like a large mushroom and stood next to him.

There are many assumptions about how the world came into being. Since ancient times, this has worried the minds of people. Georges Buffon was among the first to present a hypothesis about the emergence of the human world. At the same time, he opened the door for the further development of humanity.

Georges Buffon: hypothesis of the origin of the Earth

The scientist was born in France. He studied biology and mathematics. In his book “Natural History” he presented his own vision of the origin of the world. The Frenchman Georges Buffon made a significant contribution to biology. Brief information from his hypothesis:

The familiar solar system did not exist before.
One day, a large comet collided with the Sun. After this, a lot of solar matter was ejected. There was a kind of explosion.
These substances were broken into a large number of parts, and planets were formed from them.

According to this man's theory, there were very hot celestial bodies in space that were formed as a result of the explosion. As soon as they cooled down, life began to emerge on planet Earth. However, this took a very long time.

Hypothesis Details

This man did not put forward theories about the origin of the Sun or comets. He only wondered how the world of humanity came into being. The essence of Georges Buffon's hypothesis describes this process as a large collision of a comet and the Sun. This man believed that large meteorites did not belong to the solar system. In his opinion, solid bodies are the Sun and comets, but this is incorrect. Georges Buffon believed that due to the collision of comets, the burning star began to rotate, and its parts formed planets orbiting around it. As a result, according to the theory, celestial bodies move in the direction that can be observed now. Thus, Georges Buffon explained the origin of the planets. They all broke away from the Sun. However, humanity now knows that this hypothesis is incorrect. Thanks to his theory, he made a significant contribution to the development of science.

How did planets have satellites?

This outstanding man suggested the appearance of almost all celestial bodies in the Universe. Satellites appeared when the planets rotated around their axis very quickly and were in a liquid state. Due to the high speed of rotation, particles were separated from celestial bodies and these large stars were formed from them.

If you pay attention to the many theories after this man, you will notice that scientists have been building on his hypothesis for a long time. Georges Buffon created an idea that has long appeared in other cosmological proposals about the origin of the world.

What mistakes did he make?

Some people may think the answer is obvious. It is quite easy for contemporaries to talk about this, knowing that a burning star is not at all solid. Comets, on the other hand, have a very small mass, which makes it almost impossible for them to influence the Sun, much less break off several parts from it. If you believe modern hypotheses, then the big star was never in a molten state. This information allows us to crush Buffon's hypothesis. In addition, the parts that broke away from the Sun had to inevitably return. Also, the movement of planets after such a huge impact is unrealistic. Because of this, after a short period of time this assumption was questioned. And Pierre Simon Lapal criticized him completely, which is why the hypothesis was eliminated from the scientific world.

The most current hypothesis

In the scientific community, debates about the origin of the world are still ongoing. However, many scientists believe that the Kant-Laplace theory can be considered the most truthful. It says that at the very beginning there was only a gas cloud that revolved around the core. These matters attracted each other, and gradually the gas-foggy clot formed into a disk. Due to the fact that the gas was uneven, rings appeared. They separated after some time. After the clump cooled, planets formed and the rings turned into satellites. The sun is the only clot that now exists and has not cooled down. This theory was named so because of the people who first put it forward. Gradually, scientists are studying space, which allows them to discover more and more new features of the origin of planets. Experts believe that the hypothesis is still poorly substantiated, but its contribution to the development of the science of astronomy is very high.

French naturalist, taxonomist of wildlife and popularizer of science.

From 1739 to 1788 he was director of the Botanical Garden in Paris.

Main work Georges-Louis Buffon: General and private natural history / Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière. 36 its volumes were published during the scientist’s lifetime, and 8 came out posthumously. The enormous self-discipline that J.-L. required. Buffon, in order to complete this work, allowed Herault de Sechelles, in his work: A Visit to Buffon / Herault de Visite a Buffon, published in 1785, to attribute to the scientist the expression: “Genius is patience.”

"My understanding of natural history Buffon stated in the very first lines of the first volume: “Natural history, taken in its entirety, covers everything that is found in the Universe. This is a monstrous variety of quadrupeds, birds, fish, insects, plants, minerals, etc. presents to the curiosity of the human mind a grandiose performance, the ensemble of which is so large that it seems inexhaustible in its details.” Buffon, alone and with assistants, worked almost half a century, strictly observing the strictest daily routine. It was especially difficult to get up at dawn: Buffon loved to sleep. The servant Joseph, for a modest additional remuneration, was charged with the duty of waking up his master, despite abuse and desperate resistance. Buffon once admitted to his secretary Chevalier Aude: “Yes, I am indebted to poor Joseph for ten to twelve volumes of my works.” But as soon as Buffon got up after a night's sleep, everything went on as usual once and for all. “A “genius” (and Buffon had no doubt about his genius) loses three-quarters of its strength without order,” Buffon used to say. He spent the entire first half of the day until lunch at his desk in his office, the threshold of which he once kissed as a sign of admiration for Buffon’s literary gift. Jean-Jacques Rousseau. It was strictly forbidden for anyone to disturb the owner of the office during class hours.”

According to the psychologist, such a dream can say a lot about the dreamer.

If a woman dreams that she is combing her hair, then in reality she is frivolous and commits rash acts that she later regrets.
When a man sees his hair thinning in a dream, this is an indication that in life he is very generous and generous. Such qualities are good, but will lead him to poverty.
Dreaming about your own graying curls is an unkind sign.
If a man dreams that his entire body is covered with hair, then someone’s forgiveness awaits him in life. For a woman, such a dream means that she loves herself very much and is ready to sacrifice moral principles to satisfy her own whims.
Curly black hair in a dream symbolizes falling into a love trap.
Dreamed red hair for a girl personifies a worthy and brave chosen one. If a guy sees his beloved with red curls in a dream, then in reality there will be changes in their relationship.
Dreaming of chestnut-colored hair indicates failure at work.
If a woman has highlighted hair in a dream, then in reality it is difficult for her to make a choice between two men.
Tangled, unkempt curls in a dream are a sign that luck will leave the dreamer.

Dreaming hair according to Hasse's dream book

The clairvoyant believes that such a dream represents peace, both physical and mental.

If you dream about having your hair cut, then in reality a person will go astray from the right path, lose direction in life and commit wrong actions, for which he will then blame himself.
Dreaming of long curls promises spiritual development and inner transformation.
Braiding your hair in a dream means a long journey, which will eventually turn into a pilgrimage to religious places. The sleeper will be able to open the light in his soul and learn about real life values.
Tangled hair seen in a dream represents the wrong path along which the dreamer is moving. At the same time, there is a person next to him who can show the right path, but the sleeper does not trust anyone and moves further and further away from the right path.

Cutting your hair means the death of one of your relatives.
Lost hair symbolizes deprivation of property.
If a woman dreams that she has vegetation on her chest, then in reality she is guaranteed excellent health.
Smooth black curls in a dream foretell the dreamer that he will be loved.
Dyeing your hair is a sign of delusion.
When a person washes his hair in a dream, it means that he is worried about something.
If a person dreams of long curls, then in life he will be loved and respected.