When did Gogol first become interested in literature? Mysteries of Gogol: what the great writer was afraid of and what he was hiding

One of the mythologized pages of the history of the USSR, which, unfortunately, is still perceived by many even now, but which has always been true. In mid-February 1943, after the liberation of Donetsk Krasnodon by Soviet troops, several dozen corpses of teenagers tortured by the Nazis, who were members of the underground organization “Young Guard” during the occupation, were extracted from the pit of the N5 mine located near the city...
Near an abandoned mine, most members of the underground Komsomol organization “Young Guard,” which fought against the Nazis in the small Ukrainian town of Krasnodon in 1942, lost their lives. It turned out to be the first underground youth organization about which it was possible to collect fairly detailed information. The Young Guards were then called heroes (they were heroes) who gave their lives for their Motherland. A little over twenty years ago, everyone knew about the Young Guard.
The novel of the same name by Alexander Fadeev was studied in schools; while watching Sergei Gerasimov's film, people could not hold back their tears; motor ships, streets, hundreds of educational institutions and pioneer detachments. What were they like, these young men and women who called themselves Young Guards?
The Krasnodon Komsomol youth underground included seventy-one people: forty-seven boys and twenty-four girls. The youngest was fourteen years old, and fifty-five of them never turned nineteen. The most ordinary guys, no different from the same boys and girls of our country, the guys made friends and quarreled, studied and fell in love, ran to dances and chased pigeons. They were studying in school clubs, sports sections, played strings musical instruments, wrote poetry, many drew well.
We studied in different ways - some were excellent students, while others had difficulty mastering the granite of science. There were also a lot of tomboys. Dreamed about the future adult life. They wanted to become pilots, engineers, lawyers, someone was going to enter the drama school, and some - to the pedagogical institute.

The “Young Guard” was as multinational as the population of these southern regions THE USSR. Russians, Ukrainians (there were also Cossacks among them), Armenians, Belarusians, Jews, Azerbaijanis and Moldovans, ready to come to each other’s aid at any moment, fought the fascists.
The Germans occupied Krasnodon on July 20, 1942. And almost immediately the first leaflets appeared in the city, the new bathhouse, already ready for German barracks. It was Seryozhka Tyulenin who began to act. One.
On August 12, 1942 he turned seventeen. Sergei wrote leaflets on pieces of old newspapers, and the police often found them in their pockets. He began to collect weapons, not even doubting that they would definitely come in handy. And he was the first to attract a group of guys ready to fight. At first it consisted of eight people. However, by the first days of September, several groups were already operating in Krasnodon, not connected with one another - in total there were 25 people in them.
The birthday of the underground Komsomol organization “Young Guard” was September 30: then a plan for creating a detachment was adopted, specific actions for underground work were planned, and a headquarters was created. It included Ivan Zemnukhov, the chief of staff, Vasily Levashov, the commander of the central group, Georgy Arutyunyants and Sergei Tyulenin, members of the headquarters.
Viktor Tretyakevich was elected commissioner. The guys unanimously supported Tyulenin’s proposal to name the detachment “Young Guard”. And at the beginning of October, all the scattered underground groups were united into one organization. Later, Ulyana Gromova, Lyubov Shevtsova, Oleg Koshevoy and Ivan Turkenich joined the headquarters.
Now you can often hear that the Young Guards did nothing special. Well, they posted leaflets, collected weapons, burned and contaminated grain intended for the occupiers. Well, we hung several flags on the day of the 25th anniversary October revolution, burned the Labor Exchange, rescued several dozen prisoners of war. Other underground organizations have existed longer and done more!

And do these would-be critics understand that everything, literally everything, these boys and girls did was on the brink of life and death. Is it easy to walk down the street when warnings are posted on almost every house and fence that failure to surrender weapons will result in execution? And at the bottom of the bag, under the potatoes, there are two grenades, and you have to walk past several dozen police officers with an independent look, and anyone can stop you... By the beginning of December, the Young Guards already had 15 machine guns, 80 rifles, 300 grenades, about 15 thousand cartridges in their warehouse, 10 pistols, 65 kilograms of explosives and several hundred meters of fuse.
Isn’t it scary to sneak past a German patrol at night, knowing that you will be shot if you appear on the street after six in the evening? But most of the work was done at night. At night they burned the German Labor Exchange - and two and a half thousand Krasnodon residents were spared from German hard labor. On the night of November 7, the Young Guards hung out red flags - and the next morning, when they saw them, people experienced great joy: “They remember us, we are not forgotten by ours!” At night, prisoners of war were released, telephone wires were cut, German vehicles were attacked, a herd of 500 head of cattle was recaptured from the Nazis and dispersed to nearby farms and villages.
Even leaflets were posted mainly at night, although it happened that they had to do this during the day. At first, leaflets were written by hand, then they began to be printed in their own organized printing house. In total, the Young Guards issued about 30 separate leaflets with a total circulation of almost five thousand copies - from them Krasnodon residents learned the latest reports from the Sovinformburo.

In December, the first disagreements appeared at the headquarters, which later became the basis of the legend that still lives and according to which Oleg Koshevoy is considered the commissar of the Young Guard.
What happened? Koshevoy began to insist that from all the underground fighters a detachment of 15-20 people be selected, capable of operating separately from the main detachment. This is where Kosheva was supposed to become commissar. The guys did not support this proposal. And yet, Oleg, after the next admission of a group of youth to the Komsomol, took temporary Komsomol tickets from Vanya Zemnukhov, but did not give them, as always, to Viktor Tretyakevich, but issued them to the newly admitted himself, signing: “Commissar partisan detachment“Hammer” Kashuk.”
On January 1, 1943, three Young Guard members were arrested: Evgeny Moshkov, Viktor Tretyakevich and Ivan Zemnukhov - the fascists found themselves in the very heart of the organization. On the same day, the remaining members of the headquarters urgently gathered and made a decision: all Young Guards should immediately leave the city, and the leaders should not spend the night at home that night. All underground workers were notified of the headquarters’ decision through liaison officers. One of them, who was a member of the group in the village of Pervomaika, Gennady Pocheptsov, upon learning about the arrests, chickened out and wrote a statement to the police about the existence of an underground organization.

The entire punitive apparatus came into motion. Mass arrests began. But why did most of the Young Guards not follow the orders of headquarters? After all, this first disobedience, and therefore the violation of the oath, cost almost all of them their lives! Probably, the lack of life experience had an effect.
At first, the guys did not realize that a catastrophe had happened and their leading three would no longer get out of prison. Many could not decide for themselves: whether to leave the city, whether to help those arrested, or voluntarily share their fate. They did not understand that the headquarters had already considered all the options and took the only correct one. But the majority did not fulfill it. Almost everyone was afraid for their parents.
Only twelve Young Guards managed to escape in those days. But later, two of them - Sergei Tyulenin and Oleg Koshevoy - were nevertheless arrested. The city's four police cells were packed to capacity. All the boys were terribly tortured. The office of the police chief Solikovsky looked more like a slaughterhouse - it was so spattered with blood. So that the screams of the tortured would not be heard in the yard, the monsters started up a gramophone and turned it on at full volume.
The underground members were hung by the neck from a window frame, simulating execution by hanging, and by the legs from a ceiling hook. And they beat, beat, beat - with sticks and wire whips with nuts at the end. Girls were hanged by their braids, and their hair could not stand it and broke off. The Young Guards had their fingers crushed by the door, shoe needles were driven under their fingernails, they were placed on a hot stove, and stars were cut out on their chests and backs. Their bones were broken, their eyes were knocked out and burned out, their arms and legs were cut off...

The executioners, having learned from Pocheptsov that Tretyakevich was one of the leaders of the Young Guard, decided to force him to speak at any cost, believing that then it would be easier to deal with the others. He was tortured with extreme cruelty and was mutilated beyond recognition. But Victor was silent. Then a rumor was spread among those arrested and in the city: Tretyakevich had betrayed everyone. But Victor’s comrades did not believe it.
On the cold winter night of January 15, 1943, the first group of Young Guards, among them Tretyakevich, was taken to the destroyed mine for execution. When they were placed on the edge of the pit, Victor grabbed the deputy chief of police by the neck and tried to drag him along with him to a depth of 50 meters. The frightened executioner turned pale with fear and hardly resisted, and only a gendarme who arrived in time and hit Tretyakevich on the head with a pistol saved the policeman from death.
On January 16, the second group of underground fighters was shot, and on the 31st, the third. One of this group managed to escape from the execution site. It was Anatoly Kovalev, who later went missing.
Four remained in prison. They were taken to the city of Rovenki, Krasnodon region, and shot on February 9, along with Oleg Koshev, who was there.

Krasnodon entered on February 14 Soviet troops. The day of February 17 became mournful, full of crying and lamentations. From the deep, dark pit, the bodies of tortured young men and women were taken out in buckets. It was difficult to recognize them; some of the children were identified by their parents only by their clothes.
On mass grave They erected a wooden obelisk with the names of the victims and the words:
And drops of your hot blood,
Like sparks, they will flash in the darkness of life
And many brave hearts will be lit!
The name of Viktor Tretyakevich was not on the obelisk! And his mother, Anna Iosifovna, never took off her black dress again and tried to go to the grave later so as not to meet anyone there. She, of course, did not believe in her son’s betrayal, just as most of her fellow countrymen did not believe, but the conclusions of the commission of the Central Committee of the Komsomol under the leadership of Toritsin and the subsequent remarkable artistically Fadeev's novel had an impact on the minds and hearts of millions of people. One can only regret that in compliance historical truth Fadeev’s novel “The Young Guard” did not turn out to be as wonderful.
The investigative authorities also accepted the version of Tretyakevich’s betrayal, and even when the true traitor Pocheptsov, who was subsequently arrested, confessed to everything, the charge against Victor was not dropped. And since, according to the party leaders, a traitor cannot be a commissar, Oleg Koshevoy, whose signature was on the December Komsomol tickets - “Commissar of the partisan detachment “Hammer” Kashuk”, was elevated to this rank.
After 16 years, they managed to arrest one of the most ferocious executioners who tortured the Young Guard, Vasily Podtynny. During the investigation, he stated: Tretyakevich was slandered, but despite severe torture and beatings, he did not betray anyone.
So, almost 17 years later, the truth triumphed. By decree of December 13, 1960, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR rehabilitated Viktor Tretyakevich and awarded him the Order Patriotic War I degree (posthumous). His name began to be included in all official documents along with the names of other heroes of the Young Guard.

Anna Iosifovna, Victor’s mother, who never took off her black mourning clothes, stood in front of the presidium of the solemn meeting in Voroshilovgrad when she was awarded posthumous award son.
The crowded hall stood and applauded her, but it seemed that she was no longer happy with what was happening. Maybe because the mother always knew: her son - fair man... Anna Iosifovna turned to the comrade who awarded her with only one request: not to show the film “Young Guard” in the city these days.
So, the mark of a traitor was removed from Viktor Tretyakevich, but he was never restored to the rank of commissar and the title of Hero Soviet Union, which was awarded to the other dead members of the Young Guard headquarters, was not awarded.
Finishing this short story about the heroic and tragic days of the Krasnodon residents, I would like to say that the heroism and tragedy of the “Young Guard” are probably still far from being revealed. But this is our history, and we have no right to forget it.

Crimea, Feodosia, August 1940. Happy young girls. The most beautiful, with dark braids, is Anya Sopova.
January 31, 1943 after brutal torture Anya was thrown into the pit of mine No. 5. She was buried in the mass grave of heroes in the central square of the city of Krasnodon.
...now "Young Guard" is on television. I remember how we loved this picture as children! They dreamed of being like the brave Krasnodon residents... they swore to avenge their death. What can I say, tragic and beautiful story The Young Guards were shocked by the whole world, and not just the fragile minds of children.
The film became the box office leader in 1948, and the leading actors, unknown students of VGIK, immediately received the title of Laureate Stalin Prize- an exceptional case. “Woke up famous” is about them.
Ivanov, Mordyukova, Makarova, Gurzo, Shagalova - letters from all over the world came to them in bags.
Gerasimov, of course, felt sorry for the audience. Fadeev - readers.
Neither paper nor film could convey what really happened that winter in Krasnodon.

Ulyana Gromova, 19 years old
“….a five-pointed star is cut out on the back, the right arm is broken, the ribs are broken” (KGB Archives of the USSR Council of Ministers).

Lida Androsova, 18 years old
“...extracted without an eye, an ear, a hand, with a rope around the neck, which cut heavily into the body. The baked blood is visible on the neck” (Young Guard Museum, f. 1, d. 16).

Anya Sopova, 18 years old
“They beat her, hung her by her braids... They lifted Anya out of the pit with one braid - the other broke off.”

Shura Bondareva, 20 years old
"...extracted without the head and right breast, the whole body was beaten, bruised, and black in color."

Lyuba Shevtsova, 18 years old (pictured first on the left in the second row)

Lyuba Shevtsova, 18 years old
On February 9, 1943, after a month of torture, she was shot in the Thunderous Forest near the city along with Oleg Koshev, S. Ostapenko, D. Ogurtsov and V. Subbotin.

Angelina Samoshina, 18 years old.
“Traces of torture were found on Angelina’s body: her arms were twisted, her ears were cut off, a star was carved on her cheek” (RGASPI. F. M-1. Op. 53. D. 331)

Shura Dubrovina, 23 years old
“Two images appear before my eyes: the cheerful young Komsomol member Shura Dubrovina and the mutilated body raised from the mine. I saw her corpse only with the lower jaw. Her friend Maya Peglivanova was lying in a coffin without eyes, without lips, with her arms twisted... "

Maya Peglivanova, 17 years old
"Maya's corpse was disfigured: her breasts were cut off, her legs were broken. All outer clothing was removed." (RGASPI. F. M-1. Op. 53. D. 331) She was lying in the coffin without lips, with her arms twisted.”

Tonya Ivanikhina, 19 years old
"... taken out without eyes, head bandaged with a scarf and wire, breasts cut out."

Serezha Tyulenin, 17 years old
"On January 27, 1943, Sergei was arrested. Soon his father and mother were taken away, all his belongings were confiscated. The police severely tortured Sergei in the presence of his mother, they arranged confrontation with a member of the Young Guard, Viktor Lukyancheiko, but they did not recognize each other.
On January 31, Sergei was tortured in last time, and then he, half-dead, along with other comrades was taken to the pit of mine No. 5..."

Funeral of Sergei Tyulenin

Nina Minaeva, 18 years old
“...My sister was recognized by her woolen gaiters - the only clothes that remained on her. Nina’s arms were broken, one eye was knocked out, there were shapeless wounds on her chest, her whole body was covered in black stripes...”

Tosya Eliseenko, 22 years old
“Tosia’s corpse was disfigured, tortured, and she was put on a hot stove.”

Victor Tretyakevich, 18 years old
"...Among the last, they raised Viktor Tretyakevich. His father, Joseph Kuzmich, in a thin patched coat, stood day after day, clutching a pole, not taking his eyes off the pit. And when they recognized his son, he was faceless, with a black face. blue back, with shattered arms - he fell to the ground, as if knocked down. No traces of bullets were found on Victor's body - which means they threw him out alive..."

Oleg Koshevoy, 16 years old
When arrests began in January 1943, he attempted to cross the front line. However, he is forced to return to the city. Near the railway Kortushino station was captured by the Nazis and sent first to the police and then to the district Gestapo office in Rovenki. After terrible torture together with L.G. Shevtsova, S.M. Ostapenko, D.U. Ogurtsov and V.F. Subbotin, on February 9, 1943, he was shot in the Thunderous Forest near the city.

Boris Glavan, 22 years old
“He was pulled out of the pit, tied up with Evgeniy Shepelev with barbed wire face to face, his hands were cut off. His face was mutilated, his stomach was ripped open.”

Evgeny Shepelev, 19 years old
"...Evgeniy's hands were cut off, his stomach was torn out, his head was broken...." (RGASPI. F. M-1. Op. 53. D. 331)

Volodya Zhdanov, 17 years old
“He was taken out with a laceration in the left temporal region, his fingers were broken and twisted, there were bruises under the nails, two strips three centimeters wide and twenty-five centimeters long were cut out on his back, his eyes were gouged out and his ears were cut off” (Young Guard Museum, f. 1, d .36)

Klava Kovaleva, 17 years old
"... pulled out swollen, the right breast was cut off, the feet were burned, cut off left hand, head tied with a scarf, traces of beatings are visible on the body. Found ten meters from the trunk, between the trolleys, she was probably thrown alive" (Young Guard Museum, f. 1, no. 10)

Evgeniy Moshkov, 22 years old (pictured left)
"... Young Guard communist Yevgeny Moshkov, choosing the right moment during interrogation, hit the policeman. Then the fascist animals hung Moshkov by his legs and kept him in that position until blood gushed from his nose and throat. They took him down and "They began to interrogate again. But Moshkov only spat in the executioner's face. The enraged investigator who was torturing Moshkov hit him with a backhand blow. Exhausted by the torture, the communist hero fell, hitting the back of his head on the door frame and died."

Volodya Osmukhin, 18 years old
“When I saw Vovochka, mutilated, almost headless, without his left arm up to the elbow, I thought I was going crazy. I didn’t believe it was him. He was wearing only one sock, and the other leg was completely bare. Instead of a belt, he was wearing a scarf warm. Outerwear No. The hungry animals took off.
The head is broken. The back of the head had completely fallen out, only the face remained, on which only Volodin’s teeth remained. Everything else is mutilated. The lips are distorted, the nose is almost completely gone. My grandmother and I washed Vovochka, dressed her, and decorated her with flowers. A wreath was nailed to the coffin. Let the road lie peacefully."

Parents of Ulyana Gromova

Uli's last letter

Funeral of the Young Guards, 1943

In 1993, a press conference of a special commission to study the history of the Young Guard was held in Lugansk. As Izvestia wrote then (05/12/1993), after two years of work, the commission gave its assessment of the versions that had excited the public for almost half a century. The researchers' conclusions boiled down to several fundamental points.
In July-August 1942, after the Nazis captured the Luhansk region, many underground youth groups spontaneously arose in the mining town of Krasnodon and its surrounding villages. They, according to the recollections of contemporaries, were called “Star”, “Sickle”, “Hammer”, etc. However, there is no need to talk about any party leadership of them. In October 1942, Viktor Tretyakevich united them into the “Young Guard”.
It was he, and not Oleg Koshevoy, according to the commission’s findings, who became the commissioner of the underground organization. There were almost twice as many “Young Guard” participants as was later recognized by the competent authorities. The guys fought like a guerrilla, taking risks, suffering heavy losses, and this, as was noted at the press conference, ultimately led to the failure of the organization.
“….Blessed memory to these girls and boys… who were infinite times stronger… all of us, millions of us, combined...”

Born on March 20 (April 1), 1809 in the village of Sorochintsy, Poltava province, in the family of a landowner. Gogol was the third child, and in total there were 12 children in the family.

Training in the biography of Gogol took place at the Poltava School. Then in 1821 he entered the class of the Nizhyn gymnasium, where he studied justice. IN school years the writer did not have any special academic abilities. He was only good at drawing lessons and studying Russian literature. He was only able to write mediocre works.

The beginning of a literary journey

In 1828, Gogol’s life took place when he moved to St. Petersburg. There he served as an official, tried to get a job as an actor in the theater and studied literature. Actor career things didn’t go well, and the service did not bring Gogol any pleasure, and at times even became a burden. And the writer decided to prove himself in the literary field.

In 1831, Gogol met representatives literary circles Zhukovsky and Pushkin, undoubtedly these acquaintances greatly influenced his future fate and literary activity.

Gogol and theater

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol showed interest in theater in his youth, after the death of his father, a wonderful playwright and storyteller.

Realizing the power of the theater, Gogol took up drama. Gogol's work "The Inspector General" was written in 1835, and first staged in 1836. Due to the negative reaction of the public to the production of “The Inspector General,” the writer leaves the country.

last years of life

In 1836, the biography of Nikolai Gogol included trips to Switzerland, Germany, Italy, as well as a short stay in Paris. Then, from March 1837, work continued on the first volume in Rome greatest work Gogol's "Dead Souls", which was conceived by the author back in St. Petersburg. After returning home from Rome, the writer publishes the first volume of the poem. While working on the second volume, Gogol experienced a spiritual crisis. Even a trip to Jerusalem did not help improve the situation.

At the beginning of 1843, Gogol’s famous story “The Overcoat” was first published.

Nikolai Gogol biography briefly outlined in this article.

Nikolai Gogol short biography

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol- Russian prose writer, playwright, poet, critic, publicist, recognized as one of the classics of Russian literature.

Born in the village of Sorochintsy, Poltava province, into a poor landowner family April 1 in 1809.

Gogol began his education in 1821 at the Nizhyn Gymnasium of Higher Sciences. In 1828, Gogol moved to St. Petersburg, where he served as an official.

There he was a little disappointed, since there was not enough money to survive, he was not accepted as an actor, and his literary activity was not successful. Under the pseudonym V. Alov in 1829 he wrote romantic work"Hanz Küchelgarten". After harsh criticism of the book, he himself destroyed its circulation.

Gogol's first story "Basavryuk" appeared in 1830 in the magazine " Domestic notes" Gradually he began to make acquaintances with the literary circle of St. Petersburg. He communicated with O. Somov, Baron Delvig, P. Pletnev, and Zhukovsky.

Gradually new works of Gogol appeared in print. Among them, “The Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala”, “Sorochinsk Fair”, “ May night" A chapter was published in the almanac “Northern Flowers” historical novel"Hetman". However, his first major literary success became “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”. In these stories, the author incredibly vividly depicted Ukrainian life, using fun and subtle humor.

In 1833, the writer decided to devote himself to teaching, and a year later he was appointed assistant professor at the department of history of St. Petersburg University. During this period, he became fully engaged in studying the history of Ukraine, which later formed the basis for the plan of “Taras Bulba” (1835).

Realizing the power of the theater, Gogol took up drama. Gogol's work "The Inspector General" was written in 1835, and first staged in 1836. Due to the negative reaction of the public to the production of “The Inspector General,” the writer leaves the country.

Soon after this, the writer went abroad to Switzerland, Paris, where he completed his work “Dead Souls”. In 1841, returning to Russia, with the help of Belinsky, he ensured that the first volume of Dead Souls was published. The second volume reflected the spiritual crisis that had overtaken the writer by that time.

Soon state of mind Gogol got worse. On the night of February 11, 1852, Gogol burned the second volume, and February 21 died.

Role and place in literature

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol - an outstanding classic of Russian literature of the 19th century centuries. He made great contributions to drama and journalism. According to many literary critics, Gogol founded a special direction called “ natural school" The writer with his creativity influenced the development of the Russian language, focusing on its nationality.

Origin and early years

N.V. Gogol was born on March 20, 1809 in the Poltava province (Ukraine) in the village of Velikiye Sorochintsy. Nikolai was born the third child in the family of a landowner (there were 12 children in total).

The future writer belonged to an old Cossack family. It is possible that the ancestor was Hetman Ostap Gogol himself.

Father - Vasily Afanasyevich Gogol-Yanovsky. He was involved in stage activities and instilled in his son a love of theater. When Nikolai was only 16 years old, he passed away.

Mother - Maria Ivanovna Gogol-Yanovskaya (nee Kosyarovskaya). She got married at a young age (14 years old). Her beautiful appearance admired by many contemporaries. Nikolai became her first child to be born alive. And that’s why he was named after St. Nicholas.

Nikolai spent his childhood in a village in Ukraine. The traditions and way of life of the Ukrainian people greatly influenced the future creative activity of the writer. And the mother’s religiosity was passed on to her son and was also reflected in many of his works.

Education and work

When Gogol was ten years old, he was sent to Poltava to prepare for his studies at the gymnasium. He was taught by a local teacher, thanks to whom Nikolai entered the Gymnasium of Higher Sciences in Nizhyn in 1821. Gogol's academic performance left much to be desired. He was only strong in drawing and Russian literature. Although the Gymnasium itself is to blame for the fact that Gogol’s academic success was not great. Teaching methods were outdated and not useful: rote learning and rods. Therefore, Gogol took up self-education: he subscribed to magazines with his comrades and became interested in theater.

After finishing his studies at the gymnasium, Gogol moved to St. Petersburg, hoping for a bright future here. But reality disappointed him somewhat. His attempts to become an actor failed. In 1829, he became a minor official, a scribe in a department of the ministry, but did not work there for long, becoming disillusioned with this matter.

Creation

Working as an official did not bring joy to Nikolai Gogol, so he tries his hand at literary activity. The first published work was “The Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala” (at first it had a different name). Gogol's fame began with this story.

The popularity of Gogol’s works was explained by the interest of the St. Petersburg public in the Little Russian (as some regions of Ukraine were previously called) existence.

In his work, Gogol often turned to folk legends, according to legend, he used simple folk speech.

The early works of Nikolai Gogol belong to the movement of romanticism. Later he writes in his original style, many correlate it with realism.

Major works

The first work that brought him fame was the collection “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka.” These stories are considered to be Gogol's main works. In them, the author stunningly accurately depicted the traditions of the Ukrainian people. And the magic that lurks on the pages of this book still surprises readers.

TO important works include historical story"Taras Bulba". It is included in the cycle of stories “Mirogorod”. Dramatic fate produces heroes against the backdrop of real events strong impression. Films have been made based on the story.

One of the great achievements in the field of Gogol’s dramaturgy was the play “The Inspector General”. The comedy boldly exposed the vices of Russian officials.

Last years

The year 1836 became the time for Gogol to travel around Europe. He's working on the first part." Dead souls" Returning to his homeland, the author publishes it.

In 1843, Gogol published the story “The Overcoat”.

There is a version that Gogol burned the second volume of Dead Souls on February 11, 1852. And in the same year he passed away.

Chronological table (by date)

Interesting facts from the life of the writer

• Passion for mysticism led to the writing of the mysterious work Gogol - "Viy".
• There is a version that the author burned the second volume of Dead Souls.
• Nikolai Gogol had a passion for miniature publications.

Writer's Museum

In 1984, the museum was opened in the village of Gogolevo in a solemn ceremony.

Was born future writer March 20, 1809 in the Poltava province, in a small place called Velikiye Sorochintsy. His family was not rich. His father’s name was Vasily Afanasyevich, and his mother’s name was Maria Ivanovna.

He received his education at the Nizhensky Gymnasium of Higher Sciences. This gymnasium was founded in 1821. It was there that young Gogol began to show interest in the literary craft, and his outstanding acting skills. Gogol wanted to devote himself to the cause of justice and for this reason he decided to move to St. Petersburg in 1828.

He published his first poems under the pseudonym V. Alov, great success they didn't use it. In 1831, Gogol met Pushkin, this acquaintance had a significant influence on him. The first work that brought him fame is called “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”, was written in 1831-32.

In 1835, Gogol wrote his famous comedy, called "The Inspector". Already in 1836 in Alexandrinsky Theater, this play was staged and performed. The work made such a strong impression on people that some reactionary forces began to treat Gogol poorly. In June of the same year, Gogol decided to leave Russia for a while. Thus, he lived in Rome, where he worked on one of his main creations in life called “Dead Souls”. It was originally intended that the work would consist of three volumes. The first volume of “dead souls” was published in 1846 under the title “The Adventures of Chichikov and dead Souls". In the same year, a collection of Gogol’s works was published in St. Petersburg, which included previously unpublished works. These include works entitled “Marriage” and “Players.”

Gogol's subsequent creative activity proceeded rather unevenly. Between 1842 and 1845 he traveled abroad and still could not find himself, meanwhile working on his second romance of the dead shower.

The final stage of Gogol’s life can be called his pilgrimage to Jerusalem, where he prays before the Holy Sepulcher and asks for his help in writing “Dead Souls.” On the night of February 11–12, Gogol burned the entire second volume, after which he dies 10 days later.

Option 2

N.V. Gogol is a recognized classic of Russian literature and one of the founders of realism. His pen includes prose, poetic, dramatic works, critical and journalistic articles.

He was born in 1809. in Ukraine (in the village of Bolshie Sorochintsy) in the family of a poor landowner. His childhood years were spent in the village of Vasilyevka.

Gogol received his primary education at home. Since 1818 to 1819 studied at the Poltava district school, and from 1821. to 1828 – at the Nizhyn Gymnasium of Higher Sciences. Even during his school years, he enjoys playing on stage and tries his hand as a stage director. In addition, he is interested in Ukrainian history, folk customs and folklore, writes the first literary works and publishes them in handwritten journals and almanacs.

After graduating from high school, Nikolai goes to St. Petersburg. He dreams of fame as a writer, wants to prove himself in the acting field, but is forced to get a job as an official for a small salary.

In 1829 on own funds publishes the poem "Hans Küchelgarten". Critics responded unfavorably to this work. Gogol bought all his unsold copies and burned them.

Nikolai Vasilyevich understands that it is necessary to look for a new direction that will interest readers. IN printed publications Several of his stories and a chapter from the novel “Hetman” appear. However, real success came to him after the publication of the collection “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka.”

Since 1834 to 1835 Gogol is studying pedagogical activity– lectures on history at St. Petersburg Imperial University. In 1835 His collections “Mirgorod” and “Arabesques” were published, and the play “The Inspector General” was written, the first production of which took place in 1836.

The public did not like the play. The disappointed writer goes abroad for a long time (however, he periodically visits Russia). He lives for some time in Germany, Switzerland, France, and then in Italy. He especially loved Rome. Everything there promotes creativity, so N.V. Gogol is working hard on the novel “Dead Souls”, finishing the story “The Overcoat”, etc.

Having published the first volume of Dead Souls, the writer is working on the second, but in 1845. he has a mental crisis. He makes a will, wants to go to a monastery, burns the handwritten version of the second volume, and makes a trip to Jerusalem.

In 1848 returns to Russia. He resumes work on Dead Souls, but shortly before his death he again burns the manuscripts. He plunges into dark thoughts, stops leaving the house, observes strict fasting and brings himself to physical and nervous exhaustion.

In 1852 Gogol died.

Gogol. Biography 3

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was born in 1809 and died in 1852.

During his lifetime, Gogol wrote many works that are still studied by schoolchildren today. The moral that Gogol laid down in the lines of his creations in the fourteenth century is still relevant today.

Gogol received a decent education in his youth. And after finishing school he moved from his village to St. Petersburg. There he wrote tirelessly, trying to break through unknown authors into more recognizable ones.

Interesting fact: it is known that the second volume was written by Gogol, but in 1852 he burned the manuscript.

Nikolai Vasilyevich also loved to travel to foreign cities. It gave him a sip fresh air and inspiration for writing many of his plays.

Gogol's dramaturgy has become a new word in history national theater. Start creative activity in this field it is customary to date it back to 1832; it was at this time that the writer’s first plans were formed.

Nikolai Vasilyevich very clearly expressed his sympathy for “ little man", this is reflected in many of his stories.

Gogol loved the Ukrainian people very much - for the writer he was the personification of everything bright and beautiful and the people are depicted mainly in their romantic ideal appearance.

5th grade, 7th grade. Creativity for children

Biography by dates and Interesting Facts. The most important.

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