The creation of the story The Captain's Daughter is brief. Analysis of the work “The Captain's Daughter” (A

The history of the creation of "The Captain's Daughter" may be of interest to anyone who has read this historical novel Pushkin or completely.

"The Captain's Daughter" writing history

From the middle 1832 A. S. Pushkin begins work on the history of the uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev. The poet was given the opportunity to get acquainted with the king classified materials about the uprising and the actions of the authorities to suppress it. Pushkin turns to unpublished documents from family archives and private collections. His “Archival Notebooks” contain copies of Pugachev’s personal decrees and letters, extracts from reports on military operations with Pugachev’s detachments.

IN 1833 year, Pushkin decides to go to those places in the Volga and Urals regions where the uprising took place. He looks forward to meeting eyewitnesses of these events. Having received permission from Emperor Nicholas I, Pushkin leaves for Kazan. “I’ve been in Kazan since the fifth. Here I tinkered with the old people, my hero’s contemporaries; I traveled around the outskirts of the city, examined the battle sites, asked questions, wrote down notes, and was very pleased that I had not visited this side in vain,” he writes to his wife Natalya Nikolaevna on September 8. Next, the poet goes to Simbirsk and Orenburg, where he also visits the battle sites and meets with contemporaries of the events.

From materials about the riot, “The History of Pugachev” was formed, written in Boldin in the fall of 1833. This work of Pushkin was published in 1834 entitled “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion”, which was given to him by the emperor. But Pushkin had a plan work of art about the Pugachev uprising of 1773–1775. The plan of the novel about a renegade nobleman who found himself in Pugachev’s camp changed several times. This is also explained by the fact that the topic that Pushkin addressed was ideologically and politically acute and complex. The poet could not help but think about the censorship obstacles that had to be overcome. Archival materials, stories of living Pugachevites, which he heard during a trip to the site of the uprising of 1773–1774, could be used with great caution.

According to the original plan, he was supposed to become a nobleman who voluntarily went over to Pugachev’s side. His prototype was second lieutenant of the 2nd Grenadier Regiment Mikhail Shvanovich (in the plans of the novel Shvanvich), who “preferred a vile life to an honest death.” His name was mentioned in the document “On the death penalty for the traitor, rebel and impostor Pugachev and his accomplices.” Later, Pushkin chose the fate of another real participant in Pugachev’s events - Basharin. Basharin was captured by Pugachev, escaped from captivity and entered the service of one of the suppressors of the uprising, General Mikhelson. The name of the main character changed several times until Pushkin settled on the surname Grinev. In the government report on the liquidation of the Pugachev uprising and the punishment of Pugachev and his accomplices dated January 10, 1775, Grinev’s name was listed among those who were initially suspected of “communication with the villains,” but “as a result of the investigation they turned out to be innocent” and were released from arrest. As a result, instead of one hero-nobleman in the novel, there were two: Grinev was contrasted with a nobleman-traitor, the “vile villain” Shvabrin, which could make it easier to carry the novel through censorship barriers.

While working on a historical novel, Pushkin relied on the creative experience of the English novelist Walter Scott (Nicholas I himself was among his many admirers in Russia) and the first Russian historical novelists M.N. Zagoskin, I.I. Lazhechnikov. “In our time, the word novel means historical era developed in a fictional narrative" - ​​this is how Pushkin defined the main genre feature of the novel based on historical topic. The choice of era, heroes, and especially the style of “fictional narrative” made “The Captain’s Daughter” not only the best among the novels of V. Scott’s Russian followers. According to Gogol, Pushkin wrote “a one-of-a-kind novel” - “in its sense of proportion, in its completeness, in its style and in its amazing skill in depicting types and characters in miniature...” Pushkin the artist became not only a rival, but also a “winner” of Pushkin -historian. As the outstanding Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky noted, in “The Captain’s Daughter” “ more history than in “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion,” which seems like a long explanatory note to the novel.”

Pushkin continued to work on this work in 1834. In 1836 he reworked it. October 19, 1836 year – the date of completion of work on “The Captain’s Daughter”. “ Captain's daughter” was published in the fourth issue of Pushkin’s Sovremennik at the end of December 1836, a little over a month before the poet’s death.

Now you know the history of the writing and creation of Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter” and will be able to understand the entire historicism of the work.

Year of writing:

1836

Reading time:

Description of the work:

The work of Alexander Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" summary which we invite you to read was written by the famous Russian writer in 1836. This is one of his last works.

To more accurately describe historical events, Pushkin went to the Urals, where the Pugachev uprising took place, and talked with the Pugachevites. It is also known that Alexander Pushkin worked hard on “The Captain’s Daughter”, because as many as five versions of the story have survived to this day.

Read the summary of "The Captain's Daughter" below.

The basis of the novel is the memoirs of one person who wrote them when Emperor Alexander occupied the throne. This man is a nobleman, now he is fifty years old, and his name is Pyotr Andreevich Grinev. At the time he recalls, he was seventeen years old, and due to very strange circumstances, he became an involuntary participant in the events associated with the “Pugachevism.” This is what the novel is dedicated to.

Grinev is somewhat ironic in his childhood memories. He was a noble undergrowth. His father Andrei Petrovich Grinev was awarded the title of retired prime minister, and he remained to live in the village, marrying the daughter of an impoverished nobleman. Petrusha had many brothers and sisters, but none of them survived. Grinev writes that before he was born, he was already listed as a sergeant in the Semenovsky regiment.

From the age of five, Petrusha was entrusted to the supervision of the eager Savelich, who, thanks to his sober behavior, began to be called the boy’s uncle. Savelich supervised Petrusha's studies well, and he quickly learned both the Russian language with all its literacy and the intricacies of hunting. Soon Grinev got along with the new French teacher, whose name was Beaupre. This same Frenchman was engaged in another craft in his homeland - cutting hair, and in Prussia he was a military service. And although Beaupre had a contract according to which he had to teach the young student French, German languages and to help comprehend other sciences, the Frenchman himself learned Russian from Petrusha. It ended with Beaupre being caught in drunkenness, dissolute behavior and failure to fulfill his teaching duties, as a result of which he was expelled.

Early years Pyotr Grinev is having fun - chasing birds, playing with the neighbor's kids in the yard, racing leapfrog. But at the age of sixteen, his father decided to send Petrusha to serve the Fatherland. Moreover, it was not about St. Petersburg - that’s too simple, but about the army in Orenburg. Let the young man find out what gunpowder is, and “pull the strap.” Of course, Grinev did not like such an idea, because his dreams were of a fun life in the capital, and now boring days lay ahead in remote and remote Orenburg. Let's continue the summary of "The Captain's Daughter", because the most interesting things are just beginning.

Grinev goes to Orenburg together with Savelich, however, at the entrance to the city, they are caught by a strong snowstorm. On the way, they meet a man who helps the wagon get to the level, and at that time Pyotr Andreevich sees a dream that frightened him, where now Grinev, from the age of fifty, sees some prophetic features. And then he dreamed of a black-bearded man, who, according to Petrusha’s mother, was “the imprisoned father” and Andrei Petrovich, and he was lying in his father’s bed. This same man wants to give the young man a hand to kiss and then bless him. Then he begins to swing the ax, bloody puddles appear, but he tells the frightened Grinev that there is no need to be afraid, come on, they say, I will bless you.

The tent gets out of the snowstorm thanks to a random counselor, and Grinev wants to thank him. Moreover, the counselor is dressed lightly. Therefore, Pyotr Grinev treats him to wine and gives him clothes - a hare sheepskin coat, to which he hears words of gratitude and respect in response. Grinev remembered his appearance: age - forty years or so, thin build with broad shoulders, average height, black beard.

In Orenburg, Grinev must find the Belogorsk fortress to serve there. But the fortress is just a name. There are no formidable bastions, towers and ramparts there. It is a simple village surrounded by a wooden fence. Several disabled people live there who cannot distinguish the right side from the left, and all the artillery is an old cannon, and it is filled with rubbish.

The commandant of the fortress is called Ivan Kuzmich Mironov. Although he is not educated, he is honest and kind. The commandant's wife, Vasilisa Egorovna, has taken over the management of affairs and even manages the service independently, as if running a household. Grinev fits in well with the Mironov family, and they almost consider him one of their own. The Mironovs have a daughter, Masha, a prudent and sensitive girl in the eyes of Pyotr Grinev.

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Grinev is not at all burdened by service, quite the contrary. He reads a lot, translates and writes poetry. In the fortress there is Lieutenant Shvabrin - the only person, in fact, who is educated in the same way as Grinev, of the same age and does the same thing. At first, the young people become close, but not for long. Soon there is a considerable quarrel. It turns out that Shvabrin made attempts to gain the favor of Masha Mironova, tried to woo her, but the girl refused him. Grinev did not know this, and earlier showed Shvabrin small poems with a love theme, dedicated to Masha. The lieutenant, of course, reacted in a peculiar way - he criticized the poems, and even expressed his opinion about Masha’s “mores and customs” with dirty hints. As a result, Shvabrin and Grinev fought in a duel, in which Grinev was wounded.

While Masha is caring for a patient after being wounded Grinev's relationship young people grow stronger, and feelings of sympathy are mutual. They even admitted this to each other, and Grinev had already decided to ask for his father’s consent to the wedding, for which he wrote him a letter. However, the father turned out to be against this marriage, because the Grinevs have three hundred peasants, and the Mironovs are poor - there is only one girl Palashka. The priest’s prohibition is strict, and he even threatens to knock the “stupid” out of Petrusha’s head by transferring him to serve in another place.

Grinev experiences this letter from his father painfully, the environment around him seems dreary and unbearable, he is gloomy, and wants to be alone all the time. Suddenly, everything changes, because events occur that greatly change his life, as Grinev himself notes in his memoirs. You can’t tell everything in the summary of “The Captain’s Daughter,” but we will try to accurately convey the essence of the following events.

In October 1773, the commandant received a notice that the Don Cossack Emelyan Pugachev was posing as the deceased Emperor Peter III. Having gathered a gang of villains, he caused unrest in the surrounding settlements, destroyed more than one fortress, which is why the commandant must be ready to repel Pugachev’s attack if the impostor shows up.

Pugachev was already on everyone’s lips, and soon they managed to capture one Bashkir man who had “outrageous sheets” with him, but he couldn’t be interrogated because the poor guy’s tongue was torn out. Everyone is waiting for Pugachev to attack the Belogorsk fortress.

Eventually, the rebels show up, but the fortress did not expect to see them so soon. Masha didn’t even have time to leave for Orenburg. The first attack - and the fortress is in the hands of Pugachev. The prisoners must swear allegiance to the impostor, for which they are lined up in the square. Grinev was also captured. First, the commandant is hanged, who refuses the oath, then Vasilisa Yegorovna is killed with a saber. It’s Grinev’s turn, but Pugachev leaves him alive. As it turned out later, there was a reason for mercy - Savelich told Pyotr Andreevich that the same tramp who met them on the way and helped them get out of the snowstorm was Pugachev, and yet Grinev gave him a sheepskin coat and wine.

In the evening Grineva receives " great sovereign" He reminds Peter of the mercy shown and asks if he is ready to serve him. However, here too Grinev refuses the robber, because his loyalty belongs to the empress. Moreover, Grinev even honestly admits that perhaps he will fight against Pugachev. The impostor is so surprised by the sincerity of the young officer that he decides to let him go home. Grinev goes to Orenburg to ask for help - he really wants to save Masha, who remains in the fortress. Popadya said that this was her niece, so no one touched Masha. But the most unpleasant thing is that now the commandant of the fortress is Shvabrin, who swore an oath to serve the rebel.

Orenburg soon also finds itself surrounded by Pugachev’s troops, a siege begins, and help Belogorsk fortress refuse. Grinev accidentally reads a letter where Masha writes that Shvabrin threatens to tell the whole truth if she does not agree to become his wife. Unsuccessfully, Grinev asks the military commandant to help, but he again refuses him.

Grinev and Savelich have their own plan in mind, so they themselves go to help Masha, but the rebels manage to capture them. Pugachev and Grinev, by chance, come together again, and when the impostor learns the whole essence of the story, he himself becomes determined to free Masha and punish Shvabrin. While the officer and the captor are driving, they have an open conversation. It turns out that Pugachev understands that he is doomed and expects his comrades to betray him. He recalls a Kalmyk tale, from which it follows that it is better for an eagle to drink living blood at once than to be an ordinary scavenger for years. Grinev and Pugachev have different views on the moral side of this issue, because, according to the officer, it is precisely those who live by robbery who peck at carrion. Our portal site does not give ratings, leaving this for the reader to think about, read the summary of “The Captain's Daughter” to the end.

Be that as it may, Masha is freed, Shvabrin tries to show all his cards to Pugachev, but he calmly lets Grinev go, and Pyotr Andreevich decides to send the girl, as his bride, to her parents. The young officer himself remains in service for now in order to fulfill his “duty of honor.”

The military campaign ends, but Grinev is arrested, although at the trial he is calm and confident, because he has many excuses. Here Shvabrin comes forward with false accusations of espionage against Grinev - allegedly Pugachev sent him to Orenburg. The court accepts these arguments and condemns Grinev, who now, disgraced, must go to Siberia.

The role of the savior is Masha, who firmly intends to ask the queen for mercy, for which she goes to St. Petersburg. In Tsarskoe Selo, when Masha is walking along the paths of the garden, she meets a middle-aged lady. The lady finds out what Masha is doing here and invites her to tell her about everything, which the girl does. It turns out that this lady is the empress herself, she shows mercy to Grinev in the same way as some time ago Pugachev showed mercy to both Masha and Grinev.

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“The Captain's Daughter” is a historical novel (in some sources - a story) written by A.S. Pushkin. The author tells us about the origin and development of a large and strong feeling between a young noble officer and the daughter of the commandant of the fortress. All this happens against the backdrop of the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev and creates additional obstacles and threats to life for the lovers. The novel is written in the form of memoirs. This interweaving of historical and family chronicles gives it additional charm and charm, and also makes you believe in the reality of everything that is happening.

History of creation

In the mid-1830s, translated novels were gaining popularity in Russia. Society ladies were engrossed in Walter Scott. Domestic writers, and among them Alexander Sergeevich, could not stand aside and responded own works, among which were “The Captain’s Daughter”.

Researchers of Pushkin’s work claim that at first he worked on a historical chronicle, wanting to tell readers about the course of the Pugachev rebellion. Approaching the matter responsibly and wanting to be truthful, the author met with direct participants in those events, having gone to Southern Urals.

Pushkin doubted for a long time who to make the main character of his work. First, he settled on Mikhail Shvanvich, an officer who went over to Pugachev’s side during the uprising. What made Alexander Sergeevich abandon such a plan is unknown, but as a result he turned to the format of memoirs, and placed a noble officer at the center of the novel. At the same time, the main character had every chance to go over to Pugachev’s side, but his duty to the Fatherland turned out to be higher. Shvanvich is from positive character turned into a negative Shvabrin.

For the first time the novel appeared before the audience in the Sovremennik magazine in latest issue 1836, and Pushkin’s authorship was not mentioned there. It was said that these notes belong to the pen of the late Pyotr Grinev. However, for censorship reasons, this novel did not publish an article about the peasant revolt on Grinev’s own estate. The lack of authorship resulted in the absence of any printed reviews, but many noted the “universal effect” that The Captain’s Daughter had on those who read the novel. A month after publication, the real author of the novel died in a duel.

Analysis

Description of the work

The work is written in the form of memoirs - landowner Pyotr Grinev talks about the times of his youth, when his father ordered him to be sent to serve in the army (although under the supervision of Uncle Savelich). On the road, one meeting happens to them, which radically influences their future fate and on the fate of Russia, - Pyotr Grinev meets Emelyan Pugachev.

Having reached his destination (and it turned out to be the Belogorsk fortress), Grinev immediately falls in love with the commandant’s daughter. However, he has a rival - officer Shvabrin. A duel occurs between the young people, as a result of which Grinev is wounded. His father, having learned about this, does not give his consent to marry the girl.

All this happens against the backdrop of the developing Pugachev rebellion. When it comes to the fortress, Pugachev’s accomplices first take the lives of Masha’s parents, after which they invite Shvabrin and Grinev to swear allegiance to Emelyan. Shvabrin agrees, but Grinev, for reasons of honor, does not. His life is saved by Savelich, who reminds Pugachev of their chance meeting.

Grinev fights against Pugachev, but this does not prevent him from calling the latter as an ally to save Masha, who turned out to be Shvabrin’s hostage. Following a denunciation from a rival, Grinev ends up in prison, and now Masha is doing everything to save him. Chance meeting with the empress he helps the girl achieve the release of her lover. To the delight of all the ladies, the matter ends with the wedding of the newlyweds in parental home Grineva.

As already mentioned, the background for love story was prompted by a great historical event - the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev.

Main characters

There are several main characters in the novel. Among them:

Emelyan Pugachev

Pugachev is, according to many critics, the most striking main figure in the work due to his coloring. Marina Tsvetaeva once argued that Pugachev overshadows the colorless and faded Grinev. In Pushkin, Pugachev looks like such a charming villain.

Pyotr Grinev, who at the time of the story had just turned 17 years old. According to the literary critic Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky, this character was needed for an impartial assessment of the behavior of another character - Emelyan Pugachev.

Alexey Shvabrin is a young officer serving in the fortress. A freethinker, smart and educated (the story mentions that he knows French and understands literature). Literary critic Dmitry Mirsky called Shvabrin a “purely romantic scoundrel” because of his betrayal of the oath and defection to the side of the rebels. However, since the image is not written deeply, it is difficult to say about the reasons that prompted him to such an act. Obviously, Pushkin’s sympathies were not on Shvabrin’s side.

At the time of the story, Maria had just turned 18 years old. A real Russian beauty, at the same time simple and sweet. Capable of action - in order to save her beloved, she goes to the capital to meet with the empress. According to Vyazemsky, she decorates the novel in the same way as Tatyana Larina decorated “Eugene Onegin.” But Tchaikovsky, who at one time wanted to stage an opera based on this work, complained that it did not have enough character, but only kindness and honesty. Marina Tsvetaeva shared the same opinion.

From the age of five he was assigned to Grinev as an uncle, the Russian equivalent of a tutor. The only one who communicates with a 17-year-old officer like a small child. Pushkin calls him a “faithful serf,” but Savelich allows himself to express uncomfortable thoughts to both the master and his ward.

Analysis of the work

Colleagues of Alexander Sergeevich, to whom he personally read the novel, made small comments regarding non-compliance historical facts, while generally speaking positively about the novel. Prince V.F. Odoevsky, for example, noted that images of Savelich and Pugachev are written carefully and thought out to the smallest detail, but the image of Shvabrin is not finalized, and therefore it will be difficult for readers to understand the motives for his transition.

Literary critic Nikolai Strakhov noted that this combination of family (partially love) and historical chronicles is characteristic of the works of Walter Scott, the response to whose popularity among the Russian nobility, in fact, was Pushkin’s work.

Another Russian literary critic, Dmitry Mirsky, highly praised The Captain's Daughter, emphasizing the manner of narration - concise, precise, economical, yet spacious and leisurely. His opinion was that this work played one of the main roles in the development of the genre of realism in Russian literature.

The Russian writer and publisher Nikolai Grech, several years after the publication of the work, admired how the author managed to express the character and tone of the time about which he narrates. The story turned out to be so realistic that one could really think that the author was an eyewitness to these events. Fyodor Dostoevsky and Nikolai Gogol also periodically left rave reviews about this work.

conclusions

According to Dmitry Mirsky, “The Captain's Daughter” can be considered the only full-length novel written by Alexander Sergeevich and published during his lifetime. Let us agree with the critic - the novel has everything to be successful: romantic line ending in marriage is a delight for beautiful ladies; a historical line that tells about such a complex and contradictory historical event, like Pugachev’s uprising, will be more interesting to men; clearly defined main characters and set guidelines regarding the place of honor and dignity in the life of an officer. All this explains the popularity of the novel in the past and makes our contemporaries read it today.

Russian poet, playwright and prose writer, who laid the foundations of Russian realistic direction, critic and literary theorist, historian, publicist; one of the most authoritative literary figures first thirds of the XIX century.

Pushkin in his work, which is art encyclopedia Russian reality, not only supported some of the ideas of the Decembrists, but also touched upon the fundamental social problems of his time: autocracy and the people, the individual and the state, tragic loneliness advanced noble intelligentsia Golden Age.

Even during Pushkin’s lifetime, his reputation as the greatest national Russian poet developed. Pushkin is considered as the founder of the modern Russian literary language.

"Captain's daughter"

Historical novel (or story) by A. S. Pushkin, the action of which takes place during the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev. First published without indicating the author's name in the 4th book of the Sovremennik magazine, which went on sale in the last decade of 1836.

"The Captain's Daughter" belongs to the circus of works with which Russian writers of the 1830s responded to the success of Walter Scott's translated novels. Pushkin planned to write a historical novel back in the 1820s (see "Arap of Peter the Great"). The first of the historical novels on a Russian theme was “Yuri Miloslavsky” by M. N. Zagoskin (1829). Grinev’s meeting with the counselor, according to Pushkin scholars, goes back to a similar scene in Zagoskin’s novel.

The idea for a story about the Pugachev era matured during Pushkin’s work on a historical chronicle - “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion.” In search of materials for his work, Pushkin traveled to the Southern Urals, where he talked with eyewitnesses of the terrible events of the 1770s. According to P. V. Annenkov, “the compressed and only apparently dry presentation he adopted in “History” seemed to find a complement in his exemplary novel, which has the warmth and charm of historical notes,” in a novel “that represented the other side of the subject - the side of the morals and customs of the era."

The story was published a month before the author’s death in the Sovremennik magazine he published under the guise of notes from the late Pyotr Grinev. From this and subsequent editions of the novel, for censorship reasons, a chapter about the peasant revolt in the village of Grineva was released, preserved in a draft manuscript. Until 1838, there were no printed reviews of the story, but Gogol noted in January 1837 that it “produced a universal effect.”

"Captain's daughter" characters

Pyotr Andreevich Grinev- A 17-year-old teenager, enlisted in the Semyonovsky Guard Regiment since childhood; during the events described in the story, he was an ensign. It is he who leads the story for his descendants during the reign of Alexander I, peppering the story with old-fashioned maxims. The draft version indicated that Grinev died in 1817. According to Belinsky, this is an “insignificant, insensitive character” that the author needs as a relatively impartial witness to Pugachev’s actions.

Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin - Grinev’s antagonist is “a young officer of short stature with a dark and distinctly ugly face” and hair that is “pitch black.” By the time Grinev appeared in the fortress, he had already been transferred from the guard for a duel five years ago. He is reputed to be a freethinker, knows French, understands literature, but at the decisive moment he betrays his oath and goes over to the side of the rebels. In essence, a purely romantic scoundrel (according to Mirsky’s remark, this is generally “Pushkin’s only scoundrel”).

Marya Ivanovna Mironova -“a girl of about eighteen, chubby, ruddy, with light brown hair, smoothly combed behind the ears,” the daughter of the commandant of the fortress, who gave the title to the whole story. “I dressed simply and sweetly.” To save his lover, he goes to the capital and throws himself at the feet of the queen. According to Prince Vyazemsky, the image of Masha fits into the story “pleasant and light shade" - as a peculiar variation on the theme of Tatyana Larina. At the same time, Tchaikovsky complains: “Maria Ivanovna is not interesting and characterful enough, for she is an impeccably kind and honest girl and nothing more.” " Empty place every first love,” echoes Marina Tsvetaeva.

Arkhip Savelich - the stirrup Grinevs, assigned to Peter as an uncle from the age of five. Treats a 17-year-old officer like a minor, remembering the order to “look after the child.” “A faithful servant,” but devoid of moral servility - directly expressing uncomfortable thoughts in the face of both the master and Pugachev. The image of a selfless servant is usually considered to be the most successful in the story. In his naive worries about the hare's sheepskin coat, traces of the type of comic servant characteristic of the literature of classicism are noticeable.

Vasilisa Egorovna Mironova - the commandant's wife, “an old woman in a padded jacket and with a scarf on her head,” the owner of the only serf girl, Palashka. She has a reputation as a “very brave lady.” “She looked at the affairs of the service as if they were her master’s, and managed the fortress as accurately as she ruled her house.” She chose to die next to her husband rather than go to safety. provincial town. According to Vyazemsky, this image of marital fidelity is “successfully and faithfully captured by the master’s brush.”

“The Captain's Daughter” summary of the story

The novel is based on the memoirs of the fifty-year-old nobleman Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, written by him during the reign of Emperor Alexander and dedicated to the “Pugachevism,” in which the seventeen-year-old officer Pyotr Grinev, due to a “strange combination of circumstances,” unwittingly took part.

Pyotr Andreevich recalls his childhood, the childhood of a noble undergrowth, with slight irony. His father Andrei Petrovich Grinev in his youth “served under Count Minich and retired as prime minister in 17.... Since then he lived in his Simbirsk village, where he married the girl Avdotya Vasilievna Yu., the daughter of a poor nobleman there.” There were nine children in the Grinev family, but all of Petrusha’s brothers and sisters “died in infancy.” “Mother was still pregnant with me,” recalls Grinev, “as I was already enrolled in the Semyonovsky regiment as a sergeant.”

From the age of five, Petrusha is looked after by the stirrup Savelich, who was granted him the title of uncle “for his sober behavior.” “Under his supervision, in my twelfth year, I learned Russian literacy and could very sensibly judge the properties of a greyhound dog.” Then a teacher appeared - the Frenchman Beaupré, who did not understand “the meaning of this word,” since in his homeland he was a hairdresser, and in Prussia he was a soldier. Young Grinev and the Frenchman Beaupre quickly got along, and although Beaupre was contractually obligated to teach Petrusha “French, German and all sciences,” he soon preferred to learn from his student “to chat in Russian.” Grinev's education ends with the expulsion of Beaupre, who was convicted of dissipation, drunkenness and neglect of the duties of a teacher.

Until the age of sixteen, Grinev lives “as a minor, chasing pigeons and playing leapfrog with the yard boys.” In his seventeenth year, the father decides to send his son to serve, but not to St. Petersburg, but to the army to “sniff gunpowder” and “pull the strap.” He sends him to Orenburg, instructing him to serve faithfully “to whom you swear allegiance,” and to remember the proverb: “Take care of your dress again, but take care of your honor from a young age.” All the “bright hopes” of young Grinev for have a fun life in St. Petersburg collapsed, ahead awaited “boredom in the deaf and distant side.”

About Renburg

Approaching Orenburg, Grinev and Savelich fell into a snowstorm. Random person, met on the road, leads the wagon, lost in the blizzard, to the sweep. While the wagon was “quietly moving” towards housing, Pyotr Andreevich dreamed horrible dream, in which fifty-year-old Grinev sees something prophetic, connecting it with the “strange circumstances” of his later life. A man with a black beard is lying in Father Grinev’s bed, and mother, calling him Andrei Petrovich and “the planted father,” wants Petrusha to “kiss his hand” and ask for a blessing. A man swings an ax, the room fills with dead bodies; Grinev stumbles over them, slips in bloody puddles, but his “scary man” “kindly calls out,” saying: “Don’t be afraid, come under my blessing.”

In gratitude for the rescue, Grinev gives the “counselor,” dressed too lightly, his sheepskin coat and brings him a glass of wine, for which he thanks him with a low bow: “Thank you, your honor! May the Lord reward you for your virtue.” The appearance of the “counselor” seemed “remarkable” to Grinev: “He was about forty years old, average height, thin and broad-shouldered. His black beard showed some gray; alive big eyes so they ran. His face had a rather pleasant, but roguish expression.”

The Belogorsk fortress, where Grinev was sent from Orenburg to serve, greets the young man not with formidable bastions, towers and ramparts, but turns out to be a village surrounded by a wooden fence. Instead of a brave garrison there are disabled people who do not know where the left and where the right side is, instead of deadly artillery there is an old cannon filled with garbage.

And van Kuzmich Mironov

The commandant of the fortress, Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, is an officer “from soldiers’ children”, an uneducated man, but honest and kind. His wife, Vasilisa Egorovna, completely manages it and looks at the affairs of the service as her own. Soon Grinev becomes “family” for the Mironovs, and he himself “ in an unnoticed way‹…› became attached to a good family.” In the Mironovs’ daughter Masha, Grinev “found a prudent and sensitive girl.”

Service does not burden Grinev; he is interested in reading books, practicing translations and writing poetry. At first, he becomes close to Lieutenant Shvabrin, the only person in the fortress close to Grinev in education, age and occupation. But soon they quarrel - Shvabrin mockingly criticized the love “song” written by Grinev, and also allowed himself dirty hints regarding the “character and customs” of Masha Mironova, to whom this song was dedicated. Later, in a conversation with Masha, Grinev will find out the reasons for the persistent slander with which Shvabrin pursued her: the lieutenant wooed her, but was refused. “I don’t like Alexei Ivanovich. He’s very disgusting to me,” Masha admits to Grinev. The quarrel is resolved by a duel and the wounding of Grinev.

Masha takes care of the wounded Grinev. The young people confess to each other “the inclination of their hearts,” and Grinev writes a letter to the priest, “asking for parental blessing.” But Masha is homeless. The Mironovs have “only one soul, the girl Palashka,” while the Grinevs have three hundred souls of peasants. The father forbids Grinev to marry and promises to transfer him from the Belogorsk fortress “somewhere far away” so that the “nonsense” will go away.

After this letter, life became unbearable for Grinev, he falls into gloomy reverie and seeks solitude. “I was afraid of either going crazy or falling into debauchery.” And only “unexpected incidents,” writes Grinev, “which had an important influence on my whole life, suddenly gave my soul a strong and beneficial shock.”

1773

At the beginning of October 1773, the commandant of the fortress received a secret message about the Don Cossack Emelyan Pugachev, who, posing as “the late Emperor Peter III,” “gathered a villainous gang, caused outrage in the Yaik villages and had already taken and destroyed several fortresses.” The commandant was asked to “take appropriate measures to repel the aforementioned villain and impostor.”

Soon everyone was talking about Pugachev. A Bashkir with “outrageous sheets” was captured in the fortress. But it was not possible to interrogate him - the Bashkir’s tongue was torn out. Any day now, residents of the Belogorsk fortress are expecting an attack by Pugachev,

The rebels appear unexpectedly - the Mironovs did not even have time to send Masha to Orenburg. At the first attack the fortress was taken. Residents greet the Pugachevites with bread and salt. The prisoners, among whom was Grinev, are led to the square to swear allegiance to Pugachev. The first to die on the gallows is the commandant, who refused to swear allegiance to the “thief and impostor.” Vasilisa Egorovna falls dead under the blow of a saber. Grinev also faces death on the gallows, but Pugachev has mercy on him. A little later, from Savelich, Grinev learns “the reason for mercy” - the chieftain of the robbers turned out to be the tramp who received from him, Grinev, a hare sheepskin coat.

In the evening, Grinev is invited to the “great sovereign.” “I have pardoned you for your virtue,” Pugachev says to Grinev, “Do you promise to serve me with zeal?” But Grinev is a “natural nobleman” and “sworn allegiance to the Empress.” He cannot even promise Pugachev not to serve against him. “My head is in your power,” he says to Pugachev, “if you let me go, thank you, if you execute me, God will be your judge.”

Grinev’s sincerity amazes Pugachev, and he releases the officer “on all four sides.” Grinev decides to go to Orenburg for help - after all, Masha, whom the priest passed off as her niece, remained in the fortress in a severe fever. He is especially concerned that Shvabrin, who swore allegiance to Pugachev, was appointed commandant of the fortress.

But in Orenburg, Grinev was denied help, and a few days later rebel troops surrounded the city. Long days of siege dragged on. Soon, by chance, a letter from Masha falls into the hands of Grinev, from which he learns that Shvabrin is forcing her to marry him, threatening otherwise to hand her over to the Pugachevites. Once again Grinev turns to the military commandant for help, and again receives a refusal.

Blogorsk fortress

Grinev and Savelich leave for the Belogorsk fortress, but near the Berdskaya settlement they are captured by the rebels. And again, providence brings Grinev and Pugachev together, giving the officer the opportunity to fulfill his intention: having learned from Grinev the essence of the matter for which he is going to the Belogorsk fortress, Pugachev himself decides to free the orphan and punish the offender.

On the way to the fortress, a confidential conversation takes place between Pugachev and Grinev. Pugachev is clearly aware of his doom, expecting betrayal primarily from his comrades; he knows that he cannot expect “the mercy of the empress.” For Pugachev, as for an eagle from Kalmyk fairy tale, which he tells Grinev with “wild inspiration”, “than eating carrion for three hundred years, better times drink living blood; and then what God will give!” Grinev draws a different moral conclusion from the fairy tale, which surprises Pugachev: “To live by murder and robbery means for me to peck at carrion.”

In the Belogorsk fortress, Grinev, with the help of Pugachev, frees Masha. And although the enraged Shvabrin reveals the deception to Pugachev, he is full of generosity: “Execute, so execute, favor, so favor: this is my custom.” Grinev and Pugachev part on a friendly basis.

Grinev sends Masha to his parents as a bride, while he himself, out of “duty of honor,” remains in the army. The war “with bandits and savages” is “boring and petty.” Grinev’s observations are filled with bitterness: “God forbid that we see a Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless.”

The end of the military campaign coincides with the arrest of Grinev. Appearing before the court, he is calm in his confidence that he can justify himself, but Shvabrin slanderes him, exposing Grinev as a spy dispatched from Pugachev to Orenburg. Grinev is convicted, disgrace awaits him, exile to Siberia for eternal settlement.

Grinev is saved from shame and exile by Masha, who goes to the queen to “beg for mercy.” Walking through the garden of Tsarskoye Selo, Masha met a middle-aged lady. Everything about this lady “involuntarily attracted the heart and inspired confidence.” Having found out who Masha was, she offered her help, and Masha sincerely told the lady the whole story. The lady turned out to be an empress who pardoned Grinev in the same way as Pugachev had pardoned both Masha and Grinev.

Source – All masterpieces of world literature in summary. Plots and characters. Russian literature XIX century and Wikipedia.

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Working on a piece

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin worked on his story “The Captain's Daughter” for three years - from 1833 to 1836, and its writing was preceded by painstaking work on the study of historical facts. Initially, the author’s goal was to create a documentary work, but gradually the idea was born to write fiction story about the Pugachev rebellion.

In order for the work to be useful to future generations, the author relied on the facts set out in documents about the uprising, which lasted from 1773 to 1774, as well as family archives, permission to use which he received from Nicholas II.

Dear readers! We invite you to read the story “The Captain's Daughter” by A. S. Pushkin.

But this was not enough, and Alexander Sergeevich went to the Urals and Volga region - the places where the main events of the Pugachev uprising took place. A huge contribution to the work was made by eyewitness accounts - direct participants, as well as witnesses of the Pugachev War.

Prototypes of the main characters of the work

It is important that the prototypes of the work of A.S. Pushkin's "Captain's Daughter" real people. Studying historical data about who were Pugachev’s accomplices, the author of the work decided to create the image of Shvabrin, using facts about second lieutenant Shvanich, who during the war went over to the side of the rebel Emelyan Pugachev. Main character Pyotr Grinev's story was based on a man named Basharin.

He, being a prisoner, was able to escape and join the army, which was trying to suppress the uprising of the rebel and his followers. The surname Grinev was also not chosen by Alexander Sergeevich by chance: someone with the same surname was on the list of people who were initially considered guilty of organizing the riot, but were later acquitted.

Working on the images of the main characters

Initially, the author planned to create a main character with contradictory features character, but later his plan changed, and Pushkin decided that the plot of the novel would feature two characters completely opposite in character and views - Pyotr Grinev and Alexey Shvabrin. These antipodes create the basis of the work, and the character of each of them is revealed in relation to one person - the girl Masha Mironova. But in order to draw correct conclusions about the role of these heroes, you need to consider the behavior of each in the context of the story.

Personality of Peter Grinev

This young man received moral education at home, the father tried to control the boy’s behavior as much as possible. Finally, he sent him to serve in the Belogorodskaya fortress in the hope that his son would receive important life lessons. There, Pyotr Grinev showed himself to be kind and noble, not tolerating meanness and arrogance. He boldly stands up for the honor of his beloved girl Maria, asking to release her from captivity, even despite the fact that he himself is in danger from Emelyan Pugachev. Grinev is characterized by an unmistakable moral sense. He knows how to quickly recognize the characters of the people around him. So, finding himself in the Belogorodsk fortress and meeting new people, the hero was able to appreciate spiritual purity Masha Mironova and recognize the vile and base nature of Alexei Shvabrin.

But in the formidable rebel Emelyan Pugachev, it would seem negative character, Peter was able to consider an extraordinary person who, along with negative traits Character is characterized by such qualities as the breadth of the Russian soul, intelligence and resourcefulness. Despite the normal attitude towards the rebel, Grinev could never become a traitor. He preferred to accept death by hanging than to swear allegiance to the impostor, but Savelich saved his master. And the sacrifice of Peter, who gave a simple peasant (whom Grinev later recognized in Pugachev) a hare sheepskin coat, after a while, paid off handsomely.

Description of the character of Alexey Shvabrin

Alexey Shvabrin is the complete opposite of Pyotr Grinev, a vile, impudent, arrogant and narcissistic person. Having killed his acquaintance while playing with swords, even being transferred to a fortress as punishment, he did not change his way of thinking, but again showed his bad character.. Not knowing how to make friends, out of envy, he slandered his friend Pyotr Grinev, ridiculing his talent for writing poetry . Despite his noble title, Alexey, in his pride, does not even shun betrayal and meanness, and commits bad deeds repeatedly. The first time Alexey shows himself to be an extreme scoundrel is in a duel with Pyotr Grinev, when, taking advantage of the fact that he turned away at the servant’s shout, he seriously wounds him.

We invite you to read the story “The Captain's Daughter” by A. S. Pushkin.

We see a vivid betrayal after the capture of the Belogorodskaya fortress by the rebels, when, in a moment of danger, he, saving his own skin, cowardly runs over to the side of the impostor Pugachev! And how despotic Shvabrin treated Maria Mironova! Despite the fact that the girl was left an orphan on the day of Pugachev’s attack on the fortress, he locked her in a hut and kept her on bread and water, forcing her to marry.

The image of Emelyan Pugachev

“Execute like this, execute like this, favor like this: this is my custom” - these words were spoken by Emelyan Pugachev, the leader of the peasant uprising, described in the story by A. S. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter”. The image of this hero caused a lot of controversy and indignation at that time, because for the first time the troublemaker and rebel, who was the leader of the peasant uprising, appeared before the reader not in the role of a cruel, bloodthirsty killer, but as a talented and brave leader of the people who managed to lead the peasant uprising thanks to ingenuity, intelligence, inexhaustible energy and outstanding abilities.

He saw exclusively evil in the nobility and brutally dealt with those who, in his opinion, oppressed the simple poor people, the peasants. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, in the person of Pugachev, created the image of a man who, in spite of everything, remembers the good done to him. Out of gratitude for the hare sheepskin coat and a glass of vodka, which Pyotr Grinev shared during the snowstorm, Emelyan Pugachev repeatedly saves his life. Peter is more than once convinced that this man is not as terrible as the royal authorities present him to the people.

Alexander Pushkin describes Pugachev in his story not only as a leader peasant war, but also in the form of a simple Cossack. In his speech one can hear sayings, proverbs, sayings, and allegories. He forces people to call themselves “Tsar-Father,” and explains this requirement by the fact that faith in a good Tsar will always live in Rus'. In relations with subordinates one can notice democracy and a lack of respect for rank. Everyone has the right to express own opinion and disagree with the point of view of the “sovereign”.

The history of the creation of the story “The Captain's Daughter” by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin