Presentation about working on the novel Dead Souls. N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls” Chichikov and landowners

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N.V. GOGOL “Dead Souls” History of creation, plot features, system of images. Chichikov and landowners.

LECTURE PLAN The basis of the plot. The meaning of the name. The conflict of the poem. Composition of the poem. The purpose of Chichikov’s “negotiation”. Characters of the poem. The history of the concept of the poem and its implementation.

The history of the concept of the poem and its implementation by A.S. Pushkin: “With this ability to guess a person and with a few features suddenly make him look like he’s alive, with this ability not to start a large essay. It's just a sin! A.S. Pushkin gave Gogol “his own plot, from which he wanted to make something like a poem and which, according to him, he would not give to anyone else.” This was the plot of Dead Souls.

Letter from Gogol to V.A. Zhukovsky “If I complete this creation the way it needs to be accomplished, then...what a huge, what an original plot. What a diverse bunch? All Rus' will appear in it!”

V E R S I A Gogol oriented his work towards Homer’s epic and Dante’s “Divine Comedy”, which determined the three-part structure of the poem. The first part (volume 1) was conceived as a presentation and analytical understanding of the “hell” of Russian reality; In the second part (2nd volume), Gogol intended to let his heroes pass through “purgatory” in order to depict them in “paradise” in the third (3rd volume). Only the 1st volume was completed.

The plot is based on Chichikov’s arrival in the provincial town with the aim of buying “dead souls”. His journey from one landowner to another.

The meaning of the name In direct terms, the name goes back to the plot, Chichikov acquires “dead souls” from the landowners Manilov, Nozdryov, Korobochka, Sobakevich, Plyushkin. But A. Herzen wrote about the title of the poem: “Dead Souls?” This title itself carries something terrifying in itself. And he could not name it otherwise: not the revision’s dead souls, but all these Nozdryovs, Manilovs and all the others - these are the dead souls, and we meet them at every step.” . Pay attention to this point of view!

The conflict of the poem “Dead Souls” The conflict of the poem lies in the contradiction of Gogol’s contemporary reality, the spiritual forces of the people and their enslavement

The composition of the poem “Dead Souls” is an image of a provincial city, within its boundaries the characterization of the owners of the estates is completed, but the central place is given to the image of the world of officials. Chapters 7-10 Chapter 11 A narrative about the life fate of the hero of the poem - Chichikov. Chapter 1 Chapters 2-6 Depiction of the life of Russian landowners. The final lines of the poem are dedicated to his beloved homeland: Gogol the patriot sings of the greatness and strength of Russia. “Introduction” to the poem, a sketch of everything that will subsequently be developed by the author (Chichikov’s arrival in the provincial town of N, meeting with officials, preparing the ground for the adventure).

The purpose of Chichikov’s “negotiation” (wholesale purchase) was based on strong legal and economic grounds. He expected to receive “two hundred thousand in capital” from the board of trustees by mortgaging his peasants. The first stage of his activity is the acquisition of peasants. The cheapest turned out to be “dead souls” - dead peasants who had not yet been included in the revision tales (an official document according to which landowners contributed a capitation tax to the treasury for their peasants). The census was carried out every 10-15 years. Remembering the recent cholera epidemic in 1830, Chichikov rightly believed that officials would readily sell “dead souls” in order to avoid paying taxes on them. However, without the land, the deal would have been legally illegal, which is why the word “for conclusion” appears in his conversations with city officials: the settlement and development of land in the southern provinces of Russia was encouraged in every possible way, and Chichikov’s move to the Kherson province looked quite plausible.

Characters of the poem “My heroes follow one after another, one more vulgar than the other” N.V. Gogol Consistency in the depiction of the degradation of landowners in the poem. Manilov. Box. Nozdryov. Sobakevich. Plyushkin. Degradation! Gradual deterioration leading to degeneration.

MANILOV Character traits: Projectionism (passion for unrealistic projects). Daydreaming. Lack of character. Sentimentality. Mismanagement.

BOX Character Traits: Club-headed. Petty fussiness. Ignorance. Hoarding (frugality to the point of stinginess)

NOZDRYOV Character Traits: Boasting. Disorder. Impudence. Fair heroism.

SOBAKEVICH Character Traits: Kulaks. Misanthropy. Obscurantism (reactionality, hostility to progress, culture, science). Coarseness. Stinginess.

PLYUSHKIN Character traits: Insatiable greed. Stinginess. Pettiness (petty stinginess).

CHICHIKOV Character traits: Predatory tenacity. Unprincipled. Tendency to scam. Adventurism.

"Dead Souls" is Gogol's greatest work. He began writing it as a young man, almost a youth; entered with him into the time of maturity; approached the last line of life. Gogol gave everything to “dead souls” - his artistic genius, frenzy of thought, and passion of hope. “Dead Souls” is Gogol’s life, his immortality and his death.” Y. Mann “In Search of a Living Soul.”

“AND HE GAVE HIMSELF ENTIRELY TO LAUGHTER...” Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, the eternal overcoat - cross-coated, looking at our nakedness, sits in his yard. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol... Who will be able to unravel his seal like a burn on his forehead? Having started lies with himself, he thrust the second part of “Dead Souls” into the fireplace’s mouth, like a devoted dog! But the handwritten chimney raised the smoke, with a satanic round dance, the hero himself and after him - all the others. That's how it is! How can this be if the manuscript burned, but the hero remained alive? Through the distance, through the years, he is thrown into trouble by a catapult of a chimney into a modern environment. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, how long can you sit like this, at odds with yourself and with God, looking into a clear street? There stands at a crossroads near the city gates, among the heroes of our everyday life, dead souls, an ancient family. And like in a circus on an arena, its performances are not new. everything is spoiled and manipulated by the whip, khanyga Khlestakov! Fireproof, even if it cracks, in this century, as in that... Apparently, you will have to get up from your chair, Write a burned volume. P. VEGIN

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The cover of “Dead Souls” was made in the style of a grotesque ornament, combining in a bizarre combination details of everyday life, human heads, skulls, skeletons, which, without a doubt, corresponded to the very grotesque content of the poem and betrayed, as Gogol himself said, “turmoil, turmoil, confusion." Yu. Mann

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The meaning of the title of the poem. Historical. In serf Russia at the beginning of the 18th century, a census of peasants was regularly carried out to collect taxes from their owners. The lists compiled during the audit were called audit tales, and the peasants included in them were called audit souls. Revision tallies were compiled every few years, and the peasants who died during this time continued to be listed as alive until the new census. “Dead souls” are deceased peasants who are still on the audit lists.

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The meaning of the title of the poem. Real. Behind the conventional designation of the deceased - a dead soul - are real peasants, specific people with their own bright characters, whom the landowner has the power to sell or buy. The symbolism of the title sets the contrast between the dead and the living.

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The meaning of the title of the poem. Metaphorical (figurative). A. Herzen: “...It’s not the revisionists who are dead souls, but all these Nozdryovs, Manilovs and all the others – these are dead souls, and we meet them at every step.” “Dead souls” in this case mean deadness, lack of spirituality. Physically, landowners and officials exist. But physical existence is not yet human life. Human life is unthinkable without real spiritual movements. And the “masters of life” are dead. Initially, the title “Dead Souls” was not passed by the censor, so an addition appeared - “The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls.”

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Manilov (Chapter II) Portrait “His facial features were not devoid of pleasantness, but this pleasantness seemed to have too much sugar in it; in his techniques and turns there was something ingratiating favor and acquaintance. He smiled enticingly, was blond, with blue eyes.”

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Manilov (Chapter II) Interior There is mismanagement and impracticality everywhere: the house is always lacking something. The furniture was upholstered in smart fabric, but there was not enough for two chairs. Children's names: Themistoclus and Alcides (taken from the history of Ancient Greece). He dreams of building an underground passage across the pond.

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Manilov (Chapter II) Characteristics The “speaking” surname of the landowner is formed from the words “to lure, deceive.” Enthusiastic naivety, daydreaming, carelessness, stupidity and lack of independence are the main features of the landowner. He is not involved in farming and cannot say whether his peasants have died since the last audit. Cares about the prosperity of humanity. The results of his work are empty dreams and “slides of ash knocked out of the pipe, arranged, not without effort, in very beautiful rows.”

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Manilov (Chapter II) Reaction to Chichikov’s proposal At first he was “embarrassed and confused,” and suspected that Chichikov was crazy. He is not used to thinking and does not understand that, thanks to Chichikov, he got involved in a dark and criminal matter. When Chichikov convinced him of the legality of the deal and started talking about the price, Manilov offered to donate the “dead souls” to Chichikov, and take over the deed of purchase himself. He did just that - he handed over a list of his peasants, rolled up and tied with a pink ribbon.

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Box (Chapter III) Portrait “An elderly woman, in some kind of sleeping cap, put on hastily, with a flannel around her neck...” Almost identical details of clothing are repeated in the portrait, but Gogol does not pay attention to the face and eyes, as if they do not exist - this emphasizing her lack of spirituality.

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Box (Chapter III) Interior She has a “pretty village” and a “abundant household”, which she manages herself and devotes a lot of time to farming. A large number of dogs in the village indicates that the owner cares about the safety of her condition. He saves money in bags, but does not know how to manage it - it lies like a dead weight. Bunches of herbs are hung everywhere. Everything is in its place, there are even ropes that “are no longer needed.”

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Box (Chapter III) Characteristics The main feature is petty stinginess. Limited, stubborn, suspicious. The meaning of the surname: the landowner is enclosed in a “box” of her space and her concepts. Economics is her only virtue. Before us is a typical small landowner - the owner of 80 serfs.

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Nozdryov (Chapter IV) Interior The farm is neglected, only the kennel is in excellent condition. An important detail is the barrel organ. Her playing is suddenly interrupted and a waltz or song sounds. As soon as the organ stops sounding, the pipe in it will not calm down. So the restless, violent Nozdryov is ready at any moment to do the unexpected and inexplicable without reason.

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Nozdryov (Chapter IV) Characteristics At 35 years old, Nozdryov is the same as at 18. Lack of development is a sign of inanimateness. Gogol calls him a “historical man” because “wherever he was, history could not be avoided.” He is rude, his speech is filled with curses. Gambler, reveler, frequenter of hot spots. Always ready to go “anywhere, even to the ends of the world.” But all this does not lead to enrichment, but only ruins him. He behaves brazenly, defiantly, aggressively, his energy turns into destructive and scandalous vanity. His main trait is narcissism.

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Sobakevich (Chapter V) Portrait “A Healthy and Strong Man.” Looks like “a medium-sized bear”; “...it seemed that this body had no soul at all, or it had one, but not at all where it should be, but, like the immortal Koshchei, somewhere behind the mountains, and was covered with such a thick shell that everything that was tossing and turning at the bottom and did not produce any shock on the surface.”

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Sobakevich (Chapter V) Interior In the room “everything was solid, awkward... and had some strange resemblance to the owner of the house himself”; in the corner of the living room stood a pot-bellied walnut bureau on ridiculous legs, a perfect bear. The table, armchairs, chairs - everything was of the heaviest and most restless quality.” “Every object seemed to say: “And I, too, are Sobakevich!”

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Sobakevich (Chapter V) Characteristics: A prudent owner. Everything around him is solid, everything is in abundance; in the village everything is sound and reliable, he knows the men and appreciates their work qualities. His strength, health, and sedateness are emphasized. But the soul has only gastronomic requirements. Gravitates towards old, feudal forms of farming. He despises the city and education. The author emphasizes his greed and narrow interests. His main features are rough tight-fistedness and cynicism.

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Plyushkin (Chapter VI) Portrait It is not clear who this is - “a woman or a man.” “...an indefinite dress, similar to a woman’s hood, on the head is a cap, like that worn by village courtyard women...”; “...the small eyes had not yet gone out and ran from under the high ingrown eyebrows, like mice...” (this detail emphasizes not human liveliness, but the nimbleness and suspicion of the animal).

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Plyushkin (Chapter VI) Interior The estate is an “extinct place”; only the beautiful garden, which emphasizes the tragedy of desolation and extinction, reminds of life here. The master's house looks like a "decrepit invalid", it is sad, dark, dusty, blowing cold, as if from a cellar; a mess, a lot of rubbish in the corner. An important detail is the stopped clock (time has stopped here). There is a lot of everything on the farm, but everything is lost, everything is in disrepair. The peasants are poor, “dying like flies,” and dozens are on the run.

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Plyushkin (Chapter VI) Characteristics The surname emphasizes the “flattening”, distortion of the character and his soul. Only this landowner is given a biography, it is shown how the process of degradation took place. The story about Plyushkin's past makes his image tragic. Gogol calls Plyushkin “a hole in humanity.”

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Classification of officials Gogol divides officials into lower, thin and fat, and gives a sarcastic description of each group. The “lowest” are nondescript clerks and secretaries (usually bitter drunkards). “Thin” – middle layer. “Fat” are the provincial nobility, cleverly extracting considerable income from their high position.

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Portraits of officials Ivan Antonovich Kuvshinnoe Rylo is a typical official who extorts bribes from visitors, taking advantage of his position. The governor is a good-natured person who embroiders on tulle (there is nothing more to say about him as a leader). The prosecutor is a person who always mindlessly signs papers. At the funeral, Chichikov involuntarily comes to the idea that the only thing the deceased is remembered for is his thick black eyebrows.

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“The Tale of Captain Kopeikin” (Chapter X) Plot connection The story of the captain is told by the postmaster, wanting to convince the officials that Chichikov is none other than Captain Kopeikin. However, his story did not convince anyone. At first glance, this chapter has nothing to do with the plot of the work (there are no common characters or connections between events), but the theme of the death of the human soul is the main one here too.

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“The Tale of Captain Kopeikin” (Chapter X) Who is Captain Kopeikin Captain Kopeikin is a disabled person from the war of 1812, a simple and honest man. Despite his injuries and military achievements, the war hero does not even have the pension due to him. Trying to find help in the capital, he encounters bureaucracy and indifference. The minister to whom he turned ordered the impudent petitioner to be expelled from the capital. Kopeikin had no choice but to lead a gang of robbers in the Ryazan forests.

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Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov (Chapter XI) Father’s order “... please your teachers and bosses. If you please your boss, then, even though you don’t have time in science and God hasn’t given you talent, you will put everything into action and get ahead of everyone. Don’t hang out with your comrades, they won’t teach you any good; and if it comes to that, hang out with those who are richer, so that on occasion you can be useful. Don’t treat or treat anyone, but behave better so that you will be treated, and most of all, take care and save a penny: this thing is more reliable than anything in the world. A comrade or friend will deceive you and in trouble he will be the first to give you away, but a penny will not give you away... You will do everything and you will ruin everything in the world with a penny.”

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Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov (Chapter XI) At the service Having started his service, he managed to stand out among the nondescript employees, “representing the complete opposite in everything, both with his attractiveness of face, and the friendliness of his voice, and his complete non-drinking of any strong drinks.” To advance in his career, he pleased his boss, “fell in love” with his daughter and became a noticeable person. Having lost a “warm” place, I changed two or three jobs and “got to customs.” He pulled off a risky operation, in which he first got rich, and then lost almost everything.

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“Dead” souls in the poem Landowners The entire gallery of landowners are bright, individual, memorable characters. Despite all their external diversity, their essence is the same: while they own the living souls of the peasants, they themselves are dead souls. Neither the empty dreamer Manilov, nor the strong-minded housewife Korobochka, nor Sobakevich, who resembles a landowner-kulak, can be called a “living soul.” Using the example of Plyushkin’s life story, the author convinces that a person is not born with a “dead” soul - death occurs when a person submits himself to the prevailing laws in society and betrays the ideals of youth.

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“Dead” souls in Chichikov’s poem Chichikov turned out to be more greedy than Korobochka, more callous than Sobakevich, more impudent than Nozdryov in his desire for acquisition. He differs from the landowners in his entrepreneurial spirit - he is a civilized scoundrel, the master of life. The calculation made him a “dead” soul. His ideal is a penny, marriage for him is a good deal, his passions are purely material. Having quickly figured out a person, he knows how to find an approach to everyone. Gogol shows the appearance in Russian life of a man without family or title, who is trying to make money with the help of intelligence, resourcefulness, and opportunism.

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“Dead” souls in the poem Officials They are impersonal. Their deadness is shown in the ball scene: no people are visible, satins, muslins, hats, tailcoats, uniforms, shoulders, necks, ribbons are everywhere. Their interests are focused on gossip, gossip, vanity and envy. They differ from each other only in the size of the bribe. The only sign of individuality is a wart (“their faces were full and round, some even had warts”). In the episode of the prosecutor’s death, those around him realized that he “had a real soul” only when he became “only a soulless body.”

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The “living” souls in the poem are peasants. The world of “dead” souls is opposed in the poem by the lyrical image of folk Russia. Gogol deeply feels the living soul of the people, speaks of the people's prowess, courage, and love for a free life. One cannot help but feel how dramatically even the tone of the author’s speech changes. It contains both sad reflections and a gentle joke. The theme of the people runs through all chapters of the poem. The tragic fate of a disadvantaged people is clearly visible in the images of serfs. Complete dullness and savagery brings slavery to man.

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Theme of the road The symbol of human life Gogol perceives life as a difficult path, full of trials, hardships, at the end of which bitter loneliness awaits. But the writer does not consider life aimless; he is full of consciousness of his duty to the Motherland. The image of the road is an independent cross-cutting image in the poem (the poem begins with it and ends with it).

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Theme of the road The Fate of Russia is “bird-three” “Bird-three” is a symbol of the national element of Russian life, a symbol of the great path of Russia on a global scale. The rapid flight of the “three bird” is contrasted with the monotonous circling from landowner to landowner of Chichikov’s chaise.

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Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol 1809-1852 In 1821 he was assigned to the Gymnasium of Higher Sciences in the city of Nizhyn. In 1828 he came to St. Petersburg. In 1829 he published his first creations. In the spring of 1831 he met Pushkin. Evenings on a farm near Dikanka" "Mirgorod" St. Petersburg stories "Dead Souls" In 1836, the writer left Russia. In 1848 he returned to his homeland. The house where the writer spent his childhood, on the estate of his parents in Vasilyevka, Poltava province. The house in Moscow on Nikitsky Boulevard, where N.V. died. Gogol February 21, 1852 First he was buried in the St. Danilovsky Monastery. In 1931, the writer’s remains were reburied at the Novodevichy Cemetery. Dictionary: A poem is a large poetic work on a historical or sublime lyrical theme. A system of images is a certain order in the arrangement and connection of actions. The exposition is the introductory part of the work. Negotia - commerce “Dead souls”. N.V. Gogol Construction of the poem. System of images Chapter 1 - introduction to the poem, the arrival of P.I. Chichikov. to the provincial town of N, meeting with officials, preparing the ground for the adventure of chapters 2-6 ---- landowners. image of the life of Russian 7-10 image of the provincial city and the world of officials. Chapter 10 – “The Tale of Captain Kopeikin.” Chapter 11 - a story about the life fate of the hero of Chichikov's poem The surname itself creates an impression of his character. The description begins with a picture of the village of Manilovka, which “could lure few with its location.” By nature, this landowner is courteous, kind, polite, but all this took on funny, ugly forms with him. He has brought no benefit to anyone or anything, because his life is occupied with trifles. Continuous conversations, empty dreams, stupid projects make this person funny. This is aimless - a carefree egoistic existence formed in Manilov a sugary sentimentality and spinelessness. This person does not know life at all; reality is replaced by fantasy. He looks at everything through rose-colored glasses. This is the only person who gave Chichikov dead serfs. Korobochka, one of “those mothers, small landowners who cry about crop failures and losses, and meanwhile collect a little money in bags placed in the drawers of chests of drawers.” Korobochka does not pretend to high culture, like Manilov, she does not indulge in empty fantasy, all her thoughts and desires revolve around the economy. For her, as for all landowners, serfs are a commodity. Therefore, Korobochka does not see the difference between living and dead souls. She tells Chichikov; “Really, my father, it has never happened to me to sell dead people.” Poor in spirit and mind. Gogol expressed it with an apt definition: “club-headed” Image of Nozdryov This man is a “jack of all trades” He is carried away by drunken revelry, riotous fun, and card games. In the presence, not a single society could do without scandalous stories, so the author ironically calls Nozdryov a “historical” person. Unbridled chatter, boasting, and outright lies accompany this personality. According to Chichikov, Nozdryov is “a piece of trash.” He behaves casually and has a “passion to spoil his neighbor.” But Nozdryov’s activities are as aimless as Manilov’s dreams. His revelry and aimlessness lead to spiritual death. Why does the author call him a “historical man”? Sobakevich, unlike Manilov and Nozdrev, is associated with economic activities. Sobakevich is a fist by nature, a cunning and intelligent landowner. Gogol mercilessly exposes his essence as a greedy hoarder, who was “harassed” by the system of serfdom. Sobakevich’s goal in life is material well-being and delicious food. Through the appearance, through comparisons with objects, brightness was achieved in the description of the characteristic features of this landowner. In his image is the mercantile spirit and profit that increasingly penetrated into the society of that time. Sobakevich immediately delves into the essence of the businessman who introduces himself, extorts “one hundred rubles apiece” for a dead soul and shopperishly praises his goods. Plyushkin The image of this landowner combines terrible pettiness, insignificance of views and vulgarity, which reach their utmost expression. Wild stinginess and passion for hoarding deprived Plyushkin of human feelings and led him to monstrous ugliness. Plyushkin has abandoned society, does not go anywhere and does not invite anyone to visit him. He kicked out his daughter and cursed his son. His people are “dying like flies,” many serfs are on the run. The spiritual mortification of this person is brought to the extreme. Greedily guarding his rotting wealth, Plyushkin turns “into some kind of hole in humanity.” Provincial Society In this poem, the theme of serfdom is intertwined with the theme of bureaucracy, bureaucratic arbitrariness and lawlessness. Gogol draws attention to this in Chapter 1, discussing thick and thin. Provincial officials are at the lowest level of culture and education. Landowners and officials do not burden themselves with worries about state affairs. Both of them live idly. In the society of officials, “meanness, pure meanness” reigns. The city’s leaders strive to live off “the sums of their dearly beloved state. Officials rob the state and petitioners. Embezzlement, bribery, robbery of the population are everyday phenomena. The police keep the people in fear. People exposed by the authorities help the fraudster in his dirty, criminal machinations and are afraid of him. The Tale of Captain Kopeikin The hero and invalid of the Patriotic War of 1812 goes to St. Petersburg to ask for help. But legal requests were unsuccessful. The law is guarded by swindlers and soulless people. What is the ending of this story... Enterprising from childhood, from childhood he learned his father’s instructions: resourcefulness, iron restraint and baseness of soul. A bag of money replaced his friendship, honor and conscience. And the appearance is like fluidity and elusiveness itself. In relationships with people, he has many faces, like a chameleon, he constantly changes his appearance. Now there are no landowners, but the features of Gogol’s heroes have remained to this day. They are scattered throughout the countless vices of a huge section of society. This work shows a picture of the disunity of the human collective, where a person has lost his face. And this is not funny, but scary. Gogol's passionate desire to awaken the sleepy consciousness of people is in tune with any era. Meaning: the release of the poem caused a large number of opinions. The serf-owning nobles, who recognized themselves in the poem, hastened to condemn the author. They accused him of not loving Russia, of being a mockery of Russian society. But progressive writers understood that this was a satire on the system that had long since become obsolete in Russia. Gogol had no doubt about the great future of Russia; he understood that enormous opportunities and forces were hidden among the people that could change the face of the country. Gogol wrote: “There is a time when it is impossible to direct society or even an entire generation towards the beautiful until you show the full depth of its real abomination.” Homework: Read from chapters 1-6. Tell about one of the heroes according to plan: description of the estate and house, portrait, dialogue about the sale of dead souls, parting with the hero. Why does the author call Nozdryov a “historical person”? Know the ending of the story about “Captain Kopeikin”.

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Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol "Dead Souls"

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Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (1809 - 1852)
Born on April 1, 1809 in the village of Bolshiye Sorochintsy, Poltava province, in the family of a poor landowner. He spent his childhood in Vasilyevka, Mirgorod district. He studied at the Poltava district school for 2 years, then at the Nizhyn Gymnasium of Higher Sciences, after which he went to St. Petersburg in the hope of getting a job. He tries himself as an actor, professor, teacher, but nothing works out. And Gogol mastered the role of a traveler with ease; he visited Germany, Switzerland, Paris, Rome, Frankfurt, Dusseldorf, Nice, Ostend, Palestine, Jerusalem, rarely returning to St. Petersburg and Moscow. The final return to Russia was in 1848, where he settled in the house of Count Tolstoy, and 4 years later Gogol, having fallen into gloomy despondency, dies. He was first buried in Moscow, in the Danilov Monastery, where his ashes were soon transferred to the Novodevichy Cemetery.

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"Dead Souls" Volume 1
"Dead Souls" . N.V. Gogol himself designated the genre of the work as a poem. The first volume was published in 1842. The plot of the poem was suggested by A. Pushkin. The plot stretched out into a long novel. Gogol read the first chapters to Pushkin, and continued his further work abroad (1836 - 1839). Returning to Russia, he prepared his manuscript for publication. At a meeting of the Moscow Censorship Committee on December 12, 1841, obstacles to the publication of the manuscript became clear. Fearing a censorship ban, Gogol sent the manuscripts to St. Petersburg and asked friends to help pass censorship. On March 9, 1842, the book was approved by censor A. Nikitenko, but with changes. Soon a book was published entitled “The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls, a poem by N. Gogol.”

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Image of Chichikov
Among the variety of interesting characters, an amazing character stands out - Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. The image of Chichikov is unifying and collective; it combines different qualities of landowners. A characteristic feature of Chichikov is the incredible versatility of his nature. Pavel Ivanovich belongs to a poor noble family. Dying, his father did not say anything about honor, duty, dignity. Chichikov quickly realized that lofty concepts only interfere with achieving his cherished goal. At school I tried to be a model of obedience, politeness and respect. After finishing his studies, he entered the government chamber, where he pleases the boss and even takes care of his daughter.

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Chichikov has comprehended the “great secret of being liked”; he speaks his language with each of the characters. This hero still has a soul, but every time, doing everything for his own benefit and building happiness on the misfortunes of others, he kills it. Insult, deception, bribery, embezzlement are Chichikov’s weapons. The hero sees the meaning of life only in acquisition, accumulation. For Chichikov, money is a means, not a goal. Chichikov is distinguished from other characters in the poem by his strength of character and determination. He is not like the crowd, he is active, active and enterprising. Manilov's dreaminess and Korobochka's innocence are alien to Chichikov. He is not greedy, like Plyushkin, but also not prone to careless revelry, like Nozdryov. His entrepreneurial spirit is not like Sobakevich’s rude efficiency. All this speaks of his obvious superiority.

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Image of Manilov
Manilov is played out ironically by Gogol. He parodies laziness, fruitless daydreaming, projectism, and sentimentality. The character of the hero is not defined, elusive. He is a dreamer whose dreams are divorced from reality. At first he seems like a nice person, but then he becomes deadly boring. Manilov is typical, gray, uncharacteristic. In his office there is a book with a bookmark on page 14. Manilov’s conversation gives a tone of barren speech: “How nice it would be if we lived together like this, philosophizing.” This hero is not capable of thinking about real life.

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But Manilov also has positive qualities - hospitality, enthusiasm, sympathy. He was a mismanagement, impractical landowner, indifferent to his peasants. The stamp of dullness and uncertainty lies on everything that surrounds Manilov: gray day, gray huts. And in the Hero’s house everything is untidy and dim. He spends time alone, where he comes up with fantastic projects. There is nothing negative in Manilov, but there is nothing positive either. He is an empty place, nothing. Manilov's world is a world of false idyll, the path to death. Gogol emphasizes the emptiness and insignificance of the hero.

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Image of the Box
Gogol refers to the image of Korobochka as one of those “small landowners” who complain about crop failures, losses and keep their heads somewhat to one side. The box does not pretend to be high culture: its entire appearance emphasizes very unpretentious simplicity. This is emphasized by Gogol in the heroine’s appearance: he points out her shabby and unattractive appearance. This simplicity reveals itself in relationships with people. The main goal of her life is to consolidate her wealth, to constantly accumulate. It is no coincidence that Chichikov sees all the traces of skillful management in the estate. This thriftiness reveals her inner insignificance. She has no feelings other than the desire to acquire and benefit. For her there is no difference between an animate and an inanimate being. In Chichikov's proposal, she is frightened by the prospect of missing something.

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Korobochka's interests are entirely concentrated on farming. “strong-browed and club-headed” Nastasya Petrovna is afraid to sell herself cheap by selling “dead souls” to Chichikov. In the finale, Gogol talks about the typicality of the image of Korobochka, the insignificance of the difference between her and the aristocratic lady. The landowner is thrifty and lives secluded on her estate. Narrow-mindedness and stupidity complete her character. She owns a subsistence farm and trades everything she has. Everything in her house is arranged in the old fashioned way, she carefully stores things and saves money. Gogol wants to show that Korobochka’s stupidity is not such a rare occurrence.

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Image of Nozdryov
Nozdryov is a master of “pouring bullets”. He is a reckless braggart and an utter liar, a scoundrel, a brawler, arrogant, defiant, and aggressive. His behavior in society does not shock anyone. But he never lost his friendship. In many respects, Nozdryov was a multifaceted person, endowed with a phenomenal ability to lie unnecessarily, cheat at cards, and let everything go to waste. In Nozdryov we see a kind of “broad nature”; he is capable of losing a lot of money at cards with a light heart, and having won, he immediately throws it all away and buys a lot of unnecessary things. He is indifferent to his children, having given them to a nanny, and is not interested in their lives or problems. This is a rogue and a rowdy; inviting people to visit, he manages to start a scandal every time... Gogol describes Nozdryov as a worthless owner, a reveler and a spendthrift, who has absolutely no time to think about the future.

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Image of Sobakevich
Sobakevich Mikhailo Semyonovich is a landowner whose name and appearance indicate the power of his nature. Sobakevich is an economic man, a prudent, tight-fisted owner, a cunning tradesman. He seems like a positive person. He is laconic, has an iron grip, and is not easy to deceive. From the very beginning, the image of Sobakevich is associated with the theme of money, economics, and calculation. The main thing for him is the price, everything else does not interest him. While trading, Sobakevich praises his goods and manages to deceive Chichikov. There is no architectural beauty in his house; paintings similar to the owner himself hang on the walls. Sobakevich is a type of Russian kulak, a strong, prudent owner. Its peasants live well. He lives exclusively in modern times. He is naturally endowed with many good qualities, he has rich potential and a powerful nature. Sobakevich is one of the landowners who has many chances for a new revival.

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Image of Plyushkin
Stepan Plyushkin is the last seller of “dead souls”. This hero personifies the complete death of the human soul. In the image of Plyushkin, the author shows the death of a bright and strong personality, consumed by the passion of stinginess. The description of the estate depicts the desolation and “cluttering” of the hero’s soul. The entrance is dilapidated, everything is especially dilapidated, the windows are covered with rags. Everything here is lifeless. The landowner no longer knows what is going on on his farm. Plyushkin is either a woman or a man; a long chin, small eyes, a greasy robe - all this speaks of the hero’s complete “dropout” from the rich landowner and from life in general. Before the death of his wife, Stepan was a zealous and wealthy landowner, but with the death of his wife he became more suspicious and stingy, and after the troubles of his children, his soul became hardened. Gogol describes Stepan Plyushkin as a lifeless, dead man.

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The attitude of landowners towards Chichikov. Its revelation.
In the poem “Dead Souls” Gogol typifies the images of Russian landowners, officials, and peasants. Of all the heroes, Gogol singles out only one - Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. Arriving in the city, Chichikov becomes close to everyone. In each chapter we see more and more of his possibilities: with Manilov he is cloyingly amiable, with Korobochka he is petty and persistent, with Nozdryov he is assertive and cowardly, with Sobakevich he bargains insidiously and relentlessly, Plyushkina conquers with his generosity... Collecting unnecessary things is reminiscent of Plyushkina’s habits, this is us we see in an unnecessary poster where he tore it off, came home, and after reading it, put it in a small chest; uncertainty and Manilov’s love for phrases reminds of Manilov; pettiness - Box; narcissism - Nozdryov; rough tight-fistedness, cold cynicism - Sobakevich; greed - Plyushkina.

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Still, Chichikov differs from his counterparts on the estates. The landowners spoke differently about him; Manilov was crazy about him; Sobakevich even took the time to inform his wife about Chichikov; Plyushkin saw virtue in him; The box saw him as a buyer of her goods; Nozdryov - companion. But after rumors, the landowners changed their opinion about him and saw him as a robber. They pondered the purpose of buying dead souls, ways to prevent the kidnapping of the governor’s daughter…. Chichikov is forced to flee the city, but he has achieved his goal, has moved one step closer to his “happiness”, and everything else is unimportant to him.

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The image of society ladies
The ladies of the city were presentable. As for etiquette, they could behave, observe tone, many of the most subtle decencies, demonstrated fashion in the very last detail, in which they were even ahead of the ladies of St. Petersburg and Moscow. They dressed with great taste, drove around the city in carriages, with a footman rocking behind them. The business card was sacred to them. Because of her, two ladies could quarrel; even their husbands or close relatives could not reconcile them. Regarding the taking of first places, there were also many scenes that instilled in their husbands knightly concepts of intercession. There was no duel between them, but each tried to harm the other. The ladies were strict in their morals, they executed all kinds of weaknesses without mercy, they resisted everything vicious and various temptations. These ladies were distinguished by extraordinary caution and decency in words and expressions.

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The image of Captain Kopeikin
The theme of exposing officialdom in the poem “Dead Souls” is intertwined with the theme of serfdom. Gogol makes fun of officials and the inertia of statesmen everywhere. The Tale of Captain Kopeikin occupies a special place. It is of great importance for revealing the ideological content of the work. The form of the tale imparts a vital character: it exposes the government.

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According to the postmaster, Chichikov is none other than Captain Kopeikin. Kopeikin, whose arm and leg were torn off, is almost dying of hunger. He somehow gets to the capital, taking refuge in a tavern, trying to achieve justice in the high commission. But officials were the same everywhere - they are soulless creatures. I couldn't get justice. The captain is expelled from Moscow and soon a new gang of robbers is formed. Here we see Kopeikin as a focused, brave lawyer, purposeful, decisive, achieving his goal... But the postmaster interrupted the story in bewilderment, since Chichikov’s arms and legs were intact...

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Why Gogol burned volume 2 of “Dead Souls”
Gogol lived the last four years of his life in Moscow, in a house on Nikitin Boulevard. It was there that he burned the second volume of “dead souls.” Volume 2 of “Dead Souls” is the writer’s main work, the result of his religious quest, a work in which he put the whole truth about Russia, all the love for it. However, a turning point came in the writer’s life... It all started with the death of his friend’s wife. From that moment on, Gogol constantly thought about death and complained of loss of strength. From February 11 to February 12, 1852, he ordered notebooks with the manuscript of volume 2 of “Dead Souls” to be brought and set them on fire with a candle in the fireplace. In the morning Gogol himself was amazed at his impulse, but it was too late...

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"Dead Souls" Volume 2
Gogol proposed making the poem three volumes, and wrote volume 2, where positive images were drawn and an attempt was made to depict the rebirth of Chichikov. Gogol began working on it in 1840. When working on volume 2, the meaning of the work grew beyond the boundaries of the literary texts themselves, which made the plan unrealizable. When Gogol burned volume 2, after his death the rough notes of 4 chapters were discovered. The whitewashing of the manuscripts was carried out by Shevyrev, who was concerned about its publication. Gogol in his poem was able to show that serfdom cripples not only peasants, but also landowners living at the expense of others. The images created by Gogol have transcended time. The enormous power of satirical exposure of the ugliness of one’s own world has not lost its relevance today.

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Methodological resources
http://shkolazhizni.ru/archive/0/n-23895/
http://www.foxdesign.ru/aphorism/biography/gogol.html
http://www.litra.ru/composition/work/woid/00067301184773069574/

Presentation on the topic “N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”” in powerpoint format on literature. The presentation for schoolchildren tells about the history of creation, composition and the meaning of the title of the work by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls".

Fragments from the presentation

In his works N.V. Gogol appears before us not only as a wonderful writer. “Try to see me better as a Christian and a person than as a writer,” he urged.

What goal did N.V. set for himself? Gogol?

• Even from his lyceum days, N.V. thought. Gogol about service for the benefit of Russia. He sincerely and selflessly loved her and wrote that he was praying for the salvation of the Russian land.
• A worthy son of his Fatherland and a true Christian, Gogol not only believed that Russia was a truly Christian country.
• “Let us together prove to the whole world that in the Russian land everything that exists, from small to large, strives to serve the One Whom everything should serve on earth, rushes there, upward, to the Supreme eternal beauty,” but also inspiredly called for serving Russia.
• “There is no higher rank than that of a monk,” he wrote. - Your monastery - Russia. So clothe yourself mentally with the cassock of a monk and mortify yourself entirely for yourself, and not for her, go to asceticism in it...”

What did N.V. see as his duty? Gogol?

• The writer saw the meaning of his own service to Russia in the great responsibility for his every word, for it is precisely this that “is the highest gift of God to man,” the instrument with the help of which the artist is “called to correct everything in the world for good.”
• But all the works he created in the first period of his creativity seem to Gogol only “an old student’s notebook,” and he exclaims: “It’s time, it’s time, finally, to get down to business” (letter to V.A. Zhukovsky, June 28, 1836).
• And this is the work on “Dead Souls,” a poem on which the author had high hopes. “What a huge, what an original plot! - he wrote. “All of Rus' will appear in it!”

Why did A.S. Pushkin give the plot of his work to N.V. Gogol?

From N.V. Gogol’s letter to A.S. Pushkin: “Do me a favor, give me some funny or not funny, but Russian joke. My hand is trembling to write a comedy in the meantime.”

The idea of ​​the work

• In Gogol’s “Author’s Confession” (written in 1847, published in 1855) we read: “He (Pushkin) had been urging me to begin a large work for a long time, and finally, once, after I had read to him one small image of a small scene, but which, however, struck him more than anything I had read before, he told me: “How can you, with this ability to guess a person and with a few features make him appear as if he were alive, not start a great essay with this ability! It's just a sin!
• Following this, he began to present to me my weak constitution, my ailments, which could end my life early; gave me the example of Cervantes, who, although he wrote several very wonderful and good stories, if he had not taken up Donquixote, he would never have taken the place that he now occupies among writers, and, in conclusion, gave me his own plot , from which he wanted to make something like a poem himself and which, according to him, he would not give to anyone.”
• Gogol followed Pushkin’s advice, quickly got to work and in a letter dated October 7, 1835, informed him: “I began to write Dead Souls.” The plot spreads out over a long novel and seems to be very funny... In this novel I want to show at least one side of all of Rus'.”

What is the intention of the work?

• Much later, in a letter to Zhukovsky in 1848, Gogol explained the idea of ​​his creation: “For a long time now I have been occupied with the idea of ​​a large work, in which everything that is good and bad in Russian people would appear, and the property of our Russian nature."
• Why did N.V. Gogol burn the second volume of Dead Souls?
• In the process of work, Gogol planned to give not one, but three volumes in which it would be possible to show Rus' not “from one side,” but comprehensively. The second and third volumes of “Dead Souls” were, according to the author, supposed to bring out positive characters along with the negative ones and show the moral revival of the “scoundrel-acquirer” Chichikov.
• Such breadth of the plot and the richness of the work with lyrical passages, allowing the writer to reveal in a variety of ways his attitude to the depicted, inspired Gogol with the idea of ​​calling “Dead Souls” not a novel, but a poem.
• But Gogol burned the second volume of Dead Souls, and he did not begin the third. The reason for the failure was that Gogol was looking for positive heroes in the world of “dead souls” - representatives of the dominant social strata at that time, and not in the popular, democratic camp.

Why was Gogol unable to find a positive hero among the dominant strata of that time?

• Belinsky, back in 1842, predicted the inevitability of Gogol’s failure in implementing such a plan. “Much, too much has been promised, so much that there is nowhere to get what to fulfill the promise, because it is not yet in the world,” he wrote.
• The chapters of the second volume of Dead Souls that have reached us confirm the validity of Belinsky’s thoughts. In these chapters there are brilliantly written characters akin to the landowners of the first volume (Petr Petrovich Petukh, Khlobuev, etc.), but the positive heroes (the virtuous governor-general, the ideal landowner Kostanzhoglo and the tax farmer Murazov, who made over forty million “in the most impeccable way”) not typical, not vitally convincing.

What is the composition of the poem?

• The idea of ​​“travelling all over Rus' with the hero and bringing out many different characters” predetermined the composition of the poem. It is structured as the story of the adventures of the “acquirer” Chichikov, who buys souls that are actually dead, but legally alive, that is, not deleted from the audit lists.
• The central place in the first volume is occupied by five landowner “portrait” chapters (from the second to the sixth). These chapters, constructed according to the same plan, show how different types of serfdom developed on the basis of serfdom and how serfdom in the 20-30s of the 19th century, due to the growth of capitalist forces, led the landowner class to economic and moral decline.

Gogol gives chapters in a certain order

• The mismanagement of the landowner Manilov (Chapter II)
• replaced by the petty hoarder Korobochka (Chapter III),
• careless playmaker Nozdryov (Chapter IV) -
• tight-fisted Sobakevich (Chapter V).
• This gallery of landowners is completed by Plyushkin, a miser who brought his estate and peasants to complete ruin.

What is the ideological concept of the poem?

The poem turns into a brilliant denunciation of serfdom as a socio-economic system that naturally gives rise to the cultural and economic backwardness of the country and morally corrupts the class that was at that time the arbiter of the state’s destinies.

What was the critics' response to the poem's release?

Heated debate immediately broke out around the first volume. The question of Gogol’s book, according to Belinsky, was “as much a literary as a social one.” “There is absolutely no middle ground between delight and fierce hatred for Dead Souls...” wrote Prokopovich to Gogol in October 1842. Some accused the author of slandering Russia, others, on the contrary, saw the apotheosis of Rus' in the poem.