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Emin, Fedor Alexandrovich

Fedor Alexandrovich Emin(before baptism Mohammed-Ali Emin; - April 16 (27), St. Petersburg) - Russian writer, journalist.

Biography

Data on place of birth and origin are contradictory. There are four stories about the first 25 years of Emin’s life. different stories, full of happy accidents and successfully resolved adventures, but having, due to extreme inconsistency among themselves, almost no biographical significance. One of Emin’s biographers even suggests that all these stories are fictitious and, moreover, invented by Emin himself in order to hide his true origin and thus avert his eyes from some mysterious and, obviously, not doing him any honor adventure in Turkey, the essence of which was not known to anyone.

Thus, Emin’s life from 1735 to 1760 is almost completely unknown, and from all the testimony about it, without the risk of making a gross mistake, only the following general conclusions can be drawn: 1) Emin was born, most likely, in Poland, but not in Russia, 2 ) his parents were not Russian, 3) he received his initial education either at home or in some Jesuit school (there is evidence, however, hardly trustworthy, that at one time he studied at the Kiev Theological Academy), 4) his religion was first Catholic and then Mohammedan, 5) he had excellent abilities, which gave him the opportunity to know from 6 to 9 different languages ​​and acquire extensive encyclopedic knowledge, 6) he led a restless, full of adventure life and traveled a lot in various states, and finally, 7) in Turkey some mysterious unfortunate adventure happened to him, which Emin carefully concealed throughout his life and which forced him to accept Mohammedanism and even serve for several years in the Turkish army as a Janissary; This adventure, which obviously compromised Emin in connection with his renegade, was probably the initial reason for the confusion and contradictory nature of his testimony about himself.

Since the end of the fifties XVIII century There is already reliable biographical information about him. After many years of wandering, Emin came to London in 1758 or a little earlier and, having lived here for some time under the name of Mohammed Emin, came to Prince A. M. Golitsyn, who was then the envoy in London, told him his adventures and expressed a desire to accept the Orthodox faith; Golitsyn agreed, and a baptism ceremony was performed in his home church, and the convert received the name Fedor and the surname Emin, and the prince was his successor.

On April 11, 1761, Emin took a passport from the London embassy and soon left for Russia (in this passport, by the way, it was said that Emin’s name before baptism was Mehmet Emin and that he was born of Russian parents). Upon his arrival in St. Petersburg in June of the same year, Emin submitted a petition in Italian to Empress Elizabeth Petrovna for assignment to the Russian service, where he could be useful in his knowledge of languages: English, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Polish and Turkish; the petition was signed - “Theodoro Emenonski”. Soon, thanks to the efforts of one acquaintance, Emin entered the service as a teacher in the ground cadet corps. Then, using the patronage of Count G. G. Orlov, he became a translator at the College of Foreign Affairs, and from there, with the rank of titular adviser, he was transferred to the office, where he served until his death.

In his petition, as was said, Emin names only 6 people he knows foreign languages, in other sources their number reaches 9. There is nothing incredible in the fact that this number is somewhat exaggerated, since no one examined Emin in his knowledge, but he undoubtedly knew 4 languages, since we find his translations from French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. This, however, does not have any important meaning; Much more striking and more characteristic of Emin’s brilliant abilities is the fact that, having arrived in St. Petersburg in 1761, not knowing or hardly knowing the Russian language, 2 years later he was already a Russian writer and had literary disputes with Sumarokov.

During the 9 years that he lived in Russia, he published more than 25 books of translations and his own own compositions of various kinds, among which there are 3 volumes of “Russian History” and the edifying book “The Path to Salvation”! True, in his first works, his style, according to contemporaries, suffers from some rudeness and roughness, but in the following, published, for example, in 1764, Emin speaks the Russian language so skillfully that in this regard he can safely be placed along with good writers that time. Emin's first novels were published in 1763, these were: “Awarded Permanence, or the Adventures of Lizark and Sarmanda,” ed. 1763 and 1788, “The Adventures of Themistocles and his various political, civil, philosophical, physical and military conversations with his son, the constant life and cruelty of fortune that persecutes him,” ed. 1763, “The Unfortunate Floridor, or the Story of the Prince of Racalcuta” - translation from Italian, ed. 1763, and “The City of Love, or the Irresistible Constancy of Camber and Arisena” - translation from Portuguese, ed. in 1763 and 1780 In 1764, his “Moral Fables in Prose”, “Sorrowful Love of the Marquis De Toledo” - translation from Spanish, ed. 1764, 1788 and 1793, and best novel Emin, dedicated to Count G. G. Orlov, “Fickle Fortune, or the Adventures of Miramond,” in 3 parts; This novel was published three times and was read in great demand; in it, by the way, under the name of Feridat, the author tells his own adventures - “this little book contains Miramond’s true adventures and my unfortunate adventure.” In 1766, his “Letters of Ernest and Doravra” appeared, in 4 parts, ed. in 1766 and 1792, an imitation and sometimes a compilation of Rousseau’s “New Heloise”, and “Polish History, Op. Abbot Solignac", translated from French, in 2 parts, and in 1769 " Short description the most ancient and the newest state of the Ottoman Porte." In the same year, Emin began publishing the monthly magazine Hell's Mail, which was published only for six months and in which almost all the articles were his own. In addition to all this, he wrote a spiritual and moral work, “The Path to Salvation, or Various Devout Reflections, Which Contain the Most Essential Part of Theology for General Knowledge,” which was published for the first time in 1806, after the author’s death, and has remained in print since then. several publications. Emin's most important work is “History of Russia” in 3 parts, published in 1767, 1768 and 1769. at the expense of the Academy of Sciences, he brought it only to Vsevolod III, or until 1213. This work reflected all the amazing learning and erudition of the author, but, unfortunately, he, according to Metropolitan Eugene, often sins against the truth, resolving important historical issues by referring to witnesses whose testimony does not deserve any trust, and quoting such authors, the existence of which ever in the world is subject to strong doubt. Be that as it may, Emin’s works were read willingly, which can be seen from the fact that many of them were published two or three times, and some even larger number once.

Emin died in St. Petersburg on April 18, 1770, and on his death unknown author Poems were written and included in Novikov’s “Experience”.

He had a son, also a Russian writer Nikolai Fedorovich Emin.

Links

• Lukashin A.P. Extelopedia of fantasy and science fiction. Emin F.

Categories:

• Personalities in alphabetical order
• Writers by alphabet
• Born in 1735
• Deaths on April 27
• Died in 1770
• Russian writers in alphabetical order
• Writers of Russia in alphabetical order
• Russians writers XVIII century
• Writers Russia XVIII century

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Writer, journalist, translator Emin Fedor Alexandrovich born in 1735 in Ukraine, died 18(29).IV.1770 in St. Petersburg.

True biography his national origin is mysterious: he was born into a family of either a Hungarian or a Pole, who converted to Mohammedanism during his stay in Turkey.

Fyodor Alexandrovich studied at the Kyiv Theological Academy, then wandered around the countries of the Near and Middle East, and for some time served as a Janissary in the Turkish army.

In 1758 he appeared to the Russian envoy in London, the prince. A. M. Golitsyn and declared his desire to accept the Christian faith and enter into Russian citizenship. Emin was baptized in the embassy church and received a passport, which stated that he was born of Russian parents.

In 1761 he moved to St. Petersburg and turned to Empress Elizaveta Petrovna with a request to accept him into service. Was appointed as a teacher Italian language to the Land Noble Cadet Corps.

In 1763, thanks to the patronage of G. G. Orlov, Fyodor Alexandrovich was transferred to the College of Foreign Affairs to the position of translator, and then, with the rank of titular adviser, he was assigned to the Empress’s cabinet.

He filled his free time from work literary work, the pace of which was truly extraordinary.

In 1763, two years after his arrival in Russia, he published novels

“The City of Love, or the Irresistible Constancy of Camber and Arsena”

"The Adventures of Themistocles"

"Fickle Fortune, or the Adventures of Miramond"

and a translation from the Italian novel “Merciless Floridor”.

Emin's novels were published in 1764:

"Rewarded Constancy, or The Adventures of Lizark and Sarmanda",

“The Sorrowful Love of the Marquis de Toledo, translated from Spanish”

"Moralizing fables."

IN last years Emin F.A. publishes a four-volume novel

“Letters of Ernest and Doravra” (1766),

translation of “Polish History” by the French historian Solignac (1766),

“The Russian history of the lives of all the ancient sovereigns from the very beginning of Russia” (1768-69).

In 1769 he published two satirical magazines - the weekly “Mixture” and the monthly “Hell Mail”. During the nine years of his life in St. Petersburg, Emin published over 25 books of original works and translations. Social positions of Emin F.A. contradictory. He agrees with existing system feudal inequality, advocates for the provision of greater rights and privileges to the merchants (“merchants are the soul of the state and must be carefully preserved so that the body does not lose weight”) and at the same time sympathizes with the oppressed position of the peasantry, criticizes the abuses of serfdom. In "Speech on the Creature" common people", published in "Mixture", Emin pursued the idea that "the common people are creatures gifted with reason, although the princes and boyars claim the opposite." In “Hell Mail,” he talks about one landowner who took away a peasant’s cash savings, and then “ordered to flog him so that he would get money, and beat him until he began to die.”

In the magazine controversy that unfolded in 1769, he sided with Novikov’s “Drone”, in whose articles, in his words, “there is neither malice nor ignorance, but there is caustic salt.” He opposes the official “Stuff”, criticizing it for its intolerance of criticism and bossy shouts. On the pages of his magazines, the writer, without touching on the foundations of religion, satirically depicted monastic life, condemning the gluttony and drunkenness of the monks. You will definitely remember a boat trip along the coast.

Being the first major creator of the novel on Russian soil, Emin acted as an active defender of the genre of the novel itself. According to him, “novels, well-written and containing various moral teachings and descriptions of different lands with their morals and politics, are the most useful books for young people to attract them to the sciences" ("Fickle Fortune"). Emin wrote his novels taking into account “all ranks and titles of people,” widely using elements of Western European adventure novels, which became a kind of template for him (storms, shipwrecks, attacks sea ​​robbers, travel around eastern countries, love scenes etc.).

Novels Emina F.A. overloaded geographical names, the action in them is transferred with lightning speed from one country to another. They are full of political discussions (especially the novel “The Adventures of Themistocles”), reflecting the instability and duality of his social positions. Emin's most significant novel, “Letters of Ernest and Doravra” (1766), was written under the influence of Rousseau’s “New Heloise” and is one of early works sentimentalism on Russian soil.

The writer's attention is drawn to the image inner world ordinary, unremarkable people. Was open to the readers new world simple human feelings and everyday experiences. Much in the novel comes from classicist traditions (the nature of the conflict, the primacy of reason, duty and law), but at the same time it was also a new step in the development of Russian prose: associated with love theme psychological experiences had been developed before him only in the lyrics of A.P. Sumarokov and in tragedy.

Extensive work Emin Fedor Alexandrovich“The Russian history of the lives of all the ancient sovereigns from the very beginning of Russia” (1767-69), brought up to 1231, is replete with inaccuracies and outright fabrications. Historical facts and Emin borrowed their coverage from foreign sources. Historical heroes The writers speak the language of the 60s. XVIII century Its general concept is monarchical.

Literary works Emina F.A., once popular, have lost their readers already in early XIX V.

However, the role played by the writer in the preparation of Russian sentimentalism should be noted.

Emin (Fedor Alexandrovich) - writer (born around 1735, died in 1779). E.'s biography, before his appearance in Russia, remains insufficiently clear, since he himself spoke differently about his “misadventures.”

One can guess that he was of South Slavic origin. For 8 years he traveled through Austria, Turkey, Egypt, Italy, Portugal and France; perhaps he visited Algeria and Tunisia. In Turkey, E. became a Mohammedan and served in a detachment of Janissaries. In 1761, E. came to London to the Russian sent

Nick, Prince Golitsyn, converted to Orthodoxy and was sent to Russia, where he was a teacher in the land army cadet corps, and then as a translator at the Collegium of Foreign Affairs and as an office translator. Having quickly studied the Russian language, E. during his eight-year literary activity turned out to be very fruitful.

in summary: he wrote several satirical works, a number of novels (translated and imitated), an interesting “Description of the Ottoman Porte”, published the satirical magazine “Hell Mail” (1769), and finally composed a patriotic, but strange “ Russian History"in 3 volumes, in which he referred to the non-existence

our books and testimonies. He also owns a book of theological and philosophical content, which was republished until recently: “The Path to Salvation.” Of E.'s seven novels, six belong to the category widespread in the 17th and XVIII centuries type of "adventure" novels, similar to a fairy tale, where the reader knows what

The hero will emerge victorious from the most difficult circumstances, virtue will always triumph in the end, and vice will be punished. Only the novel: “Letters of Ernesti and Doravra” was formed under the influence of new trends, mainly “The New Heloise” by J.-J. Rousseau. Novels of E., the first Russian novelist,

were an undoubted success, some were even reissued; in the memoirs you can find references to the heroes of his novels; Karamzin also read them in childhood (see “A Knight of Our Time” by Karamzin). At that time G.F. Miller and especially A.P. Sumarokov condemned novels, E. is their ardent defender in relation to

and as an educational one (familiarization with the history and customs different nations), and moral (aversion from evil and love of virtue). “I followed some doctors,” said E., “who try to sweeten useful medicines and often gild them for the reason that now there are many such pain

people who do not accept even what is good for their health without embellishment." This old theory usefulness literary works rendered an undoubted service to Russian society. E. widely enjoyed the right to propagate his ideas in novels; in this regard, later Russian novelists have up to

worthy predecessor. Along with self-evident truths (the benefits of education, the harm of semi-education, the need for work), E. had to touch upon the pressing issues of his time: the horrors of serfdom, disorder in court and administrative institutions, general servility and admiration for different people.

we are merciful. The pages devoted to these pressing issues by E. are much more harsh than the articles in satirical magazines. The novelist put his sincere ideas into the mouths of heroes acting in Greece, Algeria, etc.; this allowed him to speak more freely. In some novels (auto

biographical - “Fickle Fortune, or the Adventures of Miramond”, “The Adventures of Miramond”, etc.) are given whole community programs. TO satirical works E. include his unique “Moral Fables” (editions 1764, 1789, 1793), “A Dream Seen in 1765 on January 1” (directed by prot.

in the Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Arts and the gentry corps), the hitherto unreleased comedy “The Learned Gang”, a number of epigrams and polemical poems against M.D. Chulkova, A. Shletser and especially A.P. Sumarokov (the latter ridiculed E. in the comedy “Poisonous”). E. had more friendly relations with V.G. Ruban

and N.I. Novikov, who published a sympathetic article about him in his Dictionary. E.'s magazine "Hell Mail" is one of the best satirical magazines of that time. E. looked quite clearly and consciously at the meaning of satire; in the famous polemic between "All sorts of things" and Novikov's "Drone" about the meaning of satire, he sided

to Novikov, who denounced not vices in general, but very definitely pointed out the shortcomings of his contemporaries, who were easily recognized by transparent hints. And in the magazine, E. resorted to his favorite method: it’s as if this is not happening in Russia (although rumors about Russia come across at every step)

; the crooked demon and the lame demon conduct correspondence among themselves various matters on the ground. "Hell Mail" provides rich material for characterizing the Russian Society XVIII century ( family morals, panache, imitation of foreigners, “random” people and the attitude towards them when “happiness” changes, education, court, theft

Disadvantages of the Clergy serfdom). A peculiar feature of the “Hell Mail” were political and journalistic articles that dealt primarily with foreign politics. Militarism, strong even in the 18th century, inspired fear in the satirist. From the reasoning on this issue, it is concluded that “it is necessary

So that the people would be more prosperous than glorious" (through wars). In another article we read: "Peter was very great in heroism, but even more so in humanity. He, trying more for the benefit of his people than for his glory, is above all, glory alone looking for heroes, occurs. If he had not introduced into St.

Oj land of sciences and arts, did not found the merchant class and did not open its borders to foreign people, then his numerous troops would only serve to burden his people. If the sovereign is a man in all perfection, then even without heroism he will become famous for his reasonable rule and can make the people happy

t". In "Hell Mail" there is a series interesting reviews about Voltaire, D'Alembert, Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Fonvizin, Naryshkin, Tredyakovsky, Novikov, Lukin, Dmitrievsky. - Literary activity E. has been little studied. Biography of E. - in the dictionaries of Novikov and Metropolitan. Evgenia; bibliography - in articles M

Longvinov ("Russian Antiquity", 1873, volume VII, 616 - 619) and A. Lyashchenko ("Bibliographer", 1892, No. 8 - 9); review of "Hell Mail" in essays about the satirical magazines of Afanasyev, N. Bulich and others. See also: L. Maikov (article about the satire "Dream") in "Essays on the History of Russian Literature" (1889) and A. Lyashchenko " P