The problem of cultural diversity. Material and spiritual culture

Question 01. What is a “thaw” in the field of spiritual life? Which cultural phenomena could, in your opinion, appear only during the “thaw”?

Answer. This is an unofficial designation for a period in the history of the USSR, which was characterized by the condemnation of the personality cult of Stalin, the repressions of the 1930s, the liberalization of the regime, the release of political prisoners, the liquidation of the Gulag, the weakening of totalitarian power, the emergence of some freedom of speech, the relative democratization of political and social life, and openness to the Western world. , greater freedom of creative activity.

Question 02. How was the existence of two layers of culture manifested - official and unofficial? What features of the development of Soviet society does the formation of unofficial art indicate?

Answer. The emergence of unofficial culture is visible in the spread of “samizdat” (books reprinted at home on typewriters), unofficial exhibitions, concerts in apartments (which were presented to the police simply as friendly company), etc. The appearance of such art indicates the reluctance of the intelligentsia to return to the Stalinist atmosphere of fear and strict determination of culture by party bodies.

Question 03. Which artists named in the paragraph are you familiar with? Express your opinion about their works.

Answer. The work of V.V. has become a classic of literature. Bykov, read several of his works about the war, such as “Swamp” and “Wolf Pack”.

Question 04: Analyze policy changes Soviet power in relation to religion, the Church. What were these changes? Why did they happen?

Answer. The church played positive role during the Great Patriotic War, in unoccupied territories was unconditionally supported by the authorities. At the same time, the authorities saw what influence they still had among the population. Therefore, after the war, policy towards the church softened significantly. Not only did the persecution of its servants stop, but also some prohibitions of previous years were lifted, in particular on bell ringing. However, after N.S. came to power. Khrushchev, the situation changed in the opposite direction. In his memoirs, this party leader wrote about himself as a communist Civil War, a person whose views were formed during the surplus appropriation system. Then there was an irreconcilable struggle with the church, which was resumed by N.S. Khrushchev: they closed and even blew up churches again, they conducted active anti-religious propaganda at all levels, and citizens who visited churches risked their careers.

Question 05. Compare the methods of control over spiritual life carried out during the periods of activity of I.V. Stalin and N.S. Khrushchev.

Answer. Under I.V. Artists who were objectionable to Stalin were arrested, convicted and sent to camps or even executed. Such things were done quickly and relatively quietly (in open, widely discussed trials, more than important people). Under N.S. Khrushchev disliked cultural figures who were subjected to public condemnation in the press and at public meetings (this is especially clearly seen in the example of the persecution of B.L. Pasternak, during which phrases like “I haven’t read Pasternak, but I condemn” were heard at meetings) and a ban on the profession ( cultural figures were fired, their works were stopped being published, and in general they were not allowed to continue creating in any way possible).

Question 06. Tell us about the main directions of development of Soviet science in the 1940-1960s.

Answer. After the war, nuclear physics (which required nuclear power plants and weapons of unprecedented power) and rocket science became the main ones in science. These trends continued in subsequent decades. Nuclear energy began to be introduced into different areas economy, including shipbuilding, more and more powerful bombs were developed (even hydrogen bombs), rocketry was supplemented by space exploration.

Question 07. What do you know about the achievements of Soviet sports in the 1940-1960s? How did they influence the international prestige of the USSR?

Answer. After World War II, the USSR began to be accepted into international sports organizations. At world-level competitions, Soviet athletes began to show excellent results (for example, their triumph was Olympic Games 1960). Football remained the most popular sport in the USSR itself, a truly national sport, and the national team in this sport achieved impressive success. This increased the international prestige of the USSR, but no longer influenced the environment of politicians and diplomats, but public opinion West.

You understand that modern humanity exists in a heterogeneous cultural environment - there are many subcultures and countercultures. The society is also multi-religious - people hold different religious views. Such diversity, on the one hand, gives rise to social conflicts, and on the other -

Encourages you to look for ways and forms of interaction. It is precisely this attitude of non-conflict interaction in a multicultural, multi-religious world that is tolerance.

Tolerance is based on humanistic principles - recognition of the enduring value of a person, including the traits of human individuality. Cultural diversity is directly related to the diversity of human types and qualities, therefore tolerance is considered as a civilized compromise, recognition of the right of individuals, social groups, cultures to be different.

Tolerance is a complex strategy of behavior, including a willingness to accept other views without protest; respect for the freedom (including freedom of thought, creativity, conscience) of another person; a certain measure of compassion, generosity and patience.

Tolerance has different forms: personal tolerance is manifested in the social interactions of individuals; social forms reflected in social psychology, consciousness, moral norms and mores; state a form of tolerance is reflected in legislation, in particular in the affirmation of the principle of freedom of conscience, which you will read about below, as well as in political practice. Although tolerance presupposes a tolerant attitude towards manifestations of dissent in any sphere of social interaction, this does not mean an indifferent, conniving attitude towards extremist, misanthropic ideas. It is criminal and immoral to ignore the existence and dissemination of such ideas and modes of action.

JAS Basic concepts: culture, material and spiritual culture, dialogue of cultures, tolerance. YANTerms: continuity, innovation, subculture, counterculture, Eurocentrism, Americanocentrism, Afro-centrism (Negritude).

Test yourself

1) What is culture? 2) What sciences study culture? 3) Why is the division of material and spiritual culture considered conditional by scientists? 4) What does the concept of “material culture” mean? 5) What is meant by spiritual culture? 6) What are the ways to develop spiritual culture? 7) What is a subculture? Under what conditions does it turn into a counterculture? 8) Support with examples the statement about the plurality of cultures in the modern world (or in another period of human history). 9) What problems does recognition of cultural diversity raise? Briefly

Describe each of them. 10) Why has the issue of dialogue between cultures become especially relevant in the conditions of modern society? What is dialogue of cultures?

Think, discuss, do

1. Famous figure of Russian science Grigory Lan
Dau noticed the following cultural feature: “In the culture of wasps
the summit is the new thing.” Explain the thought of G. Landau,
Confirm that the scientist is right with two or three arguments.

2. Scientists have been arguing about the origins for centuries.
culture. Some believe that culture arose from play.
Others associate the emergence of culture with religious
human practice. Give some examples below
confirmation of each of the above points of view. are
Are they mutually exclusive? Explain your answer.

3. Illustrate the continuity with specific examples.
new connection between material and spiritual culture.

4. Analyze the cultural life of your region,
identify existing subcultures and countercultures. Co
provide a detailed description of the specifics and values ​​of one
from subcultures and countercultures, justify the classification of the description
cultivated crops to one or another type.

5. In addition to the term “counterculture”, to the values
performances of certain groups of society, some products
niyam the word “anticulture” is used. Are these
Are the terms synonymous? Support your answer with support
on the facts of social life.

Work with the source

Read an excerpt from the work “Cultural Dissatisfaction” by the Austrian physician and psychologist Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the founder of the psychoanalytic system.

Now is the time to address the essence of a culture whose value as a source of happiness has been questioned. Let us not strive to find a formula that defines this essence in a few words before we know something from our research. Therefore, we will limit ourselves to repeating that the term “culture” denotes the entire sum of achievements and institutions that distinguish our life from the life of our ancestors from the animal world and serve two purposes: the protection of man from nature and the regulation of relations between people... we recognize as characteristic of culture all forms of activity and values ​​that benefit humanity, contribute to the development of the earth, protect it from the forces of nature, etc. There is the least doubt about this aspect of culture. Looking far enough into the past, we can say that the first acts of culture were

Whether using tools, taming fire, building dwellings. Among these achievements, the taming of fire stands out as something extraordinary and unparalleled; as for others, then with them man entered the path along which he has been continuously following since then; one can easily guess the motives that led to their discovery. With the help of his tools, man improves his organs - both motor and sensory - or expands the limits of their capabilities...

No other feature of culture allows us, however, to characterize it better than its respect for and concern for the highest forms of mental activity, for intellectual, scientific and artistic achievements, than the leading role it assigns to the significance of ideas in human life. Among these ideas, at the forefront are... ideas about the possible perfection of an individual, an entire nation or all of humanity and the demands put forward on the basis of these ideas.

Freud 3. Dissatisfaction with culture // Culturology: anthology / Comp. prof. P. S. Gurevich. - M.: Gardariki, 2000. - P. 141-145.

Questions and assignments to the source. 1) Zach defines the concept of “culture” 3. Freud? 2) What cultural features did he identify? 3) Explain the author’s idea that culture distinguishes man from his “ancestors from the animal world.” 4) Illustrate with examples Freud’s statement 3: “With the help of his tools, man improves his organs - both motor and sensory - or expands the scope of their capabilities.” 5) Suggest why, according to Freud, the value of culture as a source of happiness can be questioned.

1) What is culture? 2) What sciences study culture? 3) Why is the division of material and spiritual culture considered conditional by scientists? 4) What does the concept of “material culture” mean? 5) What is meant by spiritual culture? 6) What are the ways to develop spiritual culture? 7) What is a subculture? Under what conditions does it turn into a counterculture? 8) Confirm with examples the statement about the plurality of cultures in the modern world (or in another period of human history). 9) What problems does recognition of cultural diversity give rise to? Briefly

describe each of them. 10) Why has the issue of dialogue between cultures become especially relevant in the conditions of modern society? What is dialogue of cultures?

Think, discuss, do

The famous figure of Russian science Grigory Lan-
Dau noticed the following feature of culture: “In the culture of
the summit is the new thing.” Explain the thought of G. Landau,
Confirm that the scientist is right with two or three arguments.

Scientists have been arguing about the origins for centuries.
culture. Some believe that culture arose from play.
Others associate the emergence of culture with religious
human practice. Give some examples below
confirmation of each of the above points of view. Are-
Are they mutually exclusive? Explain your answer.

Use specific examples to illustrate the continuity
new connection between material and spiritual culture.

Analyze the cultural life of your region,
identify existing subcultures and countercultures. Co-
provide a detailed description of the specifics and values ​​of one
from subcultures and countercultures, justify the attribution of description-
cultivated crops to one or another type.

In addition to the term “counterculture”, to the value conventions
performances of certain groups of society, some productions
niyam the word “anticulture” is used. Are these
Are the terms synonymous? Support your answer with support
on the facts of social life.

Work with the source

Read an excerpt from the work “Cultural Dissatisfaction” by the Austrian physician and psychologist Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the founder of the psychoanalytic system.

Now is the time to deal with the essence of that culture, whose value as a source of happiness has been questioned. Let us not strive to find a formula that defines this essence in a few words before we learn something from our research. Therefore, we will limit ourselves to repeating that the term “culture” denotes the entire sum of achievements and institutions that distinguish our life from the life of our ancestors from the animal world and serve two purposes: the protection of man from nature and the regulation of relations between people... we We recognize as inherent in culture all forms of activity and values ​​that benefit humanity, contribute to the development of the earth, protect it from the forces of nature, etc. There is the least doubt about this aspect of culture. Looking far enough into the past, we can say that the first acts of culture were

whether the use of tools, taming fire, building dwellings. Among these achievements, the taming of fire stands out as something extraordinary and unparalleled; as for the others, with them man entered the path along which he has been continuously following since then; one can easily guess the motives that led to their discovery. With the help of his tools, man improves his organs - both motor and sensory - or expands the scope of their capabilities...

No other feature of culture allows us, however, to characterize it better than its respect for and concern for the highest forms of mental activity, for intellectual, scientific and artistic achievements, than the leading role it assigns to the significance of ideas in human life. Among these ideas, at the forefront are... ideas about the possible perfection of an individual, an entire nation or all of humanity and the demands put forward on the basis of these ideas.

Freud 3. Dissatisfaction with culture // Culturology: anthology / Comp. prof. P. S. Gurevich. - M.: Gardariki, 2000. - P. 141-145.

Questions and assignments to the source. 1) Zach defines the concept of “culture” 3. Freud? 2) What cultural features did he identify? 3) Explain the author’s idea that culture distinguishes man from his “ancestors from the animal world.” 4) Illustrate with examples Freud’s statement 3: “With the help of his tools, man improves his organs - both motor and sensory - or expands the scope of their capabilities.” 5) Suggest why, according to Freud, the value of culture as a source of happiness can be questioned.

§ 29. The spiritual world of the individual

Remember:

What is spiritual culture? What is the essence moral guidelines person, what is their role in his life?

In the previous paragraph, we mainly talked about the spiritual life of society. Now let us focus our attention mainly on the spiritual life of the individual.

ABOUT THE SPIRITUAL WORLD AND SPIRITUALITY

What's happened spiritual world person? In this case, this phrase denotes the inner, spiritual life of a person, which includes knowledge, faith, feelings, and aspirations of people.

The spiritual world of everyone can be correctly understood only taking into account his belonging to a social community in close connection with the spiritual life of society.

The Russian philosopher G.P. Fedotov wrote that spirit, spiritual life distinguishes man from other living beings. Man, his spirit and his culture are the crown and goal of the universe. “A person becomes fully human in the process of culture, and only in it, at its peaks, do his highest aspirations and possibilities find expression. Only by these achievements can the nature or purpose of man be judged.”

A person whose spiritual life is highly developed, as a rule, possesses an important personal quality - spirituality. His spirituality means striving for the heights of ideals and thoughts that determine the morality of all activities. Therefore, some researchers characterize spirituality as the morally oriented will and mind of a person. The spiritual characterizes not only consciousness, but also practice.

On the contrary, a person whose spiritual life is poorly developed unspiritual unable to see and feel all the diversity and beauty of the surrounding world.

So, spirituality, according to modern philosophical views, is the highest level of development and self-regulation of a mature personality.

On top level development of a person, the motives and meanings of his life activity become not personal needs and relationships, but highest human values. The assimilation of certain values, such as truth, goodness, beauty, creates value orientations, i.e., a person’s conscious desire to build his life and transform reality in accordance with them.

The study of the monuments of the spiritual culture of mankind, as well as the study of the spiritual world of our contemporaries, shows that the most important elements human spirituality are morality, patriotism, citizenship, worldview.

Concept patriotism denotes a person’s value attitude towards his Fatherland, devotion to love for the Motherland, his people. A patriotic person is committed national traditions, culture, language and faith of his people. Patriotism manifests itself in pride in achievements home country, in empathy for its failures and troubles, in respect for its historical past, for people's memory and culture. From your history course you know that patriotism originated in ancient times. It manifested itself noticeably during periods when danger arose for the country (remember the events of the Patriotic War of 1812, Great Britain)

during the Patriotic War of 1941-1945), as well as in solving the most complex and pressing problems for the Motherland (development of the Arctic, space research, creation of new technologies, etc.).

About the essence of patriotism, its meaning in spiritual world The Russian is told by two testimonies: a soldier and a scientist.

During the battles in the fall of 1941, a cadet at the military engineering school, Mikhail Kuryakov, found himself in the library of one of the monasteries. This is what the soldier wrote in his front-line diary: “Rumming through books is my favorite hobby. And guess from a book, from a randomly opened page. I came across “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” It fell out: “Oh, the groans of the Russian Land! The Russian people are bleeding, the Russian Land is groaning.” I am not a politician, and Russia for me is always Russia, no matter what kind of government it has. Be that as it may, we must now spare no effort, bind up the wounds of the people, and alleviate their suffering.”

Great scientist, laureate Nobel Prize I. P. Pavlov, in the introductory lecture to the course of physiology (1923), told students: “All my activities, at least in essence, are international, connected with the dignity and interests of the Motherland.” “...I,” said the scientist, “was, am and will remain a Russian person, a son of the Motherland, I am primarily interested in its life, I live by its interests, I strengthen my dignity with its dignity.”

Conscious patriotism as a moral and socio-political principle presupposes an objective assessment of the successes and difficulties of the Fatherland, as well as a respectful attitude towards other peoples and other cultures. Attitude towards another people is the criterion that distinguishes a patriot from a nationalist, i.e. a person seeking to establish his own own people taller than others. Patriotic feelings and ideas only morally elevate a person when they are coupled with respect for people of different nationalities.

| “Patriotism is a whole, true feeling of love;
|! to one’s homeland, readiness to sacrifice it, to share adversity
j years, but with service that is not obsequious, without support!
I unfair claims, but frank in assessment \
f her vices, sins and repentance for them.”
J A. I. Solzhenitsyn - Russian writer,

j publicist, Nobel Prize laureate ]

The qualities of a person are also associated with patriotic guidelines citizenship. These socio-psychological and moral qualities individuals combine a feeling of love for the Motherland, responsibility for the development of its social and political institutions, and awareness of themselves as a full citizen with a total

rights and responsibilities. Citizenship is manifested in the knowledge and ability to use and protect personal rights, respect for the rights of other citizens, compliance with the Constitution and laws of the country, and strict fulfillment of one’s duties.

WORLDVIEW IS THE CORE OF SPIRITUAL LIFE

IN human life special role serve as guidelines for his life and activities, a kind of spiritual beacons, which, as a rule, are developed by the centuries-old experience of mankind and are passed on from generation to generation. The most striking of them are moral and ideological guidelines. Moral ones were discussed above. Below we will talk about worldviews.

In a brief, most common understanding, a worldview is the totality of a person’s views on the world that surrounds him. A more detailed definition characterizes a worldview as a set of views, assessments, norms and attitudes that determine a person’s attitude towards othersto the beating world, its place in it and acting as guidelines and regulators of individual behavior.

Sometimes in the literature there are terms close to the term “worldview” - “worldview”, “worldview”. They mean, on the one hand, the world that surrounds a person, and on the other, what is associated with human activity: his sensations, contemplation, understanding, views, view of the world.

Worldview differs from other elements of a person’s spiritual world in that, firstly, it represents a person’s view not of any particular aspect of the world, but of the world as a whole. Secondly, worldview reflects a person’s attitude towards the world around him: is he afraid, is he afraid of this world, or does he live in harmony, in harmony with it? Is the person satisfied with the world around him or does he strive to change it?

Thus, a worldview is a holistic idea of ​​nature, society, and man, which finds expression in the system of values ​​and ideals of an individual, a social group, and society.

What does this or that worldview depend on? First of all, let's note that it wears historical character: Each historical era has its own level of knowledge, its own problems, its own approaches to solving them, its own spiritual values.

Classification of worldview types may be different. Thus, in the history of philosophy, several approaches to the development of worldviews can be traced. Od-

none of the philosophers give priority to God (theocentrism) or nature (nature-centrism), others - to a person (anthropo-centrism), or society (sociocentrism), or knowledge, science (knowledge-centrism, science-centrism). Sometimes the worldview is divided into progressive and reactionary.

But the most common classification is the following classification of worldview types.

Everyday worldview arises in a person’s life in the process of his personal practical activities, which is why it is sometimes called worldview. A person’s views in this case are not justified by religious arguments or scientific data. Such a worldview is formed spontaneously, especially if a person was not interested in ideological issues in educational institution, did not study philosophy on his own, did not become familiar with the content of religious teachings. Of course, one cannot completely exclude the influence of religion or scientific achievements, because a person constantly communicates with other people; The influence of the media is also noticeable, but the everyday, everyday basis predominates. The everyday worldview is based on immediate life experience human - and this is its strength, but it makes little use of the experience of other people, the experience of science and culture, the experience of religious consciousness as an element of world culture - and this is its weakness.

Religious worldview- a worldview, the basis of which is the religious teachings contained in such monuments of world spiritual culture as the Bible, the Koran, the sacred books of Buddhists, the Talmud, and a number of others. Let us remember that religion contains certain picture the world, the teaching about the purpose of man, moral commandments aimed at instilling in him a certain way of life, at saving the soul. Religious worldview also has strengths and weaknesses. Its strengths include a close connection with the world cultural heritage, a focus on solving problems related to the spiritual needs of a person, and a desire to give a person faith in the possibility of achieving their goals.

The weak side of the religious worldview is the sometimes manifested intransigence towards others life positions. A great danger, especially in modern conditions, is fundamentalism - religious extremism, fanaticism. Russian religious thinkers warned about the danger of fanaticism, “the transfer of religious faith to other spheres.” N.A. Berdyaev wrote: “A fanatic is enslaved by the idea in which he believes, it narrows his consciousness, crowds out very important human states; he ceases to control himself internally.” Religious worldview is sometimes characterized by insufficient attention

ic achievements of science, and sometimes their ignorance. That's right, in Lately Many theologians express the idea that theology is faced with the task of developing a new way of thinking that takes into account the achievements of science.

Scientific worldview is the rightful heir to that direction of world philosophical thought, which in its development was constantly based on the achievements of science. It includes a scientific picture of the world, generalized results of the achievements of human knowledge, principles of human relationships with the natural and artificial environment.

But the scientific worldview also has advantages and disadvantages. Its advantages include strong scientific validity, the reality of the goals and ideals it contains, and an organic connection with the production and social activities of people. However, we cannot close our eyes to the fact that the study of the spiritual world of man has not yet taken its rightful place in science. Man, humanity, humanity - this is truly global problem present and future. The development of this triad is an inexhaustible task, but its inexhaustibility requires not withdrawal, but persistence in solving it. This is the dominant feature of modern scientific research, designed to enrich the worldview.

The turn of science to the problem of man can become a decisive ennobling factor for all types of worldview, the main common feature which will have a humanistic orientation. It places the highest values ​​at the forefront: the life of the individual, his rights and freedoms. A person with such a worldview has a breadth of views on the world, recognizes the equality of different ideological orientations and cultures, values ​​and values ​​the mutual understanding of people, their physical and moral health, respects and protects the dignity of man, his creative work and well-being, observes good neighborly relations between people, different social groups, nations, countries. The sphere of highest values, in addition to universal human values, also includes national values ​​(in relation to our country - all-Russian), ethnocultural, oriented towards caring for children and parents, the development of education and healthcare, pensions, inviolability of home and etc.

What role does worldview play in people’s activities?

Firstly, a worldview gives a person guidelines and goals for all his practical and theoretical activities. Secondly, worldview, through its philosophical core, allows people to understand how best to achieve

planned guidelines and goals, equips them with methods of cognition and activity. Likening the method to a lantern that illuminates the way for a traveler, the great philosopher of the past R. Descartes (1596-1650) said that a lame man with a lantern will reach his goal faster than a horseman wandering in the dark. Thirdly, on the basis of the value orientations contained in the worldview, a person gets the opportunity to determine true values life and culture, to distinguish what is really important for a person’s activity in achieving his goals from what real value does not have, is false or illusory in nature. It is the worldview that contains a person’s understanding of the world and the trends of its development, human capabilities and the meaning of activity, good and evil, beauty and ugliness.

IN scientific works It is noted that throughout the entire history of philosophy there runs the idea of ​​three main aspects of human spiritual life. German philosopher L. Feuerbach called them heart, mind and will. In a person’s worldview, values ​​express the “line of the heart”, knowledge - the “line of the mind”. But only the will makes the worldview real, connects it with life, and translates it into a plan of behavior. This translation is carried out through an attitude - a state of readiness for a certain type of activity, for an action. Modern Russian scientist V.N. Sagatovsky, addressing students, writes: “Values ​​determine your choice, knowledge justifies it. But are you ready to actually follow the choice made in your soul? If you are not ready, then your worldview is in best case scenario mental game or pleasant dreams, and at worst - mimicry, suitable for passing an exam or official speech, but not for life in general.”

In life, the concepts of “will” and “responsibility” are closely related. Thanks to the will, worldview directly influences behavior in real life situations. An important regulator social behavior is responsibility - the quality of a developed personality. As Bulat Okudzhava wrote, “...a sense of responsibility is not inherent in dull mediocrity.”

HUMAN MENTALITY

A story about the spiritual world would be incomplete without considering the problem of mentality.

What is human mentality? This concept is relatively new, and you will not find its definition in all dictionaries. It comes from French word, corresponding to the Russian words “mindset”, “mindset”. Experts say that an accurate, unambiguous translation

there is no such term yet. But it itself is used quite widely. So, for example, they talk about the mentality of a particular person. What does this mean? Not just the totality of knowledge that he possesses. Not only his natural or developed intellect in the process of education and self-education. Not the worldview itself a complex system concepts that reflect the diversity of the surrounding world and people’s awareness of their place in this world. Mentality is a specific psychological makeup that arose on the basis of culture, social and personal experience, which is projected into practice. tic activity. In other words, this is the linking of various thoughts and values ​​in the consciousness of the individual, a kind of final fusion, which determines the spiritual world of a person as a whole, his approach to certain specific practical matters.

It is believed that due to the individual process of formation of a person’s spiritual world and the uniqueness of the human personality, mentality is mainly a personal phenomenon, although they also talk about the mentality of one or another social layer, for example, the mentality of scientists, military men, businessmen, lawyers. For all representatives of a given social or professional stratum, due to their practical activities, social status, some generality life path there is a lot in common in their mindset, in their mentality, in other words, in their mentality.

They talk about the mentality of certain peoples: for example, in literature the term “Russian soul” is widely used, which means whole line mental qualities - openness to communication, trustfulness, patience, tendency to cooperate labor activity(artel, community And etc.). Of course, not every representative of the Russian people has these qualities, but there is an opinion that these traits are typical of the Russian people. Modern ethnology strives to find psychological traits, traits of the mentality of different ethnic communities.

NI Basic concepts: spirituality, patriotism, citizenship, worldview, mentality.

Test yourself

1) What is the spiritual life of society? 2) What is the essence of the inner (spiritual) world of a person? 3) What is the essence and meaning of patriotism and citizenship, what do they have in common? 4) What is the essence of worldview, what is common in the concepts of “morality” and “worldview”, what is their difference? 5) What types of worldview does science distinguish? What characterizes each of them?

6) What is the role of worldview in human activity? How the will contributes practical implementation worldviews? 7) What is mentality, what is its influence on human activity, society?

:y textbook A.A. Danilova, L.G. Kosulina "... Forgeneral educationinstitutions. Geography. 6- 11 classes/ compiled by V.I. Sirotin - M.: Bustard, 2004 Geography of Russia: textbook For 8-9 classesgeneral educationinstitutions ...

culture permeates all sides social life and social interaction of people, creating a sense of unity and group identity. Therefore, spiritual culture can be considered as the highest form of social reflection of human life, in which meaning-forming ideas, value orientations are revealed, and the needs for self-awareness, self-knowledge, self-realization and self-affirmation are satisfied.

SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

Man creates cultural values and organizes their movement through cultural channels, preserves and distributes them. The process of development of spiritual culture is associated, first of all, with the accumulation of meanings and values ​​and the manipulation of them. This holistic process assimilation, preservation and transmission of the achievements of previous generations, their transformation in the present and transmission as starting point cultural development next eras. Two ways of increasing cultural wealth can be identified: continuity in culture and creative breakthroughs, innovation. Let's look at them in more detail.

Continuity is associated with the preservation and transmission of values ​​from one generation to another. In this way, both intermediate products of spiritual production and its final results can be transmitted. Probably, each of you can give many examples when the discovery and achievement of one scientist was picked up and developed by his colleagues, contemporaries and descendants - in this case we are talking about the preservation and transfer of intermediate results of activity. Elements cultural heritage are also social norms, such as customs, rituals, ceremonies; with their help, it is reproduced by the next generations of a certain ethnic group, for example, a wedding ceremony. But completed works can also be inherited (for example, a painting or literary work). We get pleasure from reading a novel or a poem, looking at paintings in an art gallery.

But culture also develops due to the addition of new Values. Any historical era, regardless of the material and other conditions of people’s existence, gives rise to innovating creators who make scientific discoveries, inventions that create masterpieces of art. Their achievements are not always appreciated by their contemporaries, but many of these works are preserved and passed on to future generations. One can recall, for example, Nicolaus Copernicus and other scientists who asserted

who gave the truth to the heliocentric system, or the brilliant engineering developments of Leonardo da Vinci, many centuries ahead of his time.

SUB-CULTURE AND COUNTER-CULTURE

Any culture historical era has enduring value and originality, but it is heterogeneous, just as the society that creates it is heterogeneous in its composition. Within a specific culture, we can distinguish, for example, urban and rural, elite and mass, adult and children's layers. So any era appears before our eyes as a complex spectrum cultural trends and values, styles, traditions and other manifestations of the human spirit. These “cultures within a culture,” created by representatives of individual social groups, are usually called subcultures.

Why are subcultures identified? Some layers of culture are more consistent than others with the development trends of individual social groups. They adapt and become fixed in the special behavioral traits of representatives of these groups, their language, and consciousness. In the 10th grade course, you became acquainted with the concepts of “mentality”, “mentality”, reflecting a specific mindset, way of thinking, worldview inherent in representatives of certain social groups.

Let's illustrate concrete example the process of subculture formation. It is known that in Western European society, right up to the Renaissance, children were perceived as smaller copies of adults; they were even sewn similar clothes. Society did not yet understand that the world of childhood is seriously different from the world of adults. Gradually, awareness of this phenomenon came - a special subculture of childhood began to take shape, which, however, did not simultaneously deny existing culture adults. Modern subculture childhood is heterogeneous - for example, the subculture of teenagers stands out. Consequently, we can say that in the process of social development there is a fragmentation (in other cases, erosion) of individual subcultures.

But in the history of culture there are also situations when local cultural values ​​come out beyond its social environment, claiming some universality. In this case, we can talk not about a subculture, but about the emergence of a counterculture. Modern cultural scientists consider this concept in at least two meanings. Firstly, to designate sociocultural systems opposing dominant culture, stirrup-

those trying to oust it. Secondly, counterculture is understood as a value system of asocial groups. Western scientists began to use this meaning in the 1960s. in relation to the hippie phenomenon.

THE PROBLEM OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Another meaning of the concept “culture” is its interpretation as sociocultural historical community of people.

The presence of many local cultures forces scientists to think about the problems of their interaction. Let's look at some of them. A number of culturologists believe that local cultures develop in their own way internal laws and are impenetrable to outside influences, therefore it is impossible to talk about the planetary unity of humanity. Other experts argue that the uniqueness of each local culture does not at all exclude their interaction and cultural synthesis. Thus, the Russian thinker N. Ya. Danilevsky in his book “Russia and Europe” argued that each of the 25 cultures he identified in the history of mankind develops organically (similar to nature): it is born, passes certain periods of its existence, dies. But in the process of development, individual cultures interact, and values ​​are transmitted. N. Ya. Danilevsky identified several methods cultural interaction, the simplest of which is colonization. Thus, the Phoenicians transferred their culture to Carthage, the ancient Greeks - to Southern Italy and Sicily, the Northern Black Sea region, the Dutch, and later the British - to North America. Another method Danilevsky called "grafting a cutting onto someone else's tree" when the cutting remains a foreign element, hardly capable of enriching the crop on which it was grafted. The thinker called an example of such a “cutting” Hellenistic culture Alexandria in context Egyptian culture. Another way of interaction between cultures, according to Danilevsky, is their mutual equal dialogue, the result of which is an exchange of values.

The presence of many cultures that have functioned throughout the history of mankind and in the modern world, recognized by all experts as an obvious fact, gives rise to a logical question about the comparative contribution of individual cultures to the world cultural wealth, i.e. about the hierarchy of world culture. Some researchers simply give up trying to compare the weights of individual crops. (What are the criteria for comparing, for example, the culture of Egypt and the culture of India?) Others believe that

the importance and degree of development of individual cultures are not the same. With all the diversity of ideas about the hierarchy of cultures, several stable worldviews can be identified, manifested both at the level of theory and at the level of everyday consciousness.

One of these attitudes is Eurocentrism. From the course ancient history You remember that the first in Europe to set themselves against the rest of the world were the ancient Greeks, who invested the concept of “barbarians” with a very specific value connotation. The idea of ​​the chosenness of the West is very popular today. It is assumed that other peoples are certainly developing their own unique culture, but they have not yet reached the necessary civilizational level and they should be guided by the cultural system of the West.

The modern world is faced with such a worldview as Americanocentrism, whose representatives actively preach the idea of ​​a special cultural mission of America. The history of the development of the North American continent known to you, the circumstances political history America led to the birth of a myth about the historical, and perhaps divine, destiny of the nation and its culture, born in the struggle for freedom, in confrontation with the culture of the Old World, to bring freedom and true values ​​to the rest of the world.

For a long time, the world was dominated by the white race. The fight against colonialism gave rise in the 20th century. installation Afrocentrism (negritude), whose supporters classified all highly cultured peoples as the Negro race Ancient world, for example the Sumerians, Egyptians, Babylonians, Phoenicians. Afrocentrism aims to elevate African culture. One of the founders of Negritude is the outstanding statesman and cultural figure of Senegal Senghor, who characterized the traits of the Negro African personality as follows: the African lives in harmony with nature, he is open to receiving external impulses - all senses are extremely heightened. The African lives by emotions, not by reason, which distinguishes him from dry, rationalistic Europeans. A child of nature, he is intuitive, aimed at complicity with another person, trusting, which was often abused by whites. This emotional attitude to peace, according to Senghor, permeates all black culture. In the modern world, along with negritude, Arab nationalism and Islamic fundamentalism are actively making themselves known.

It is obvious that all of the listed worldviews presuppose a certain discrimination against another culture, the elevation of one’s own at the expense of the humiliation of other cultures.

tour. The entry of humanity into the post-industrial period, growing globalization, including globalization cultural space, require different solutions to the problem of correlation and interaction of cultures.

DIALOGUE OF CULTURES

Clear signs of a cultural crisis that emerged in the 20th century drew the attention of cultural workers to the search for ways and means to reach a new qualitative level of its development. According to the Russian thinker V. S. Bibler, the 20th century gave birth to an unimaginable variety of cultures, the most bizarre variants of their synthesis, indicating the urgent need for their dialogue: “Typologically different “cultures” (integral crystals of works of art, religion, morality...) are drawn into one temporary “space”, strangely and painfully coupled with each other... that is, they exclude and presuppose each other.” Therefore, it is extremely important that chaotic interaction different cultures transformed into a meaningful and mutually beneficial dialogue.

Researchers view culture as an immense polyphonic (polyphonic) space. This property of culture was reflected, in particular, by the Russian culturologist M. M. Bakhtin, who wrote that culture can only exist on the borders: on the borders of the past, present and future; in a collision ethnic cultures, various author's positions; in the variety of forms of human creativity, etc.

Dialogue of cultures presupposes interaction, interpenetration of different cultural entities within large cultural zones, as well as communication, spiritual rapprochement of huge cultural regions, which formed a unique complex at the dawn of human civilization specific features. Let us note that the dialogue of cultures is not limited only to humanitarian contacts between cultural entities of various scales, - we're talking about and about the introduction of an individual to these cultural worlds, the internal rethinking of the values ​​of a “foreign” culture.

TOLERANCE

You understand that modern humanity exists in a heterogeneous cultural environment - there are many subcultures and countercultures. The society is also multi-religious - people hold different religious views. Such diversity, on the one hand, gives rise to social conflicts, and on the other -

encourages you to look for ways and forms of interaction. It is precisely this attitude of non-conflict interaction in a multicultural, multi-religious world that is tolerance.

Tolerance is based on humanistic principles - recognition of the enduring value of a person, including the traits of human individuality. Cultural diversity is directly related to the diversity of human types and qualities, therefore tolerance is considered as a civilized compromise, recognition of the right of individuals, social groups, cultures to be different.

Tolerance is a complex strategy of behavior, including a willingness to accept other views without protest; respect for the freedom (including freedom of thought, creativity, conscience) of another person; a certain measure of compassion, generosity and patience.

Tolerance has various forms: personal tolerance is manifested in the social interactions of individuals; social forms reflected in social psychology, consciousness, moral norms and mores; state a form of tolerance is reflected in legislation, in particular in the affirmation of the principle of freedom of conscience, which you will read about below, as well as in political practice. Although tolerance presupposes a tolerant attitude towards manifestations of dissent in any sphere of social interaction, this does not mean an indifferent, conniving attitude towards extremist, misanthropic ideas. It is criminal and immoral to ignore the existence and dissemination of such ideas and modes of action.

JAS Basic concepts: culture, material and spiritual culture, dialogue of cultures, tolerance.

YANTerms: continuity, innovation, subculture, counterculture, Eurocentrism, Americanocentrism, Afrocentrism (negritude).

Test yourself

1) What is culture? 2) What sciences study culture? 3) Why is the division of material and spiritual culture considered conditional by scientists? 4) What does the concept of “material culture” mean? 5) What is meant by spiritual culture? 6) What are the ways to develop spiritual culture? 7) What is a subculture? Under what conditions does it turn into a counterculture? 8) Support with examples the statement about the plurality of cultures in the modern world (or in another period of human history). 9) What problems does recognition of cultural diversity raise? Briefly

describe each of them. 10) Why has the issue of dialogue between cultures become especially relevant in the conditions of modern society? What is dialogue of cultures?

Think, discuss, do

1. The famous figure of Russian science Grigory Landau noticed the following feature of culture: “In culture, the base is the peak.” Explain G. Landau’s thought, confirm the scientist’s correctness two or three arguments.

2. Scientists have been arguing about the origins of culture for many centuries. Some believe that culture arose from play. Others associate the emergence of culture with human religious practice. Give some examples to support each of the above points of view. Are they mutually exclusive? Explain your answer.

3. Illustrate with specific examples unbreakable connection material and spiritual culture.

4. Analyze the cultural life of your region, identify existing subcultures and countercultures. Make a detailed description of the specifics and values ​​of one of the subcultures and countercultures, justify the attribution of the described cultures to one or another type.

5. In addition to the term “counterculture”, the word “anticulture” is used to describe the value systems of certain groups of society and some works. Are these terms synonymous? Justify your answer based on the facts of social life.

Work with the source

Read an excerpt from the work “Cultural Dissatisfaction” by the Austrian physician and psychologist Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the founder of the psychoanalytic system.

Now is the time to address the essence of a culture whose value as a source of happiness has been questioned. Let us not strive to find a formula that defines this essence in a few words before we know something from our research. Therefore, we will limit ourselves to repeating that the term “culture” denotes the entire sum of achievements and institutions that distinguish our life from the life of our ancestors from the animal world and serve two purposes: the protection of man from nature and the regulation of relations between people... we recognize as characteristic of culture all forms of activity and values ​​that benefit humanity, contribute to the development of the earth, protect it from the forces of nature, etc. There is the least doubt about this aspect of culture. Looking far enough into the past, we can say that the first acts of culture were

whether the use of tools, taming fire, building dwellings. Among these achievements, the taming of fire stands out as something extraordinary and unparalleled; as for others, then with them man entered the path along which he has been continuously following since then; one can easily guess the motives that led to their discovery. With the help of his tools, man improves his organs - both motor and sensory - or expands the limits of their capabilities...

No other feature of culture allows us, however, to characterize it better than its respect for and concern for the highest forms of mental activity, for intellectual, scientific and artistic achievements, than the leading role it assigns to the significance of ideas in human life. Among these ideas, at the forefront are... ideas about the possible perfection of an individual, an entire nation or all of humanity and the demands put forward on the basis of these ideas.

Freud 3. Dissatisfaction with culture // Culturology: anthology / Comp. prof. P. S. Gurevich. - M.: Gardariki, 2000. - P. 141-145.

Questions and assignments to the source. 1) Zach defines the concept of “culture” 3. Freud? 2) What cultural features did he identify? 3) Explain the author’s idea that culture distinguishes man from his “ancestors from the animal world.” 4) Illustrate with examples Freud’s statement 3: “With the help of his tools, man improves his organs - both motor and sensory - or expands the scope of their capabilities.” 5) Suggest why, according to Freud, the value of culture as a source of happiness can be questioned.

§ 29. The spiritual world of the individual

Remember:

What is spiritual culture? What is the essence of a person’s moral guidelines, what is their role in his life?

In the previous paragraph, we mainly talked about the spiritual life of society. Now let us focus mainly on the spiritual life of the individual.

ABOUT THE SPIRITUAL WORLD AND SPIRITUALITY

What is the human spiritual world? In this case, this phrase denotes the inner, spiritual life of a person, which includes knowledge, faith, feelings, and aspirations of people.

The spiritual world of everyone can be correctly understood only taking into account his belonging to a social community in close connection with the spiritual life of society.

The Russian philosopher G.P. Fedotov wrote that spirit, spiritual life distinguishes man from other living beings. Man, his spirit and his culture are the crown and goal of the universe. “A person becomes fully human in the process of culture, and only in it, at its heights, do his highest aspirations and possibilities find expression. Only by these achievements can the nature or purpose of man be judged.”

A person who has a highly developed spiritual life, as a rule, possesses an important personal quality - spirituality. His spirituality means striving for the heights of ideals and thoughts that determine the morality of all activities. Therefore, some researchers characterize spirituality as the morally oriented will and mind of a person. The spiritual characterizes not only consciousness, but also practice.

On the contrary, a person whose spiritual life is poorly developed is unspiritual, unable to see and feel all the diversity and beauty of the world around him.

So, spirituality, according to modern philosophical views, is the highest level of development and self-regulation of a mature personality.

At the highest level of human development, the motives and meanings of his life activity become not personal needs and relationships, but highest human values. The assimilation of certain values, such as truth, goodness, beauty, creates value orientations, i.e., a person’s conscious desire to build his life and transform reality in accordance with them.

The study of the monuments of the spiritual culture of mankind, as well as the study of the spiritual world of our contemporaries, shows that the most important elements of human spirituality are morality, patriotism, citizenship, and worldview.

The concept of patriotism denotes a person’s value attitude towards his Fatherland, devotion to love for the Motherland, his people. A patriotic person is committed to the national traditions, culture, language and faith of his people. Patriotism is manifested in pride in the achievements of one’s native country, in empathy for its failures and troubles, in respect for its historical past, for people's memory, culture. From your history course you know that patriotism originated in ancient times. It manifested itself noticeably during periods when danger arose for the country (remember the events of the Patriotic War of 1812, Great Britain)

during the Patriotic War of 1941-1945), as well as in solving the most complex and pressing problems for the Motherland (development of the Arctic, space research, creation of new technologies, etc.).

Two testimonies speak about the essence of patriotism, its significance in the spiritual world of a Russian: a soldier and a scientist.

During the battles in the fall of 1941, a cadet at the military engineering school, Mikhail Kuryakov, found himself in the library of one of the monasteries. This is what the soldier wrote in his front diary: “Rumming through books is my favorite pastime. And guess from a book, from a randomly opened page. I came across “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” It fell out: “Oh, the groans of the Russian Land! The Russian people are bleeding, the Russian Land is groaning.” I am not a politician, and Russia for me is always Russia, no matter what kind of government it has. Be that as it may, we must now spare no effort, bind up the wounds of the people, and alleviate their suffering.”

The great scientist, Nobel Prize laureate I.P. Pavlov, in the introductory lecture to the course of physiology (1923), told students: “All my activities, at least in essence, are international, connected with the dignity and interests of the Motherland.” “...I,” said the scientist, “was, am and will remain a Russian person, a son of the Motherland, I am primarily interested in its life, I live by its interests, I strengthen my dignity with its dignity.”

Conscious patriotism as a moral and socio-political principle presupposes an objective assessment of the successes and difficulties of the Fatherland, as well as a respectful attitude towards other peoples and other cultures. The attitude towards another people is the criterion that distinguishes a patriot from a nationalist, that is, a person who seeks to put his own people above others. Patriotic feelings and ideas only morally elevate a person when they are coupled with respect for people of different backgrounds.

The qualities of a person are also associated with patriotic guidelines citizenship. These socio-psychological and moral qualities of the individual combine a feeling of love for the Motherland, responsibility for the development of its social and political institutions, and awareness of oneself as a full citizen with a total